|
on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Paolo Veneri (Gran Sasso Science Institute); David Burgalassi (OECD); Alison Weingarden (OECD) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses population trends throughout Europe at a granular spatial resolution between 2011 and 2021, focusing on midsize settlements (cities and towns from 5, 000 to 250, 000 inhabitants) and their surrounding areas. Settlements were delineated following the Degree of Urbanisation definition and using the 2021 population grid provided by Eurostat. While large cities drive population dynamics in Europe, midsize settlements show highly heterogeneous population trends. The observed differences in population growth are related to specific settlement features, such as population size, urban rank, accessibility, and service provision. For midsize settlements and their respective surrounding areas, access to cities is the strongest predictor of population growth. Availability of services and amenities also matters, but only within settlements’ boundaries. In a typical daily commute region, population growth of midsize settlements is associated with growth in the rest of the region, suggesting localised spread effects with positive implications for regional development. |
| Keywords: | midsize settlements, small cities, towns, regional development, population growth |
| JEL: | R10 R11 R12 R23 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahy:wpaper:wp61 |
| By: | Rafael Van der Borght; Oscar Anil Ishizawa Escudero; Thuret, Jean; Joaquin Ignacio Munoz Diaz |
| Abstract: | Droughts are increasingly cited as a driver of urbanization across Sub-Saharan Africa, yet little is known about the role they play in shaping the spatial expansion of cities. Combining satellite imagery on built- up areas with climatic data for 1984–2015, this study empirically examines whether and to what extent droughts influence the spatial expansion of African cities. It further investigates the heterogeneity of these effects across cities and countries. The findings indicate that extreme droughts significantly accelerate the built-up growth rate of cities, while more frequent but less severe droughts have negligible impacts. Importantly, these effects are strongly differentiated across cities. The 1 percent most extreme droughts boost the average speed at which new settlements emerge in the surroundings of a country's largest city by 75 percent, yet they do not alter the expansion of smaller cities and towns. These drought-induced effects intensify the sprawl of the largest cities and bear important policy implications. Extreme droughts put additional pressure on the largest and often overcrowded cities, potentially deepening congestion effects. They also contribute to exacerbating the speed at which cities expand in flood-prone areas, thereby magnifying urban flood risk. As the climate changes, the frequency of both extreme droughts and extreme rainfall events is projected to increase across the region, aggravating the likelihood of future drought-induced expansions of the largest cities and worsening urban flood risk prospects. These findings call for urgent and tailored risk reduction measures in both cities and rural areas. |
| Date: | 2025–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11099 |
| By: | Stephanie Johnson; Nitzan Tzur-Ilan |
| Abstract: | The 1990s rollout of mortgage automated underwriting systems allowed for complex underwriting rules, cut processing time and raised house prices substantially. We show that locations exposed to initial adopters of Freddie Mac’s Loan Prospector system experienced an early housing boom due to a switch to statistically-informed underwriting rules. Loan Prospector adoption increased lending at high loan-to-income ratios by around 18 percent. Applying our estimated response to lenders who adopted later, we find that the rollout of new lending standards with the GSEs’ systems can explain more than half of U.S. house price growth between 1993 and 2002. |
| Keywords: | credit; house prices; financial technology; mortgages |
| JEL: | G21 L85 R21 R31 |
| Date: | 2025–01–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:feddwp:99619 |
| By: | David Albouy; R. Jason Faberman |
| Abstract: | We examine sorting behavior across metropolitan areas by skill over individuals’ life cycles. We show that high-skill workers disproportionately sort into high-amenity areas, but do so relatively early in life. Workers of all skill levels tend to move towards lower-amenity areas during their thirties and forties. Consequently, individuals’ time use and expenditures on activities related to local amenities are U-shaped over the life cycle. This contrasts with well-documented life-cycle consumption profiles, which have an opposite inverted-U shape. We present evidence that the move towards lower-amenity (and lower-cost) metropolitan areas is driven by changes in the number of household children over the life cycle: individuals, particularly the college educated, tend to move towards lower-amenity areas after having their first child. We develop an equilibrium model of location choice, labor supply, and amenity consumption and introduce life-cycle changes in household composition that affect leisure preferences, consumption choices, and required home production time. Key to the model is a complementarity between leisure time spent going out and local amenities, which we estimate to be large and significant. Ignoring this complementarity and the distinction between types of leisure misses the dampening effect child rearing has on urban agglomeration. Since the value of local amenities is capitalized into housing prices, individuals will tend to move to lower-cost locations to avoid paying for amenities they are not consuming. |
| Keywords: | Labor and demographic economics; urban migration |
| JEL: | J30 J61 R23 |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedhwp:99675 |
| By: | Jie, Yangyang; Zhang, Peikang; Shen, Tiyan |
| Abstract: | Institutional changes have a significant impact on government capabilities and hierarchical relationships, especially in developing countries that characterized by governmental intervention for regional development. Using data from China's districts and counties from 1993 to 2022, this paper examines how administrative division adjustments, exemplified by the re-designation of counties as city districts, redefine the power and capability dynamics among bureaucratic entities. We find evidence that such redesignations widen regional disparities between transformed counties and other areas in four dimensions, including economic output, financial resources, fiscal capacity, and public services. We further identify three key mechanisms: reduce autonomy for former county governments, local government competition that leads to short-term efficacy, and resource siphoning from former counties to other regions. The effectiveness of the policy depends on changes in central policies, particularly on the trade-off between scale and incentives. |
| Keywords: | Regional disparity, Administrative division adjustment, Autonomy, Power structure |
| JEL: | H11 H77 R12 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1589 |
| By: | Ronel Elul; Deeksha Gupta; David K. Musto |
| Abstract: | When home prices threaten to decline, large investors may attempt to prop up prices by fostering new lending. We show this motive increased acquisitions of risky mortgages by the government-sponsored enterprises in the first half of 2007. When home prices threaten to decline, large mortgage investors can benefit from fostering new lending that boosts demand. We ask whether this benefit contributed to the growth in acquisitions of risky mortgages by the government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) in the first half of 2007. We find that it helps explain the variation of this growth across regions as well as regional house price and credit changes. The growth predicted by this benefit is on top of the acquisition growth caused by the exit of private-label securitizers. Our results are consistent with the GSEs actively targeting their acquisitions to counter home-price declines. |
| Keywords: | GSEs; Concentration; Risk Exposure |
| JEL: | G01 G21 L25 R31 |
| Date: | 2025–03–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:99739 |
| By: | Elke Claes; Léonard Moulin |
| Abstract: | Publicly funded private schooling is a common feature of many education systems, yet its implications for educational equity and effectiveness remain contested. While private schools often exhibit higher student achievement, the sources of this advantage are not well understood. In particular, differences in student composition — especially in terms of socioeconomic status (SES) — are likely to play a key role. This paper examines how school-level SES composition contributes to achievement differences between public and private schools. Using propensity score matching (PSM) on data from 22, 441 French ninth-grade students, we find that private school students outperform their public school peers in math and French, with especially large effects for low-SES students, an underrepresented group in private schools. While school composition explains these effects only to a limited extent, it accounts for most of the performance gap among high-SES students. These findings highlight which students benefit most from private schooling and point to the need for further research into the mechanisms underlying performance differences across school sectors. |
| Keywords: | Private school, Public school, Educational achievement, Propensity score matching, Lower secondary education, School composition, Performance gap, France, REUSSITE SCOLAIRE / EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT, CLASSE SOCIALE / SOCIAL CLASSES, ENSEIGNEMENT PRIVE / PRIVATE EDUCATION, FRANCE / FRANCE, ENSEIGNEMENT PUBLIC / PUBLIC EDUCATION |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idg:wpaper:xvml8jub4xmgdo9ye8kk |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Urban Development-Hazard Risk Management Urban Development-Urban Housing |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40352 |
| By: | Louise Devos (-) |
| Abstract: | Regional mobility is crucial for addressing labour shortages, as jobseekers from one region may fill vacancies in another region with few local candidates. However, this requires a willingness amongst employers to consider candidates from across regional borders. This study examines the influence of regional identity on hiring decisions in the Belgian labour market, focusing on perceptions of Flemish recruiters towards Flemish and Walloon candidates. Through a state-of-the-art vignette experiment, genuine Flemish recruiters evaluated fictitious resumes of school leavers that signalled regional identity through their name, place of birth, residential address, secondary school location, and/or language proficiency. Walloon candidates consistently score lower on key hiring metrics. Structural equation modelling reveals that Flemish employers hold negative perceptions of Walloon candidates, particularly regarding availability, interpersonal competency, attitude, and willingness of employers, employees, and clients to cooperate with them. These findings highlight the persistent role of regional identity stereotypes in reinforcing labour market inequalities and impeding mobility as a strategy to mitigate labour market tightness. |
| Keywords: | labour market, regional mobility, culture, perceptions, discrimination, Belgium |
| JEL: | J61 J68 J71 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rug:rugwps:25/1114 |
| By: | Konstantin A. Kholodilin |
| Abstract: | Housing markets are affected by a large variety of factors. Among them, governmental regulations play an important role. Besides desired effects, all these policies exert a number of side effects, some of which can even offset the desired effects. In addition, different policies can cancel out each other. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the effects of individual policies and the composite effects resulting from the simultaneous application of different policies. This study summarizes findings of an extensive literature on the effects of a wide range of governmental policies that affect housing markets. It covers such policies as rent control, protection from eviction, housing rationing, housing allowances, provision of social housing, tax treatment of homeownership, property taxation, building codes, land-use regulations, and macroprudential policies. Moreover, it examines the effects of monetary, fiscal, and labor policies. The aim of this study is to identify the most prominent effects and their direction. This should serve as a guidance for policy makers because it identifies potential advantages and disadvantages of various policy tools and their combinations. |
| Keywords: | housing policies, rent control, housing allowances, mortgage interest deduction, land-use regulations |
| JEL: | O18 R28 R38 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2113 |
| By: | Marco Pecoraro; Bruno Lanz; Didier Ruedin |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the short- to long-term effects of large-scale refugee inflows on labour markets and anti-asylum attitudes. Using the exogenous arrival of Yugoslav refugees to Switzerland in the 1990s and municipal-level data with an instrumental variables strategy, we find that refugee exposure increased unemployment and anti-asylum voting in the short term. Over a decade later, the refugee shock is no longer correlated with unemployment, whereas anti-asylum attitudes not only decline but reverse in areas with higher initial exposure, notably in rural municipalities. These results highlight the temporary nature of labour market disruptions and the longer-term shift in anti-asylum attitudes consistent with contact theory. |
| Keywords: | Refugees, Forced Migration, Unemployment, Labour Market Effects, Anti-Asylum Attitudes, Voting Behaviour, Contact Theory |
| JEL: | J61 J68 D72 F22 J15 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irn:wpaper:25-03 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas Gender-Gender and Transport Communities and Human Settlements-Urban Slums Upgrading |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40492 |
| By: | Piotr Koryś (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Marcin Wroński (Collegium of World Economy, SGH Warsaw School of Economics; Visiting Scholar, Minda de Gunzburg, Center for European Studies, Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the impact of railway construction on local populations in Russian Poland in the 19th century. The initial wave of railway expansion outpaced economic demand. From the late 1860s onward, locations connected to the railway network experienced significantly higher population growth. The economic effects of the connection to the railway network increased over time. State-funded military railway lines generated a smaller impact than private-owned lines. We also study the impact of the railway connection on social mobility proxied through a number of notable people born in a given city. However, we do not identify any robust impact. |
| Keywords: | economic history, Russian Poland, economic growth, railways |
| JEL: | N13 N33 N73 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2025-07 |
| By: | John Jerrim (UCL Social Research Institute); Neil Kaye (UCL Social Research Institute) |
| Abstract: | Research has indicated how, in England, pupils' emotional engagement at school drops rapidly in the first stages of secondary education (Key Stage 3). But to what extent is a similar pattern observed in other countries, and is the fall steeper in England than elsewhere? This paper presents new comparative evidence on this issue, drawing on multiple waves of data from the Trends in Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). Our results show that between the end of primary and mid-secondary school, pupils' level of emotional engagement falls in almost every country with data available. The magnitude of this fall is, however, more pronounced in England than elsewhere. In several areas the drop is greater for girls than boys, though with little difference according to immigrant status. We also illustrate how secondary school pupils' emotional engagement with school has fallen significantly since the COVID-19 pandemic. |
| Keywords: | School engagement; international comparison; school belonging; COVID-19. |
| JEL: | I2 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucl:cepeow:25-03 |
| By: | Zainab Iftikhar (University of Bonn & CEPR); Anna Zaharieva (Bielefeld University) |
| Abstract: | In this study we evaluate the effects of low-skilled immigration on small businesses, wages and employment in Germany. We develop a search and matching model with heterogeneous workers, cross-skill matching, and endogenous entry into entrepreneurship. The model is calibrated using German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) data. Quantitative analysis shows that low-skilled immigration benefits high-skilled workers while negatively affecting the welfare of low-skilled workers. It leads to the endogenous expansion of immigrant entrepreneurial activities, generating positive spillovers for all demographic groups except native entrepreneurs. Overall, there is a marginal loss to the economy in terms of per worker welfare. This loss is mitigated with increased skilled migration from India. Policies restricting immigrant entrepreneurship relax competition for native small businesses but reduce welfare for all other worker groups. Ethnic segregation of small businesses benefits low-skill native entrepreneurs. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurship, small business, self-employment, search frictions, immigration |
| JEL: | J23 J31 J61 J64 L26 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:358 |
| By: | Khan, Zahid |
| Abstract: | Analysis of factors that affect road traffic accidents in Bahir Dar city, North Western Ethiopia |
| Date: | 2023–06–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:ndx5j_v1 |
| By: | Brian Stacy; Maryam Akmal; Halsey Rogers; Sergio Venegas Marin; Hersheena Rajaram; Viyaleta Farysheuskaya |
| Abstract: | Using unique nationally representative school and system survey data from 13 education systems in low and middle-income countries collected through the World Bank’s Global Education Policy Dashboard (GEPD), we examine how the pedagogical practices, including practices to foster student engagement and subject content knowledge of primary-school teachers, correlate with their students’ learning outcomes. The authors find that student performance on literacy (and, to a lesser extent, math) assessments are correlated with receiving instruction from teachers with better-measured pedagogical skills. While the better-pedagogy effect is modest for the entire sample, it is statistically robust and quite substantial for the upper-middle-income countries. Based on a sub-sample of those education systems, we also find that using learning strategies that support greater student engagement appears to be highly predictive of student learning outcomes in literacy. Better pedagogical practices correlate with teachers’ exposure to more practical, school-based pedagogical support, for example through induction or mentoring and feedback on lesson plans, and with better teacher evaluation at the school level. The findings confirm the important role of interventions providing direct pedagogical support and feedback to teachers through training, instructional leadership, and evaluation, and they highlight the potential for interventions to foster student engagement and improve learning outcomes. |
| Date: | 2025–01–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hdgens:196418 |
| By: | Giulia Iannone (Gran Sasso Science Institute) |
| Abstract: | Tourism is both a vulnerable and resilient economic sector, yet the impact that this duality may have on the broader economy remains largely underexplored. This study investigates how tourism development influences local economic resilience to shocks, focusing on Italian municipalities during the Covid-19 pandemic. A conceptual framework classifies municipalities into clusters based on tourism reliance and pressure on local resources. Using a multinomial logit model, the analysis reveals that areas with high tourism reliance and pressure were less resistant to initial economic shocks but demonstrated stronger recovery. However, their overall resilience – considering both resistance and recovery – was lower than that of municipalities with more balanced tourism development. These findings highlight the dual role of tourism as both a recovery driver and a vulnerability source, emphasizing the importance of balanced tourism strategies for enhancing local economic resilience. |
| Keywords: | tourism development; resilience; social sequence analysis; overtourism |
| JEL: | Z32 R11 C14 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahy:wpaper:wp62 |
| By: | Arsène Perrot (Gran Sasso Science Institute); Fabiano Compagnucci (Gran Sasso Science Institute); Paolo Veneri (Gran Sasso Science Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the impact of local exposure to robots on the physical health of workers and the broader population’s mental health across Italian provinces. The empirical analysis relies on data from the International Federation of Robotics to build a measure of robot penetration at the provincial level, combined with provincial-level data on workplace accidents and mental health issues provided by Italian agencies for work insurance and statistics, respectively. Our results, derived from a set of linear and non-linear models and instrumental variable approaches, highlight that robotisation has reduced the number of accidents in the workplace. At the same time, robotisation is associated with an increase in mental disorders in the local population. The effects are strongly heterogeneous across places, with large metropolitan areas experiencing a relatively greater reduction in accidents and lower prevalence of mental health issues compared to other provinces, potentially exacerbating long-standing regional well-being disparities. |
| Keywords: | Automation; Robotisation; Workers’ health; Mental health; Regional disparities |
| JEL: | I10 J01 R10 |
| Date: | 2025–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahy:wpaper:wp63 |
| By: | Magerman, Glenn (ECARES at ULB, CEPR and CESIfo); Palazzolo, Alberto (ECARES at ULB and NBB) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes a policy toolbox encompassing trade, industrial, and public policies and their effects on the EU and its geographical regions. We develop a multi-sector, multi-region general equilibrium framework with imperfect competition, input-output linkages, and external economies of scale. Regional and supranational governments set policies and raise taxes and provide subsidies to fund these |
| Keywords: | Deglobalization, Regional Inequalities, Trade policy, Industrial Policy, Public Policy, Supply Chains, General Equilibrium |
| JEL: | F10 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bda:wpsmep:wp2024/29 |
| By: | Abdoulaye Kané; Nadine Levratto |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how local factors at the local and firm levels affect French construction firms' productivity (labour productivity and total factor productivity). We use a multilevel model to disentangle firm-specific and location-specific effects. The results cover the period 2009-2019 and confirm the importance of firm-specific determinants of productivity, mainly age and size. Our results also emphasise the influence of location and local characteristics. We find that the local unemployment rate hurts productivity, and our results bring some evidence of the existence of positive external agglomeration effects. These results remain robust to analysis by company size. |
| Keywords: | French construction firms; Heterogeneity of productivity; Localisation Factors; Multilevel Models |
| JEL: | C31 D24 L74 R15 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2025-19 |
| By: | Asma Benhenda (UCL Centre for Education Policy & Equalising Opportunities) |
| Abstract: | This report examines how the COVID-19 pandemic affected students in England with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND), particularly those with Education, Health and Care Plans (EHCPs). Drawing on national and local authority-level data from 2015–2022, it highlights three key findings and offers policy-focused insights, focussing on widening gaps in absence and achievement, geographical inequities (the `SEND lottery') and the role of pre-pandemic funding. These findings underscore the urgency of sustained, targeted policy responses and funding allocations that support the most vulnerable learners and mitigate long-term disruptions to their education. Specifically, they suggest the importance of: increasing baseline SEND funding in underfunded areas and align resources with local needs; provide enhanced tutoring, mental health support, and specialised training to address the significant rise in both absence and achievement gaps between pupils with EHCPs and their peers; and, since pupils eligible for free school meals also displayed hightened vultnerability, prioritise initiatives such as free digital tools, nutrition programmmes, and community-based academic support to reduce economic barriers. |
| Keywords: | Special educational needs and disabilities (SEND); funding; inequalities; COVID-19. |
| JEL: | I24 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucl:cepeow:25-04 |
| By: | Andreas Fuster; David O. Lucca; James Vickery |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the mortgage-backed securities (MBS) market, with a particular emphasis on agency residential MBS in the United States. We discuss the institutional environment, security design, MBS risks and asset pricing, and the economic effects of mortgage securitization. We also assemble descriptive statistics about market size, growth, security characteristics, prepayment, and trading activity. Throughout, we highlight insights from the expanding body of academic research on the MBS market and mortgage securitization. |
| Keywords: | mortgage finance; securitization; agency mortgage-backed securities; TBA; option-adjusted spreads; covered bonds |
| JEL: | G10 G12 G21 |
| Date: | 2025–03–19 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:99708 |
| By: | Jing Chen; Xiaojing Li; Xiaoqi Zhou; Rongjun Ao |
| Abstract: | An increasing number of studies confirm that regional diversification is path-dependent, with new industries building on pre-existing ones. However, these studies typically overlook the role of skill capabilities and the interactions between skills and industries. In this research, based on the concept of industry-occupation cross-relatedness, the influence of skill capabilities on industrial diversification across Chinese regions was investigated. Findings indicate that regions can diversify into skill-related activities following a skill path-dependent process. Furthermore, a theoretical framework integrating industry-occupation cross- relatedness and economic complexity was introduced, which enabled the adoption of various diversification strategies based on regional skill capabilities. |
| Keywords: | Industrial evolution, cross-relatedness, path dependence, skill capabilities, Chinese regions |
| JEL: | R23 J24 O18 R11 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2508 |
| By: | Scott Ferguson; Mathijs Van Ledden; Steven Rubinyi; Ana Campos; Tess Doeffinger |
| Keywords: | Urban Development-Hazard Risk Management Environment-Natural Disasters |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40141 |
| By: | Lorena M. D’Agostino (University of Milano-Bicocca); Rosina Moreno (AQR-IREA, University of Barcelona); Damián Tojeiro-Rivero (ESADE-University Ramon Llull) |
| Abstract: | Taking the long-established evidence on knowledge spillovers that states that part of the new created knowledge spills over to other firms mostly located in the physical proximity, we aim at providing evidence on the role of green knowledge spillovers on firms’ innovation. We posit that in addition to internal factors, firm innovation is determined by external regional factors, among which we specifically focus on the spillovers generated by environmental EU-funded research at the regional level. The results indicate that the presence of partners engaged in EU-environmental projects in a region has a positive and significant effect on process innovation. |
| Keywords: | innovation; environment; EU-funded research; Framework Programme; region; firm JEL classification: R11; O31; O44 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aqr:wpaper:202409 |
| By: | Jack Britton (Institute for Fiscal Studies); Nick Ridpath (Institute for Fiscal Studies); Carmen Villa (Institute for Fiscal Studies); Ben Waltmann (Institute for Fiscal Studies) |
| Date: | 2025–02–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ifs:ifsewp:25/06 |
| By: | khothiibah, khoirunnisaa |
| Abstract: | Culinary tourism is a form of travel or tourist visit that has a main focus on tasting, exploring, and enjoying food and drinks that are typical of a particular area or place, while folk entertainment refers to various forms of traditional entertainment held by the local community as part of their culture. Tourism is a sector that has an important role in the economic development of a region. This research is focused on the concept of "Minggon Jatinan" in the context of culinary tourism and folk entertainment in Batang. Culinary tourism and folk entertainment are tourism sector that has great potential to increase regional income, preserve local culture, and create economic opportunities for local communities. This study uses the field study method to collect the necessary data. In the field study process, researchers will be directly involved in observations, interviews, and data collection related to Minggon Jatinan in Batang. The results of this study state that culinary tourism and folk entertainment are tourism sector that has great potential to increase regional income, preserve local culture, and create economic opportunities for local communities. |
| Date: | 2023–06–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:atfu2_v1 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Urban Development-National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Finance and Financial Sector Development-Access to Finance Poverty Reduction-Access of Poor to Social Services Information and Communication Technologies-Digital Divide |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40642 |
| By: | Amparo Moyano; Frédéric Dobruszkes |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the destiny of high-speed rail (HSR) operations as rail liberalisation challenges the cross-subsidy single rail operators established between profitable and non-profitable routes when they monopolised the whole HSR network. When an incumbent HSR operator has to share the cake with newcomers, the resulting decline in revenues and profits may limit the effectiveness of the relevant cross-subsidies. We analyse such scenarios through the case of Spain, in which the state-owned incumbent rail company, Renfe, faces increasing competition in its more lucrative HSR corridors. Scenarios suggest that with only a 30% drop in ticket sales in the northeastern HSR corridor, the financial balance of Renfe’s HSR commercial operations becomes negative. This means that beyond the profits made by new entrants in one or two specific corridors, the outcomes for non-profitable corridors will be quite different: public authorities will have to cover losses and/or Renfe will have to increase ticket prices and/or the frequencies of HSR services will have to be cut. Travellers on the most profitable HSR routes will enjoy greater frequency of services and lower fares, while those on other HSR routes could experience less frequency and higher fares. In geographical terms, rail liberalisation applied to HSR operations may thus have very heterogeneous effects and reinforce spatial inequalities between regions. |
| Keywords: | High-speed rail; Rail market liberalisation; Cross-subsidising; Spatial inequalities |
| Date: | 2025–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/389172 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Education-Effective Schools and Teachers |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40579 |
| By: | Hyunji Lee; José Siri; Jonathan Hasoloan; Terri B. Chapman; Maitreyi Bordia Das |
| Keywords: | Urban Development-Urban Health Urban Development-Urban Environment Environment-Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Health, Nutrition and Population-Environment and Health |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40486 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Infrastructure Economics and Finance-Infrastructure Regulation Infrastructure Economics and Finance-Infrastructure Finance Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40307 |
| By: | John C. Williams |
| Abstract: | Remarks at the 2025 New York Fed Regional and Community Banking Conference, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York City. |
| Keywords: | community banks; regional banks; Second District |
| Date: | 2025–03–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsp:99735 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Infrastructure Economics and Finance-Infrastructure Finance Environment-Environmental Strategy Rural Development-Rural Roads & Transport Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40323 |
| By: | Filip, Marinela-Daniela; Setzer, Ralph |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of regional institutional quality on economic growth and economic resilience. Using data collected by the Quality of Government Institute, we conduct a two-way fixed effect panel regression model for around 200 European regions during the period 2010 to 2021. Our findings establish a positive relationship between institutional quality and medium-term GDP growth. This effect is more pronounced in regions with low-income per capita, highlighting the importance of asymmetries across European regions. A convergence of regions with low institutional quality to the EU median would increase annual GDP per capita growth by 0.5 percentage points over the medium-term. Additionally, regions with high quality institutions are more resilient to adverse shocks and have a lower incidence of crisis. Our results suggest that regional institutional reforms, such as increasing public sector efficiency or reducing corruption, would spur growth, resilience, and convergence in the European economy. JEL Classification: O43, E02, R11, R50, C23 |
| Keywords: | economic growth, EU, reforms, regional institutional quality, resilience |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253045 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Education-Education Sector Strategy and Lending Education-Effective Schools and Teachers Education-Primary Education |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40613 |
| By: | Erich Muehlegger; Reid Taylor |
| Abstract: | We estimate the effect of competition on incumbent firm pricing by using high frequency price data and the precise geographic location for all gas stations in California. Using an event study design, we find that the entry of a new station is associated with a 2.5 cent decrease in prices at incumbent stores, which equates to a 7 percent reduction in estimated retail markups. The effects are immediate, persistent and show no sign of deterrence or limit pricing behavior. In contrast, nearby exit results in precisely estimated null effects on prices with no evidence of predatory pricing in the lead up to the station departure. We show that these results are consistent across all fuel blends, dissipate with distance and are driven by less concentrated markets. Finally, we explore the asymmetric effects, showing that the difference cannot be attributed to difference in branding, proximity to highway or data quality idiosyncrasies, although we find suggestive evidence that exit tends to happen in more competitive markets and amongst less heavily trafficked stations. |
| Keywords: | competition; entry; exit; retail gasoline; market structure |
| JEL: | D40 L11 L81 Q41 R32 |
| Date: | 2025–03–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:feddwp:99661 |
| By: | Bram De Rock (Institute for Fiscal Studies); Tom Potoms (Institute for Fiscal Studies); Mariia Kovaleva (ECARES, Université Libre de Bruxelles) |
| Date: | 2025–03–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ifs:ifsewp:25/13 |
| By: | Mahdi Ghodsi (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Sandra M. Leitner (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw); Maryna Tverdostup (The Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies, wiiw) |
| Abstract: | Labour shortages in Europe have led firms to adopt two key strategies automation and the employment of migrants. This study empirically examines the relationship between robot adoption and immigrant labour (differentiated by region of origin and education level) in Austrian firms using a novel dataset linking firm-level survey data on robotics adoption from Austria’s Information and Communication Technologies (IKTU ) surveys (waves 2018, 2020 and 2022) with registry-based employment records. Employing Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) estimations, we analyse firm-level employment decisions while controlling for firm characteristics, industry and region. Our findings show that firms adopting robots tend to employ more workers overall, particularly those with low and medium education levels. Notably, robot-adopting firms employ a higher share of low-educated migrants who are not from the European Economic Area (EEA), suggesting complementarity rather than substitution. However, automation appears to reduce the employment of highly educated migrant workers relative to natives. Distinguishing between industrial and service robots, we find that service robots have a stronger association with employment growth than industrial robots. The impact of robot adoption also differs by sector and is most pronounced in manufacturing, whereas its effects vary in the private service sectors. Our findings suggest that while automation can alleviate labour shortages, it may reinforce labour market segmentation. For EU policy makers, targeted interventions are needed to support the transition of migrant workers into higher-skilled occupations and to ensure that the benefits of automation are equitably distributed. Given the EU-wide relevance of automation and migration dynamics, these results provide insights that are also applicable beyond Austria. |
| Keywords: | Migration, automation, employment, firm- and worker-level analysis |
| JEL: | D22 J23 J24 J61 O33 |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wii:wpaper:262 |
| By: | Vivarelli, Marco; Piva, Mariacristina; Tani, Massimiliano |
| Abstract: | Labor mobility is considered a powerful channel to acquire external knowledge and trigger complementarities in the innovation and R&D investment strategies; however, the extant literature has focused on either scientists’ mobility or migration of high-skilled workers, while virtually no attention has been devoted to the possible role of short-term business visits. Using a unique and novel database originating a country/sector unbalanced panel over the period 1998-2019 (for a total of 8, 316 longitudinal observations), this paper aims to fill this gap by testing the impact of BVs on R&D investment. Results from GMM-SYS estimates show that short-term mobility positively and significantly affects R&D investments; moreover, our findings indicate - as expected - that the beneficial impact of BVs is particularly significant in less innovative countries and in less innovative industries. These outcomes justify some form of support for BVs within the portfolio of the effective innovation policies, both at the national and local level. |
| JEL: | O31 O32 O15 J61 |
| Date: | 2025–04–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:unumer:2025010 |
| By: | René Böheim; David Pichler; Christine Zulehner |
| Abstract: | We examine how parental and local factors shape the gender pay gap between daughters and sons. Maternal labor market attachment significantly reduces gender disparities as it increases daughters' earnings in adulthood relative to that of sons. We find that maternal employment has minimal effects on pre-parenthood earnings gaps. However, it substantially mitigates post-parenthood disparities as daughters return to the labour market more quickly after childbirth. Paternal employment in manufacturing and construction is linked to larger gender pay gaps and lower likelihoods of sons taking paternity leave. At the municipal level, higher female employment rates and education levels are associated with narrower gender gaps, whereas conservative norms and manufacturing employment exacerbate them. |
| Keywords: | intergenerational mobility, gender wage gap, regional labor markets, gender norms |
| JEL: | J13 J16 J31 J62 |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jku:econwp:2025-05 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Urban Development-City Development Strategies Infrastructure Economics and Finance-Infrastructure Regulation Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40308 |
| By: | Antonia Lopez Villavicencio; Hugo Oriola |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates Political Business Cycles during national elections across European Union countries and their subnational regions from 1995 to 2022, with a focus on the role of national and supranational fiscal rules. We find robust evidence that national elections are associated with increased regional public spending and reduced income and wealth tax rates. While strong fiscal rules tend to constrain or have limited effect on spending-related PBCs, they simultaneously incentivize tax-based fiscal manipulation, indicating a shift in electoral strategies from expenditure to taxation. This pattern holds across most European countries at both national and regional levels, with variations depending on specific electoral and political systems. We also show that right-wing incumbents engage in both public spending and tax-based opportunistic PBCs, while left-wing incumbents primarily focus on tax-based manipulations. Furthermore, newly elected left-wing incumbents pursue fiscal conservatism, whereas right-wing incumbents typically maintain the fiscal status quo. |
| Keywords: | Elections; Fiscal rules; Political business cycle; National and regional politics; European Union. |
| JEL: | D72 E62 H30 H71 H72 O52 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2025-15 |
| By: | Behn, Markus; Claessens, Stijn; Gambacorta, Leonardo; Reghezza, Alessio |
| Abstract: | We investigate the interaction between monetary and macroprudential policy in affecting banks’ lending and risk-taking behaviour using rich euro area credit registry data and exploiting a unique setting that combined a sharp and unexpected monetary tightening with a wave of macroprudential tightening initiated before. While, for the average bank, required capital buffer increases did not significantly reduce lending additionally during the monetary tightening, for those banks that became capital-constrained lending fell by about 1.3-1.8 percentage points more for existing credit relationships and new bank-firm relationships were 2.5-4.4 percentage points less likely to be established, both relative to better-capitalized banks. In addition, such banks were more reluctant to pass higher policy interest rates on to their borrowers and took fewer risks, with a greater reduction in the LTV ratio for newly originated loans, and less reliance on risky assets, such as commercial real estate, as collateral. Our analysis shows that when calibrating monetary and macroprudential policies, it is crucial to account for the effects of policy interactions and the role of bank heterogeneity. JEL Classification: E5, E51, G18, G21 |
| Keywords: | bank lending, macroprudential policy, monetary policy, risk-taking |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253043 |
| By: | Federico Carril-Caccia (University of Granada); Jordi Paniagua (University of Valencia. Kellogg Institute, University of Notre Dame.); Marta Suarez-Varela (Bank of Spain) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the effects of food crises on forced international migration (FIM) flows using a structural gravity model, testing the influence of liquidity constraints in the context of heterogeneous migration costs and economic resources of potential migrants. We construct a dataset that captures the severity, persistence, and causes of food crises. Our results suggest that food crises increase FIM. While mild food crises skew international migrants towards developed and non-neighbouring countries, more severe events divert them to closer destinations. The results indicate that food crises tighten liquidity constraints on migration, and this worsens as they intensify. Under more severe food crises, migrants may be unable to afford the higher costs of migrating internationally, particularly to a developed nation, thus choosing a closer destination or migrating internally. |
| Keywords: | Forced migration; Food crisis; Food insecurity; liquidity constraints; heterogeneous migration costs; Gravity equation |
| JEL: | F22 O15 Q18 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eec:wpaper:2505 |
| By: | Yuko Arai; Ibrahim Ali Khan |
| Keywords: | Communities and Human Settlements-Urban Communities Urban Development-Urban Health Urban Development-Regional Urban Development Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40526 |
| By: | Alexandrina Platonova-Oquab; Apoorva Shenvi |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40635 |
| By: | Berlinschi, Ruxanda; Verhaest, Dieter; Poelmans, Eline; Adriaenssens, Stef |
| Abstract: | This study documents self-selection on human capital for Ukrainian refugees. We compare the socio-demographic characteristics of a representative sample of Ukrainian refugees who registered in Belgium in the fall of 2022 with those of the Ukrainian population before the war. Contrarily to previous studies, we find negative self-selection on human capital, particularly for men and for refugees arriving from the low conflict intensity regions of Ukraine. At the same time, refugees from the low conflict intensity regions arrive with more locally-specific human capital, such as knowledge of the French language, previous visits to Belgium, and access to social networks in Belgium. Such self-selection, driven by individual incentives - economic and patriotic - has societal benefits, such as reduced brain drain for Ukraine and improved job matching in European countries offering protection. |
| Keywords: | Russia-Ukraine war, refugees, human capital, self-selection |
| JEL: | F22 F5 H12 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1591 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Education-Effective Schools and Teachers Rural Development-Rural Education Education-Education Finance |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40630 |
| By: | Vesterberg, Mattias (Department of Economics, Umeå University) |
| Abstract: | This study estimates the causal impact of the recent years’ high electricity prices on electric vehicle (EV) adoption. Utilizing Swedish registry data and leveraging regional discontinuities in electricity prices, I demonstrate that higher electricity prices reduce EV demand, but also the demand for combustion-engine vehicles. Additionally, the response to electricity prices varies across different types of EVs and socio-economic groups. Based on these findings, I explore a counterfactual policy that reduces electricity prices for EV buyers, and show that under plausible assumptions, this policy is less cost-effective in boosting EV demand compared to subsidies for EV purchases or charging infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | Electrification; Transportation; Regression discontinuity |
| JEL: | D12 Q41 R41 |
| Date: | 2025–03–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:umnees:1032 |
| By: | GUISAN, Maria-Carmen |
| Abstract: | The International Development Reports IDER-2024 include 4 reports of year 2024: 1) Regional development and Quality of Life in the United States, 1960-2021. 2) Regional development and Quality of Life in 5 European conntries, 1960-2021. 3) Development and Employment by Sector in Ukraine, Russia and 3 Caucasian countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia) for 1990-2022, 4) Financial Indicators and World Development in 164 countries. |
| JEL: | O5 O51 O52 O53 O54 O55 O56 O57 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eaa:ecodev:130 |
| By: | Etienne Dagorn; Elena Claudia Meroni; Léonard Moulin |
| Abstract: | This paper provides descriptive evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic influenced secondary school students’ application patterns to higher education in France, offering insights into the reallocation of preferences across academic fields and degree types. Using detailed administrative data, we document significant shifts in application shares during 2021, with increased interest in competitive tracks and concurrent declines in applications to bachelor’s and vocational programs. These findings suggest that students responded to the pandemic by favoring structured and selective pathways with clear labor market prospects, while moving away from generalist degrees. Students’ share of applications to STEM degrees increased, while applications to health and business programs remained stable. At the same time, analyzing the probability of applying to at least one program in a given field or degree reveals a decline in application diversification, as students concentrated their choices in fewer fields, reflecting a more risk-averse and selective approach in response to the pandemic. Our analysis highlights substantial heterogeneity in these effects across demographic groups. |
| Keywords: | Higher education, students, university application, choice, study programs, academic fields, Parcoursup, Covid-19 pandemic, France, ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR / HIGHER EDUCATION, FRANCE / FRANCE, CHOIX / CHOICE |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idg:wpaper:ulmz2jub4xmgdo9y0l0a |
| By: | Anna Hata; Han Wang; Joko Yuwono; Shinsaku Nomura |
| Keywords: | Education-Access & Equity in Basic Education Education-Education For All Education-Educational Populations Education-Educational Technology and Distance Education |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40387 |