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on Gender |
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Issue of 2024–12–16
five papers chosen by Jan Sauermann, Institutet för Arbetsmarknads- och Utbildningspolitisk Utvärdering |
| By: | Hannah Illing (University of Bonn, Institute for Employment Research (IAB) & Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)); Hanna Schwank (University of Bonn & Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)); Linh T. Tô (Boston University) |
| Abstract: | We investigate how the same hiring opportunity leads to different labor market outcomes for male and female full-time workers. To study firms’ wage-setting behavior following exogenous vacancies, we analyze the wages of new hires after sudden worker deaths between 1981 and 2016. Using admin- istrative data from Germany, we apply a novel technique to identify external replacement workers, and we use machine learning to compare replacements hired for comparable positions by similar firms. We find that female replacement workers’ starting wages are, on average, 10 log points lower than those of replacing men of the same productivity. Differences in labor supply, within-firm ad- justments, or outside options do not explain this gap; instead, we attribute it to gender differences in bargaining. We conclude that a significant portion of the gender wage gap emerges within firms at the hiring stage. |
| Keywords: | Gender Wage Gap, Hiring, Labor Supply |
| JEL: | J2 J31 J63 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:339 |
| By: | Julia Schmieder (DIW Berlin); Doris Weichselbaumer (University of Linz, IZA); Clara Welteke (DIW Berlin); Katharina Wrohlich (DIW Berlin, University of Potsdam, Berlin School of Economics, IZA, CEPA) |
| Abstract: | Promoting fathers to take parental leave is seen as a promising way to advance gender equality. However, there is still a very limited understanding of its impact on fathers’ labor market outcomes. We conducted a correspondence study to analyze whether fathers who take parental leave face discrimination during the hiring process in three different occupations. Fathers who took parental leave in a female-dominated or gender-neutral occupation are not less likely to be invited to a job interview compared to fathers who did not take leave. However, in the male-dominated occupation, fathers who have taken long parental leave are penalized. Regardless of leave-taking, fathers are treated less favorably than mothers in the female-dominated and the gender-neutral occupation, while the opposite is true for the male-dominated occupation. This suggests the presence of strong gender norms concerning the perception of ideal employees in different occupations. |
| Keywords: | discrimination, parental leave, gender, hiring, experiment |
| JEL: | C93 J13 J71 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pot:cepadp:83 |
| By: | Nordin, Martin (Lund University); Stanfors, Maria (Lund University) |
| Abstract: | Women have made substantial gains in education and outperform men regarding educational attainment across the OECD, but the consequences of this reversal of the gender gap in education (RGE) have not been well researched. We address the association between the RGE and partnering, employment, and support for a right-wing populist party in Sweden. We explore the differential impacts of women's educational advancements versus men's lagging by using cross-sectional register data and within-areal age variation in RGE. Results show that RGE is negatively associated with partnering and employment prospects among individuals with a low level of education. Results suggest that men's educational disadvantage may contribute to growing support for right-wing populist parties and that shifting gender gaps in education may foster frustration in various areas of life and anti-egalitarian values. |
| Keywords: | gender gap in education, partnership, employment, political opinion |
| JEL: | J12 I24 Z13 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17437 |
| By: | Jansson, Joakim (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Tyrefors, Björn (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents evidence that anonymous grading benefits female university students based on a university-wide reform. Female grades improve by 0.04-0.06 standard deviations relative to males, with the effect strongest in smaller classes and male-dominated departments. |
| Keywords: | Anonymous grading; Gender differences; Grading bias; University |
| JEL: | I23 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–11–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1506 |
| By: | Joseph Altonji; Daniel Giraldo Páez; Disa M. Hynsjö; Ivan Vidangos |
| Abstract: | For birth cohorts 1935–44, 1945–62, and 1964–74, we estimate the contribution of education; permanent heterogeneity in wage rates, employment, and hours; labor market shocks; spouse characteristics and shocks; nonlabor income shocks; and marital histories to the age profiles of the variance of family income per adult equivalent. The decompositions are based upon PSID data and Altonji, Giraldo-Páez, Hynsjö, and Vidangos’ (2024) statistical model of earnings, marriage, marital sorting, fertility, and nonlabor income. We find that education and employment heterogeneity are key sources of the rise in the variance with age and across birth cohorts. Hours shocks have grown in importance for women, and employment shocks have grown in importance, especially for men after age 30. The variance contribution of wage heterogeneity is substantial at all ages and has risen across cohorts for women. Own characteristics and shocks matter more for men than women, while spouse characteristics and shocks matter more for women. Gender differences have declined across cohorts. |
| JEL: | D10 D31 J16 J31 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33122 |