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on Gender |
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Issue of 2024‒10‒14
seven papers chosen by Jan Sauermann, Institutet för Arbetsmarknads- och Utbildningspolitisk Utvärdering |
| By: | Sandner, Malte (Technische Hochschule Nürnberg); Yükselen, Ipek (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg) |
| Abstract: | A large body of literature has shown that the gender wage gap is small in the first years after graduation and increases gradually with age, largely because of family decisions, i.e., a penalty caused by childbirth. However, the gender wage gap immediately after graduation has received less attention. Using a unique dataset that links 5, 000 university graduates with master's degrees or equivalent from a large German university to detailed employment records from the German social security register, we specifically analyze the gender wage gap at the first job and its dynamics during the initial years of their careers after graduation. We find that a significant gender wage gap already exists in the first job after graduation, even before most young individuals make family decisions. However, this gender wage gap decreases in the first year after entering the labor market and then increases slowly over time. We attribute this initial decrease in the gender wage gap to female university graduates experiencing greater returns from firm and occupational changes than their male counterparts. This suggests that women may use these changes to address skill mismatches, which are more common among women than men in their first job. |
| Keywords: | gender wage gap, university graduates, early career |
| JEL: | I23 J16 J31 J71 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17293 |
| By: | Hossain, Mobarak; Jukes, Matthew C. H. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the emergence of gender differences in socioemotional skills and traits during adolescence, and the socioeconomic and cultural factors that may explain such gaps, in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam. Findings from Young Lives longitudinal data showed that the gender gap in self-efficacy emerges around age 19, with males scoring more highly than females in Ethiopia, India and Vietnam. Similar, but less consistent, patterns were observed for self-esteem and peer relations. At age 22, males also scored more highly than females, in at least one country, in emotional stability, conscientiousness, grit, and teamwork. In India and Ethiopia, the two countries with higher poverty and more unequal gender attitudes, we found gender differences in a greater number of socioemotional skills or traits. A predictive analysis of self-efficacy, emotional stability and teamwork found that time spent in paid and unpaid household activities, having a more equal attitude to gender roles, and socioeconomic status were associated with the gender gap in socioemotional skills. These covariates explained gender gaps more in India and Ethiopia than in other countries. However, substantial portions of gender differences remained unexplained by available variables. Our findings may help clarify the origins of gender inequalities in life outcomes and how they can be addressed through socioemotional programmes in adolescence. |
| Keywords: | socioemotional skills; LMICs; young lives; longitudinal analysis; Taylor & Francis deal |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2024–08–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124441 |
| By: | Antoni, Manfred; Gerner, Hans-Dieter; Jäckle, Robert; Schwarz, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Internships are an important and often mandatory part of academic education. They offer valuable insights into the labor market but can also expose students to negative aspects of the working world, such as gender pay disparities. Our paper provides first evidence of a gender pay gap in mandatory internships, with women earning up to 7% less per hour than men. Notably, this gap is not due to women choosing higher-quality internships over higher pay. Further analyses show that the internship pay gap is similar in magnitude to the labor market entry wage gap among graduates. We discuss potential mechanisms by which the internship pay gap may contribute to the graduation wage gap and present empirical evidence to support this. |
| Keywords: | Gender Pay Gap, Internship, Higher Education |
| JEL: | I23 J24 J31 J71 |
| Date: | 2024–09–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:122018 |
| By: | Kipchumba, Elijah (Trinity College Dublin); Porter, Catherine (Lancaster University); Serra, Danila (Texas A&M University); Sulaiman, Munshi (BRAC University) |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the impact of a role model intervention on the gender attitudes, college aspirations and education outcomes of youths in Somalia. In 2018, we randomly selected elementary schools to receive a visit from a college student. Within each treatment school, we selected four grades, two to receive a visit from a female college student and two from a male college student. The "role models" gave unscripted talks about their personal study journeys, including challenges and strategies to overcome setbacks. Six months after the intervention we found a significant and large impact of (only) female role models on boys' and girls' attitudes toward gender equality but no impact on college aspirations. Data collected two and four years later from the cohorts graduating primary school produce smaller and non-significant treatment effects on the survey outcomes, but positive impacts on enrollment in high school and a lower probability of early marriage as reported by teachers. |
| Keywords: | role models, education, gender, aspirations, field experiment, Somalia |
| JEL: | J16 O12 I25 C93 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17261 |
| By: | Talia Bar (University of Connecticut); Heshan Zhang (PNC Bank) |
| Abstract: | We examine gender differences in US patent outcomes -- forward citations, triadic grants (related patents in EU and Japan), and renewals. We find that differences in workplace explain a significant part of the gap. After accounting for technology, application years, examiners and patent assignees, we show that while on average, patent teams with at least one woman-inventor have slightly weaker outcomes, for solo-inventor patents there are no significant gender differences in any of the outcomes. But men-lead mixed gender teams have on average slightly weaker outcomes than men-only teams, even when we control for the identity of the first inventor. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uct:uconnp:2024-04 |
| By: | Jay Euijung Lee; Martina Zanella |
| Abstract: | We study the dynamic responses of political parties to gender quotas in South Korean municipal councils, a setting with nearly zero women pre-quota. We exploit two unique institutional features: the quota intensity is discontinuous in council size; the quota regulates only one of two election arms. Political parties initially counteract the quota by nominating fewer women in the unregulated arm, but gradually reverse this response over time. Guided by a dynamic model of discrimination, we uncover statistical discrimination with incorrect beliefs about women's competence as the main mechanism driving party behavior. The quota triggers learning through exposure to competent women. |
| Keywords: | gender quota, political parties, discrimination, biased beliefs, learning |
| Date: | 2024–09–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp2029 |
| By: | Claude DIEBOLT; Magali Jaoul-Grammare |
| Abstract: | School choice factors play a different role according to gender. According to the literature, women have “adaptative exceptations” whereas men have so called “static exceptations”. Men and women adopt also different attitudes to expected payoffs, to risk or towards their level of aspiration. Finally, women generally associate their career plans with their life plans, which influences their choice of studies. But, what about social prestige, i.e. does the prestige of profession play an identical role in the demand for education among men and women? More specifically and over the long term, is the phenomenon of substitutability between prestigious career paths equally true for men and women? Finally, does the medical sphere regulate the male and female education systems equally? The ambition of this contribution is to contribute to the discussion using an unpublished historical dataset for France in the long 20th century. |
| Keywords: | Study choice, Gender, Prestige of professions, France. |
| JEL: | I21 J24 N34 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2024-37 |