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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Yoshifumi Konishi (Keio University); Akari Ono (Keio University) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the causal effect of ride-hailing entry on transport-related air pollution in U.S. cities, using granular satellite-based NO? concentration data in the staggered difference-in-differences research design. Our empirical strategy accounts for treatment effect heterogeneity both within and across cities, coupled with two additional strategies to strengthen identification: using geography-based instruments and exploiting a sharp, unanticipated change in ride-hailing activity in Austin due to its rule change. We find robust evidence that ride-hailing tends to improve air quality in highly dense cities, but has no significant impact in cities with low and medium density. We also find evidence that the NO? reduction in highly dense cities is associated with a decrease in private car use and an increase in public transit use. Taken together, our findings suggest that the environmental effect of ride-hailing depends on the complementarity between ride-hailing and public transit: While ride-hailing may increase congestion by inducing deadheading or displacing of mass transit for parts of daily trips, it may still decrease overall air pollution if a combined use of ride-hailing with other transit displaces private car use more than such adverse behavior. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution, congestion, commuting choice, staggered difference-indifferences, instrumental variable, ride-hailing, ride-sharing, transportation and environment |
| JEL: | L91 Q53 R4 R11 |
| Date: | 2024–06–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:2024-014&r= |
| By: | Stephan D. Whitaker |
| Abstract: | This District Data Brief updates the figures that appeared in “Urban and Regional Migration Estimates: Will Your City Recover from the Pandemic?” with data for 2024:Q1 for all series. The first series measures net migration of people to and from the urban neighborhoods of major metro areas. The second series covers all neighborhoods but breaks down net migration to other regions by four region types: (1) high-cost metros, (2) affordable, large metros, (3) midsized metros, and (4) small metros and rural areas. The metro area definitions used here are for combined statistical areas, which group together adjacent regions like Cleveland, Akron, and Canton. Please visit the Urban and Regional Migration Estimates project on openICPSR to obtain the most recent quarter’s estimates for these series. New estimates will usually be available four to six weeks after the end of each quarter. The document available for download here presents data through 2024:Q1. It is the final update to “Urban and Regional Migration Estimates: Will Your City Recover from the Pandemic?” that will be posted in the District Data Brief series. Any updates after 2024:Q1 will be available on openICPSR (Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research). |
| Keywords: | urban migration; Regional migration; COVID-19 pandemic |
| Date: | 2024–05–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:c00003:98310&r= |
| By: | David Card; Leah Clark; Ciprian Domnisoru; Lowell Taylor |
| Abstract: | A school finance equalization program established in Mississippi in 1920 failed to help many of the state's Black students – an outcome that was typical in the segregated U.S. South (Horace Mann Bond, 1934). In majority-Black school districts, local decision-makers overwhelmingly favored white schools when allotting funds from the state's preexisting per capita fund, and the resulting high expenditures on white students rendered these districts ineligible for the equalization program. Thus, while Black students residing in majority-white districts benefited from increased spending and standards for Black schools, those in majority-Black districts continued to experience extremely low – and even worsening – school funding. We model the processes that led the so-called equalization policy to create disparities in schooling resources for Black students, and estimate effects on Black children using both a neighboring-counties design and an IV strategy. We find that local educational spending had large impacts on Black enrollment rates, as reported in the 1940 census, with Black educational attainment increasing in marginal spending. Finally, we link the 1940 and 2000 censuses to show that Black children exposed to higher levels of school expenditures had significantly more completed schooling and higher income late in life. |
| JEL: | I24 I28 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32496&r= |
| By: | Elezi, Shiret |
| Abstract: | Fiscal decentralization of power from the central to the local level in North Macedonia officially began on July 1st, 2005, and after 20 years there are some changes but in general more than 50% of LGSUs gets transfers from the central government financing were the institutions are located and not real competences for local services, the capital grants don’t follow the municipal development, migration from rural area to urban is more and more evident, this mean that the system from start creates misbalanced financing of LGSUs. The main issue is fiscal decentralization and balanced regional development are closely related instruments and there is a need when making policies for one of these instruments of economic progress to take into account the both of them. RNM, on the one hand, does not have success in the balanced regional development, and on the other hand, there is a need expressed by the Government and other stakeholders for advancing of decentralization. So far, researches are prepared about balanced regional development and fiscal decentralization, but those researches are thematic and concern either regional development or decentralization separately as separate phenomena and do not go into the interactions and impact of fiscal decentralization on the balanced regional development in RNM. This analysis aims to fill that research gap because these phenomena in real life do not act separately from each other and certainly have mutual influence. This is important for policy makers to know that in the advancing of fiscal decentralization laws and policies, those policies and laws cannot separate these two instruments as separate instruments for achieving national goals. For RNM, in addition to the relatively high unbalanced in regional development, it is even more worrying that this, measured by the coefficient of variation of GDP per capita for the regions, is increasing in the period from 2011 to 2022. |
| Keywords: | fiscal decentralization, balanced regional development, GDP, inequality, local revenues, GINI coefficient |
| JEL: | H70 H71 H72 H76 H77 |
| Date: | 2024–04–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120847&r= |
| By: | Ana Moreno-Maldonado; Clara Santamaria |
| Abstract: | Since 1980, college graduates have increasingly sorted into the downtowns of U.S. cities. This led to urban revival, a process that involves fast growth in income and housing prices downtown. Motivated by the observation that young childless households concentrate downtown, we link urban revival to delayed childbearing. As college graduates postpone parenthood, more of them are childless when young and locate downtown. Estimating a dynamic model of fertility timing and within-city location choices, we find delayed childbearing accounts for 52% of urban revival. The impact of changes in fertility choices is amplified by the response of housing prices and amenities. |
| Keywords: | Residential choice, Fertility Timing, Amenities, Welfare Inequality |
| JEL: | J13 R21 R23 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_550&r= |
| By: | Diabul Haque |
| Abstract: | The Japanese real estate market, valued over 35 trillion USD, offers significant investment opportunities. Accurate rent and price forecasting could provide a substantial competitive edge. This paper explores using alternative data variables to predict real estate performance in 1100 Japanese municipalities. A comprehensive house price index was created, covering all municipalities from 2005 to the present, using a dataset of over 5 million transactions. This core dataset was enriched with economic factors spanning decades, allowing for price trajectory predictions. The findings show that alternative data variables can indeed forecast real estate performance effectively. Investment signals based on these variables yielded notable returns with low volatility. For example, the net migration ratio delivered an annualized return of 4.6% with a Sharpe ratio of 1.5. Taxable income growth and new dwellings ratio also performed well, with annualized returns of 4.1% (Sharpe ratio of 1.3) and 3.3% (Sharpe ratio of 0.9), respectively. When combined with transformer models to predict risk-adjusted returns 4 years in advance, the model achieved an R-squared score of 0.28, explaining nearly 30% of the variation in future municipality prices. These results highlight the potential of alternative data variables in real estate investment. They underscore the need for further research to identify more predictive factors. Nonetheless, the evidence suggests that such data can provide valuable insights into real estate price drivers, enabling more informed investment decisions in the Japanese market. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.20715&r= |
| By: | Michela Carlana; Enrico Miglino; Michela M. Tincani |
| Abstract: | Affirmative action and preferential admission policies play a crucial role in fostering social mobility by bolstering the prospects of disadvantaged groups. In this paper, we analyze the long-term effects of a Chilean policy (PACE) that targets students in underprivileged schools, offering guaranteed admission to selective colleges to those graduating in the top 15 percent of their high school class. Leveraging both the randomized expansion of PACE and the admission discontinuity, our analysis reveals that PACE yields positive labor market effects for the average targeted student, especially women, driven by the selectivity of the attended colleges. However, for marginally eligible students, higher dropout rates and negative labor market outcomes emerge, suggesting PACE may induce a mismatch between their skills and the academic rigor of selective programs. Finally, we find that students in the bottom 85 percent of their schools experience positive effects on labor market outcomes. We identify equilibrium effects on local labor markets as a potential mechanism. The results suggest that there is a limit to how far preferential admissions can go while delivering on their promises. |
| JEL: | I24 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32525&r= |
| By: | Pana Alves (Banco de España); Carmen Broto (Banco de España); María Gil (Banco de España); Matías Lamas (Banco de España) |
| Abstract: | The residential real estate market has a significant weight in the Spanish economy and its performance is closely linked to that of the financial cycle. In addition, as evidenced by the real estate crisis that began in Spain in 2008, the risks generated in this sector have important implications for financial stability. The development of a framework for the early identification of risks in this market is therefore key. This article presents two complementary tools to meet this objective. The first is a heat map that provides a visual interpretation of risk levels in this market for a wide selection of individual indicators. The second is a synthetic indicator that summarizes the information provided by the individual indicators. This index complements the information of the heat map, since it measures both the intensity of the risks in each period and their composition. Both the heat map and the synthetic indicator suggest that, in recent months, the vulnerabilities that had been accumulating in the housing market since 2021 have somewhat reverted. |
| Keywords: | housing market, early warning indicators, heat map, synthetic index |
| JEL: | R30 R31 G21 G51 C43 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:opaper:2314e&r= |
| By: | Kiser, Jimena Villanueva (Brigham Young University); Wilson, Riley (Brigham Young University) |
| Abstract: | Exploiting variation created by Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), we document the effects of immigrant legalization on mobility investments and economic outcomes. DACA increased both geographic and job mobility of young immigrants, leading them to high paying labor markets and licensed occupations. Employing these shifts, we examine whether these gains to immigrants are offset by losses among U.S.- born workers. Employment of U.S.-born workers grows in the occupations that DACA recipients shifted into after DACA is implemented, even when controlling for local demand. Spillover estimates are consistent with worker complementarities and suggest that immigrant legalization generates broader economic benefits. |
| Keywords: | legal status, DACA, immigration, geographic mobility, job mobility, occupational licensing, local labor markets |
| JEL: | J15 K37 R23 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16968&r= |
| By: | Robynn J.A. Cox; Jamein P. Cunningham; Alberto Ortega |
| Abstract: | Although research has shown that court-ordered hiring quotas increase the number of minority police officers in litigated cities, there has been little insight into how workforce diversity, or lack thereof, may impact police violence against civilians. Using an event study framework, we find that the threat of affirmative action litigation reduces police killings of non-White civilians in the long-run. In addition, we find evidence of lower arrest rates for non-White civilians and more diverse police departments 25 years after litigation. Our results highlight the vital role that federal interventions have in addressing police behavior and the use of lethal force. |
| JEL: | I28 J15 J78 K42 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32502&r= |
| By: | James Graham |
| Abstract: | I study a novel institutional feature of Australian housing markets: the widespread use of mortgage offset accounts. These accounts reduce mortgage interest costs and increase the liquidity of mortgage balances. I build a heterogeneous agent life-cycle model of the Australian housing market to study who benefits from these accounts and by how much. Households in middle age, with high incomes, and with more expensive houses are most likely to use offset accounts and derive larger benefits from their use. I show that a social planner could maintain mortgage profitability, improve household welfare, and more evenly distribute benefits by adjusting the price structure of offset accounts. |
| Keywords: | Housing, mortgage, offset account, hetereogeneous agents, life-cycle model |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:syd:wpaper:2024-09&r= |
| By: | Sylvain Chareyron |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tep:teppwp:wp24-05&r= |
| By: | Andrew M. Dumont |
| Abstract: | This FEDS Note explores racial and regional differences in metro-nonmetro employment disparities by looking at employment rates by age, sex, race and ethnicity, and region. It finds substantial differences in the metro-nonmetro employment gap across racial and ethnic groups, with Black or African American and American Indian and Alaska Native men and women having much lower employment rates in nonmetro areas relative to their metro peers. |
| Date: | 2024–05–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfn:2024-05-31-2&r= |
| By: | Sophie Pommet (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France); Sylvie Rochhia (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France); Dominique Torre (Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, GREDEG, France) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to analyze the conditions in which the expansion of short-term rental platforms affects rents with a focus on the main destinations of French Riviera. Following a literature review, a simplified model capturing the characteristics of the French Riviera destinations predicts in the short run a positive effect on rents when there is a high pressure from short-term rentals. We validate these predictions using data from AirDNA which pertains to short-term rentals offered on the Airbnb platform, along with data on long-term rentals in the cities of Nice and Cannes. |
| Keywords: | Digital Platforms, Short-Term Rental, Tourism industry, Airbnb, residents, Over tourism |
| JEL: | L83 R31 Z31 L85 L86 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gre:wpaper:2024-14&r= |
| By: | Simanti Bandyopadhyay (Shiv Nadar University, Delhi-NCR, India); Subrata Majumder (Sundarban Mahavidyalaya, West Bengal, India); Aishna Sharma (Shiv Nadar University, Delhi-NCR, India) |
| Abstract: | Three strands of performances of governments are embedded in a public finance cycle: how effectively expenditures get translated to services, services lead to revenues, and revenues result in effective expenditures. We assess the performances of 910 city governments in southern India using Slack-based Data Envelopment Analysis. Our main findings suggest that irrespective of size, services have not generated sufficient revenues, primarily due to poor collection efficiency. Cities could have incurred the same levels of expenditures with lesser revenues, indicating suboptimal resource utilization. Smaller cities suffer from unrecoverable supply bottlenecks, the maximum in roads followed by water. Finally, misutilization of establishment expenditures is prevalent. |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ays:ispwps:paper2404&r= |
| By: | De Bromhead, Alan; Kenny, Sean |
| Abstract: | This paper constructs the first estimates of Irish regional GDP over the twentieth century and traces the relative economic performance of Ireland's regions since independence. Using an array of data sources available at a county level, output in Agriculture, Industry and Services in benchmark census years is estimated. Applying a variety of alternative measures, we find a reduction in regional inequality over the period that is similar to the broader European pattern. Regional convergence over the period 1926-1991 was driven by both within-sector convergence in productivity and structural change. Our paper helps to understand the regional dimensions to Irish economic development from the birth of a newly independent state up to the eve of Ireland's growth 'miracle' in the 1990s, when the first official efforts were initiated to construct these figures. Finally, we connect our estimates to these official figures to examine GDP at the level of NUTS regions up to 2021. |
| Keywords: | Regional GDP, Ireland, Economic History, Inequality, Economic Growth |
| JEL: | N34 N94 O18 R11 R12 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:qucehw:298001&r= |
| By: | Monica P. Bhatt; Jonathan Guryan; Salman A. Khan; Michael LaForest-Tucker; Bhavya Mishra |
| Abstract: | High-dosage tutoring is an effective way to improve student learning (Nickow et al., 2024; Guryan et al., 2023). Finding ways to deliver high-dosage tutoring at large scale remains a challenge. Two primary challenges to scaling are cost and staffing. One possible solution is to reduce costs by substituting some tutor time with computer-assisted learning (CAL) technology. The question is: Does doing so compromise effectiveness? This paper provides evidence from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of over 4, 000 students in two large school districts in 2018- 19 and 2019-20. The RCT tested the effectiveness of an in-school math tutoring program where students worked in groups of four, with two students working with an in-person tutor while the other two worked on CAL, alternating every other day. The tutoring model had per-pupil costs approximately 30 percent lower than the 2- to-1 tutoring model studied in Guryan et al. (2023). We find gains in students’ math standardized test scores of 0.23 standard deviations for participating students, which are almost as large as the effect sizes of the 2-to-1 tutoring model reported in Guryan et al. (2023). These findings suggest strategic use of technology may be a way to increase the scalability of HDT. |
| JEL: | I21 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32510&r= |
| By: | Suzanne Bellue; Lukas Mahler |
| Abstract: | We study the long-run aggregate, distributional, and intergenerational effects of school tracking—the allocation of students to different types of schools—by incorporating school track decisions into a general-equilibrium heterogeneous-agent overlapping generations model. The key innovation in our model is the skill production technology during school years with tracking. School tracks endogenously differ in their pace of instruction and the students’ average skills. We show analytically that this technology can rationalize reduced-form evidence on the effects of school tracking on the distribution of end-of-school skills. We then calibrate the model using representative data from Germany, a country with a very early school tracking policy by international standards. Our calibrated model shows that an education reform that postpones the tracking age from ten to fourteen generates improvements in intergenerational mobility but comes at the cost of modest losses in aggregate human capital and economic output, reducing aggregate welfare. This efficiency-mobility trade-off is rooted in the effects of longer comprehensive schooling on learning and depends crucially on the presence of general equilibrium effects in the labor market. Finally, counterfactual analyses suggest that policies that reduce the parental influence in the school track choice can increase both social mobility and aggregate economic output, improving aggregate welfare. |
| Keywords: | Intergenerational Mobility, Education Tracking, Inequality, Efficiency |
| JEL: | E24 I24 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_546&r= |
| By: | Joana Elisa Maldonado; Anneleen Vandeplas; Lukas Vogel |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a temporary reduction in the quantity and quality of education, with school closures of varying degree implemented across the globe. This paper reviews the literature on learning deficits in compulsory education and their possible economic impact. Studies from different EU Member States show significant learning deficits in primary and secondary education, equivalent to about two months of learning progress during a regular school year on average. The impact of the pandemic on learning outcomes varies widely by country as well as by students’ age. As students with a lower socioeconomic status or weaker previous performance experienced larger learning deficits, inequality in educational achievement has increased between students, schools, and countries. While labour market outcomes of the 2020 graduating cohort seem to be resilient at the current juncture of tight labour markets, the long-term economic impact of learning deficits is likely to be non-negligible. Existing studies project small productivity losses for the coming years but a significant impact in the long term, peaking by the second half of the 21st century, when all affected cohorts of students will have entered the labour market. Estimates of the aggregate real GDP effects of 1-year learning deficits, given the number of affected cohorts of students (corresponding to around one third of the future labour force at the maximum) and assuming that no remedial action is taken and losses are not recovered, reach between –0.5% and –4.7% in 2050 in the contributions surveyed in this paper, compared to a baseline without any learning deficits. For an average learning deficit of circa one fifth of a school year this would translate into real GDP effects between -0.1% and -1% by 2050. |
| Keywords: | learning losses, COVID-19, school closures, macro impact, long term |
| JEL: | I21 I26 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:euf:ecobri:078&r= |
| By: | de Gendre, Alexandra (University of Melbourne); Karbownik, Krzysztof (Emory University); Salamanca, Nicolás (Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research); Zenou, Yves (Monash University) |
| Abstract: | We develop a multi-agent model of the education production function where investments of students, parents, and teachers are linked to the presence of minorities in the classroom. We then test the key implications of this model using rich survey data and a mandate to randomly assign students to classrooms. Consistent with our model, we show that exposure to minority peers decreases student effort, parental investments, and teacher engagement and it results in lower student test scores. Observables correlated with minority status explain less than a third of the reduced-form test score effect while over a third can be descriptively attributed to endogenous responses of the agents. |
| Keywords: | minorities, indigenous students, peer effects, student effort, parental investments, teachers |
| JEL: | I23 I26 D13 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16969&r= |
| By: | Enzo Brox; Maddalena Davoli; Maurizio Strazzeri |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of a student's classroom rank in math on subsequent educational and occupational choices, as well as labor market outcomes. Using the Swiss PISA-2012 student achievement data linked to administrative student register data and income information from tax records, we exploit differences in math achievement distributions across classes to estimate the effect of students' ordinal rank in the classroom. We find that students with a higher classroom rank in math are more likely to select into occupations that require a higher share of math and science skills. We then show this has lasting effects on earnings in the labor market several years after completing compulsory school and is associated with a higher willingness to invest in occupation specific further education. We use detailed subject specific survey information to show that students rank in math is associated with an increase in perceived ability in math and with increasing willingness to provide effort in math. The latter channel may offset potential consequences for occupation mismatch if occupational choices are based on perceived rather than actual ability, as we do not find that rank based decisions lead to increases in occupational changes. |
| Keywords: | Ordinal rank, peer effects, occupational choices, earnings, human capital investments |
| JEL: | I21 I24 J24 J31 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iso:educat:0222&r= |
| By: | James Graham; Avish Sharma |
| Abstract: | How does monetary policy affect the homeownership rate? A monetary contraction may have contrasting effects on ownership due to rising interest rates, falling incomes, and lower house prices. To investigate, we build a heterogeneous household life-cycle model with housing tenure decisions, mortgage finance, and an exogenous stochastic process to capture the macroeconomic effects of monetary policy. Following a contractionary shock, homeownership initially falls due to rising mortgage rates, but rises over the medium term given falling house prices. We also show that differences in mortgage credit conditions, mortgage flexibility, and household expectations formation can amplify homeownership dynamics following a shock. |
| Keywords: | Homeownership; monetary policy; interest rates; house prices; heterogeneous households |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:syd:wpaper:2024-11&r= |
| By: | Serena Canaan, Antoine Deeb, Pierre Mouganie (Simon Fraser University) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how religious diversity affects college students’ academic performance and behavior towards members of other religions. Our setting is a secular four-year university located in Lebanon, a country that is deeply divided along religious lines. To identify causal effects, we exploit the university’s random assignment of firstyear students to peer groups. We proxy students’ religious backgrounds by whether they attended secular, Christian or Islamic high schools. We find that exposure to peers from different religious backgrounds increases Muslim students’ enrollment in classes with non-Muslim instructors, suggesting that contact improves openness towards members of other religions. Inter-religious contact also impacts students’ academic performance. We show that while exposure to peers from non-Islamic high schools increases Muslim student GPA, exposure to peers from Islamic backgrounds reduces the GPA among students from secular high schools. These asymmetric effects highlight the heterogeneous academic returns to inter-religious mixing in a divided society. |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sfu:sfudps:dp23-12&r= |
| By: | Vega-Redondo, Fernando; Pin, Paolo; Ubfal, Diego; Benedetti, Priscilla; Domínguez, Magdalena; Rubera, Gaia; Hovy, Dirk; Fornaciari, Tommaso |
| Abstract: | Can peer interaction foster entrepreneurship in large-scale environments? This paper addresses the question empirically and theoretically. Empirically, we tested the effects of peer interaction on the number and quality of business plans submitted in a Pan-African RCT including 5, 000 entrepreneurs. Thetreatment provided the possibility of interaction in different interaction settings (face-to-face or virtual, peers being of the same or diverse nationalities). We find that, while estimated network effects are almost always strong, the treatment effect is not so and displays a non-monotone trade-off between diversity and interaction "bandwidth." We develop a model that sheds light on this behavior by differentiating between constructive and disruptive interaction. It is also qualitatively supported by our experimental evidence |
| Keywords: | Social Networks; Peer Effects; Entrepreneurship; Innovation; Semantic analysis |
| Date: | 2024–06–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:werepe:43954&r= |
| By: | Ioramashvili, Carolin |
| Abstract: | I estimate employment multiplier effects by skill group from graduate employment and innovation at the NUTS1 and 2 level in France, Germany and the UK. Using local projections, I estimate the effects over 5-year horizons. Both graduate employment and patenting have temporary, positive impacts on non-graduate and mid-skilled employment. There is considerable heterogeneity in terms of the direction and magnitude of the effects across the three countries. The paper shows that innovation can be a source of regional employment growth, even for those without a graduate degree. |
| Keywords: | skills; regions; patents; invention; employment |
| JEL: | J21 J24 O18 O33 O40 R11 |
| Date: | 2024–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:123630&r= |
| By: | Maulana, Ardian; Hokky, Situngkir |
| Abstract: | This research aims to elucidate the organizational patterns of interregional economic interdependence to enhance our comprehension of the national economy's structure at a regional scale. Employing a multilayer network model, this study represents economic interdependence among Indonesian regions, utilizing the InterRegional Input-Output (IRIO) table. Through the application of various metrics, such as degree and strength distribution, assortativity coefficient, and global and local rich club coefficient, to the multilayer IRIO network, we uncover the organizational patterns of economic exchanges between provinces and economic sectors within Indonesia. Our findings demonstrate that a multilayer network approach reveals the heterogeneous and complex structure of the national economy at the regional level. By analyzing the assortativity pattern and global rich-club coefficient, we illustrate that the IRIO network exhibits a hierarchical organization, where significant provincial-sector nodes are interconnected and form dense rich clubs, extending from a few structural cores to peripheral regions. Additionally, we identify distinct connectivity patterns of non-rich nodes based on their incoming and outgoing relations. The insights gained from this study have implications for the macro-control of regional development. |
| Keywords: | Multilayer network; Spatial network; Interregional input-output table, Rich-club phenomenon, Hierarchical organization. |
| JEL: | C1 C40 E0 H4 H7 J1 O1 O4 P0 R1 R5 Z18 |
| Date: | 2024–05–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121129&r= |
| By: | Joseph A. Aguilar; Randall Akee; Elton Mykerezi |
| Abstract: | We examine how one of the largest U.S. place-based economic development programs, the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) of 1988, with annual revenues in excess of \$40 billion, affects local firm total employment and sales through direct channels and through IGRA's effects on adjacent non-gaming industry firms. Our analysis focuses on the effect of this national (across 29 U.S. states) place-based economic development program over several decades. We create a novel data set linking a firm-level panel dataset of business outcomes and tribal casino operations by geographic location over several decades. We find that after the start of tribal casino operations, there is a substantial average increase in employment and sales for local firms. We also show that casino operations drive initial increases in employment and sales; however, pre-existing firms also realize gains in employment and sales in the subsequent 2-5 years after the start of casino operations. These effects also spill over to firms in non-related industries; in our analysis, we exclude the Arts, Entertainment, Recreation, Accommodation and Food Services industries and we continue to observe higher employment for firms located on tribal reservations with casino operations. We provide the first evidence on the impact of place-based economic development on long-run business outcomes in some of the most underdeveloped regions in the U.S. |
| JEL: | H55 O12 O18 R11 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32555&r= |
| By: | Ginger Zhe Jin; Liad Wagman; Mengyi Zhong |
| Abstract: | We provide an in-depth study of short-term rental (STR) regulation in Chicago. While many municipalities choose between outright bans or laissez-faire strategies concerning STR activities, Chicago pioneered a middle-ground ordinance, enabling the market to exist with limitations and registrations, and imposing a new tax. We show that compared to three control cities, the number of active Airbnb listings in Chicago declined 16.4% in the two years after the ordinance, but this effect is only significant after the city began receiving detailed data feeds from STR platforms. We further demonstrate (i) localized reductions in burglaries near buildings that prohibit STR listings as part of a new capability of the ordinance, (ii) Airbnb revenues declined more in zip codes with above-median hotel revenues, and (iii) Chicago's middle ground approach generated different and nuanced effects on different STR stakeholders, including the city itself in terms of its STR tax revenues. |
| JEL: | K23 L51 L86 R12 R31 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32537&r= |
| By: | Beekers, Lieke (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:7f438856-5457-4886-a87c-dedd5c6356fb&r= |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | For the first time ever, PISA measured the creative thinking skills of 15-year-old students across the world. Alongside assessments in mathematics, science and reading, students in 64 countries and economies sat an innovative test that assessed their capacity to generate diverse and original ideas, as well as to evaluate and improve upon others’ ideas in creative tasks. These ranged from written and visual expression to scientific and social problem solving. This PISA in Focus highlights some of the main findings from Volume III of PISA 2022. It focuses on the main factors linked to students’ creative thinking performance, including their proficiency in other academic subjects, their gender, socio-economic profile, views on creativity, attitudes, social-emotional characteristics and their school environment. |
| Keywords: | Creative thinking |
| Date: | 2024–06–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:eduddd:125-en&r= |
| By: | Courbe, Jacques; Ferrer, Joshua; Straus, Graham |
| Abstract: | Morris and Shoub (2024) study whether fatal police shootings mobilize voter participation in presidential elections. They use a discontinuity-in-time design to causally estimate the effect of a police killing on turnout, comparing the voter participation of communities near a killing before and after election day. Morris and Shoub (2024) find that police killings spurred increased turnout, especially in Black communities, where the killing trended on Google, where the community was plurality Black, and where the victim's race was Black. They find that the local average treatment effect on participation within a quarter-mile radius of a police killing is upwards of 7 percentage points and statistically significant at the 95% level of confidence. We encounter difficulties when attempting to reproduce the analysis, but are able to replicate the main results using similar data. In fact, we find the effect of a proximate police killing on participation to be upwards of 8 percentage points. |
| Keywords: | Voter turnout, criminal justice, race and ethnicity politics, police violence, discontinuity-in-time |
| JEL: | P00 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:129&r= |
| By: | Hakan Yilmazkuday (Department of Economics, Florida International University) |
| Abstract: | Using data on the number of visitors at the store level, this paper attempts to measure the welfare costs of traditional shopping trips for the U.S. census blocks. The investigation is based on an economic model, where individuals living in census blocks decide on which store to shop from based on the shopping-trip costs and idiosyncratic benefits. The welfare gains from removing shopping-trip costs in percentage terms are shown to depend on the weighted average of log distance measures between shopping stores and census blocks. The results show that the welfare gains from removing shopping-trip costs is about 4% for the average census block, with a range between 0.021% and 18% across census blocks that is further connected to their demographic or socioeconomic characteristics, especially their population density. Several practical policy implications follow regarding how shopping-trip costs can be reduced to achieve higher welfare gains. |
| Keywords: | Store-Level Analysis, Census Block Groups, Shopping, Welfare |
| JEL: | L81 R13 R41 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fiu:wpaper:2404&r= |
| By: | Yang, Dianyi; Huang, Leike |
| Abstract: | We reproduce Shoub, Kelsey, Katelyn E. Stauffer, and Miyeon Song (May 2021). "Do Female Officers Police Differently? Evidence from Traffic Stops, " with alternative specifications and interpretation of the results. While our reproduction confirms that female police officers are less likely to search drivers than male officers and female officers are more likely to find contraband upon a search, we re-evaluate the authors' claims on the equality of effectiveness between male and female officers and find that female officers in the dataset confiscated less contraband than male officers. |
| Keywords: | Police-Citizen Interaction, Feminism, Public Administration, Public Opinion, United States |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:127&r= |
| By: | Katja M. Kaufmann; Yasemin Özdemir; Michaela Paffenholz |
| Abstract: | We study whether, to what extent, and how a couple’s decision to invest into risky assets the first time is affected by their social environment, in particular by their (adult) siblings and their coworkers. We provide causal evidence of peer effects in financial decisions, making use of Dutch administrative data and an IV strategy with partially overlapping peer groups. We find that positive asset market experiences of siblings, as well as of coworkers, generate positive spillover effects in terms of first-time investments in risky assets. These effects are primarily driven by the siblings and coworkers of the male partner in the couple ("receiver" of the signal). However, coworker spillovers are also relevant for full-time employed women. In terms of "sender" of the signal, only male coworkers lead to spillovers, for the couple overall and for female and male partner separately, consistent with men being more likely to talk about their financial successes. Heterogeneity analyses show that peer spillovers are particularly important for highly (financially) educated and more privileged couples, consistent with them having the financial means as well as the (financial) knowledge to be able to evaluate and respond to the signal of positive asset market experiences of peers. |
| Keywords: | spillovers, peer effects, financial decisions, stock market participation |
| JEL: | G11 G53 G51 Z13 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_553&r= |
| By: | António Afonso; José Alves; João Tovar Jalles; Sofia Monteiro |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the nuanced relationship between fiscal decentralization and fiscal sustainability. Employing panel data analyses, it scrutinizes how decentralization influences fiscal discipline across different governmental levels. Results for 185 countries show that while tax decentralization often hampers the degree of fiscal responsiveness, potentially due to misaligned local and national objectives and loss of scale efficiency, spending decentralization can enhance fiscal outcomes by promoting efficient resource allocation. These findings are contextualized within a broad range of economic and political environments, highlighting that the impacts of decentralization are contingent upon local capacities and overarching governance frameworks. Hence, we contribute to the understanding of fiscal policies’ complexity in decentralized systems and offer significant policy insights for fiscal sustainability in varied administrative contexts. |
| Keywords: | panel data analysis, fiscal sustainability, decentralization, fiscal rules, political cycles, time-varying coefficients |
| JEL: | H11 H77 H72 H73 E62 C23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11132&r= |
| By: | de Assis, Rebeca Froés; Loureiro, Carlos Felipe Grangeiro; Freitas, Clarissa; Timms, Paul |
| Abstract: | Through cross-sectional analysis, studies on transport-induced gentrification often interpret the phenomenon as an outcome instead of recognizing it as a set of intertwined processes. Consequently, limited insights are provided about the mechanisms underlying gentrification, which manifests gradually over the long-term interactions between transportation and urban development, primally driven by accessibility improvements. The absence of descriptive efforts poses a challenge for policymakers to predict or identify gentrification occurrence, besides inducing biased outcomes in investigations. This paper aims to provide researchers and policymakers with a conceptual framework of transport-induced gentrification, systematising explanations of space production and consumption in Latin-American metropolises. Firstly, we have undergone a theoretical review on land-use and transport interactions to develop an a priori conceptual framework. Subsequently, we applied a systematic literature review on empirical studies of Latin-American gentrification to incorporate some particularities into the framework, representing the phenomenon as an urban conflict generated in and through accessibility improvements. |
| Date: | 2024–05–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ebf2h&r= |
| By: | Gueyon Kim; Cassandra Merritt; Giovanni Peri |
| Abstract: | The evolution of work is of emerging importance to advanced economies' growth. In this study, we develop a new semantic-distance-based algorithm to identify “new work, ” namely the new types of jobs introduced in the US. We characterize how “new work” relates to task content of jobs and skill characteristics of workers and document its geographic distribution and association with employment growth. Then, we analyze whether local factors associated in the previous literature with agglomeration economies and productivity growth as well as local exposures to global shocks—technology, trade, immigration, and population aging—predict the creation of “new work.” We find local supply of college educated in 1980 as the strongest predictor of “new work.” Using the historical location of 4-year colleges, a strong instrument for local college share, we find a positive and significant causal effect of local supply of human capital on “new work.” |
| JEL: | F1 J11 J14 J23 J24 J61 O33 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32526&r= |
| By: | Caterina Morelli; Simone Boccaletti; Paolo Maranzano; Philipp Otto |
| Abstract: | The assessment of corporate sustainability performance is extremely relevant in facilitating the transition to a green and low-carbon intensity economy. However, companies located in different areas may be subject to different sustainability and environmental risks and policies. Henceforth, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the spatial and temporal pattern of the sustainability evaluations of European firms. We leverage on a large dataset containing information about companies' sustainability performances, measured by MSCI ESG ratings, and geographical coordinates of firms in Western Europe between 2013 and 2023. By means of a modified version of the Chavent et al. (2018) hierarchical algorithm, we conduct a spatial clustering analysis, combining sustainability and spatial information, and a spatiotemporal clustering analysis, which combines the time dynamics of multiple sustainability features and spatial dissimilarities, to detect groups of firms with homogeneous sustainability performance. We are able to build cross-national and cross-industry clusters with remarkable differences in terms of sustainability scores. Among other results, in the spatio-temporal analysis, we observe a high degree of geographical overlap among clusters, indicating that the temporal dynamics in sustainability assessment are relevant within a multidimensional approach. Our findings help to capture the diversity of ESG ratings across Western Europe and may assist practitioners and policymakers in evaluating companies facing different sustainability-linked risks in different areas. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.20191&r= |
| By: | Niembro, Andrés; Calá, Carla Daniela |
| Abstract: | Although multiple studies on structural change can be found at the national level, the definition of structural change is far from univocal and its subnational manifestations remain underexplored. This paper empirically examines the patterns of regional structural change in Argentina according to the four main definitions used in the literature (not only productive diversification, predominant in the economic geography field), highlighting the differences that arise when applying these concepts. Based on employment data for 85 labor market areas (LMAs) throughout the 1996-2019 period, we propose different criteria to apply and measure the four definitions and to classify the heterogeneous trajectories of structural change in LMAs, including cluster analysis. As the business cycle is a critical dimension in such an unstable economy, we examine the entire period and compare two sub-periods with very different economic dynamics. The results show that the identification of structural change depends on the concepts and measures used, the unit of analysis (national versus regional) and the type of economic cycle. These findings call for context- and place-based policies. |
| Keywords: | Cambio Estructural; Estructura Productiva; Diversificación de la Producción; Argentina; 1996-2019; |
| Date: | 2024–05–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:4106&r= |
| By: | Abigail Matthew; Amalia R. Miller; Catherine Tucker |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the implications of attempts at "ethnic-affinity" profiling on Facebook that reflects users' engagement with content on Facebook. Profiling by ethnic-affinity is highly correlated with Census estimates of population race by geography. However, more users were profiled as African-American in former slave states relative to the baseline population. This occurs because the targeting algorithm was better at identifying Black users through differentiated engagement with cultural content in these states. This implies that policies restricting the collection of racial identity data will be unsuccessful due to the existence of proxies, and that relying on proxies may introduce troubling biases. |
| JEL: | J15 J78 K24 M37 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32485&r= |
| By: | Frederik von Waldow; Heike Link |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the pass-through rates and their determinants of the temporary German fuel discount in 2022 at its start and its termination. Based on a unique dataset of fuel station characteristics and prices, we employ a Regression Discontinuity in Time (RDiT) methodology to estimate heterogeneous pass-through rates. Our main contribution is to identify the impact of horizontal and vertical market structures on the extent to which taxes are passed on to consumers. While competitive pressure is positively associated with the response of prices to tax changes, we estimate lower pass-through predominantly for more isolated stations with fewer competitors. Furthermore, our results indicate that independence from upstream markets is accompanied by a reduced pass-through of tax changes suggesting the existence of double marginalization. |
| Keywords: | Gasoline prices, local competition, tax pass-through, regression discontinuity in time |
| JEL: | Q48 H22 L13 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2086&r= |
| By: | Jorge Luis Garcia (Clemson University); James J. Heckman (The University of Chicago) |
| Abstract: | A recent comment published in Science argues that the evidence on the long-term effects of early childhood education is unsettled. We qualify this comment and contrast it with comprehensive studies based on established principles of scientific practice. Burchinal et al. (2024) base their assessment on flawed experimental evaluations. They mischaracterize the state of knowledge by selectively evaluating evidence and ignoring rigorous, long-term studies based on the Perry Preschool and Carolina Abecedarian Projects. High-quality early childhood education programs achieve consistent long-term benefits when proper controls and standardizations are applied. An essential mechanism for their success is fostering parental investment and effective parenting. We underscore the necessity of mechanism-focused research to guide early childhood education policies. Well-conducted studies demonstrate the long-term effectiveness of high-quality early education programs, including Head Start. |
| Keywords: | early childhood education, Perry Preschool Project, Abecedarian Project, evaluation of social programs |
| JEL: | I00 J24 J13 D04 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hka:wpaper:2024-012&r= |
| By: | Liao, Yanjun (Penny) (Resources for the Future); Sølvsten, Simon; Whitlock, Zachary (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the impact of disaster experiences on communities’ engagement in risk mitigation actions, focusing on flooding in the United States. We measure risk mitigation actions using communities’ scores in the Community Rating System, an incentive program that scores flood preparedness and mitigation activities and rewards communities with flood insurance premium discounts. Leveraging a panel of communities from 1998 to 2019, we find a significant increase in risk mitigation activities following flood events, in both participation rates and intensity of actions. The effects continue to increase up to 10 years. Communities with greater capacity, particularly those in urban areas, exhibit a much stronger response. The findings highlight the adaptive capacity of communities but also raise several concerns regarding the inefficiency of disaster-driven responses and inequitable outcomes across communities. |
| Date: | 2024–06–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-24-08&r= |
| By: | Bernadette Minton; Alvaro G. Taboada; Rohan Williamson |
| Abstract: | Our research examines the impact of dwindling community bank numbers on community investment and economic development. Initially, we confirm the vital role of community banks’ small business lending in local development. Contrary to popular belief, we find that a decrease in community banks positively affects community investment, through small business loan (SBL) originations. Key factors include the local presence of other community banks and the continuity of the consolidating bank's presence. Interestingly, the effect remains neutral in underserved or distressed counties and diminishes when a large bank acquires a community bank without maintaining a local presence. Post-consolidation, community banks emerge larger and more robust, capable of issuing larger SBLs, while larger banks and Fintech firms contribute by providing smaller SBLs. Overall, our findings reinforce the critical contribution of community banks to local development, suggesting that a reduction in their numbers leads to a stronger, more stable banking infrastructure in the small business lending landscape. |
| JEL: | G2 G20 G21 G28 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32521&r= |
| By: | Rachel Avram; Eric J. Koepcke; Alaa Moussawi; Melissa Nu\~nez |
| Abstract: | Cure Violence is a community violence intervention program that aims to reduce gun violence by mediating conflicts, "treating" high-risk individuals, and changing community norms. Using NYC shootings data from 2006-2023, we assess the efficacy of Cure Violence using both difference-in-differences and event study models. We find that, on average, Cure Violence is associated with a 14% reduction in shootings relative to the counterfactual. This association persists in the years after treatment, neither increasing nor decreasing much over time. We exploit variation in the geography and timing of Cure implementation to argue against alternative explanations. Additionally, we find suggestive evidence of spillover effects into nearby precincts, as well as increasing returns to opening new Cure programs. Interpreted causally, our results imply that around 1, 300 shootings were avoided between 2012-2023 due to Cure -- generating a net social surplus of $2.45 billion and achieving a benefit-cost ratio of 6.5:1. |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2406.02459&r= |
| By: | Manzoni, Elena (University of Bergamo); Murard, Elie (University of Trento); Quercia, Simone (University of Verona); Tonini, Sara (Universidad de Alicante) |
| Abstract: | How do emotions affect policy views on immigration? How do they influence the way people process and respond to factual information? We address these questions using a survey experiment in Italy, which randomly exposes around 7, 000 participants to (i) sensational news about immigrant crimes, (ii) statistical information about immigration, or to (iii) the combination of both. First, we find different effects of news depending on the severity of the reported crime: while the news of a rape against a young woman significantly increases the demand for anti-immigration policies, there is no impact of the news of a petty theft. Consistent with a causal role of emotions, we find that the rape news triggers a stronger emotional reaction than the theft news, while having a similar effect on factual beliefs. Second, we document that information provision corrects beliefs, irrespective of whether participants are also exposed to the rape news. Yet, the exposure to the rape news strongly influences whether belief updating translates into change in policy views: when presented in isolation, information tends to reduce anti-immigration views; when combined with the rape news, the impact of the latter dominates and participants increase their anti-immigration views to the same extent as when exposed to the rape news only. This evidence suggests that, once negative emotions are triggered, having more accurate factual knowledge no longer matters for forming policy views on immigration. |
| Keywords: | news, information, immigration, experiment, belief, emotions |
| JEL: | F22 C90 D91 D72 D83 J15 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17017&r= |
| By: | Grieco, Kevin |
| Abstract: | How can weak states build fiscal capacity? I argue that governments in weak states can build fiscal capacity by collaborating with non-state, traditional political institutions (TPIs). Using a mix of experimental and qualitative evidence, I show that this collaboration increases citizens’ compliance because TPIs possess legitimacy and coercive capacity. Collaborating with the local government in Kono District, Sierra Leone, I embedded an experiment in their campaign to collect property taxes. Potential taxpayers were shown awareness videos that varied in their content, particularly in terms of whether and how their local paramount chief characterised his involvement in tax collection. I find that state collaboration with TPIs increases a preregistered proxy of citizens’ compliance with a newly introduced property tax and that TPIs’ authority stems from both their legitimacy and coercive capacity. Qualitative evidence from 300 semi-structured interviews adds a richer description of legitimacy and coercive capacity in my context. I argue, based on qualitative evidence, that legitimacy and coercion are complementary mechanisms of TPIs’ authority enabling them to effectively coordinate collective action to produce local public goods in the absence of the state. |
| Keywords: | Finance, |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idq:ictduk:18360&r= |
| By: | Selhausen, Felix Meier zu (Utrecht University); Weisdorf, Jacob (Sapienza University of Rome, CEPR AND CAGE) |
| Abstract: | We use Anglican marriage registers from six major cities in British Africa to examine how colonial educational and occupational opportunities affected gender inequality among the sampled couples in terms of access to schooling and the formal economy. The marriage registers concern more than 30, 000 Anglican converts making up a comparatively advantaged group of urban Africans aspiring to advance their economic and social status during British colonial rule through conversion to Christianity. We use the couple’s signature literacy and occupational descriptors to argue that mission schools and the colonial economy opened up a gender gap in access to formal employment during the early colonial period that declined again after the 1940s through the Africanization and feminization of the civil service. We discern that the gender gap among the sampled couples closed earlier and faster in our West African cities where women’s tradition of financial independence contested Christian missionary ideals of female domesticity more prevalent in our East African locations. Comparison with census data indicates that our sampled couples were forerunners for the educational and occupational developments of the average African in the sampled cities. |
| Keywords: | Africanization, Colonisation, Development, Feminization, Gender, Inequality, Labour, Missionaries, Schooling. JEL Classification: N37, O18, J16 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:711&r= |
| By: | Sabrina Aufiero; Preben Forer; Pierpaolo Vivo; Fabio Caccioli; Silvia Bartolucci |
| Abstract: | Debt recycling is an aggressive equity extraction strategy that potentially permits faster repayment of a mortgage. While equity progressively builds up as the mortgage is repaid monthly, mortgage holders may obtain another loan they could use to invest on a risky asset. The wealth produced by a successful investment is then used to repay the mortgage faster. The strategy is riskier than a standard repayment plan since fluctuations in the house market and investment's volatility may also lead to a fast default, as both the mortgage and the liquidity loan are secured against the same good. The general conditions of the mortgage holder and the outside market under which debt recycling may be recommended or discouraged have not been fully investigated. In this paper, to evaluate the effectiveness of traditional monthly mortgage repayment versus debt recycling strategies, we build a dynamical model of debt recycling and study the time evolution of equity and mortgage balance as a function of loan-to-value ratio, house market performance, and return of the risky investment. We find that the model has a rich behavior as a function of its main parameters, showing strongly and weakly successful phases - where the mortgage is eventually repaid faster and slower than the standard monthly repayment strategy, respectively - a default phase where the equity locked in the house vanishes before the mortgage is repaid, signalling a failure of the debt recycling strategy, and a permanent re-mortgaging phase - where further investment funds from the lender are continuously secured, but the mortgage is never fully repaid. The strategy's effectiveness is found to be highly sensitive to the initial mortgage-to-equity ratio, the monthly amount of scheduled repayments, and the economic parameters at the outset. The analytical results are corroborated with numerical simulations with excellent agreement. |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2405.19104&r= |
| By: | Asma Chiha (IMEC - IMEC - KU Leuven - Catholic University of Leuven = Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University); Thibault Degrande (IMEC - IMEC - KU Leuven - Catholic University of Leuven = Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University); Sofie Verbrugge (IMEC - IMEC - KU Leuven - Catholic University of Leuven = Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University); Didier Colle (IMEC - IMEC - KU Leuven - Catholic University of Leuven = Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University); George Avdikos (Eight Bells Ltd); Walter Aigner (HiTec Vienna); Benoit Denis (CEA-LETI - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information - DRT (CEA) - Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) - CEA - Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives); David Garcia-Roger (UPV - Universitat Politècnica de València = Universitad Politecnica de Valencia = Polytechnic University of Valencia) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we present a techno-economic analysis of providing a Cooperative, Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM) use case, namely Cooperative Lane Merging (CLM), in a cross-border environment. Multiple network deployment scenarios are proposed to provide Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) connectivity with respect to PC5 Mode 4 – enabled RSUs. Total cost of Ownership (TCO) model together with four revenue models are developed to assess the viability of providing CCAM services in the studied settings. Results show that the higher the number of simultaneous connected cars, the higher the TCO of the required deployment needs to be to meet the defined KPIs and especially for the green field deployment with no existing fibre cable or electricity facilities. Another important insight from this analysis is that only with a high fleet penetration rate of connected vehicles, a viable business case can be achieved. |
| Keywords: | Cooperative Connected and Automated Mobility (CCAM), Cooperative Lane Merging (CLM), Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), Road Side Unit (RSU), Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), Techno-economic analysis, 5G Networks, Cellular-Vehicle to everything (C-V2X), Cross-Border, Revenue models |
| Date: | 2022–10–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:cea-04571250&r= |
| By: | Xindong Xue; W. Robert Reed (University of Canterbury); Robbie C.M. van Aert |
| Abstract: | This research provides a comprehensive, quantitative synthesis of the empirical literature on social capital and economic growth. It assesses 957 estimates from 83 studies. Utilizing a variety of estimation procedures, we draw the following conclusions: There is strong evidence to indicate that publication bias distorts the empirical literature, causing estimates of social capital's effects to be overstated. Initial, unadjusted estimates of the overall, mean effect of social capital on economic growth are positive, small to moderately sized, and consistently statistically significant. Correcting for publication bias reduces these estimates by half or more. Our preferred estimates indicate that the average effect of social capital on economic growth is statistically insignificant and very small. However, the meta-analysis identifies a large amount of heterogeneity, indicating that social capital may have substantive effects in particular circumstances. Further investigation of moderating effects find them consistent with expectations, though they are too small to explain the heterogeneity in estimates. Analysis of different kinds of social capital finds little evidence of disparate effects on growth. |
| Keywords: | Social capital, Economic growth, Cognitive social capital, Structural social capital, Meta-analysis, Meta-regression, Publication Bias |
| JEL: | B40 O31 O40 O47 R11 Z10 |
| Date: | 2024–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbt:econwp:24/08&r= |
| By: | Rowena Gray; Siobhan M. O'Keefe; Sarah Quincy; Zachary Ward |
| Abstract: | We present new evidence on the long-run trend of occupational task content by race in the United States, 1900-2021. Black workers began the transition to better paid, cognitive-intensive modern jobs at least a generation after white workers; substantial convergence only occurred from 1960 onwards. Longitudinal data suggests that transitions to new task content were racially biased: Black men moved to jobs with lower rewarded task content than white men, conditional on initial task content, though gaps decreased after World War II. Routine-intensive Black workers were less likely to move up into non-routine analytic work compared to white workers in both historical and modern periods. The results suggest that task-displacement shocks, such as automating routine-manual work, widen Black-white inequality |
| JEL: | J24 J62 N31 N32 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32545&r= |
| By: | Pedro Albarrán (University o Alicante); Carmen Herrero (University o Alicante & Ivie); Antonio Villar (Universidad Pablo de Olavide & ISEAK) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we conduct an empirical analysis of the transition from voters' preferences to electoral outcomes, a process significantly influenced by the electoral system. We introduce a measure called 'support' that summarizes voters’ preferences. Then, we examine how these preferences are compressed under the plurality voting mechanism, which forces to select just one option. This choice is captured by the 'affinity', which singles out the preferred party for each voter. The final decision, though, is affected by strategic considerations and several other factors. Using survey data from three Spanish regions (Andalusia, Madrid, and the Valencian Community) prior to their respective Regional Elections, our findings indicate that political representation in all three Regional Parliaments would be more diverse if based on voters’ complete preferences (i.e., support). In all instances, smaller parties lose ground, a trend that emerges even before strategic considerations. These results suggest that the electoral system may exacerbate political polarization, diverging from social preferences. |
| Keywords: | Voting; regional elections; surveys; voters’ preferences; political support; political representation; Spain. |
| JEL: | N36 D64 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pab:wpaper:24.02&r= |
| By: | Osea Giuntella; Silvia Saccardo; Sally Sadoff |
| Abstract: | There is growing evidence on the importance of sleep for productivity, but little is known about the impact of interventions targeting sleep. In a field experiment among U.S. university students, we show that incentives for sleep increase both sleep and academic performance. Motivated by theories of cue-based habit formation, our primary intervention couples personalized bedtime reminders with morning feedback and immediate rewards for sleeping at least seven hours on weeknights. The intervention increases the share of nights with at least seven hours of sleep by 26 percent and average weeknight sleep by an estimated 19 minutes during a four-week treatment period, with persistent effects of about eight minutes per night during a one to five-week post-treatment period. Comparisons to secondary treatments show that immediate incentives have larger impacts on sleep than delayed incentives or reminders and feedback alone during the treatment period, but do not have statistically distinguishable impacts on longer-term sleep habits in the post-treatment period. We estimate that immediate incentives improve average semester course performance by 0.075--0.088 grade points, a 0.10--0.11 standard deviation increase. Our results demonstrate that incentives to sleep can be a cost-effective tool for improving educational outcomes. |
| JEL: | C93 I1 I20 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32550&r= |
| By: | Gaia Narciso (Department of Economics, Trinity College Dublin); Carol Newman (Department of Economics, Trinity College Dublin); Finn Tarp (Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | We present experimental evidence on the impact of a role model intervention to encourage ethnic minorities in Vietnam to start businesses and diversify income sources. We distinguish between relatable ethnic minority role models and ethnic majority role models allowing us to investigate the effect of increasing the social distance of the role model from the target population while keeping the information content constant. We find that relatability is important for inspiring individuals and inducing behavioral change. Diversification into business activities, however, does not always lead to improved household outcomes, particularly for those exposed to natural shocks. |
| Keywords: | role models, RCT, ethnic minorities, Vietnam |
| JEL: | D1 D3 I3 Q12 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcd:tcduee:tep0424&r= |
| By: | Greg Stoddard; Dylan J. Fitzpatrick; Jens Ludwig |
| Abstract: | Whether police misconduct can be prevented depends partly on whether it can be predicted. We show police misconduct is partially predictable and that estimated misconduct risk is not simply an artifact of measurement error or a proxy for officer activity. We also show many officers at risk of on-duty misconduct have elevated off-duty risk too, suggesting a potential link between accountability and officer wellness. We show that targeting preventive interventions even with a simple prediction model – number of past complaints, which is not as predictive as machine learning but lower-cost to deploy – has marginal value of public funds of infinity. |
| JEL: | C0 K0 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32432&r= |