|
on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Tom Doolittle; Arthur Fliegelman |
| Abstract: | To assess the likelihood and potential extent of a U.S. commercial real estate (CRE) office sector consolidation, this brief examines another CRE sector that has suffered decline and restructuring due to changes in user preferences: regional malls. (Brief no. 23-03). |
| Date: | 2023–08–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ofr:briefs:23-03 |
| By: | Le Blanc, Julia; Slacalek, Jiri; White, Matthew N. |
| Abstract: | Homeownership rates and holdings of housing wealth differ immensely across countries. Using micro data from five economies, we estimate a life-cycle model with illiquid housing in which households face a discrete–continuous choice between renting and owning a house. We use the model to decompose the cross-country differences in the homeownership rate and the value of housing wealth into three groups of explanatory factors: house price expectations, the institutional set-up of the housing market and preferences. We find that all three groups of factors matter, although preferences less so. Differences in homeownership rates are strongly affected by (i) house price beliefs and (ii) the rental wedge, the difference between rents and housing maintenance costs, which reflects the quality of the rental market. Differences in the value of housing wealth are substantially driven by maintenance costs. JEL Classification: D15, D31, D84, E21, G11, G51 |
| Keywords: | cross-country comparisons, homeownership, house price expectations, housing, housing market institutions |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253021 |
| By: | Bergeaud, Antonin; Eyméoud, Jean Benoît; Garcia, Thomas; Henricot, Dorian |
| Abstract: | We examine how corporate real estate market participants adjust to the take-off of teleworking. We develop an index for the exposure of counties to teleworking in France by combining teleworking capacity with incentives and frictions to its deployment. We find that the valuation of offices declined more in areas more exposed to telecommuting, a pattern that we do not observe for retail assets. In addition, we show that telecommuting increases vacancy, decreases construction, while transaction volumes are not affected. It implies that the drop in price is due to a shift in demand for space. In addition, our result suggests that market participants are expecting the shift to teleworking to durably affect the demand for office space. |
| Keywords: | commercial real estate; corporate real estate; teleworking |
| JEL: | G11 G14 G23 J60 R33 |
| Date: | 2023–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:118482 |
| By: | Bandoni, Emil; De Nora, Giorgia; Giuzio, Margherita; Ryan, Ellen; Storz, Manuela |
| Abstract: | Institutional investors, such as investment funds, are playing an increasingly important role in residential real estate markets. This raises the possibility that their actions might drive aggregate market outcomes and may change how and which macrofinancial shocks transmit to house prices. In a Bayesian vector autoregression setting, we show that a demand shock from institutional investors has a positive and persistent effect on aggregate euro area house price growth and mortgage lending volumes. Institutional investors also increase their purchase activity following a loosening of monetary policy. Exploiting regional heterogeneity in eight euro area countries, we show in a panel regression setting that institutional investors weaken the link between house price growth and local economic fundamentals, but strengthen the sensitivity to monetary policy and financial market developments. JEL Classification: R31, E52, G23 |
| Keywords: | financial stability, investment funds, monetary policy, non-bank financial intermediation, real estate |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253026 |
| By: | M. Altaf Hossain (Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Ireland); Michelle Norris (Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Ireland) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the results of ethnographic research on the strategies that recently arrived, low -income Bangladeshi migrants use to negotiate the highly inflated and undersupplied housing market in Dublin, Ireland. This analysis draws on Clapham’s (2005) widely used ‘housing pathways’ framework but extends this to incorporate insights from the literature on precarity. Thus, research participants’ housing pathways since their arrival in Ireland and how these were shaped by multiple and insertional precarities (in terms of legal status, employment, income, housing and racial and religious minority status), personal priorities and cultural norms are explored. The influence of these factors on migrants’ understandings of the meaning of home are also examined. The key insight offered here is that this combination of factors shaped distinctive housing pathways among Bangladeshi migrants’ which commonly encompass residential suburbanisation and sharing/ subletting of private rented accommodation as widespread strategies to manage housing and other precarities, coupled with the sacrifice of comfort, privacy and family life. These factors, in turn, shape distinctive understandings of the meaning of home among this population, which are instrumentalist and expansive and also focused on the aspects of the dwelling that support their religious and cultural traditions. |
| Keywords: | housing precarity; migration; sub-letting; private rented housing |
| Date: | 2025–02–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucd:wpaper:202501 |
| By: | Olga Alonso-Villar; Coral del Río |
| Abstract: | In this paper, firstly, we offer a methodological framework to assess the between-school sorting of any target group of students (grouped by either family socioeconomic status, nativity, race, ethnicity, or any other characteristic) taking into account school resources adjusted for educational needs. We develop a family of indicators, which meet several basic criteria, with which we can analyze school segregation and school opportunities to learn in an integrated way. Secondly, we provide a comparative analysis in Europe of the between-school sorting of students by birthplace drawing on PISA 2022. Distinguishing among students from three family backgrounds (natives, first-generation immigrants, and second-generation immigrants), we document that, in many countries, segregation is accompanied by important differences about the human resources per pupil of schools, especially when school educational needs are taken into account, which accentuates the transmission of inequality. However, not all countries share this pattern or do not do it with the same intensity. |
| Keywords: | School segregation, school resources, school needs, immigrant children |
| JEL: | D63 I24 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vig:wpaper:2501 |
| By: | Marco Bardoscia (BANK OF ENGLAND); Adrian Carro (BANCO DE ESPAÑA AND UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD); Marc Hinterschweiger (BANK OF ENGLAND); Mauro Napoletano (SCUOLA SUPERIORE SANT’ANNA, UNIVERSITÉ CÔTE D’AZUR AND SCIENCES PO, OFCE); Lilit Popoyan (UNIVERSITY OF LONDON AND SCUOLA SUPERIORE SANT’ANNA); Andrea Roventini (SCUOLA SUPERIORE SANT’ANNA AND SCIENCES PO, OFCE); Arzu Uluc (BANK OF ENGLAND) |
| Abstract: | We develop a macroeconomic agent-based model to study the joint impact of borrower and lender-based prudential policies on the housing and credit markets and the economy more widely. We perform three experiments: (i) an increase of total capital requirements; (ii) the introduction of a loan-to-income (LTI) cap on mortgages to owner-occupiers; and (iii) the introduction of both experiments at the same time. Our results suggest that tightening capital requirements leads to a sharp decrease in commercial and mortgage lending and housing transactions. When the LTI cap is in place, house prices fall sharply relative to income and the homeownership rate decreases. When both policy instruments are combined, we find that housing transactions and prices drop. Both policies have a positive impact on real GDP and unemployment, while having no material impact on inflation and the real interest rate. |
| Keywords: | prudential policies, housing market, macroeconomy, agent-based models |
| JEL: | C63 D1 D31 E58 G21 G28 R2 R21 R31 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2502 |
| By: | Eric Chyn; Robert Collinson; Danielle H. Sandler |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effects of the largest residential racial desegregation initiative in U.S. history, the Gautreaux Assisted Housing Program. From the late 1970s to the 1990s, Gautreaux moved thousands of Black families into predominantly white neighborhoods to support racial and economic integration. We link historical program records to administrative data and use plausibly exogenous variation in neighborhood placements to study how desegregating moves impact children in the long-run. Being placed in the predominantly white neighborhoods targeted by the program significantly increases children’s future lifetime earnings and wealth. These moves also increase the likelihood of marriage and particularly raise the probability of being married to a white spouse. Moreover, placements through Gautreaux impact neighborhood choices in adulthood. Those placed in predominantly white neighborhoods during childhood live in more racially diverse areas with higher rates of upward mobility nearly 40 years later. |
| JEL: | H00 I30 J01 R38 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33427 |
| By: | Basile Michel (PLACES - EA 4113 - PLACES - Laboratoire de géographie et d'aménagement - CY - CY Cergy Paris Université, ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Nantes Univ - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Humanités - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this article is to contribute to the conceptual framework of arts in the city so as to improve the understanding of the role of arts and culture in urban spaces and the tensions that run through them, by dealing more specifically with the artistic and cultural dynamics in inner suburbs. Using the case of the Canal de l'Ourcq in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, the article addresses three issues: (1) the way in which the arts contribute to the creation of centralities in the inner suburbs, (2) the role they play in the local cultural and social life of these spaces, and (3) their connection to urban production and transformation. Two main findings are highlighted. Firstly, the Canal de l'Ourcq is experiencing a spatial clustering of cultural venues, collaborative art-world networks, events and other artistic activities, which are changing the atmosphere of the area, attracting audiences, and producing a positive image that radiates out to Paris and beyond. This brings out a form of centrality associated with an area usually categorized as a periphery – both spatially as well as socially, symbolically or culturally – and allows the concept of peripheral centrality to emerge. Secondly, the identification of this peripheral centrality in the case of the Canal de l'Ourcq highlights the ambivalence of the role of arts and culture in the city. On the one hand, they contribute to the local cultural vitality, to the social ties and to the well-being of the residents in order to build an inclusive and cohesive city. On the other hand, they contribute to enhancing the attraction of urban spaces and to their insertion into the rationale of real estate and tourism development and the phenomena of gentrification – caused by urban projects and public and private investments – which feed the socio-spatial fragmentation of the neoliberal city. These results raise new conceptual perspectives for urban studies. Peripheral centrality calls into question the traditional center-periphery model in urban studies and provides a conceptual and empirical framework for understanding "peripheral" spaces, their forms of centrality, their realities, and the issues at stake, particularly in their reciprocal relations with the "central" areas. |
| Keywords: | Art, Peripheral centrality, Cultural vitality, Inner suburbs, Urban transformation, Gentrification, Canal de l'Ourcq, northeastern Paris, City |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04679994 |
| By: | Manon Garrouste (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Camille Hémet (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The choice between vocational and academic education at the end of secondary school has important long-run effects, and is made at an age where peers' influence might be paramount. In this paper, we investigate the effect of neighbors' track choices on 9th graders choices at the end of lower secondary education, in Paris. This question is central to understand the extent to which residential segregation can reinforce social segregation across vocational and academic tracks. We rely on neighbors from the preceding cohort in order to bypass the reflection problem, and use within-catchment-area variation in distance between pairs of students to account for residential sorting. We use a pair-wise model that enables us to carefully study the role of distance between neighbors, and to perform detailed heterogeneity analysis. Our results suggest that close neighbors do influence track choices at the end of 9th grade, particularly for pupils pursuing a vocational track. This effect is driven by neighbors living in the same building, and is larger for pairs of boys and for pairs of pupils from low social background. Overall, our results suggest that neighbor effects tend to accentuate social segregation across high school tracks. |
| Keywords: | Neighbor effects, Peer effects, Education, Early track choice, Segregation, Fixed-effects models |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04655509 |
| By: | Ricardo Estrada (CAF – Development Bank of Latin America); Jérémie Gignoux (PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Agustina Hatrick (CAF – Development Bank of Latin America) |
| Abstract: | We study how the admission of an older schoolmate to an elite secondary school influences the application decisions and admission outcomes of younger students. Our study focuses on the rapid expansion of a nationwide system of highly selective secondary schools in Peru. These schools are free of charge, which enables us to investigate the effect of peers on educational choices in a context with minimal financial barriers. Using a sharp regression discontinuity design, our analysis shows that the admission of an older schoolmate increases the number of younger students who apply (by 17%) and are admitted (by 43%) to this elite school system. The effect on applications is concentrated among students with low socioeconomic status (SES). Our evidence suggests that role models can reduce the socioeconomic aspirations gap by helping high-achieving, low-SES youth to learn about the benefits of attending elite schools and to assess whether such institutions are a good match for them. |
| Keywords: | Elite schools, Education inequality, Education externalities, Information diffusion, Peer effects, School choice |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04350164 |
| By: | Madden, David J. |
| Abstract: | There is broad recognition today that there is a link between the crisis of social reproduction and the housing problem. But their precise relationship is not always clear. This paper is an attempt to clarify their connection. Housing, this paper argues, is not merely the location or container of the crisis of social reproduction. Rather, there are elements of the contemporary housing system which intensify and shape the crisis of social reproduction. Drawing on feminist political economy and critical housing research, this paper identifies four major pathways by which the housing system exacerbates the crisis of social reproduction: depletion, disruption, redomestication, and recommodification. It also considers housing as a site for repoliticising social reproduction. Ultimately, the paper argues that a complete account of the housing question cannot ignore social reproduction as a political‐economic process. |
| Keywords: | social reproduction; housing; housing crisis; housing politics; political economy of housing |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2025–03–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:126344 |
| By: | Abdulrazzak Tamim; Emma C. Smith; Bailey Palmer; Edward Miguel; Samuel Leone; Sandra V. Rozo; Sarah Stillman |
| Abstract: | Refugees require assistance for basic needs like housing but local host communities may feel excluded from that assistance, potentially affecting community relations. This study experimentally evaluates the effect of a housing assistance program for Syrian refugees in Jordan on both the recipients and their neighbors. The program offered full rental subsidies and landlord incentives for housing improvements, but saw only moderate uptake, in part due to landlord reluctance. The program improved short-run housing quality and lowered housing expenditures, but did not yield sustained economic benefits, partly due to redistribution of aid. The program unexpectedly led to a deterioration in child socio-emotional well-being, and also strained relations between Jordanian neighbors and refugees. In all, housing subsidies had limited measurable benefits for refugee well-being while worsening social cohesion, highlighting the possible need for alternative forms of aid. |
| JEL: | D22 J61 O17 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33408 |
| By: | Anja Hahn; Sanela Omerovic; Sofie Waltl |
| Abstract: | We develop a framework to holistically test for and monitor the impact of different types of events affecting a country's housing market, yet originating from housing-external sources. We classify events along three dimensions leading to testable hypotheses: prices versus quantities, supply versus demand, and immediate versus gradually evolving. These dimensions translate into guidance about which data type, statistical measure and testing strategy should be used. To perform such test suitable statistical models are needed which we implement as a hierarchical hedonic price model and a complementary count model. These models are amended by regime and contextual variables as suggested by our classification strategy. We apply this framework to the Austrian real estate market together with three disruptive events triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, a policy tightening mortgage lending standards, as well as the cost-of-living crisis that came along with increased financing costs. The tests yield the expected results and, by that, some housing market puzzles are resolved. Deviating from the prior classification exercise means that some developments would have been undetected. Further, adopting our framework consistently when performing empirical research on residential real estate would lead to better comparable research results and, by that, would allow researchers to draw meta-conclusions from the bulk of studies available across time and space. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.03012 |
| By: | Jacob R. Brown; Enrico Cantoni; Ryan Enos; Vincent Pons; Emilie Sartre |
| Abstract: | Using data on the residential location and migration for every voter in U.S. states recording partisan registration between 2008–2020, we find that residential segregation between Democrats and Republicans has increased year over year at all geographic levels, from neighborhoods to Congressional Districts. Individual demographic information reveals that segregation increases for voters of most demographic backgrounds, but that Democratic and Republican trending places have starkly different demographic profiles, thus contributing to the growing confluence of demographics, partisanship, and geography in the United States. We further decompose the change in segregation into different sources. Increases in segregation have not been driven primarily by migration but rather by generational change, as young voters enter the electorate, causing some places to become more homogeneously Democratic, and by existing voters leaving the Democratic party and causing other places to become more Republican. |
| JEL: | D72 P00 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33422 |
| By: | Dimitria Freitas |
| Abstract: | Increasing within-country disparities have led policymakers to deploy public employment reallocation as a place-based policy tool to support struggling regions. This paper surveys the economics literature on capital relocations, purpose-built capitals, and public agency decentralization programs, synthesizing their effects on population, employment, and GDP. I find that while relocating capital cities can spur employment, GDP, and population growth in receiving regions, they entail highly unpredictable costs (3–12% of GDP) and uncertain environmental outcomes. Decentralization programs yield positive short-run public-to-private employment multipliers (around 0.7) stemming from the non-traded sector, but the long-term effect on the traded sector remains ambiguous. Local initial conditions seem to matter more than ex-post spillovers in determining multiplier size. Although more evidence is needed, sending regions do not seem to be extensively harmed when public jobs leave. Given the large share of government payroll in national expenditures, reallocating public employment may hold considerable potential for regional development in the future. |
| JEL: | H7 J45 R11 R58 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33432 |
| By: | Tom Doolittle; H. Peyton Young; Hashim Hamandi; Nick Schwartz |
| Abstract: | Future defaults on commercial real estate (CRE) loans could generate losses that exceed shareholders’ equity for hundreds of smaller banks (Brief no. 24-04). |
| Date: | 2024–07–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ofr:briefs:24-04 |
| By: | Marco Eimermann (Umeå University = Umeå Universitet); Camille Hochedez (IDEES - Identité et Différenciation de l’Espace, de l’Environnement et des Sociétés - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRIHS - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université); Stefan Kordel (FAU - Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg = University of Erlangen-Nuremberg); Ricard Morén-Alegret (UAB - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona = Autonomous University of Barcelona = Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona); Karijn Nijhoff (The Hague University of Applied Sciences); Daniel Tomozeiu (University of London [London]); Kate Torkington (UAlg - Universidade do Algarve); Tobias Weidinger (FAU - Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg = University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) |
| Abstract: | This study focuses on local and regional governments using placebranding strategies to attract intra-EU inward migration for demographic and/or economic purposes. This forms an important aspect of contemporary migration industries, whereby the interlinking of lifestyle, work and economic investment is pivotal. Taking the case of the Emigration Expo event in the Netherlands, it draws on interviews with the organizer and with public sector exhibitors to assess their purposes, roles and strategies when participating in the event. In addition, this paper examines to what extent public sector agents perceive this Expo as a viable physical event, contributing to a lifestyle migration industry. Findings suggest a shift in public sector strategies from attracting residents to recruiting skilled workers or lifestyle entrepreneurs and businesses. Exhibitors that maintain a recurring presence at the Expo over several years can build meaningful relations with each other and with prospective migrant visitors, providing practical information and integrated 'packages' to promote their destination as an attractive place to work and live. This supports the idea that (e)migration expos remain relevant physical sites of an evolving branch of the migration industry, including public-private partnerships involved in place and relocation branding as part of spatial planning strategies beyond growth. |
| Keywords: | Emigration Expo, lifestyle migration, migration industry, place branding, public sector stakeholders, relocation branding |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04702575 |
| By: | Simon Franklin (School of Economics & Finance, Queen Mary University of London) |
| Abstract: | The case for government supply of housing hinges on two key questions: do intended beneficiaries value it more than the cost to the state of providing it, and does relocation to remote housing sites impose unintended costs for movers or society? I study a large-scale lottery in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, which randomly assigned slum residents to housing on the city’s outskirts. Leveraging eight years of low-attrition panel survey data alongside market rents, construction costs, and land values, I find that willingness to pay exceeds per-unit production costs for a substantial share of slum households. There is no evidence that housing negatively affects labour market outcomes, education, or household consumption—suggesting that there are neither unanticipated drawbacks for movers nor broader negative externalities. Multiple surveys allow me to track how households adjust to moves and how new mega-neighbourhoods evolve. Although social networks and neighbourhood amenities initially deteriorate for winners, they significantly improve after 8 years. The results differ significantly by randomly assigned lo-cation, implying a weaker case for centrally located housing given its higher cost relative to benefits. |
| Date: | 2025–01–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qmw:qmwecw:986 |
| By: | Boschma, Ron; Hernández-Rodríguez, Eduardo; Morrison, Andrea; Pietrobelli, Carlo (RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, Mt Economic Research Inst on Innov/Techn) |
| Abstract: | This paper combines insights from the literatures on Global Value Chains (GVC), Economic Complexity and Evolutionary Economic Geography to assess the role of GVC participation and regional capabilities in fostering economic complexity in EU NUTS-2 regions. Our results suggest there is no such thing as a common path towards economic complexity across EU regions. Low-income regions manage to benefit from both regional capabilities and GVC participation. In contrast, high-income regions rely more on their existing local capabilities rather than on GVC participation. |
| JEL: | B52 F23 O19 O33 R10 |
| Date: | 2025–01–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2025002 |
| By: | Fernanda Estevan; Thomas Gall; Patrick Legros; Andrew F. Newman |
| Abstract: | We investigate "top-N percent" policies in college admission as possible instruments for increasing ethnic diversity in high schools. These policies produce incentives for students to relocate to schools with weaker academic competition. We provide theoretical conditions under which such arbitrage contributes to high-school desegregation. We show that arbitrage can neutralize the policy at the college level, and characterize inter-school ows, which display multiplying cascade effects. Our model's predictions are supported by empirical evidence on the effects of the Texas Top-Ten Percent Law, indicating that a policy intended to support diversity in universities actually helped achieve it in high schools. |
| Keywords: | Matching, general equilibrium, affrmative action, education, college admission, high school segregation, Texas Top Ten Percent |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eca:wpaper:2013/388438 |
| By: | David H. Autor; David Dorn; Gordon Hanson; Maggie R. Jones; Bradley Setzler |
| Abstract: | This chapter analyzes the distinct adjustment paths of U.S. labor markets (places) and U.S. workers (people) to increased Chinese import competition during the 2000s. Using comprehensive register data for 2000–2019, we document that employment levels more than fully rebound in trade-exposed places after 2010, while employment-to-population ratios remain depressed and manufacturing employment further atrophies. The adjustment of places to trade shocks is generational: affected areas recover primarily by adding workers to non-manufacturing who were below working age when the shock occurred. Entrants are disproportionately native-born Hispanics, foreign-born immigrants, women, and the college-educated, who find employment in relatively low-wage service sectors such as medical services, education, retail, and hospitality. Using the panel structure of the employer-employee data, we decompose changes in the employment composition of places into trade-induced shifts in the gross flows of people across sectors, locations, and non-employment status. Contrary to standard models, trade shocks reduce geographic mobility, with both in- and out-migration remaining depressed through 2019. The employment recovery stems almost entirely from young adults and foreign-born immigrants taking their first U.S. jobs in affected areas, with minimal contributions from cross-sector transitions of former manufacturing workers. Although worker inflows into non-manufacturing more than fully offset manufacturing employment losses in trade-exposed locations after 2010, incumbent workers neither fully recover earnings losses nor predominantly exit the labor market, but rather age in place as communities undergo rapid demographic and industrial transitions. |
| Keywords: | sectoral reallocation; worker mobility; China trade shock; Local labor markets; Manufacturing decline |
| JEL: | J62 F16 J23 R12 L60 J31 |
| Date: | 2025–02–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedmoi:99548 |
| By: | Drydakis, Nick (Anglia Ruskin University) |
| Abstract: | This study aims to evaluate whether key factors related to homelessness and the utilisation of support services by homeless youth are associated with their employment outcomes. Data from 402 young people living in 21 housing accommodation buildings across three urban cities in England are used to evaluate the study's research aims. The results revealed that non-native and non-heterosexual homeless youth were overrepresented in housing accommodation and experienced lower employment rates compared to native and heterosexual homeless youth. The estimates indicated that employment levels among homeless youth were negatively associated with several factors related to homelessness, such as parental neglect, substance misuse, and inadequate social care during childhood. Conversely, the estimates showed that both employment levels and the duration of employment among homeless youth were positively associated with the use of well-being, educational, mentoring, and employment support services. A critical insight, however, indicated that discrimination in the labour market reduced their employment prospects. This study contributes to the literature by expanding the application of Capability Theory in the multidimensional study of youth homelessness. Furthermore, it develops and validates two new scales to capture both factors of youth homelessness and the utilisation of support services by homeless youth, facilitating evidence-based recommendations for policymakers. A policy approach should recognise the multifaceted nature of the challenges identified and advocate for a comprehensive strategy that integrates preventative measures, support services, and targeted interventions to address the root causes of homelessness while providing holistic support to vulnerable youth populations. |
| Keywords: | Capability Theory, employment, homeless youth, support services, homelessness |
| JEL: | E24 J21 J64 I3 M53 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17660 |
| By: | Caselli, Mauro; Traverso, Silvio |
| Abstract: | This study examines whether trade competition from low-wage countries (LWCs) can influence immigration patterns in an advanced economy. We focus on Italy between 2003 and 2013, a period characterized by rising market pressure from China and Eastern Europe. Using census data on sectoral employment, administrative records on immigrants by nationality, and disaggregated bilateral trade data, we investigate whether heightened import competition acted as a pull factor for migrant workers at the local labor market level. To identify the exogenous component of these trade shocks, we adopt a shift-share instrumental variable strategy, while disaggregating immigrant data by nationality allows us to control in detail for the role of local networks and for bilateral push and pull factors. Our findings indicate that trade competition from LWCs significantly increased local immigrant shares. We hypothesize, and provide indirect evidence, that firms under competitive pressure tried to cut labor costs by relying on a more flexible, lower-paid workforce, primarily composed of foreign workers. |
| Keywords: | Import competition, International migration, Trade shocks, Italy |
| JEL: | F14 F16 F22 J61 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1562 |
| By: | Christopher Sichko; Ariell Zimran; Aparna Howlader |
| Abstract: | We study racial differences in internal migration responses to one of the most severe climatic shocks in US history—the drought of the 1930s. Using data from the 1940 census on 65 million adults, we find that individuals exposed to more severe drought between 1935 and 1940 were more likely to make an inter-county move and that this responsiveness was greater for black individuals than white individuals. This racial difference was particularly pronounced among the rural population. Black individuals' migration premium came despite their systematic disadvantage in the economy of the 1930s and evidence along dimensions other than race that disadvantage limited individuals' ability to adapt to the drought through migration. Federal relief spending under the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) magnified this racial difference, reducing the migration response to drought for white individuals and increasing it for black individuals. These results help to better understand how the reaction of different groups aggregate to determine the magnitude and composition of migration responses to natural disasters, as well as the roles of migration and government policy in disadvantaged groups' responses to natural disasters. |
| JEL: | D63 J15 N32 N52 O13 O15 Q12 R11 R23 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33409 |
| By: | Vembye, Mikkel Helding; Weiss, Felix; Bhat, Bethany Hamilton |
| Abstract: | Co-teaching and related collaborative models of instruction are widely used in primary and secondary schools in many school systems. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of such models on students’ academic achievement and how these effects are moderated by factors of theoretical and practical relevance. Although previous research and reviews have asserted that the evidence base is scarce, we found 128 treatment and control group studies from 1984–2020. We excluded 52 studies due to critical risk of bias via Cochrane's risk of bias assessment tools and conducted a meta-analysis of 76 studies. This yielded 280 short-term effect sizes of which 82% were pretest-adjusted. We found a moderate, positive, and statistically significant mean effect of g ̅ = 0.11, 95% CI[0.035, 0.184] of collaborative instruction compared to single-taught controls, using the correlated-hierarchical effects (CHE-RVE) model. From moderator analyses, we found that collaborative instruction yields effects of mostly the same size, whether the interventions involved trained teachers or assistants with no teaching qualifications. This implies a potential for the expansion of such interventions at lower costs than otherwise expected. Moreover, factors that are highlighted in the co-teaching literature as preconditions for the effectiveness of collaborative instruction did not explain variations in effect sizes. Finally, we found no clear evidence for publication bias or small study effects. Notably, a large number of the studies that we drew upon were non-randomized studies, and therefore, more rigorous experimental research is needed, especially on relevant co-teaching interventions. |
| Date: | 2023–08–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:metaar:mq5v7_v1 |
| By: | Kontonikas, Alexandros; Pyrgiotakis, Emmanouil |
| Abstract: | We study the Greek residential property market during the recovery period using data from the Property Transfer Value Registry. We examine 132, 189 transactions from 2017 to 2024 and find a significant increase in both the number and value of transactions. Markedly, this increase is more profound among older properties and flats. The findings indicate potential overheating in the residential property market, as we move away from an era of relative undervaluation and head toward higher levels of transactions and prices. However, there is significant geographical heterogeneity both across the country and within the Athens area. The econometric analysis reveals a significant relationship between the market value and the objective value of properties. Finally, we find that the “My Home” government program is not associated with an increase in transaction values for homes that meet its criteria. |
| Keywords: | Greek residential property market; hedonic model; “My home” program; Property Transfer Value Registry |
| JEL: | N0 J1 Q15 |
| Date: | 2025–01–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127179 |
| By: | Andrew Garin |
| Abstract: | Place-based industrial interventions—policies that promote production and investment in specific regions—are often proposed with the intent of improving economic conditions for residents, particularly "left-behind" workers in distressed local labor markets. This chapter discusses the theoretical rationale for the use of industrial interventions to achieve distributional goals and evidence about their effectiveness to that end. I use government-funded plant construction during World War II (WWII) in the United States as a focal case study, which I then compare and contrast to other industrial interventions studied in the literature. While government plant construction during WWII drove an expansion of high-wage semi-skilled jobs open to local residents, which in turn fueled an increase in upward mobility among local residents, the evidence from more recent interventions suggests that modern plant sitings often fail to yield similar benefits to local workers. The implementation details of industrial interventions matter crucially for their incidence on local workers. Interventions that generate opportunities for up-skilling and occupational advancement accessible to target populations appear to be most likely to generate meaningful distributional benefits. I argue that while core production goals during WWII happened to inherently align with the promotion of upward mobility, such alignment is not guaranteed in general and may be the exception rather than the rule in modern contexts. |
| JEL: | H54 J31 J62 N61 O25 R11 R53 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33418 |
| By: | Kubitza, Dennis Oliver; Weßling, Katarina |
| Abstract: | Transitions from school to further education, training, or work are among the most extensively researched topics in the social sciences. Success in such transitions is influenced by predictors operating at multiple levels, such as the individual, the institutional, or the regional level. These levels are intertwined, creating complex inter-dependencies in their influence on transitions. To unravel them, researchers typically apply (multilevel) regression techniques and focus on mediating and moderating relations between distinct predictors. Recent research demonstrates that machine learning techniques can uncover previously overlooked patterns among variables. To detect new patterns in transitions from school to vocational training, we apply artificial neural networks (ANNs) trained on survey data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) linked with regional data. For an accessible interpretation of complex patterns, we use explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods. We establish multiple non-linear interactions within and across levels, concluding that they have the potential to inspire new substantive research questions. We argue that adopting ANNs in the social sciences yields new insights into established relationships and makes complex patterns more accessible |
| Keywords: | school-to-work transitions, VET, machine learning, explainable artificial neuronal networks, SHAP values, rule extraction |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:310974 |
| By: | Kurniawati, Wahyuni |
| Abstract: | Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) is a city mass transportation rail-based rapid (fast railway) being built to reduce congestion in Jakarta. The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of the first stage construction of the Mass Rapid Transit on DKI Jakarta’s economic conditions. MRT is a rail-based transport mode, which lies in an underground passage, and is elevated by using electric power. It is currently under construction and will be operating in 2019. The project is spending extensive funds borrowed from Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). MRT is built as a solution to the traffic congestion and as way to improving the quality of mass transportation in Jakarta. Hence, it is very important to know the effects that occur with the construction of the MRT. The research method applies input-output model of Jakarta in 2010 and descriptive analysis. This study found that by the construction of the MRT in Jakarta, it is increased the Gross Domestic Product of Jakarta by two percent, the construction sector contributed the most, and managed to increase income, as well as increasing the amount of labor in Jakarta |
| Date: | 2023–04–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:u9scg_v1 |
| By: | Nazar Khalid (University of Pennsylvania); Jere Behrman (University of Pennsylvania); Emily Hannum (University of Pennsylvania); Amrit Thapa (University of Pennsylvania) |
| Abstract: | India has the world’s largest number of school-aged children. The majority live in rural areas, many of which are highly flood-prone. Previous studies document that in such areas, floods are associated with lower enrollments, attendance, and learning, in some cases with differentiation by gender, caste/religion, and family SES. Previous literature suggests that components of community infrastructure have positive associations with children’s learning. However, previous literature has not addressed whether better community physical and social infrastructures are associated with (1) smaller flood-related learning losses on average, (2) different learning for marginalized versus other children in the absence of floods, and (3) different vulnerabilities to floods for marginalized versus other children. This paper finds that (1) most aspects of community physical and social infrastructure are not associated with lower flood-related learning losses on average, but proximity to towns and several components of social infrastructure are associated with lower flood-related learning losses on average, (2) community physical and social infrastructure components have heterogeneous associations, in some cases increasing, in most cases not affecting, and in other cases reducing disparities in learning between marginalized and other children in the absence of floods, and (3) community physical and social infrastructure components have heterogeneous effects, in some cases increasing, in most cases not affecting, and in other cases reducing disparities in learning between marginalized and other children in the presence of floods. |
| Keywords: | Education, learning disparities, climate disasters, floods, infrastructure effects, caste inequalities, Hindu-Muslim inequalities, social stratification |
| JEL: | D63 I24 I25 I28 Q54 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–02–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pen:papers:25-002 |
| By: | Niftiyev, Ibrahim |
| Abstract: | Manufacturing has long been regarded as a primary engine of growth and economic development in developed countries, even as the rise of the service sector and deindustrialization have become increasingly prevalent since the 1970s. Despite these shifts, the manufacturing sector remains a significant contributor to employment and a major force in industrial relations. However, small cities and towns are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of deindustrialization, as plant closures can lead to severe socioeconomic consequences in communities across the United States (US) that are shaped as single-or mono-industrial towns or cities. While shutdowns are often driven by economic rationales such as cost and capacity optimization, efficiency, competitiveness, and globalization, workers and other residents in these towns experience substantial challenges following plant closures, including unemployment, social and psychological distress, forced migration, poverty and homelessness. These issues are captured by various local news programs uploaded to YouTube, offering real-time insights into the impacts on these communities. This paper aims to analyze these videos as a secondary data source to provide a more nuanced understanding of the socioeconomic consequences of plant closures, beyond mere statistical fluctuations. The primary qualitative data set consists of 15 videos, which were analyzed through qualitative content analysis (QCA), thematic analysis (TA) and narrative analysis. Among the 14 mono-industrial and small towns studied, the smallest had 155 residents, while the largest had approximately 61, 000 residents. The findings indicate that mono-industrial towns are highly vulnerable to the exodus of a single economic player (so-called "the integrator"). The lack of alternative employment opportunities and low levels of industrial diversification jeopardize the well-being of residents, often forcing them to leave and risking the creation of ghost towns. The negative impacts extend to closures in the tertiary sector, disruptions in workers' personal lives, psychological distress and interruptions in schooling for families. These findings will be valuable for anyone interested in understanding the effects of plant closures on small towns across the US, providing insights for policymakers and contributing to academic discourse on the socioeconomic dimensions of small-scale deindustrialization. Compared to econometric studies and highly stylized academic research, qualitative, human-centered perspectives remain scarce in academia, highlighting gaps in knowledge and methodology in the study of industrial relations. |
| Keywords: | deindustrialization, factory shutdown, labor relations, media, mono-industry, small cities, thematic analysis, towns, urban planning, qualitative content analysis, US economy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esconf:311530 |
| By: | Jérôme Héricourt; Jean Imbs; Lise Patureau |
| Abstract: | We examine the response of investment to real estate prices among French firms from 1994 to 2015. Using newly introduced methods and specifications, we find that investment sensitivity to real estate prices decreases with firm size: The smallest firms are at least three times more responsive to changes in collateral value compared to the largest firms. We impute these estimates onto other countries where available data lack firm-level detail. This approach allows us to assess the aggregate sensitivity of investment to real estate prices across different countries. Our results indicate significant variation in the sensitivity of aggregate investment to real estate shocks, driven by cross country differences in the size distribution of firms. |
| Keywords: | Collateral Channel;Firm Heterogeneity;Cross-Country Study;Micro and Macro Estimates |
| JEL: | D31 E25 E44 G01 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cii:cepidt:2024-13 |
| By: | Simon Briole (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Marc Gurgand (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Eric Maurin (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sandra Mcnally (LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science, UNIS - University of Surrey); Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela (UB - Universitat de Barcelona, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research); Daniel Santin (UCM - Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid]) |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that schools can foster the transmission of civic virtues by helping students to develop concrete, democratically chosen, collective projects. We draw on a RCT implemented in 200 middle schools in three countries. The program leads students to conduct citizenship projects in their communities under the supervision of teachers trained in the intervention. The intervention caused a decline in absenteeism and disciplinary sanctions at school, alongside improved academic achievement. It also led students to diversify their friendship network. The program has stronger effects when implemented by teachers who are initially more involved in the life of the school. |
| Keywords: | Citizenship, Education, Teaching practices, Project-based learning, RCT, Youth |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04720970 |
| By: | Aliakbar Akbaritabar (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); José Ignacio Carrasco Armijo (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Athina Anastasiadou (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Reviews of migration theories start from more classical and deterministic views and follow with more recent developments that consider networks, cumulative causation, planned behaviour, agency, and aspiration/capability frameworks. One of the less discussed dimensions is gender differences in how one’s network affects their migration decision before, during, and after migration. In this chapter, we intend to provide an overview and critically delve into the literature discussing the network’s effect on international migration and show the underexplored dimension of gender differences. The chapter has an additional focus on a subset of the highly-skilled population i.e., the case of migration of scholars, and is concluded by avenues for future research. |
| Keywords: | Global, World, computational demography, computational social science, gender, internal migration, international migration, network, sex, social network |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2025-004 |
| By: | Mélanie Gittard (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Since 2000, Kenya has experienced an increase in the frequency of droughts, significantly affecting agriculture and driving labor force migration. This paper investigates strategic migration patterns among farmers and pastoralists in response to repetitive droughts. I use fine-grained data that enables the capture of shortdistance migration and heterogeneity, combining satellite-based data on daily rainfalls (CHIRPS) with exhaustive censuses from 1989, 1999, and 2009. I use a two-way fixed-effect model to exploit the spatial variation in drought frequency across 2, 518 sub-locations, comparing their demographic growth according to the number of dryrainy seasons over each decade. First, I show that increased drought frequency triggers out-migration, as one additional drought decreases demographic growth by 1.7 p.p, equivalent to a 1% population decline. This result is consistent within the [15; 65] age group, excluding other demographic effects and confirming migration as the driving factor. The main contribution of this paper is the identification of different migration strategies across livelihoods. Rural areas dominated by pastoral activities experience significant out-migration, leading to a rural-rural shift from pastoral to agriculture-oriented regions. Herders' migration displays little heterogeneity, suggesting the migration of entire households and consistent with migration as a last resort. Agricultural rural areas are less vulnerable to drought and display significant heterogeneity. The results show the migration of the most educated individuals in the working age, while uneducated individuals are trapped in affected areas. This paper highlights the importance of using detailed data to understand diverse migration strategies, thereby facilitating the implementation of effective policies. |
| Keywords: | Kenya, Droughts, Migration, Population, Census data |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04685409 |
| By: | Kevin Corinth; David Coyne; Naomi E. Feldman; Craig Johnson |
| Abstract: | For a place-based policy to succeed, it must target the right areas—typically those with lower economic development and resident well-being. The U.S. has two major place-based tax policies: the New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC), where government approved entities select investments, and Opportunity Zones (OZs), where private investors choose projects. Despite underlying design differences, both target census tracts with relatively high poverty rates, low median income and weak labor markets. However, OZs tend to attract more investment in areas with higher pre-existing private investment, often located in prosperous counties and high-growth regions. Census tracts lacking investment from either program generally have less private investment, lower home value growth, and lower population growth, suggesting that additional policies may be needed to reach areas less primed for investment. |
| JEL: | D61 E22 H23 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33414 |
| By: | Thomas Breda (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Joyce Sultan Parraud (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Lola Touitou (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques) |
| Abstract: | While there is no gap in math performance at the beginning of Grade 1, a gap in favor of boys appears and widens during the first year of primary school. Using standardized national assessments administered during Grade 1 (CP) to more than 2.5 million pupils in France between 2018 and 2022, we show that this relative drop in girls' performance is observed for all the cohorts and most of the exercises assessed. The greatest drop-off occurs among the best-performing girls at the start of Grade 1 (those in the top 1 % initially). These girls lose an average of nearly 7 percentile ranks at the start of second grade compared with boys in the same initial percentile. The emergence of a gender gap in math performance during Grade 1 is observed across all social categories and family compositions, and throughout the country. Girls lose slightly less ground compared to boys in classes where the top student in math is a girl, and in priority networks public schools (REP or REP+). However, characteristics of the school environment explain only a small part of the overall dynamics, suggesting that girls are losing ground compared to boys in every strata of society. |
| Keywords: | Gender gaps, Math performance, Education |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04414597 |
| By: | Treb Allen; Costas Arkolakis |
| Abstract: | This handbook chapter presents the major advances made in the field of economic geography over the past decade. It starts by documenting a number of motivating empirical facts. It then shows how a quantitative regional model that combines the insights from two seminal models from an earlier generation can explain these facts. It then presents a unified quantitative framework that incorporates this and many other economic geography models. This unified framework is sufficiently tractable to characterize its equilibrium properties while flexible enough to be combined with detailed spatial economic data to estimate the model parameters, conduct counterfactuals, and perform welfare analysis. The chapter concludes by discussing many extensions of the framework, some of which have already been explored and others which have not. |
| JEL: | F1 R1 R3 R4 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33436 |
| By: | Heletjé E van Staden (UCD - University College Dublin [Dublin]); Hannah Yee (ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées); Robert N Boute (KU Leuven - Catholic University of Leuven = Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Vlerick Business School [Leuven]) |
| Abstract: | Intermodal transportation planning combines road with more sustainable transportation modes to encour- age a modal shift. To evaluate the impact of a modal shift on transportation cost and emissions, we propose an intermodal transportation planning model to provide transparency in the cost-emissions trade-off. The model incorporates minimum load requirements, time windows, freight consolidation, and stochastic travel times to generate alternative transportation options. It also includes order consolidation to facilitate the utilization of transportation modes that would otherwise be infeasible due to, for instance, minimum load requirements. We also propose a synchromodal planning tool to evaluate re-planning and re-consolidation options in response to disruptions. We numerically illustrate the working of our model using a represen- tative network setting and quantify the trade-offs concerning costs and emissions by evaluating different transportation route options. |
| Keywords: | synchromodal transportation, modal shift, sustainable transportation, decision support, k-shortest path, order consolidation |
| Date: | 2024–04–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04566898 |
| By: | Fanny Landaud (THEMA - Théorie économique, modélisation et applications - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CY - CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Éric Maurin (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Barton Willage (University of Colorado [Denver], NBER - National Bureau of Economic Research [New York] - NBER - The National Bureau of Economic Research); Alexander Willén (NHH - Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics - Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, UCLS - Uppsala Center for Labor Studies) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides novel evidence on the causal effect of high school Grade Point Average (GPA) on the human capital development and labor market trajectory of individuals. Causal identification is achieved by exploiting a unique feature of the Norwegian education system that produces exogenous variation in GPA among high school students. We find little effect on the number of completed years of higher education, but significant effects on the number and quality of higher education programs available to students after high school. Most importantly, we find persistent effects on students' long-run labor market outcomes, most notably market wage. |
| Keywords: | Returns to education, High school GPA, High-stakes exams |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04409423 |
| By: | Becker, Sascha O. (University of Warwick); Boll, P. David (University of Warwick); Voth, Hans-Joachim (University of Zurich) |
| Abstract: | Spatial unit roots can lead to spurious regression results. We present a brief overview of the methods developed in Müller and Watson (2024) to test for and correct for spatial unit roots. We also introduce a suite of Stata commands (-spur-) implementing these techniques. Our commands exactly replicate results in Müller and Watson (2024) using the same Chetty et al. (2014) data. We present a brief practitioner’s guide for applied researchers. |
| Keywords: | spurious spatial regression, spatial unit roots, spurtest, spurtransform |
| JEL: | C21 C22 C52 C87 N0 P0 R12 R15 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17651 |
| By: | Philippe Gagnepain (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sébastien Massoni (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Alexandre Mayol (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Carine Staropoli (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of different public transport pricing schemes on daily commuting habits. Psychological inertia, car stickiness, complexity aversion, or skewed perception of prices are expected to influence decisions. We build a controlled experiment, where participants make transport decisions and face various public transport tariffs. Our findings indicate that players are rational as they reach the Nash predictions of our model, but cognitive biases inherent to users are also present. Peak/off-peak and two-part tariffs prove to be more successful in encouraging public transit use than flat fare subscriptions, possibly due to a preference for flexibility and the ability to take past experiences into account (congestion and incident) in future travel choices. Thus, this paper suggests that well designed pricing strategies are useful tools to promote public transit use and reduce road congestion. |
| Keywords: | Public transport pricing, Private car, Congestion, Experiment |
| Date: | 2024–06–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04607716 |
| By: | Michael Coury; Toru Kitagawa; Allison Shertzer; Matthew Turner |
| Abstract: | We estimate the impact of piped water and sewers on property values in late 19th century Chicago. The cost of sewer construction depends sensitively on imperceptible variation in elevation, and such variation delays water and sewer service to part of the city. This delay provides quasi-random variation for causal estimates. We extrapolate ate estimates from our natural experiment to the area treated with water and sewer service during 1874-1880 using a new estimator. Water and sewer access increases property values by a factor of about 2.8. This suggests that benefits are large relative to the value of averted mortality, many other infrastructure projects, and construction costs |
| Keywords: | Piped water and sewer access; Infrastructure; Extrapolation |
| JEL: | O18 R3 L97 N11 |
| Date: | 2025–02–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:99546 |
| By: | Hanming Fang (University of Pennsylvania and NBER); Ming Li (The Chinese University of Hong Kong); Long Wang (Fudan University); Yang Yang (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) |
| Abstract: | Using China’s expansion of the high-speed rail system (HSR) as a quasi-natural experiment, we analyze the comprehensive vehicle registration data from 2010 to 2023 to estimate the causal impact of HSR connectivity on the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Implementing several identification strategies, including staggered difference-indifferences (DID), Callaway and Sant’Anna (CS) DID, and two instrumental-variable approaches, we consistently find that, by alleviating range anxiety, the expansion of HSR can account for up to one third of the increase in EV market share and EV sales in China during our sample period, with effects particularly pronounced in cities served by faster HSR lines. The results remain robust when controlling for local industrial policies, charging infrastructure growth, supply-side factors, and economic development. We also find that HSR connectivity amplifies the effectiveness of charging infrastructure and consumer purchase subsidies in promoting EV adoption. |
| Keywords: | Electric Vehicles; High-Speed Rail; Industrial Policy |
| JEL: | L52 L53 O18 Q55 R41 |
| Date: | 2025–02–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pen:papers:25-006 |
| By: | David Escamilla-Guerrero (University of St Andrews [Scotland], IZA - Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit - Institute of Labor Economics); Miko Lepistö (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Chris Minns (LSE - London School of Economics and Political Science) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses newly digitized Canada-Vermont border crossing records from the early twentieth century to document substantial differences in how female and male migrants sorted across US destination counties by earnings potential. Income maximization largely explains sorting patterns among men. For single women, gender-based labor market constraints were important, with locations offering more work opportunities attracting women with higher earnings capacity. Among married women, destination choices were much less influenced by labor market characteristics. These findings reveal how labor market constraints based on gender and marriage influence the allocation of migrant talent across destinations. |
| Keywords: | Migration, Sorting, Gender, Canada, United States |
| Date: | 2025–01–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04886097 |
| By: | M.D.J.W. Wijesinghe (University of Waikato); Michael P. Cameron (University of Waikato); Susan Olivia (University of Waikato); Les Oxley (University of Waikato) |
| Abstract: | While life expectancy losses due to homicide are well-documented in the US, their simultaneous effect on lifespan inequality remains underexplored. Therefore, this study examines the impact of homicide on life expectancy and lifespan inequality at the state level in the US from 1968 to 2020, employing Theil's entropy index to measure lifespan inequality. Using a Panel-Corrected Standard Errors (PCSE) econometric model, we also analyzed the demographic, socioeconomic, and policy factors influencing these outcomes. We found substantial regional disparities, with Southern states consistently exhibiting the highest life expectancy losses and lifespan inequality increases due to homicide. Demographic factors, such as a higher proportion of high school graduates, are associated with reduced impacts of homicide, while higher percentages of Black populations and percentage of population 25-34 age group correlate with larger effects, reflecting systemic inequities in exposure to violence. Furthermore, corrections and judicial spending influence both life expectancy and lifespan inequality. Police and health spending mitigate lifespan inequality, while welfare expenditures often correlate with higher inequality, likely reflecting underlying socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Our results emphasize the need for integrated, evidence-based policy approaches targeting structural inequalities and specific demographic vulnerabilities. Strategies such as youth violence prevention, education-focused interventions, and community-based justice reforms are likely to be critical for mitigating homicide's impact. This work underscores homicide's dual role as a public health and societal challenge, calling for tailored policies to address both immediate and systemic factors driving violence. |
| Keywords: | Lifespan inequality; Theil index; Homicide; Socioeconomic factors; United States |
| JEL: | I14 I18 I38 |
| Date: | 2025–02–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wai:econwp:25/01 |
| By: | Nur Bilge (Université de Lille, CNRS, IESEG School of Management, UMR 9221 Lille Economie Management, F-59000 Lille, France); Simone Moriconi (IESEG School of Management, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 9221 - LEM - Lille Economie Management, F-59000 Lille, France, CESifo, Munich, Germany) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses data from the Turkish Household Labour Force Survey (2005–2020) to examine how Syrian refugee inflows affect gender inequality within households. Employing a shiftshare IV strategy based on the historical share of Arabic-speaking populations in Turkey in 1965, we find that increased refugee inflows are linked to greater intra-family gender inequality in households where both spouses work. Although the average effect is modest, it becomes sizeable when family dynamics are considered too. A 10% rise in refugee stock leads to a 3.85% increase in the gender productivity penalty for households with at least one child, while no effect is observed in childless families. These findings suggest that refugee migrants are closer substitutes for native female than male workers. Finally, we argue that conservative cultural norms may contribute to undermining the labor market position of native married women as the supply of migrant male workers grows. |
| Keywords: | refugees; household; inequality; local labour market |
| JEL: | D63 E24 F22 J12 J61 R23 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ies:wpaper:e202418 |
| By: | Eckhard Hein; Moritz Marpe; Karolina Schütt |
| Abstract: | Ederer/Rehm (2020b) empirically calibrated long-run equilibrium wealth distribution for ten European countries, mainly using 2010 Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS) data. Measuring wealth inequality through the capitalists’ share of wealth, they find that seven out of ten countries deviate from Piketty’s (2014) prediction that under the condition of r > g wealth distribution will become ever more unequal. With the actual capitalists’ share in 2010 below the calibrated equilibrium, however, they forecast increasing wealth inequality. Our research extends this analysis in two ways. Firstly, using the 2010, 2014, 2017, and 2021 HFCS data, we recalibrate the equilibrium based on 2010 data and track the capitalists’ share of wealth over the decade. We observe convergence tendencies towards the stable long-run equilibrium in some but not in all countries. Secondly, we expand the Ederer/Rehm (2020b) model to include real estate assets and mortgage debt. Recalibrating the long-run equilibrium for this extended model using 2010 values produces a similar pattern: For three countries, Piketty’s prediction holds, while for the remaining seven the equilibrium capitalists’ wealth share is lower than 100 per cent. The extended model shows a much lower actual capitalists’ share of wealth, supporting the idea that real estate assets, adjusted for mortgage debt, are more equally distributed than other types of wealth. Wealth inequality for the extended model is also predicted to rise. Based on 2014, 2017 and 2021 HFCS data, we indeed find a convergence of actual wealth distribution towards the stable long-run equilibrium for some, but not for all countries. In several countries, the stable long-run equilibrium distribution itself varies over time, partly in line with actual distribution which points to potential endogeneity of the former towards the latter. The channels remain to be explored. |
| Keywords: | Wealth distribution, post-Kaleckian model, model calibration |
| JEL: | D31 E12 E21 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pke:wpaper:pkwp2506 |
| By: | Edwige Dubos-Paillard (GC (UMR_8504) - Géographie-cités - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPCité - Université Paris Cité); Emmanuelle Lavaine (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Katrin Millock (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | The article estimates flood risk perceptions by exploiting the different release dates of flood risk information around Paris from 2003 to 2012. This period is characterised by the absence of significant floods since 1955, making flood risk less salient. We apply a stacked event study to detailed property transaction data combined with geo-localised amenities. The results show that transaction prices for similar properties are 3-7% lower following the release of information if they are located in a flood risk zone, and that the effect persists, at least over the period we analyse. The results are robust to varying the control group to a neighbourhood at different distances from the flood risk boundary. The effect is more negative for flats on the ground floor. We find no evidence of sorting among buyers along different characteristics, in particular based on past exposure to flooding in their previous municipality. The results indicate a significant effect of flood risk information in a context where we can isolate it from the financial consequences of insurance cover and from flood damage per se. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04850441 |
| By: | Elodie Andrieu (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); John Morrow (QMUL - Queen Mary University of London) |
| Abstract: | How do firms diffuse resources and do they spillover outside headquarter intensive areas? We show R&D subsidies induce French firms to hire new workers, often in new establishments and commuting zones. Using subsidy induced labor demand shocks and past employment patterns, we estimate a within industry spillover elasticity of .26 to non-subsidy firms, rising to .35 for openings outside of headquarter areas. Spillovers are also significant across firm branches and for firms. While subsidies are nominally awarded to headquarters, firms expand to distribute spillovers more broadly. |
| Keywords: | Multi-establishment Firms, Subsidies, Directed Growth, Spillovers |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04747880 |
| By: | Ramachandran, Rajesh (Monash University Malaysia); Rustagi, Devesh (University of Warwick); Soldani, Emilia (OECD) |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether discrimination by teachers explains the large gap in educational outcomes between students from marginalized and non-marginalized groups. Using the context of India, we start with a correspondence study to show that teachers assign 0.29 standard deviations lower grade to an exam of equal quality but with a lower caste surname. We then conduct incentivized surveys, behavioral experiments, and vignettes to highlight some of the invisible elements that are critical to understanding discrimination. We find that teachers hold biased attitudes and beliefs about lower caste individuals, which are associated with poor grading outcomes. We conduct a mechanism intervention based on invoking empathy among teachers to mitigate discrimination. We find that discrimination disappears in the treatment group, and the effect is largest for teachers with higher baseline empathy. These findings are not due to social desirability. Our findings offer a proof-of-concept to understand mental processes that could be instrumental in designing policies to mitigate discrimination. |
| Keywords: | Discrimination, Correspondence study, Caste, Attitudes, Beliefs, Empathy, India JEL Classification: C90, I24, J15, J16, Z13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:743 |
| By: | Mickael Melki (PSB - Paris School of Business - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université, NBER - National Bureau of Economic Research [New York] - NBER - The National Bureau of Economic Research); Hillel Rapoport (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique, LISER - Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research); Enrico Spolaore (Tufts University [Medford], NBER - National Bureau of Economic Research [New York] - NBER - The National Bureau of Economic Research); Romain Wacziarg (UCLA Anderson School of Management, NBER - National Bureau of Economic Research [New York] - NBER - The National Bureau of Economic Research) |
| Abstract: | We argue that migrants played a significant role in the diffusion of the demographic transition from France to the rest of Europe in the late 19 th century. Employing novel data on French immigration from other European regions from 1850 to 1930, we find that higher immigration to France translated into lower fertility in the region of origin after a few decades -both in crossregion regressions for various periods, and in a panel setting with region fixed effects. These results are robust to the inclusion of a variety of controls, and across multiple specifications. We also find that immigrants who themselves became French citizens achieved lower fertility, particularly those who moved to French regions with the lowest fertility levels. We interpret these findings in terms of cultural remittances, consistently with insights from a theoretical framework where migrants act as vectors of cultural diffusion, spreading new information, social norms and preferences pertaining to modern fertility to their regions of origin. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04721328 |
| By: | Julien Grenet (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Hans Grönqvist (Linnaeus University, IFAU - Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy); Susan Niknami (Stockholm University) |
| Abstract: | Electronic monitoring (EM) has emerged as a popular tool for curbing the growth of large prison populations. Evidence on the causal effects of EM on criminal recidivism is, however, limited and it is unclear how this alternative to incarceration affects the labor supply of offenders and the outcomes of their family members. We study the countrywide expansion of EM in Sweden in 1997 wherein offenders sentenced to up to three months in prison were granted the option to substitute incarceration with EM. Our difference-in-differences estimates, which compare the change in the prison inflow rate of treated offenders to that of non-treated offenders with slightly longer sentences, show that the reform significantly decreased the number of incarcerations. Our main finding is that EM not only lowers criminal recidivism but also increases labor supply. Additionally, EM improves the educational attainment and early-life earnings of the children whose parents were exposed to the reform. The primary mechanisms through which EM operates appear to involve the preservation of offenders' ties to the labor market, by reducing the barriers to both finding a job and changing employers. Our calculations suggest that the social benefits stemming from EM are about seven times larger than the fiscal savings associated with reduced prison expenditures, implying that the welfare gains from EM could be much greater than previously acknowledged. |
| Keywords: | Electronic monitoring, Incarceration, Labor supply, Crime, Spillovers |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04630125 |
| By: | Tom Raster (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Labor scarcity is the main hypothesized determinant of labor coercion (Domar, 1970), however, its effects are theoretically ambiguous and remain empirically untested. This paper provides the first causal estimate of the effect of labor scarcity on labor coercion. I obtain quasi-exogenous variation in labor scarcity from immense spatial dispersion in deaths from three plagues in the Baltics (1605-6, 1657, 1710-2), which I show is uncorrelated to a host of local, pre-plague characteristics. To measure the intensity of labor coercion, I hand-collect thousands of serf labor contracts in Estonia, which capture the work obligations of serfs. I find that labor scarcity substantially increases coercion à la Domar (1970). Investigating mechanisms, I find that this effect is enhanced by the lack of outside options and increased labor monopsony power, in line with theoretical models. Investigating the consequences of (labor-scarcity instrumented) coercion, I find negative effects on education and increased migration. Taken together, these findings highlight the conditions under which labor scarcity raises coercion and provide suggestive evidence of why it does not in other cases (e.g., in Western Europe following the Black Death). |
| Keywords: | Labor coercion, Pandemics, Plague, Domar, Outside options |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04423717 |
| By: | Maureen L. Cropper; Mengjia Hu; Yongjoon Park; Nicholas Z. Muller |
| Abstract: | A large literature uses nonattainment status under the U.S. Clean Air Act (CAA) to measure regulatory stringency and to instrument for air pollution in studies of the impact of the CAA on health and other endpoints. Since 1978 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has regulated ambient air quality at the county level; however, prior to 1978 nonattainment status was imposed on Air Quality Control Regions, contiguous counties that comprise an airshed. This is not the definition of nonattainment used in the literature. Using county-level data, we examine the impacts of EPA’s definition of nonattainment status for TSP, CO, ozone, and SO2 in 1972 on ambient air quality and manufacturing employment between 1969 and 1976 and EPA’s definition of nonattainment in 1978 on air quality and manufacturing employment between 1975 and 1988. Nonattainment status in 1972 had no significant impact on either ambient TSP or on the ratio of dirty manufacturing to total employment between 1969 and 1976. We do, however, find significant impacts on ambient TSP using 1978 nonattainment status, and significant impacts of TSP, CO, ozone and SO2 nonattainment in 1978 on the fraction of employment in dirty manufacturing industries from 1975 to 1988. We discuss the implications of these findings for EPA’s decision regarding the geographic level at which to regulate air pollution. |
| JEL: | Q52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33412 |
| By: | Arkebe Oqubay |
| Abstract: | This paper, included in the report "Urban Sustainable Development: Governance, Finance and Politics.", was originally published on:https://cebri.org/en/doc/356/cebri-and-rio-g20-committee-publish-urban-sustainable-development-governance-finance-and-politics © Vormittag, Pedro, Marianna Albuquerque & Eugénie Birch (Eds.). 2024. Urban Sustainable Development: Governance, Finance and Politics. Rio de Janeiro: CEBRI. The article discusses the role of sustainable and productive cities as drivers of global transformation. Cities, as the heart of human civilizations, not only propel economic development and serve as technological and innovation hubs but also inspire hope and optimism for the future. They contribute over 80 percent of the global economy and nearly 100 percent to all scientific and technological breakthroughs. Rapid urbanization has been a primary force in the demographic shift that impacts global transformation. With their unparalleled resilience and innovation ability, cities are also at the forefront of significant global challenges, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change, finding sustainable solutions. Cities are not just essential to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Climate Agreement, endorsed by all United Nations member countries, but are the subject and primary actors in implementing it. By recognizing the importance of making “cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable” (Goal 11), the 2030 Agenda underscores the importance and impact of cities in shaping the future. However, in shaping global transformation, cities face significant challenges in releasing their full potential, including financial, governance, and political constraints. A G20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro led by Brasil could be instrumental in promoting city transformation and urban sustainable development as essential components of the development agenda, empowering cities to take charge of their transformation. The objectives of the paper are: (1) to present urbanization and urban transformation as a framework; (2) to explain why and how cities should strive to be not only productive but also sustainable to promote their national development strategies, to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the net zero agenda; (3) to further discuss the dynamics of city transformation with a focus on Addis Ababa’s transformation as a case study; and (4) to learn from city leadership experiences. The article will explore critical questions: What specific strategies can cities implement to become productive and sustainable cities? What examples of successful city transformation and leadership experiences can be learned from? Given the urbanization wave, population growth, and the lagging structural transformation, these questions have significant implications for cities in emerging and developing economies or the Global South. This article is enriched by the author’s over three decades of experience in development policymaking and transformation, including serving as the former mayor of Addis Ababa and former minister of urban development. This unique perspective, combined with extensive scholarly and research work drawing from development economics, urban development, and international political economy, provides a comprehensive understanding of the issues at hand. The paper is structured into four sections covering the above mentioned themes, supplemented by an introduction and conclusion. The author’s unique perspective is a critical element that makes this paper a valuable resource for understanding urban transformation. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbecon:part_201 |
| By: | Camille Hémet (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research); Liam Wren-Lewis (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Jessica Mahoney (CEPREMAP - Centre pour la recherche économique et ses applications - ECO ENS-PSL - Département d'économie de l'ENS-PSL - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of ethnic fractionalization on public service use by exploiting a major constitutional reform in Kenya. Following an important period of inter-ethnic conflict, responsibility for local health services was decentralized to 47 newly created county governments. Crucially, this changed the ethnic composition of the administrative area responsible for healthcare, while leaving the composition of the local population unchanged. Using an event-study design, we find that use of public clinics for births increased significantly after the reform, but only in counties that were relatively ethnically homogeneous. We also find a significant increase in the correlation between county ethnic fractionalization and a range of other measures of public health service use. Using within-county variation to investigate mechanisms, we find healthcare use increases were concentrated among individuals of the same ethnicity as members of the new county government executives. Overall, the results suggest that more ethnically homogeneous sub-national jurisdictions can rapidly increase public service use. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-04564267 |
| By: | John Heilbron; Kevin Zhao |
| Abstract: | This brief documents the uneven distribution of climate risk and risk pricing in real estate at the property-level (Brief no. 24-01). |
| Date: | 2024–02–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ofr:briefs:24-01 |
| By: | Arkebe Oqubay |
| Abstract: | This paper, included in the report "Urban Sustainable Development: Governance, Finance and Politics.", was originally published on:https://cebri.org/en/doc/356/cebri-and-rio-g20-committee-publish-urban-sustainable-development-governance-finance-and-politics © Vormittag, Pedro, Marianna Albuquerque & Eugénie Birch (Eds.). 2024. Urban Sustainable Development: Governance, Finance and Politics. Rio de Janeiro: CEBRI. Sustainable urban development is vital for Africa, offering opportunities for a better future that requires political commitment and a collective response to global challenges. A shared perspective and productive debate on Africa’s challenges and future are essential to enhance economic transformation, urban sustainability, and the transition to a carbon-neutral economy. This commentary presents a compelling conversation among African policymakers, leaders, practitioners, and specialists on this pressing theme conducted in September 2024. The conversation was based on a semi-structured qualitative survey featuring a qualitative format, targeted at a spectrum of African mayors, national policymakers, leaders of continental organizations, and development practitioners—urban specialists. The respondents play a critical role in shaping public policy and practice and include Prime Ministers and the African Union Commission Chairperson, offering a snapshot of their perspectives and concerns. Of the fifty invited participants, nearly 50% completed the survey, including eight ministers, seven officials of continental organizations, five development and urban experts, and the mayors of Rabat, Freetown, Windhoek, and Cape Town. Cities are vital in attaining the United Nations 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the net-zero goals endorsed in 2015 under the Paris Agreement. The questionnaire comprised questions underpinned by cities’ contributions as innovation and economic growth engines, as well as Africa’s commitment to the common aspiration of the global community. African countries made a significant stride by unanimously adopting Agenda 2063, a 50-year road map with a theme of “Africa We Want, ” which places sustainable urban development at its core. Most recently, in September 2024, the African Union Commission successfully organized an African Urban Forum in Addis Ababa. This pivotal forum delved into African urbanization and the challenges of financing to achieve sustainable and resilient urban development. |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ocp:pbecon:part_202 |
| By: | Leonardo Bursztyn (University of Chicago, NBER - The National Bureau of Economic Research); Thomas Chaney (USC - University of Southern California, ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research); Tarek A Hassan (BU - Boston University [Boston], NBER - The National Bureau of Economic Research, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research); Aakaash Rao (Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | We study how the presence of individuals of a given foreign descent shapes natives' attitudes and behavior toward that group. Using individualized donations data from large charitable organizations, we show that the long-term presence of a given foreign ancestry in a US county leads to more generous behavior specifically toward that group's ancestral country. To shed light on mechanisms, we focus on attitudes and behavior toward Arab-Muslims, combining several existing large-scale surveys, cross-county data on implicit prejudice, and a newly-collected national survey. We show the presence of a larger Arab-Muslim population: (i) decreases both natives' explicit and implicit prejudice against Arab-Muslims, (ii) reduces natives' support for policies and political candidates hostile toward Arab-Muslims, (iii) leads to more personal contact between natives and Arab-Muslim individuals, and (iv) increases natives' knowledge of Arab-Muslims and Islam. |
| Keywords: | Contact, Attitudes, Immigration, Prejudice |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04900080 |
| By: | Patrice Ballester (M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche) |
| Abstract: | Tourism, heritage and crafts are intertwined to shape the tourism economy, culture and identity of territories. This third volume of Cité et Tourisme, City & Tourism explores these themes through two European studies exploring the links between urban cultural tourism and crafts. Caught between modernization, globalization and health crisis, territories benefit from the opportunities offered by tourism and events, while being forced to adapt. The importance of preserving know-how to maintain authentic local production requires adapting the means of training and craft sales. In this issue, heritage is associated with sustainable mobility and the rehabilitation of historic buildings. The image of the destination is a challenge for European metropolises that must reconcile the fact of being ever more attractive while being respectful of their environment, their history and local craft resources. Finally, innovation and training are the pillars of the return to authenticity in a redesigned heritage framework as for the restoration and reopening of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris in December 2024 showing the heritage and sociological stake of national pride. Cultural identity is valued and by ricochet becomes an instrument to think about new sustainable mobility and the fact of rethinking the financing of architectural rehabilitations. This volume brings new issues and analyses concerning the risks and the relevance of sustainable solutions committed to tangible and intangible heritage, this for a local development of small towns and the emergence of a circular artisanal economy generating economic growth. |
| Abstract: | Le tourisme, le patrimoine et l'artisanat s'entrelacent pour façonner l'économie touristique, la culture et l'identité des territoires. Ce troisième volume de Cité et Tourisme, City & Tourism explore ces thèmes à travers deux études européennes parcourant les liens entre tourisme culturel urbain et l'artisanat. Pris entre modernisation, mondialisation et crise sanitaire, les territoires bénéficient des opportunités offertes par le tourisme et l'évènementiel, tout en se voyant contraint à des adaptations forcées. L'importance de préserver les savoir-faire pour maintenir une production locale authentique impose d'adapter les moyens de formation et de vente artisanale. Dans ce numéro, le patrimoine est associé aux mobilités durables et à la réhabilitation des bâtiments historiques. L'image de la destination est un enjeu pour les métropoles européennes qui doivent concilier le fait d'être toujours plus attractive tout en étant respectueuses de leur environnement, de leur histoire et des ressources artisanales locales. Enfin, l'innovation et la formation sont les piliers du retour à l'authenticité dans un cadre patrimonial repensé comme pour la restauration et la réouverture de la Cathédrale de Notre-Dame de Paris en décembre 2024 montrant l'enjeu patrimonial et sociologique de fierté nationale. L'identité culturelle s'en trouve valorisée et par ricochet devient un instrument pour penser les nouvelles mobilités durables et le fait de repenser le financement des réhabilitations architecturales. Ce volume apporte de nouvelles problématiques et analyses concernant les risques et la pertinence de solutions durables engagées autour du patrimoine matériel et immatériel, ceci pour un développement local des petites villes et l'éclosion d'une économie circulaire artisanale génératrice de croissance économique. |
| Keywords: | Tourism, heritage, crafts, transport, events, innovation, Tourisme, patrimoine, artisanat, événementiel |
| Date: | 2024–12–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04881176 |
| By: | Justin C. Wiltshire (Department of Economics, University of Victoria) |
| Abstract: | This paper considers the extent and impact of monopsony power exercised by Walmart Supercenters. I address the issue of potential bias from endogenous store entry, as well as other identification concerns, by adopting a stacked synthetic control approach to estimate average county-level labor market effects of the Walmart Supercenter roll-out across the U.S. Crucially, I construct the pools of synthetic control donor counties from novel observations of counties where Walmart tried to open a Supercenter but was blocked by local efforts. I first show Supercenter entry sharply increased labor market concentration. Supercenters were able to hire large numbers of retail workers with zero increase in average earnings, indicating Walmart had wage-setting power. I then show Supercenter entry caused large declines in overall local employment and earnings, particularly among local goods-producers, indicating Walmart displaced manufacturing demand away from local producers and to its own national and international suppliers. In counties with a Supercenter, subsequent exogenous minimum wage increases led to significant growth in aggregate and retail employment. These results run counter to predictions for competitive labor markets, and indicate Walmart Supercenters gradually accumulated and exercised monopsony power, with negative consequences for workers. |
| Keywords: | Walmart, monopsony, wage income, job loss, local labor markets |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vic:vicddp:2304 |
| By: | Henrique S. Basso (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Myroslav Pidkuyko (BANCO DE ESPAÑA); Omar Rachedi (ESADE, UNIVERSITAT RAMON LLULL) |
| Abstract: | With multiple types of public capital, the aggregate implications of public investment crucially depend on the sum of the output elasticities of public capital across types. Abstracting from this heterogeneity and considering a single homogeneous type underestimates the effects of public investment. This is because the output elasticity of aggregate public capital is biased: it does not coincide with the sum of output elasticities of the different types. A quantitative model with public investment in equipment, structures, and intangibles implies substantial negative bias. Heterogeneity in public investment roughly doubles the long-run fiscal multiplier and optimal scale of public investment. |
| Keywords: | public capital, intellectual property products, equipment, structures, fiscal multiplier |
| JEL: | E22 E62 H54 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2501 |
| By: | Robin Jarry (LIRMM | ICAR - Image & Interaction - LIRMM - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Marc Chaumont (UNIMES - Nîmes Université, LIRMM | ICAR - Image & Interaction - LIRMM - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier); Laure Berti-Equille (IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 228 Espace-Dev, Espace pour le développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - AU - Avignon Université - UR - Université de La Réunion - UNC - Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie - UG - Université de Guyane - UA - Université des Antilles - UM - Université de Montpellier); Gérard Subsol (LIRMM | ICAR - Image & Interaction - LIRMM - Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Monitoring local socio-economic variations is essential for tracking progress toward sustainable development goals. However, measuring these variations can be challenging, as it requires data collection at least twice, which is both expensive and time-consuming. To address this issue, researchers have proposed remote sensing and deep learning methods to predict socio-economic indicators. However, subtracting two predicted socio-economic indicators from different dates leads to inaccurate results. We propose a novel method for predicting socio-economic variations using satellite image time series to achieve more reliable predictions. Our method leverages both spatial and temporal information to enhance the final prediction. In our experiments, we observed that it outperforms state-of-the-art methods. |
| Keywords: | Remote Sensing, Image Time Series, Deep Learning, Transformer, Socio-economic indicator |
| Date: | 2024–11–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:lirmm-04895134 |
| By: | Andam, Kwaw S.; Amare, Mulubrhan; Gelli, Aulo; Kosec, Katrina; Abay, Kibrom A.; Bamiwuye, Temilolu; Fasoranti, Adetunji; Simpa, Suzan |
| Keywords: | school feeding; nutrition; training materials; cooking; Western Africa; Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa; Nigeria |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:cgiarp:159876 |
| By: | Opatrny, Matej; Havranek, Tomas; Irsova, Zuzana; Ščasný, Milan |
| Abstract: | Class size reduction mandates are frequent and invariably justified by studies reporting positive effects on student achievement. Yet other studies report no effects, and the literature as a whole awaits correction for potential publication bias. Moreover, if identification drives results systematically, the relevance of individual studies will vary. We build a sample of 1, 767 estimates collected from 62 studies and for each estimate codify 42 factors reflecting estimation context. We employ recently developed nonlinear techniques for publication bias correction and Bayesian model averaging techniques that address model uncertainty. The results suggest publication bias among studies featured in top five economics journals, but not elsewhere. The implied class size effect is zero for all identification approaches except Tennessee's Student/Teacher Achievement Ratio project. The effect remains zero for disadvantaged students and across subjects, school types, and countries. |
| Date: | 2023–05–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:metaar:ekrqs_v1 |