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on Gender |
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Issue of 2025–10–20
seven papers chosen by Jan Sauermann, Institutet för Arbetsmarknads- och Utbildningspolitisk Utvärdering |
| By: | Marisa Bucheli; Florencia Amábile; Carmen Estrades |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the existence of gender bias by public school teachers in Uruguay when grading students in the third and sixth years of primary level. The econometric strategy consists of estimating the effect of gender on the course score (non-blind outcome) when controlling by blind test scores and other relevant characteristics. We do not obtain evidence about a bias in the third year. However, we find an average bias in favor of girls in the sixth year, which responds to biases in the middle of the distribution of abilities (the extreme abilities are not gender-biased when assessed). The average results are robust to several checks. We rule out that sixth-year bias is mainly driven by statistical discrimination or explicit beliefs on talent gender stereotypes. |
| Keywords: | gender differences, discrimination, stereotypes, teacher grading, blind-test, education. |
| JEL: | I24 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ude:wpaper:0324 |
| By: | Deschacht, Nick (KU Leuven); Guillemyn, Inés (University of Antwerp); Vujic, Suncica (University of Antwerp) |
| Abstract: | Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement (SHARE), this paper examines occupational pension income and coverage gaps between men and women. The focus is on a group of countries with comparable occupational pension regulations: Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The results show that after accounting for observable characteristics, over half of the gender gap in occupational pension coverage is explained, largely driven by women’s shorter labour market participation, greater part-time work, and lower wages. Factors driving this gap remain constant across birth cohorts. Conditional on receiving an occupational pension, women receive nearly 40 percent less occupational pension income than men, partly due to part-time work and industry of employment. Selection into pension receipt has only a limited impact on the gender pension gap. While pension coverage gap decomposition shows little variation across countries, this is not the case for the gender pension gap, notably with cross-country differences in part-time work. |
| Keywords: | Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, gender occupational pension income and coverage gaps, Yun decomposition, selection, Europe |
| JEL: | H75 I38 J32 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18163 |
| By: | Gan, Renren (Leiden University); Jongen, Egbert L. W. (Leiden University); Rabaté, Simon (French Institute of Demographic Studies (Ined)); Terpstra, Bo (Leiden University) |
| Abstract: | We study the evolution of the child penalty and gender-related inequality in the Netherlands. We use administrative panel data from 1989 to 2022 in an extension of the event study approach used in Kleven et al. (2019b). We document a substantial decline in child penalties (in earnings) for first-time mothers from 60% in the early 1990s to 35% in the 2010s. This decline is much larger than in the handful of other countries documented so far. However, looking at subperiods, we also find that the decline in the child penalty in the Netherlands has stalled in the mid 2000s, despite a steep rise in spending on formal childcare. Next, we decompose the gender-related inequality for parents into inequality related to children, education, migration background and a residual. We find that overall gender-related inequality and child-related gender inequality decline in parallel over time. The role of education and migration background is small and becomes less important over time. Hence, a substantial residual remains, and cannot be attributed to the aforementioned factors. We also show that the event-time window used is crucial for the contribution of the child penalty to the evolution of gender inequality. |
| Keywords: | gender-related inequality, child penalty, evolution |
| JEL: | D63 J13 J16 |
| Date: | 2025–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18158 |
| By: | Tsoukli, Xanthi |
| Abstract: | Little is known about the effects of political conflicts on the status of women in society. Polarizing attitudes might have a differential effect on women's lives after a conflict. To consider this, the case of Greece after the Second World War is exploited, when the country became highly polarized between left and right ideologies, resulting in a threeyear full-scale civil war. A referendum regarding the reinstatement of the monarchy is used as an indicator of political beliefs, and, in a difference-in-differences setting, it is demonstrated that 10% greater political opposition to the monarchy implied that female labour force participation was 1.4% higher after the war. A plausible mechanism is through conservative areas becoming more conservative and liberal areas becoming more liberal, and data on the construction of new churches, a conservative institution, are consistent with this hypothesis. Finally, it is found that these effects were persistent, as reflected by female labour force participation until 1981, and attitudes revealed in the European Value Survey of 1999. |
| Keywords: | political conflict, female labour force participation, gender norms, Greece |
| JEL: | J21 J71 N34 N44 R23 Z13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:bamber:328242 |
| By: | Mohammad Hassan Shakil; Arne Johan Pollestad; Khine Kyaw; Ziaul Haque Munim |
| Abstract: | With the European Union introducing gender quotas on corporate boards, this study investigates the impact of board gender diversity (BGD) on firms' carbon emission performance (CEP). Using panel regressions and advanced machine learning algorithms on data from European firms between 2016 and 2022, the analyses reveal a significant non-linear relationship. Specifically, CEP improves with BGD up to an optimal level of approximately 35 percent, beyond which further increases in BGD yield no additional improvement in CEP. A minimum threshold of 22 percent BGD is necessary for meaningful improvements in CEP. To assess the legitimacy of CEP outcomes, this study examines whether ESG controversies affect the relationship between BGD and CEP. The results show no significant effect, suggesting that the effect of BGD is driven by governance mechanisms rather than symbolic actions. Additionally, structural equation modelling (SEM) indicates that while environmental innovation contributes to CEP, it is not the mediating channel through which BGD promotes CEP. The results have implications for academics, businesses, and regulators. |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2510.00244 |
| By: | Benedict Clements (Universidad de las Américas in Ecuador); Huy Nguyen (International Monetary Fund); Ratna Sahay (National Council of Applied Economic Research); Mehak Jain (National Council of Applied Economic Research) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the impact of women's participation in national governments (as parliamentarians and ministers) on social spending and outcomes in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs). We find that the representation of women in politics has increased over time, with substantial variation across regions and countries. Latin America and the Caribbean lead among EMDE regions, while Middle East and Central Asia and Emerging and Developing Asia have lower female representation. The higher shares of women in parliaments and cabinet positions go hand-in-hand with increased government health spending, both as a share of GDP and total spending. The results on education outlays are broadly similar. Greater representation of women in policymaking is also associated with positive effects on social outcomes, such as a reduction in infant and under-five mortality rates, greater access to basic water services, and higher learning-adjusted years of schooling. The case studies presented in the paper highlight the importance of identifying national priorities on health and education and increasing the share of female political leaders (including through quotas where gender biases are entrenched). |
| Keywords: | women in parliament; women in cabinets; social spending; health outcomes; education outcomes |
| JEL: | H51 H52 I00 J16 |
| Date: | 2025–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nca:ncaerw:187 |
| By: | Hammar, Olle; Bonander, Carl; Bensch, Gunther; Jakobsson, Niklas; Brodeur, Abel |
| Abstract: | Begum et al. (2018) study gender bias in parental attitudes using an experimental approach in rural Bangladesh. Households are reported as randomly assigned to treatment conditions in a lab-in-the-field allocation task. We show that the group assignment was inherited from Islam (2019), a previous non-randomized experiment conducted in the same region. The lack of randomization contradicts the design descriptions provided by the authors in Begum et al. (2018) and elsewhere, and raise concerns about the validity of comparisons across treatment groups. It also points to serious shortcomings in the reporting and transparency of the study design-issues that mirror those that led to the retraction of Islam (2019) from the European Economic Review. |
| Keywords: | Replication, Reproduction, Parental bias, Gender, Bangladesh |
| JEL: | B41 C12 C93 D13 J13 J16 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:267 |