|
on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Schuyler Louie; John Mondragon; Johannes F. Wieland |
| Abstract: | The standard view of housing markets holds that the flexibility of local housing supply—shaped by factors like geography and regulation—strongly affects the response of house prices, house quantities and population to rising housing demand. However, from 2000 to 2020, we find that higher income growth predicts the same growth in house prices, housing quantity, and population regardless of a city’s estimated housing supply elasticity. We find the same pattern when we expand the sample to 1980 to 2020, use different elasticity measures, and when we instrument for local housing demand. Using a general demand-and-supply framework, we show that our findings imply that constrained housing supply is relatively unimportant in explaining differences in rising house prices among U.S. cities. These results challenge the prevailing view of local housing and labor markets and suggest that easing housing supply constraints may not yield the anticipated improvements in housing affordability. |
| Keywords: | house prices; housing supply; affordability; regulation; zoning; land use |
| JEL: | E22 J61 R21 R31 R52 |
| Date: | 2025–03–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:99716 |
| By: | Hope Bodenschatz; Eli Inkelas; Jeffrey P. Thompson |
| Abstract: | Commuting is nearly ubiquitous across New England. Employers in cities and towns large and small depend on workers who commute from communities near and far. Communities, in turn, rely on employers located in cities and towns scattered in every direction to provide jobs for their residents. Workers may choose to live in a city other than where they work for a host of reasons, including housing and transportation options, school preferences, and work locations of a partner or spouse. This Regional Brief analyzes data on current commuting patterns, using 2022 New England data primarily. While the COVID-19 pandemic created a substantial disruption to commuting behavior, the spatial relationships between home and work addresses that we observe in 2022 are remarkably similar to those of 2019, suggesting that the patterns described for New England in this brief are fairly stable over the short term and that effects of hybrid and remote work arrangements on the region’s workplace–residence landscape are subtle. Recent research also indicates existing “flexible work” arrangements are overwhelmingly hybrid, requiring considerable “on-site” presence, and that fully remote work arrangements have grown increasingly rare since the height of the pandemic, accounting for less than 12 percent of workers employed by firms as of 2022 (Barrero, Bloom, and Davis 2023). |
| Keywords: | New England; commuting patterns; transportation; employment hubs |
| Date: | 2025–02–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedbrb:99622 |
| By: | Arturo Ardila Gomez; Ok Stella Namkung; Karla Dominguez-Gonzalez; He He; Nada Bona |
| Keywords: | Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42222 |
| By: | World Bank; Martha Lawrence; Alfonso Cabrillo Losada; Marissa Moore; Betty Onginjo; Tom Opiyo; Jorge Rebelo; Bello Sambo |
| Keywords: | Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas Rural Development-Rural Roads & Transport |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41836 |
| By: | Sam Shampine |
| Abstract: | The goal of this report is to improve our understanding of housing affordability in New England by exploring the supply and demand factors influencing housing prices around the region. In recent decades, and particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic, the region has seen substantial increases in both the supply of and demand for housing. For example, the number of newly issued building permits in New England relative to population changes has reached its highest level in four decades. On balance, however, the demand for housing has outstripped the supply by a wide margin. Rental vacancy rates have been falling over time, but for many of the region’s metropolitan areas, this trend has intensified in recent years. Additionally, prices of single-family homes in New England rose roughly 50 percent from the first quarter of 2020 to the first quarter of 2024. When we trace out the association between supply and demand factors and housing price changes across the region, we see that prices have risen fastest in places where migration increases have been the largest, and that prices have tended to rise more slowly in the metropolitan areas that have seen rapid growth in the number of building permits relative to the size of the local population. In this report, migration refers only to the relocation of people to, from, and within New England. An analysis parsing domestic versus international migration trends in New England is beyond the scope of this report. |
| Keywords: | New England; home prices; housing supply; building permits |
| Date: | 2025–02–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedbpr:99621 |
| By: | Tomoya MORI; Miki OGAWA |
| Abstract: | The world is undeniably facing trends of aging, declining birth rates and shrinking populations. As a result, rural economies are shrinking rapidly while large cities are absorbing their populations. Each country must make difficult decisions about which cities to preserve in order to sustain the country as a whole. Japan is at the forefront of rapid economic contraction, and we propose a systematic method for assessing the sustainability of cities as living communities. This method is based on the hierarchy property that holds between a larger and smaller city in the composition of tertiary industries. This property allows us to identify the threshold population size of a city for a given set of industries to be able to operate in the city. In particular, by defining the sets of essential industries for modern life, one can identify the population size of a sustainable city. Combined with a separately conducted future projection of individual city sizes, this represents a guideline for a strategic reduction of the country's economic geography by identifying the future spatial distribution of focal cities. This will allow for the reorganization of functional regions around focal cities to ensure that the country can adapt to its declining population. |
| Date: | 2025–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:polidp:25006 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas Finance and Financial Sector Development-Finance and Development |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41227 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Poverty Reduction-Urban Partnerships & Poverty Governance-Regional Governance Urban Development-City Development Strategies Urban Development-Regional Urban Development Urban Development-National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Communities and Human Settlements-Urban Communities Poverty Reduction-Urban Partnerships & Poverty Urban Development-Urban Economic Development |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41756 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth-Economic Growth Communities and Human Settlements-Urban Communities Urban Development-City Development Strategies Urban Development-Regional Urban Development Urban Development-National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41738 |
| By: | Rakotonirainy, Miora; Ramiandrisoa, Olivier; Razakamanana, Marilys |
| Abstract: | Implementing a school feeding programme to support education is common practice in most States, particularly in developing countries. One of the aims of the programme is to help improve educational outcomes for pupils. Although there is a relationship between the school feeding programme and educational outcomes, the programme does not necessarily lead to its effectiveness. This paper therefore aims to shed more light on the factors that explain the performance of the school feeding programme and its effects on pupils' learning outcomes at the end of primary school by studying the case of Madagascar. The results reveal the limited impact of the school canteen programme on pupils' and mathematics scores. Analyses revealed that while school feeding improves pupils' reading skills, it has no significant effect on their mathematical skills. It was also noted that although the impact of the programme was not palpable for public primary schools, a modest improvement in school results was observed for pupils in private schools. This research work concludes that the effectiveness of the school canteen programme also depends on multiple criteria linked to the environment of the target pupils. It will be difficult for the programme to achieve its full effectiveness in terms of school performance as long as the socio economic context of the pupils remains critical and the quality of teaching remains low. |
| Date: | 2024–08–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:c09e6394-a1ab-4fa1-bb6b-c8340a95caff |
| By: | Rohmani, Cholil |
| Abstract: | This comprehensive review explores the intricate interplay between marketing strategies, smart city development, and information systems in contemporary urban contexts. The study addresses the evolving landscape of urbanization, where traditional marketing approaches integrate with cutting-edge technologies within smart city initiatives. The primary aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationships among these three dimensions and their impact on sustainable urban development. A systematic literature review methodology is employed, encompassing databases such as PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, and JSTOR. The results highlight the dynamic evolution of marketing strategies within smart cities, the role of information systems as catalysts for innovation, and the challenges and opportunities associated with this interplay. The review contributes novel insights by identifying gaps in current knowledge, emphasizing the importance of stakeholder collaboration, ethical considerations, and the need for inclusive and culturally sensitive marketing strategies in the realm of smart city development. |
| Date: | 2023–12–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:8enru_v1 |
| By: | Nato Kurshitashvili; Anne Laure Humbert; Laila Ait Bihi Ouali |
| Keywords: | Gender-Gender and Development Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:40971 |
| By: | Ogolla, Michael; Nyabaro, Violet; Ngugi, Rose; Onsomu, Eldah |
| Abstract: | Human capital accumulation through education is important for sustainable development. However, access to education is dependent on several household factors, including presence of a school, childrens health and nutrition, among other inputs. The study sought to assess the effect of school feeding programmes on school enrolment while controlling for various households, learner and school level factors. The study used the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS) 2015/16 data, which is a national household dataset with household and community-level information. A probit model was used to undertake the analysis at three basic levels of education, namely: pre-primary, primary and secondary levels. The results show mixed effects of the school feeding programme on enrolment, which differ according to the level of education and type of school. In the pooled sample, there was no significant effect of school feeding programme on enrolment at pre-primary school level, while substantive effects were observed in primary and secondary school levels. The effect of school feeding programmes in public schools is negative whereas it is positive in private schools. The presence of school feeding programmes in pre-primary and primary school levels in arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) leads to increased enrolment in both the pooled and ASAL sub-sample, whereas access to government bursaries has immense positive outcomes on secondary school enrolment. It is recommended that targeting of school feeding programmes be improved to select schools among low income communities in the ASALs and informal settlements in urban areas. There is need to ensure timely disbursement of funds towards public school feeding programmes at all levels of education. There is also need for increased investment towards bursaries in secondary schools. Finally, county governments need to provide financial support to public pre-primary schools towards school feeding programmes. |
| Date: | 2024–08–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:f8cc4c60-6c78-43a4-9fd4-e77c9b2170da |
| By: | Moshoeshoe, Ramaele |
| Abstract: | Many sub-Saharan African countries have instituted Free Primary Education (FPE) policies, which significantly increase primary school enrolment rates in developing countries. However, school attendance is different from learning. The main questions that still beg for answers are whether the many children in school are learning and whether the FPE learning effects are long-lasting. This paper attempts to estimate the long-term effects of the FPE programme on educational achievement in Lesotho. The programme was implemented grade by grade, beginning with grade one school fees abolition in 2000. The POLICY BRIEF Long Term Effects of Free Primary Education on Educational Achievement: Evidence from Lesotho Ramaele Moshoeshoe October 2023 / No.796 2 Policy Brief No.796 timing of the implementation created changes in programme coverage across age (and grade) groups over time. We employ a semi-parametric difference-in-differences strategy that exploits these variations to identify the long-term effects of the FPE policy on educational achievement, using university examinations record data for student cohorts that are FPE-treated and those that are FPE-untreated. The results indicate that the FPE effect on academic performance is between 2 percentage points (statistically insignificant) and 20 percentage points (statistically significant at a 1 percent level). |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:4c9694b1-f491-49ef-b130-bb583299e8d8 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Urban Development-Urban Economic Development Urban Development-Cultural Heritage & Urban Revitalization Infrastructure Economics and Finance-Infrastructure Economics Urban Development-City Development Strategies Urban Development-Urban Governance and Management |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41759 |
| By: | Amélie Allegre (School of Economics, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom); Oana Borcan (School of Economics, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom); Christa Brunnschweiler (Department of Economics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | We examine colonial-era primary education as a determinant of modern-day attainment and gender disparities in education. We construct a novel dataset from the French Protectorate in Morocco, combining archival data on colonial school locations in 1931 and 1954 with the most recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data in arbitrary grids. We analyse the influence of colonial schools on the probability of attaining primary and secondary education in 2004. Overall, schools dedicated to Moroccans in 1931 exhibit a persistent positive impact on education outcomes, but only in the absence of nearby schools reserved for Europeans. Stark gender gaps in access during the Protectorate were narrowed in places with schools for Jewish Moroccans. These had a positive impact on girls’ contemporary levels of education, but a negative impact on the enrolment for boys following the dismantling of Jewish communities after 1948. DHS measures of preferences for female education point to a social norms transmission mechanism between Jewish and Muslim Moroccan communities. |
| Keywords: | education, colonial legacy, female education, Morocco, French Protectorate |
| JEL: | N37 O15 I21 |
| Date: | 2025–03–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nst:samfok:20225 |
| By: | Noviandri Khairina; Noah Yarrow; Jacobus Cilliers; Indah Dini |
| Keywords: | Education-Education Reform and Management Education-Educational Policy and Planning Education-Primary Education |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41472 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas Rural Development-Rural Roads & Transport |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42440 |
| By: | Weiss, Tim; Lounsbury, Mike; Bruton, Garry |
| Abstract: | Institutional scholarship on organizing in poverty contexts has focused on the constraining nature of extant institutions and the need for external actors to make transformative change interventions to alleviate poverty. Comparatively little attention has been paid to the potentially enabling nature of extant institutions in poverty contexts. We argue that more empirical work is needed to deepen our understanding of self-organizing processes that actors embedded in such contexts generate in their own efforts to survive. Drawing on the social worlds approach to institutional analysis, we shed light on how actors self-organize to produce enduring organizational arrangements to safeguard themselves against adverse poverty outcomes. Employing data from fieldwork and interviews collected in the urban neighborhood of Dagoretti Corner in Nairobi, Kenya, we examine the colocation of 105 largely identical auto repair businesses in close spatial proximity. We find that actors leverage an indigenous institution—the societal ethos of Harambee—to enable a process we identify as “survivalist organizing.” Based on our research, we argue that survivalist organizing incorporates four interlocking survival mechanisms: cultivating inter-business solidarity, maintaining precarious inter-business relationships, redistributing resources to prevent business deaths, and generating collective philanthropy to avoid personal destitution. We develop a new research agenda on the institutional study of self-organizing in poverty contexts focused on strengthening rather than supplanting urbanized indigenous institutions that catalyze collective self-organizing. |
| Date: | 2024–02–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3mecq_v1 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Social Protections and Labor-Disability Urban Development Poverty Reduction-Inequality Poverty Reduction-Poverty and Health Social Protections and Labor-Social Protections & Assistance |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41526 |
| By: | Erik Nora; Charles Kunaka; Mitali Nikore |
| Keywords: | International Economics and Trade-Trade and Transport Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41735 |
| By: | Bongai, Munguni |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the association between socio-economic factors and childrens schooling outcomes (school access as proxied by ever enrolled, dropping out and staying in school-current enrolled or still in school) for children in Mozambique using the probit model. The results show that there is not much difference between factors that affect access and those that affect dropping out or staying in school once enrolled. Children from the poorest families, with less educated parents, from the north region, who live far away from a water source and are not the biological children of the household POLICY BRIEF Socio-Economic Status and Childrens Schooling Outcomes in Mozambique Munguni Bongai October 2023 / No.789 2 Policy Brief No.789 head were found to be most disadvantaged in all the three schooling outcomes compared to their counterparts with educated parents, from wealthy families and with water at home. The ruralurban divide, availability of electricity and land or livestock at home had no significant correlation with children schooling outcomes. This study therefore argues that policy makers must implement policies that improve the socio-economic backgrounds of children, by dealing with the demand side factors particularly enhancing adult literacy programmes, providing water sources close to households, encouraging pre-primary education centres and improving the general welfare of households where children live. In a nutshell, results showed that demand side factors were strong factors that hinder childrens schooling and have to be prioritized in drafting and implementing of education policies. |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:1c99548e-c885-4533-8997-026138c26519 |
| By: | Ambika Sharma; Jan Menke |
| Keywords: | Social Protections and Labor-Social Protections & Assistance Urban Development-Urban Economic Development |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42232 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Communities and Human Settlements-Land Administration Communities and Human Settlements-Land Use and Policies Urban Development-Regional Urban Development Rural Development |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41583 |
| By: | Diallo, Mamadou Abdoulaye; Diallo, Soukeyna; Sika, Mashoudou Maman Chabi |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study was to assess the effect of return migration on labour market integration in Senegal. To this end, we based the study on the recent survey on international migration in Senegal (EMIS-2019), data for which were collected by the Consortium for Economic and Social Research (Consortium pour la recherche economique et sociale, CRES) in collaboration with the World Bank. We used the two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI) method and complemented it by an instrumental variable (IV) approach to account for the potential selection bias associated with return migration. The findings show that return migration had a positive and significant effect on labour market integration. Specifically, the results show that their migration status in the host country, the mode of their return to their country of origin, the skills they acquired in the host country, and their social capital played an important role in their economic reintegration after their return. This study therefore stresses the need for return-migration incentive policies and support for labour market integration of the return migrants. |
| Date: | 2024–08–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:7401bbec-0ed2-431f-bee4-b27f21171b3c |
| By: | Oleche, Martine; Muriithi, Moses; Kamau, Paul; Njoka, John; Ngigi, Samuel |
| Abstract: | Shocks, whether idiosyncratic or covariate, have been common in many parts of the world and are a development challenge. Shocks ordinarily manifest themselves in many forms, and they affect households and sectors differently depending on the nature and the status in which a household finds itself in when it strikes. Theoretically, shocks of any nature adversely affect human capital development in a country. The COVID-19 pandemic was one of the most recent and severe shocks that brought the entire globe to a halt. This paper was designed to investigate how COVID-19 affected school attendance in Kenya as a form of human capital development. Kenyas gains in human capital development have been adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which hit the country in March 2020. Arguably, the COVID-19 pandemic worsened the education sector due to closure of schools for a period of at least seven months (March October 2020). While some learners were able to transition to online studies, most students especially in public schools, stayed at home without any form of learning. The results show that presence of COVID-19 incidences reduced the probability of children attending school. Being a male child and child belonging to a single parent household head had a reduced probability of school attendance. Households with higher incomes had an increased probability of school attendance while controlling for COVID-19 incidences. Children from elderly household heads had a reduced probability of school attendance when controlling for COVID-19 incidences. In future, there is need to put measures that can support public primary schools to cope with such shocks, e.g. acquisition of ICT gadgets, subsidised data bundles and basic media equipment that facilitates remote learning. |
| Date: | 2024–08–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:3c3826bb-b1fb-4731-84c2-e8da752dbe06 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41766 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Natural Disasters Poverty Reduction-Poverty Reduction Strategies Poverty Reduction-Poverty and Health Gender Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas Urban Development |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42394 |
| By: | Koudjom, Etayibtalnam; Ngoko, Eric Hubert; Limazie, Mazignada Sika; Mafang, Lionie |
| Abstract: | The objective of this research is to analyse the impact of the choice of a type of school by parents on the wage of young individuals in the labour market in Togo. To do this, the multinomial endogenous switching model has been specified and estimated. The empirical analysis is based on the Harmonized Survey on Household Living Conditions (EHCVM, 2018) conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Economic and Demographic Studies in Togo (INSEED-Togo) on 16, 821 young people aged between 15 and 35 years. The results reveal that the variables relating to the distances which separate the schools from the homes of the young individuals parents (distance to public school and distance to private school), male gender, age, level of secondary and higher education, and the Maritime and Kara regions of residence; and socio professional category (employed father, employed mother) are the main determinants of parents choice to enrol their children in a type of school. In addition, the results indicate that young people in the age group considered with access to private type training have advantages in the labour market in terms of wage increases compared to young individuals with access to other types of training or who have not chosen any training. These results provide useful information for public policies in Togo. They imply that policies aimed at reducing inequalities among young people in the labour market should consider the type of school attended by the young people as an effective tool to achieve these objectives. These development policies can target, in particular, young individuals who did not attend any type of school and those who have had the chance to attend public type of training. Key words: School; Parents; Young people; Labour market; Salary; Togo. JEL classification codes: D63; I20; J40. |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:78af7fb7-72fa-4057-87df-a6cc293d3e9f |
| By: | Nakawala Lufumpa; Anne Hilger; Odyssia Ng |
| Keywords: | Education-Early Childhood Development Education-Education Indicators and Statistics Education-Education For All Education-Education Reform and Management Education-Primary Education Social Protections and Labor |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41549 |
| By: | Sana Isa; Sophia D'Angelo; Juan D. Barón |
| Keywords: | Education-Education For All Education-Education Indicators and Statistics Education-Educational Policy and Planning Education-Primary Education Gender-Gender and Education Health, Nutrition and Population-Communicable Diseases Health, Nutrition and Population-Health Monitoring & Evaluation |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41639 |
| By: | Liliana Sousa; Giulia Zane |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41698 |
| By: | Sitati, Melap; Murebu, Rosemary |
| Abstract: | Teachers play a critical role in the education system. As a result, teacher costs rake up 58 percent of public expenditure on education in Kenya. Despite this investment, leaner performance in numeracy and literacy remains below average with wide variability registered across counties. Low learner performance hinders a country's economic growth and limits opportunities for higher education or employment, leading to a cycle of poverty and inequality. |
| Date: | 2024–05–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:01ea7e4b-0d1d-410b-ac1a-da015e8d4303 |
| By: | Okumu, Ibrahim Mike; Nathan, Sunday; Bbaale, Edward |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to analyze the relationship between technology adoption and access to credit by farmers in Tanzania, with particular focus on spatial spillover effects on technology adoption. We examine new technology diffusion by farmers through their peers and measure geographical proximity using farms GIS localization data. Using the 2012-2013 Tanzanian Household Survey and a spatial lag probit model, we find evidence that farmers access to finance leads to increased agricultural technology adoption, and that the spillover effect plays a role in this process. In addition, our results are robust over a 3-year period (i.e., POLICY BRIEF Technology Adoption and Access to Credit in Tanzania: A Spatial Econometric Analysis Ibrahim Mike Okumu, Sunday Nathan and Edward Bbaale October 2023 / No.800 2 Policy Brief No.800 2008-2009, 2010-2011, and 2012-2013). Finally, evidence of the existence of spillover effects in the adoption of agricultural technology suggests that interactions between farmers who are 'geographical neighbours' should be supported/exploited to achieve substantial efficiency and savings in new agricultural technology extension. |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:ddb73706-6cd7-430c-b45f-73aea91ce596 |
| By: | Donal AP Bundy; Ugo Gentilini; Linda Schultz; Biniam Bedasso; Samrat Singh; Yuko Okamura; Hrishikesh TMM Iyengar; Mia Monique Blakstad |
| Keywords: | Social Protections and Labor-Social Protections & Assistance Social Protections and Labor |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41431 |
| By: | Jessica Kersey; Bryan Bonsuk Koo |
| Keywords: | Communities and Human Settlements-Rural Settlements Energy-Electric Power Communities and Human Settlements-Urban Communities Energy-Energy Consumption Energy-Energy Demand Energy-Utilities |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41671 |
| By: | Juan D. Barón; Jessica D. Lee; Marie Tamagnan |
| Keywords: | Education-Economics of Education Education-Education Finance Education-Educational Policy and Planning |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41455 |
| By: | Gafa, Dede; Hodey, Louis; Senadza, Bernardin |
| Abstract: | This article examines poverty dynamics in Ghana using the Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Surveys (GSPS) and a synthetic panel based on repeated cross-sectional data (the Ghana Living Standard Surveys (GLSS). It provides insight into the extent of poverty mobility and persistence in Ghana, and the factors that explain poverty transitions. The results show that upward mobility has been a key feature of Ghana's poverty transitions between 2006 and 2019. However, there are still high probabilities of poverty persistence and downward mobility among initially poor and non-poor households, respectively. Furthermore, notable heterogeneities exist in poverty transitions across socioeconomic groups. Poverty is more chronic in rural areas and the northern parts of Ghana compared with urban and southern regions, respectively, and among households headed by persons from opportunity-deprived backgrounds. Other characteristics such as the gender of the household head, his/her occupation, and level of education, as well as the number of dependents, are important correlates of poverty persistence and downward mobility in Ghana. Hence, addressing chronic poverty requires targeted policies that foster more inclusive and sustainable growth in rural areas and northern parts of Ghana, and improved access to opportunities for people from disadvantaged backgrounds, the unemployed, and those in vulnerable employment. Key words: Poverty dynamics; Synthetic panel; Africa. JEL classification codes: D63; I32. |
| Date: | 2024–04–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:ecf949e8-a135-486c-b77a-cfb7936beec9 |
| By: | Athanasia Chalari |
| Abstract: | One of Brexit’s aftermaths, has affected those UK residents who had been identified as ‘EU citizens’ prior Brexit, and re-identified as ‘immigrants’ after Brexit. Based on the case of 30 indepth interviews with Greeks (European citizens), residing in UK between 5 and 20 years, this study explores identity transition as participants negotiate their citizenship and immigration identities. The main findings of this phenomenological study depict four aspects of identity negotiations (primarily involving ethnic, citizenship and immigration identities): a) erroneous resemblance between civic and cultural European identity, b) tendencies of prejudice towards non-European identities, c) coherent albeit unproblematic lack of belonging towards the host culture and d) underlying conflicting identity perceptions and experiences signalling ongoing identity(ies) in transition. |
| Keywords: | Brexit, transitional, citizenship, immigration, ethnic identities |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hel:greese:206 |
| By: | Afridi, Farzana; Dhillon, Amrita; Roy, Sanchari; Sangwan, Nikita |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the role of job search frictions and gender norms in shaping intrahousehold labor market outcomes in developing countries. We conduct a field experiment in Delhi, India where we randomly offer access to a hyper-local digital job search and matching platform either to married couples only (non-network treatment), or together with the wife's peer network (network treatment), or not at all. Approximately one year later, we find that couples in the non-network treatment group exhibit a degree of substitution in labor supply - wives reduce their intensive margin of work, driven by withdrawal from casual labor, while husbands increase theirs. In contrast, husbands in the network treatment group increase their labor supply on both extensive and intensive margins but with no impact on their wives' labor supply on either margin. Instead, wives' occupational structure shifts towards self-employment in the network treatment group. Our findings can be explained by a simple conceptual framework that incorporates gender-differentiated job search frictions, conservative social norms against (married) women's market work and home-production constraints. |
| Keywords: | social networks, social norms, gender, job-matching platforms, employment |
| JEL: | J16 J21 J24 O33 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:qmsrps:202502 |
| By: | Åslund, Olof (Uppsala University, Uppsala Center for Labor Studies (UCLS), the Institute for Evaluation of Labor Market and Education Policy (IFAU), IZA, CReAM); Karimi, Arizo (Uppsala University, UCLS, IFAU); Sundberg, Anton (Uppsala University, UCLS, IFAU) |
| Abstract: | We present evidence that shared institutional and economic contexts may be at least as im portant as culturally rooted gender equality norms for the size of the motherhood penalty. Our study covers child migrants and children of immigrants in Sweden, and while the results point to a moderate but statistically robust negative association between source country gender equality and the labor market impact of motherhood, the overall picture is more one of similarity across highly diverse groups. All groups of mothers exhibit qual itatively comparable labor market trajectories following first childbirth, but penalties are somewhat greater among those descending from the most gender unequal societies. |
| Keywords: | Motherhood penalty; Cultural norms; Earnings inequality; |
| JEL: | J13 J15 J16 |
| Date: | 2025–02–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ifauwp:2025_001 |
| By: | Ngigi, Samuel; Njoka, John; Kamau, Paul; Oleche, Martine; Muriithi, Moses |
| Abstract: | This report is based on a case study of human capital development in Africa, focusing on Free Primary Education (FPE) policy in Kenya passed in 2003. We address the policy contribution of Free Primary Education to human capital development in Kenya. The paper analyses and documents the wins and losses of the policy with regard to educational outcomes of enrolment, completion and transition from primary to secondary level education. The report uses the systems approach and mainly desk review of World Bank 30-year series data between 1989 and 2020. The results show that the FPE policy, albeit passed through a political declaration and manifesto devoid of much analysis at the time, made useful contributions to the three outcomes of enrolment, completion and transition. However, there were misses in learner achievement, gender and regional disparities. In addition, investments in reducing the teacher-pupil ratio made marginal sense. Drawing from these results, we recommend that human capital development policies in Africa be done in a more consultative way, whereby policy makers and technocrats discuss different scenarios before implementation. There is also a need to pay more attention to the quality of education offered beyond access and enrolment. |
| Date: | 2024–08–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:879e7f3e-7f2d-42d8-a66a-470bf9748f36 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Environment-Climate Change Impacts Infrastructure Economics and Finance-Infrastructure Finance Urban Development-Hazard Risk Management Conflict and Development-Disaster Management |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41595 |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Communities and Human Settlements-Human Migrations & Resettlements Social Protections and Labor-Employment and Unemployment Social Protections and Labor-Labor Markets Social Protections and Labor |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42388 |
| By: | Eren Gürer (Department of Economics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey); Erol Taymaz (Department of Economics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of domestic outsourcing on the wages of workers performing outsourced tasks in Türkiye, using an administrative employee-employer linked dataset. Outsourcing events are identified by tracking worker flows across firms with specific properties. Unlike existing studies, our dataset incorporates buyer-supplier transactions, enabling us to confirm that a relationship between the predecessor and successor firm begins following the outsourcing event. This improves our ability to identify outsourcing events, which we use to explore wage effects of both high-skilled and low-skilled outsourcing. Our findings indicate that low-skilled workers experience wage losses from domestic outsourcing, while high-skilled, professional workers benefit, suggesting that domestic outsourcing may be one of the factors contributing to rising wage inequality. |
| Keywords: | domestic outsourcing, subcontracting, wage inequality |
| JEL: | J31 J41 L24 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:met:wpaper:2501 |