|
on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Dohee Kwon (Graduate School of Economics, Keio University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the short-run and long-run impacts of immigrants on local amenities in South Korea using data on 229 municipalities from 2010 to 2019. Specifically, this paper attempts to investigate the differential effects of ethnic Korean and non-ethnic-Korean immigrants by exploiting the unique case of ethnic return migration in Korea. The results suggest that ethnic Korean immigrants have a negative effect on cultural facilities in the long run, while non-Korean immigrants have no effect on local amenities. It is also found that an inflow of ethnic Korean immigrants does not significantly affect the inflow of native Koreans, while 10 additional non-Korean immigrants lead to a net inflow of one to two native Koreans into the municipality. |
| Keywords: | immigration, amenities, South Korea |
| JEL: | F22 J15 J61 R23 |
| Date: | 2025–08–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:dp2025-018 |
| By: | Giulia Ferrante; Luca Buzzanca; Arsene Perrot |
| Abstract: | This study argues that regional development theories and policymaking have overlooked the role of local cultural characteristics and social cohesion in influencing local development through cohesion networks, proxim- ities and territorial identity. Supporting this statement through the Italian case study, we provide causal evidence from Difference-in-Differences estimates of the effect of social cohesion fostered by local cultural characteristics’ recognition in mitigating depopulation trends in peripheries after a place-based policy’s implementation. Linguistic Minorities-hosting municipalities retained 2.9 more inhabitants per 1, 000 per year, a relevant but heterogeneously distributed effect with proximities-induced spillovers. This frames cultural characteristics as local public goods and policymaking tools. |
| Keywords: | Linguistic Minorities; Local Development; Proximities; Public goods; Social Cohesion; Territorial Capital |
| JEL: | R11 R58 Z13 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2530 |
| By: | Adler, Brian; reader, Lydia |
| Abstract: | Is filtering still a useful mechanism in the provision of affordable housing in cities? We examine this question by analyzing St. Louis City, MO with an emphasis on local housing markets. Scholars are debating the potential of filtering to significantly alter the supply of affordable housing in the medium-term. We explore the effectiveness of filtering in St. Louis City, a midsized city that has experienced disinvestment, depopulation, and other challenges common in neoliberal cities. We employ a repeat-sales model, spatial mapping, and a best-fit multilinear regression model to investigate the connections between aging housing stock and market prices. We observe that the filtering process is not uniform across St. Louis City. The effects of filtering oscillate between inconclusive or powerful, depending on housing submarket dynamics. Evidence of downward filtering, in certain submarkets, is apparent in St. Louis and potentially boosting current and future affordable housing supply. |
| Date: | 2025–09–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:9smyz_v1 |
| By: | Robert J. Hill (University of Graz, Austria); Norbert Pfeifer (University of Graz, Austria); Miriam Steurer (University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | Housing rents are one of the most important and difficult elements of spatial cost of living comparisons. The main difficulty arises from the lack of sufficiently detailed and harmonized data, especially at the international level. The emergence of Airbnb has created a valuable new source of internationally harmonized, micro-level rental data that circumvents this problem. In this paper, we combine hedonic regression and multilateral price index methods to construct an Airbnb spatial rent index for 60 cities across Europe, the Americas, Asia, Africa, and Australia. We then use this index to investigate three main issues: (i) How Airbnb rents differ across cities; (ii) How Airbnb and long-term rents are related; (iii) How housing affordability varies across cities. In particular, our Airbnb rent indices shed light on the extent to which two alternative long-term rent indices are quality-adjusted and highlight two different concepts of housing affordability: rent divided by income versus quality-adjusted rent divided by income. We find that housing affordability is worse in poorer cities according to the latter but not according to the former. |
| Keywords: | Spatial hedonic rent index, Airbnb rent premium, Housing affordability, Quality-adjusted rent/income ratio |
| JEL: | C21 C43 L85 R31 R52 Z32 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2025-14 |
| By: | Cha, Jeremiah |
| Abstract: | Metropolitan areas in the United States are undergoing rapid diversification, significantly reshaping the demographics of local leadership. This paper examines how shifts in the racial and ethnic composition of city councils influence land use and housing development, particularly in relation to decision-making diversity. Using data on city council elections and the distribution of new housing permits, I identify the causal effect of electing a minority representative on housing supply. The findings reveal that minority representation increases single-family housing construction at the expense of multi-family housing, challenging conventional expectations about ideology and race. Qualitative interviews with city council members suggest that efforts to address minority underrepresentation drive active support for single-family housing, while distrust of developers—rooted in fears of gentrification—fuels skepticism toward multi-family projects. Overall, the study presents a nuanced view of racial representation: while minorities achieve better representational outcomes, these gains can come with costs. |
| Date: | 2025–08–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:a934k_v2 |
| By: | Manabu Nose (Keio University, Faculty of Economics); Yasuyuki Sawada (University of Tokyo, Faculty of Economics, Graduate School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the nonlinear effects of a large-scale highway construction project in the Greater Mekong Subregion, which connects the historically conflict-affected borderlands of northern Vietnam to the country’s industrial core. Employing a market access framework with geo-coded highway network and firm-level panel data, we estimate the causal impact of improved interregional connectivity, while accounting for spillovers via production input-output linkages. To address endogeneity issues arising from non-random route placements, we construct least-cost path spanning tree networks. Our instrumental variable estimates reveal that enhanced market access spurred manufacturing firm agglomeration and employment growth, particularly in peripheral rural areas. We further explore the underlying sources of polycentric development patterns, finding pronounced effects in second-tier cities characterized by less intense competition and better access to national road networks. Our findings are robust to controls for industrial zones, underscoring the pivotal role of the upgraded highway connectivity in transforming previously marginalized regions and supporting economy-wide industrialization over the past decade. |
| Keywords: | spatial structural transformation, market access, treatment spillover, agglomeration, core-periphery |
| JEL: | O14 O18 O22 O25 R12 R32 R58 |
| Date: | 2025–05–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:dp2025-010 |
| By: | Glackin, Stephen; Rowley, Steven; Kollmann, Trevor; Veeroja, Piret |
| Abstract: | What this research is about: this research explores concentrations and density of social housing relative to local amenities and services across Australia. This provides an overview of the distribution, access and value of social housing stock. The research also develops an Amenity Index. This tool checks whether social housing has good access to local amenities. Why this research is important: social housing is often located in areas with lower amenity. High amenity areas have good access to public transport, schools, medical services, employment opportunities and leisure activities. Many social housing tenants don't have cars. Easy access to services is very important for them. This is especially true for people with complex needs who need medical care and other support services. |
| Date: | 2025–08–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:zrgvb_v1 |
| By: | Ioannides, Yannis M; Ngai, L. Rachel |
| Abstract: | We approach the literature on housing and inequality from two angles. One is the impact of unequal endowments on housing. The second is the “memberships” inequality associated with neighborhoods, namely, households’ location in a geographic and social context. We elaborate on these two angles of inequality and focus on three distinctive features of housing: consumption, capital, and location. For owner-occupants, capital and consumption are bundled together in a single good. For both renters and owner-occupants, housing consumption inequality, access to good neighborhoods, and housing wealth follow from unequal endowments. Housing can propagate inequality by enabling owner-occupants to use it as collateral for other investments or to secure higher returns to human capital investments through the better schools in better neighborhoods. We use this approach to analyze key aspects of housing and inequality, paying special attention to the impacts of racial discrimination and segregation. |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2025–09–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127648 |
| By: | S. Usai; G. Filia; A. Tidu; U.M. Gragnolati |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the spatial concentration of employment at plant level in Italy between 2007 and 2021. We rely on a comprehensive data set including both manufacturing and service sectors at 3-digit ATECO. Our key measure of spatial concentration is theM function, which we analyze both at the aggregate and local level. In this way, we trace how the spatial concentration of economic activities has evolved across various geographic scales, while also keeping track of which local economies have contributed to such change. |
| Keywords: | Spatial concentration;M function;Industrial clusters;structural change |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cns:cnscwp:202512 |
| By: | Angstmann, Marius; Meyer, Kerstin; Gärtner, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Urban manufacturing is increasingly discussed as a contributor to sustainable urban development, particularly through its potential to supply industrial waste heat for district heating networks (DHN). This paper examines whether urban manufacturing in Germany can provide a meaningful source of waste heat for residential heating. Drawing on novel data from the Plattform für Abwärme (PfA), which reports over 19, 000 industrial processes across 2, 668 sites, we analyse the spatial distribution, sectoral composition, and residential proximity of waste heat sources. After filtering for relevant sites (Ï50 êC, Ï12 h daily availability), we assess their distribution across urban, suburban, and rural contexts and conduct a spatial analysis for four federal states-Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Lower Saxony, and North Rhine-Westphalia. Our results show that manufacturing accounts for 62% of all reported waste heat sources, with 51% located in towns and suburbs and only 22% in densely populated cities. Notably, 82% of identified sites in the four states lie within 500 metres of residential areas, indicating substantial potential for DHN integration. However, marked regional differences in sectoral composition demonstrate that opportunities are uneven and strongly context dependent. We conclude that industrial waste heat offers a significant but supplementary contribution to Germany's heating transition. Realising this potential will require overcoming technical, governance, and socio-economic barriers, while recognising that defossilisation and sectoral transformation may alter future availability. |
| Keywords: | district heating networks, urban manufacturing, urban production, waste heat, residential heating, urban industrial waste heat |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iatdps:324869 |
| By: | Piseddu, Tommaso (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology); Stenvall, David (Linköping University) |
| Abstract: | The literature on wildfires and residential property prices is limited and primarily focuses on wildfires in North America. There is a lack of studies examining this relationship in Europe. With the largest forest area in the entire EU, this relationship is particularly relevant to explore in a Swedish context. In this paper, we investigate how the largest wildfire in Sweden's recent history, the 2014 wildfire in Västmanland County, affected nearby housing prices. Using a difference-in-differences method, we find a significant negative effect. Our most conservative estimate indicates an approximate 2.7% reduction in final selling prices for post-fire sales located within 20 km of the wildfire area. However, the negative effect is larger when defining the treated area as a 5 km (-10.1%) or 10 km (-8.9%) distance to the fire, or when using a repeated sales sample that includes only single-family houses. In a heterogeneity assessment with respect to housing types, we find that our effects are driven by the impact on single-family houses rather than apartments. For the former group, we find large negative and significant effects, but we do not detect any impact on apartment prices. The largest impact on prices occurs in the first months after the wildfire and are identified along the trajectory of the fire’s smoke. |
| Keywords: | Wildfires; Housing prices; Natural disasters; Repeated sales |
| JEL: | C21 Q54 R31 |
| Date: | 2025–09–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2025_009 |
| By: | Fujita, Takaaki |
| Abstract: | Graph theory has been widely applied across diverse scientific domains [1, 2]. Hypergraphs extend classical graphs by allowing hyperedges to connect arbitrary subsets of vertices, while superhypergraphs further enrich this structure through iterated powersets that capture hierarchical and self-referential relationships [3, 4]. An actor network links heterogeneous actants—humans, artifacts, texts, and rules—through directed associations, emphasizing relational materiality and performative agency [5, 6]. An urban road network is a directed, weighted graph of intersections and road segments, modeling connectivity, capacities, and travel dynamics. In this paper, we extend actor networks and urban road networks by employing HyperGraphs and SuperHyperGraphs. These extensions are expected to provide clearer and more expressive representations of hierarchical structures in real-world actor networks and urban road networks. |
| Date: | 2025–09–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:57mvr_v1 |
| By: | McKenzie Humann; Jordan Rappaport |
| Abstract: | Metropolitan areas are a fundamental unit of economic analysis. Broadly defined, they are unions of built-up locations near each other among which people travel between places of residence, employment, and consumption. Despite the importance of metropolitan areas, metropolitan Core-Based Statistical Areas and other official U.S. delineations considerably stray from this broad definition. We develop a simple algorithm to better match it, using commuting flows among U.S. census tracts in 2000. Three judgmental parameters govern the threshold strength of commuting ties between locations to include them in the same metropolitan area, the maximum separating distance between locations, and the threshold density of outlying settlement. A parameterization that balances encompassing commuting flows and excluding sparsely settled land delineates 361 Kernel-Based Metropolitan Areas (KBMAs), in aggregate capturing almost all the population and employment of metropolitan CBSAs in a small fraction of their land area. We benchmark KBMAs against two alternative parameterizations, one that prioritizes encompassing commuting flows and one that prioritizes excluding less built-up and less near locations. |
| Keywords: | metropolitan areas; commuting; City size; metropolitan statistical areas |
| JEL: | R12 R14 R23 |
| Date: | 2025–04–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedkrw:101733 |
| By: | Ziaoddini, Kajwan |
| Abstract: | Few visitors can leave Sanandaj, in Iran’s Kurdistan province, without encountering assertions that it is “The City of Music.” This scene, however, did not exist before 2019, when the city joined the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) in the field of music. Since then, the local UCCN secretariat and the municipality of Sanandaj, have tried both to promote music as a brand for the city and to involve the public and private sectors in integrating culture in urban development plans. In this context, some Lotis—professional musicians who are usually recruited to play in wedding ceremonies—have made the streets their new performance venue. After the pandemic deprived them of their usual livelihoods performing at weddings, they began performing on pedestrian thoroughfares and in other public, high-traffic locations. These performance settings would seem to align perfectly with the UCCN’s agenda, yet Lotis have also faced continued marginalization by city authorities. Drawing on ethnographic research among Lotis, their audiences, and local authorities, and on documentation from the Sanandaj UCCN secretariat, I argue that although the UCCN’s partnership with Sanandaj has provided Lotis with new professional opportunities, police control on the streets has limited these musicians’ creative abilities they are renowned for, i.e., engaging mere observers in the process of merrymaking. By examining how Lotis have reconciled their practice with the municipality’s strategic plans in Sanandaj, I contribute to ethnomusicological research on interrelations between sound and public space, as well as UNESCO intangible heritage programs. |
| Date: | 2025–09–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:v2b9p_v1 |
| By: | Raimi, Daniel (Resources for the Future); Whitlock, Zachary (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | This report summarizes the second in a series of reports that seek to understand the opportunities and challenges facing US oil- and gas-producing communities as they seek to build economic resilience against an uncertain energy future. Although numerous state, federal, and international policies have emerged to support coal communities affected by a changing energy mix, far less research or policy attention has focused on oil and gas producing regions. The purpose of this report series is to understand local priorities for economic development in oil and gas communities across the US and assess how state and federal government can support those local priorities.This report documents the perspectives of a wide range of local stakeholders interviewed by the authors during a 3-day research trip to Garfield, Mesa, and Rio Blanco County in western Colorado. During those interviews, the authors asked interviewees to describe their views about promising opportunities for economic development and diversification, whether existing federal policies supported those strategies, and what changes could improve the alignment of federal resources with local priorities for economic development.These interviews revealed six main findings:Federal and state transition policies have focused on coal communities. Although there is some geographic overlap (in Rio Blanco County), most of the oil and gas communities we visited are not directly supported by state and federal programs designed to deliver an equitable energy transition. However, these communities are likely to need state or federal support, particularly if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions accelerate.Economic diversification is underway in cities with access to robust transportation infrastructure, but the path towards economic resilience is less clear in remote communities that lack ready access to regional and national markets for traded goods. Most interviewees highlighted the economic potential of outdoor recreation and local entrepreneurship, but noted that replacing the tax base provided by the oil and gas industry would be a major challenge.Recent federal legislation offers unprecedented resources to support investment in rural communities. However, local leaders often forgo federal funding opportunities because they are too large, complex, restrictive, and competitive.Local officials are encouraged by state and federal programs that build long term capacity by supporting new staff. These programs allow local stakeholders to take on new opportunities such as larger state or federal grants.A lack of affordable housing is a major impediment to greater economic resilience. High housing costs due to a combination of factors make it difficult for certain industries to attract and maintain a workforce.Many interviewees believe that the state’s use of oil and gas revenues and other policies “designed for Denver” fail to support regional priorities. Local stakeholders would prefer to see more of the revenue generated by oil and gas production reinvested in the producing region (although such a strategy could further entrench dependence on fossil fuels).These findings, in turn, lead us to several conclusions:New resources will likely be needed to help some communities, particularly the remote city of Rangely, which grew up alongside the Rangely oil field. These resources may include support to develop an economic diversification strategy or social safety net programs in case economic diversification strategies are not viable.If its oil and gas production continues to fall, much of the region will likely need support to stabilize its public finances, particularly for county governments and school districts. Workers in the oil and gas industry may also require retraining and social safety net supports while they acquire new skills.Whatever form policies take, federal support will be more effective if it is tailored to the capacity and needs of affected communities. This includes:Providing smaller, more flexible grants (e.g., funds to hire additional staff) that can help small communities build capacity and access larger opportunities;Providing concierge-type services for local governments to help them navigate federal opportunities, as Colorado is doing statewide; andReducing the complexity of applying for and managing federal grants, often a major barrier for low-capacity rural communities.Efforts to build a more resilient economy, whether in western Colorado or elsewhere, are unlikely to succeed without quality affordable housing options. Like elsewhere in the United States, housing costs have become an acute challenge in this region of Colorado. Although we are not housing policy experts and are not able to offer specific policy options, some type of intervention appears necessary to address this challenge. |
| Date: | 2024–11–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-24-23 |
| By: | FITSILIS, Panos; Damasiotis, Vyron; Kyriatzis, Vasileios; Tsoutsa, Paraskevi |
| Abstract: | The transformation of urban living, driven by the advent of smart cities, extends beyond changes in the physical landscape and the introduction of smart systems. It necessitates a profound reconfiguration of employment dynamics within urban ecosystems. This study addresses the critical challenge of aligning job roles and competencies with the demands of smart city development, focusing on the need for a transformative realignment of urban employment to meet these new requirements. The research identifies emerging job roles and competencies essential for smart city development, focusing on professions such as data analysts, urban planners, sustainability managers, and cybersecurity specialists. Methodologically, the study employs a comprehensive analysis of secondary data to explore these roles, and the skills required. The findings highlight the urgent need for educational curricula and training programs tailored to the specialized demands of smart cities, emphasizing technological and environmental expertise to manage urban complexity, resilience, and the green transition. This research offers valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and smart city managers, influencing and guiding urban development towards a future characterized by technological innovation and environmental sustainability. The role of city staff is underscored as crucial in achieving these objectives. |
| Date: | 2025–09–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:us7p4_v1 |
| By: | Masaya Sakuragawa (Faculty of Economics, Keio University); Satoshi Tobe (School of Policy Studies, Kwansei Gakuin University) |
| Abstract: | This paper empirically investigates if there is a causal relation from credit expansion to housing prices, using a data set of an unbalanced panel that covers 20 developed countries from 1980 to 2019, which includes many episodes of boom and bust of housing prices. The estimates based on the local projections with instrumental variables (LP-IV) show that an exogeneous increase in credit supply leads to a boom of housing prices at short horizons, and to a bust at longer horizons. The boom lasts for two and a quarter years, turns into a bust in three years after the initial shock, and then the bust lasts for three and a half years. Our results favor the Kindleberger–Minsky view that the combination of expectation errors and the credit-supply shock leads to financial crises. We also study the cumulative effects, differential effects of current account position, and effects of a longer credit expansion. |
| Keywords: | Credit, Housing Prices, Local Projections |
| JEL: | G12 G21 |
| Date: | 2025–06–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:dp2025-011 |
| By: | Gorjian, Mahshid |
| Abstract: | It is becoming increasingly important to predict property prices to mitigate investment risk, establish policies, and preserve market stability. To determine the practical utility and anticipated efficacy of the sophisticated statistical and machine learning models that have emerged, a comparative analysis is required. The purpose of this systematic study is to assess the predictive effectiveness and interpretability of hedonic regression and complex machine learning models in the estimation of housing prices in a wide range of foreign scenarios. In May 2024, a thorough search was conducted in Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The search terms included "hedonic pricing models, " "machine learning, " and "housing price prediction, " in addition to others. The inclusion criteria required the utilization of empirical research published after 2000, a comparison of at least two predictive models, and reliable transaction data. Research that utilized non-empirical methodologies or web- scraped prices was excluded. Twenty-three investigations met the eligibility criteria. The evaluation was conducted in accordance with the reporting criteria of PRISMA 2020. Random Forest was the most frequently employed and consistently high-performing model, being selected in 14 of 23 studies and regarded as exceptional in five. Despite their lack of precision, hedonic regression models provided critical explanatory insights into critical variables, such as proximity to urban centers, property characteristics, and location. The integration of hedonic and machine learning models improved the interpretability and accuracy of the predicted results. Many of the studies included in this review were longitudinal, covered a diverse range of international contexts (specifically, Asia, Europe, America, and Australia), and demonstrated a rise in research output beyond 2020. Even though hedonic models retain a significant amount of explanatory power, the precision of home price predictions is improved by machine learning, particularly Random Forest and neural networks. The optimal results for researchers, real estate professionals, and policymakers who aim to improve market transparency and enlighten effective policy decisions are achieved through the seamless integration of these techniques. |
| Keywords: | housing price prediction; machine learning; hedonic price model; Random Forest; real estate valuation; artificial neural networks; systematic review; property market analysis |
| JEL: | C00 C01 C10 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125676 |
| By: | Jeannerat, Hugues; Butzin, Anna; Carvalho, Luís; Manniche, Jesper |
| Abstract: | While knowledge has long been central to theories of innovation-led regional development, its conceptualization within the emerging transformative innovation paradigm has remained largely implicit and undertheorized. This paper draws on insights from sustainability transitions, organizational learning, and higher education studies to develop a perspective on the action-oriented nature of knowledge, as it increasingly associates with the matters of directionality, materiality and structuration. Based on this, we articulate an idea of transformative knowledge through a triple lens, emphasising interdependencies between knowledge for action (goal- and mission-oriented), knowledge by action (generated through experimentation), and knowledge as action (situated in practice and everyday life). We apply this lens to discuss the outlines of transformative knowledge regions, proposing an expansion in the repertoire of regional innovation interventions. In doing so, the paper broadens the epistemic contours of knowledge in regional development and contribute to current debates on challenge- and mission-oriented regional innovation policy. |
| Keywords: | transformative learning, sustainability transitions, regional innovation policy, mission innovation, valuation |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iatdps:324867 |
| By: | Yating Ru (Asian Development Bank); Elizabeth Tennant (Cornell University); David Matteson (Cornell University); Christopher Barrett (Cornell University) |
| Abstract: | Recent studies harnessing geospatial big data and machine learning have significantly advanced poverty mapping, enabling granular and timely welfare estimates in traditionally data scarce regions. While much of the existing research has focused on overall out-of-sample predictive performance, there is a lack of understanding regarding where such models underperform and whether key spatial relationships might vary across places. This study investigates spatial heterogeneity in machine learning-based poverty mapping, testing whether spatial regression and machine learning techniques produce more unbiased predictions. We find that extrapolation into unsurveyed areas suffers from biases that spatial methods do not resolve; welfare is overestimated in impoverished regions, rural areas, and single sector-dominated economies, whereas it tends to be underestimated in wealthier, urbanized, and diversified economies. Even as spatial models improve overall predictive accuracy, enhancements in traditionally underperforming areas remain marginal. This underscores the need for more representative training datasets and better remotely sensed proxies, especially for poor and rural regions, in future research related to machine learning-based poverty mapping. |
| Keywords: | poverty mapping;machine learning;spatial models;East Africa |
| JEL: | C21 C55 I32 |
| Date: | 2025–09–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:021518 |
| By: | Elfert, Martin; Thomsen, Stephan L. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effects of Argentina’s repeal of the rental law in December 2023, one of the most radical housing policy reforms in Latin America in recent decades. Using weekly data for Buenos Aires from 2023–2024 and applying a Regression Discontinuity Design, we provide causal evidence on short-term supply and price effects. Our results indicate a substantial revival of rental housing supply, while nominal and real rents declined, contrary to theoretical expectations of sharp increases. These findings suggest that deregulation mobilized previously withheld units, temporarily alleviating excess demand. Given Argentina’s volatile context, conclusions remain preliminary yet policy-relevant. |
| Keywords: | rent control, deregulation, evaluation, RDD, Argentina |
| JEL: | K25 R31 R38 |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:han:dpaper:dp-741 |
| By: | Peyton, Alicea |
| Abstract: | This article explores the historical and spatial conditions that necessitated Black ecclesial autonomy in the United States, beginning with Absalom Jones’s appointment as the first Black pastor of a mainstream Christian denomination and culminating in the rise of contemporary Black mega churches. Using the framework of land-use enforcement and religious zoning as outlined in The Evolution of Land-Use Enforcement Related to The Religious Storefront Church Movement (Williams-Peyton, 2019), the article traces how exclusionary zoning, denominational gatekeeping, and intra-racial class tensions shaped the road from Black mainstream denominations to the emergence of storefront churches and their architectural successors. Through historical analysis and visual typology—including Table 2’s storefront church models—this study argues that Black religious space has always been a site of resistance, creativity, and contested legitimacy. Building on this foundation, the article applies Wilson’s Evolution of Information Behavior Modeling (1999) to interpret these spatial and theological adaptations as dynamic responses to information needs. Congregants’ pursuit of sanctified space is framed as information-seeking behavior shaped by environmental, psychological, and social variables. The creation of sovereign pews emerges not only as architectural ingenuity but as informational agency rooted in trauma, resilience, and theological innovation. By situating these ecclesial strategies within a broader information behavior framework, the article bridges urban ministry, LIS theory, and cultural preservation. |
| Date: | 2025–08–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:cpxhf_v2 |
| By: | Joiner, Emily (Resources for the Future); Walls, Margaret A. (Resources for the Future); Wibbenmeyer, Matthew (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Increasing development in high wildfire hazard areas contributes to rising damage costs from fires. While researchers have documented expansion of residential development in high wildfire hazard areas, they have paid less attention to businesses and jobs. Yet growth in residential development and in local economic activity can often reinforce one another, and direct and indirect impacts to businesses can be an important component of overall wildfire damages. We use comprehensive data from the National Establishment Time Series Database from 1990-2020 to examine employment growth across wildfire hazard categories within 11 western US states. Our analysis finds that employment grew 0.5 percentage points faster annually, on average, in the highest wildfire hazard areas than in the region as a whole. Many of the jobs—and much of the job growth—is located within six regional “hotspots.” California has the most jobs in high and very high wildfire hazard areas, comprising 60 percent of the total jobs in these areas in 2020. Additionally, we find that jobs in the highest wildfire hazard areas are slightly lower-paying than jobs in lower wildfire hazard areas on average. We identify millions of jobs within high and very high wildfire hazard areas, motivating additional research on job disruption and workplace and employee impacts from wildfires. |
| Date: | 2025–04–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-25-08 |
| By: | Soichiro Sugita (Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University) |
| Abstract: | The empirical literature on the causal effects of class-size reduction on academic outcomes is crowded and yields mixed results, with particularly limited and inconsistent findings in the Japanese context. This study examines whether smaller class sizes enhance classroom climate and student-teacher relationships, using large-scale panel data from a student achievement survey conducted in a Japanese prefecture. Employing an instrumental variable approach based on the Maimonides rule, I find that a reduction of 10 students per class yields modest improvements—up to 0.07 standard deviations—in measures of teacher-student relationships. The analysis does not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that class-size reduction is effective in improving students’ well-being. |
| Keywords: | Well-Being, Class-size reduction, Instrumental Variable Approach |
| JEL: | I21 I28 H52 |
| Date: | 2025–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:dp2025-012 |
| By: | Gorjian, Mahshid |
| Abstract: | Urban inequality, as reflected by uneven spatial allocations of resources, services, and opportunities, has arisen as a major topic for quantitative research and policy intervention. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provide a solid framework for quantifying, analyzing, and visualizing these disparities; nevertheless, the many statistical approaches used in different studies have not been completely pooled. This analysis looks at 201 peer-reviewed articles published between 1996 and 2024, obtained from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, that use GIS-based approaches to investigate intra-urban differences. Eligibility was limited to English-language, peer-reviewed research that focused on urban settings, with the screening technique following the PRISMA methodology. The review identifies five key theme domains: accessibility, green space, health-related disparity, socioeconomic status, and open space provision. In the literature, statistical and network-based approaches, such as spatial clustering, regression analysis, and bibliometric mapping, are critical for identifying patterns and driving thematic synthesis. Although accessibility remains the core focus, the subject has expanded to include a variety of indicators such as environmental justice and health vulnerability, aided by advances in data sources and spatial analytics. Ongoing methodological issues include spatial concentration in industrialized countries and the limited use of longitudinal or composite measurements. The report concludes by outlining research priorities and practical recommendations for improving statistical rigor, encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration, and assuring policy relevance in GIS-based urban inequality studies. |
| Keywords: | urban inequality, spatial statistics, geographic information systems, accessibility, health disparity, green infrastructure, statistical methods, bibliometric analysis, econometrics |
| JEL: | C02 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125637 |
| By: | Vassilios Babalos (Department of Accounting and Finance, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece); Geoffrey M. Ngene (Department of Accounting and Finance, Deese College of Business and Economics, North Carolina A&T State University. 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA); Rangan Gupta (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Elie Bouri (School of Business, Lebanese American University, Lebanon) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the sector-level herding behavior and herding spillover across eleven US-listed Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) sectors from January 4, 1999 to December 8, 2023. A standard linear model shows no herding behavior for all sectors, except for the lodging and resorts sector; whereas, a more robust quantile regression reveals significant herding in all eleven sectors and for the overall market at the lower tails of the distribution of cross-sectional return dispersion. The time-varying parameter ordinary least squares (TV-OLS) approach demonstrates spasmodic switches between herding and anti-herding behaviors during the sample period across all sectors and the overall market. A spillover analysis highlights significant herding spillover effects across REIT sectors. Evidence of negative spillover effects with portfolio diversification benefits is driven by the stable demand for essential REITs, such as residential and healthcare, and the structure of long-term lease contracts for infrastructural, industrial, office, diversified, and regional malls REITs. Our findings entail implications for the decisions of retail and institutional investors and for the insights of regulatory authorities and policymakers. |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202531 |
| By: | Araujo Piedra, Maria Daniela; Cruz-Aguayo, Yyannu; Heineck, Guido |
| Abstract: | Since 2007, the Ecuadorian government has required teacher candidates to pass cognitive and knowledge tests before they are allowed to participate in merit-based competitions for tenured positions. We evaluate this policy by linking administrative teacher information to data from an experimental study that randomly assigned nearly 13, 000 children to their teachers. We find that test-screened tenured teachers had a significant effect of at least 10.5 percent of a SD on language learning outcomes. Although the recruitment tests screened candidates with higher cognitive skills, the classroom practice instrument used in the competitions appears to have helped identify the most effective teachers. |
| Keywords: | teacher quality;Teacher recruitment policy;Educational policy;Latin America |
| JEL: | I20 I21 I25 I28 J45 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:14251 |
| By: | Holzman, Brian; Salazar, Esmeralda Sánchez; Chukhray, Irina; Guo, Weiqi |
| Abstract: | Using longitudinal data from the Houston Independent School District, this study examines the role of English learner (EL) status in predicting college enrollment and completion. Drawing from the sociological frameworks of categorical inequality and leveled tracking, we argue that EL status serves as a label that may limit students’ college-level course-taking in high school, specifically Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate and dual credit courses, and postsecondary opportunities. We compare four groups of students: students never classified as EL, ELs who were reclassified in elementary school, ELs who were reclassified in middle school, and ELs who were reclassified in high school or never reclassified. We find that EL–never-EL gaps in postsecondary outcomes vary by the timing of reclassification, but are largely explained by sociodemographic, academic, and school-level factors. We also show that ELs reclassified in later grade levels take fewer college-level courses in high school than never-EL students and ELs reclassified in earlier grade levels. Finally, through nonlinear variance decomposition, we determine that a substantial portion of EL gaps in postsecondary outcomes is explained by EL gaps in college-level course-taking during high school. We conclude by sharing potential strategies from district staff that may enable EL students to complete college-level coursework during high school, with the goal of expanding their postsecondary opportunities. |
| Date: | 2025–09–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:d9te2_v1 |
| By: | Agata Galkiewicz |
| Abstract: | Random disturbances such as air pollution may affect cognitive performance, which, particularly in high-stakes settings, may have severe consequences for an individual's productivity and well-being. This paper examines the short-term effects of air pollution on school leaving exam results in Poland. I exploit random variation in air pollution between the days on which exams are held across three consecutive school years. I aim to capture this random variation by including school and time fixed effects. The school-level panel data is drawn from a governmental program where air pollution is continuously measured in the schoolyard. This localized hourly air pollution measure is a unique feature of my study, which increases the precision of the estimated effects. In addition, using distant and aggregated air pollution measures allows me for the comparison of the estimates in space and time. The findings suggest that a one standard deviation increase in the concentration of particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10 decreases students' exam scores by around 0.07-0.08 standard deviations. The magnitude and significance of these results depend on the location and timing of the air pollution readings, indicating the importance of the localized air pollution measure and the distinction between contemporaneous and lingering effects. Further, air pollution effects gradually increase in line with the quantiles of the exam score distribution, suggesting that high-ability students are more affected by the random disturbances caused by air pollution. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2506.19801 |
| By: | Riukula, Krista (ETLA - The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy); Väänänen, Touko (Aalto University) |
| Abstract: | We study the impact of transport-induced agglomeration on workers' earnings, as well as the productivity and costs of establishments, in the capital region of Finland using comprehensive individual- and establishment-level registry data. To our knowledge, we are the first to jointly examine firm- and worker-level effects of agglomeration. We find that improved workplace-to-workplace accessibility increases employees’ annual earnings, particularly among workers in smaller firms. However, we find no statistically significant effects on value added or labour costs per worker at the establishment level. We propose two potential explanations for this discrepancy: (1) differences in the composition of workers between the worker- and establishment-level analyses due to, for example, new hires, and (2) rising costs associated with increased agglomeration. Further analysis reveals that enhanced accessibility leads to higher establishment employment and increased operating expenses, such as rents. Taken together, these findings suggest that the benefits of agglomeration are primarily shared between workers and property owners. |
| Keywords: | transport project, productivity, agglomeration, accessibility |
| JEL: | R41 R42 R12 |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18103 |
| By: | Gorjian, Mahshid |
| Abstract: | This study brings together current advances in the statistical and methodological foundations of spatial economics, focusing on the use of quantitative models and empirical approaches to investigate the distribution of economic activity over geographic space. We combine classical principles with modern approaches that emphasize causal identification, structural estimation, and the use of statistical and computational tools such as spatial econometrics, machine learning, and big data analytics. The study focuses on methodological challenges in spatial data analysis, such as spatial autocorrelation, high dimensionality, and the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), while also discussing advances in the design and estimation of quantitative spatial models. The focus is on contemporary empirical applications that use natural experiments, quasi-experimental approaches, and advanced econometric tools to examine the effects of agglomeration, market access, and infrastructure policy. Despite significant advances, significant challenges remain in resilient model identification, dynamic analysis, and the integration of statistical approaches with new types of geographic data. This page focuses on statistical methodologies and serves as a resource for economists and the broader statistics community interested in spatial modeling, causal inference, and policy evaluation. |
| Keywords: | statistical methodology, causal inference, spatial econometrics, machine learning, quantitative models, spatial statistics, GIS. |
| JEL: | C01 C1 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125636 |
| By: | Grzegorz Jamr\'oz; Rafa{\l} Kucharski |
| Abstract: | Detection of collectively routing fleets of vehicles in future urban systems may become important for the management of traffic, as such routing may destabilize urban networks leading to deterioration of driving conditions. Accordingly, in this paper we discuss the question whether it is possible to determine the flow of fleet vehicles on all routes given the fleet size and behaviour as well as the combined total flow of fleet and non-fleet vehicles on every route. We prove that the answer to this Inverse Fleet Assignment Problem is 'yes' for myopic fleet strategies which are more 'selfish' than 'altruistic', and 'no' otherwise, under mild assumptions on route/link performance functions. To reach these conclusions we introduce the forward fleet assignment operator and study its properties, proving that it is invertible for 'bad' objectives of fleet controllers. We also discuss the challenges of implementing myopic fleet routing in the real world and compare it to Stackelberg and Nash routing. Finally, we show that optimal Stackelberg fleet routing could involve highly variable mixed strategies in some scenarios, which would likely cause chaos in the traffic network. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2506.22966 |
| By: | Xiao Hui Tai; Suraj R. Nair; Shikhar Mehra; Joshua E. Blumenstock |
| Abstract: | Seasonal migration plays a critical role in stabilizing rural economies and sustaining the livelihoods of agricultural households. Violence and civil conflict have long been thought to disrupt these labor flows, but this hypothesis has historically been hard to test given the lack of reliable data on migration in conflict zones. Focusing on Afghanistan in the 8-year period prior to the Taliban's takeover in 2021, we first demonstrate how satellite imagery can be used to infer the timing of the opium harvest, which employs a large number of seasonal workers in relatively well-paid jobs. We then use a dataset of nationwide mobile phone records to characterize the migration response to this harvest, and examine whether and how violence and civil conflict disrupt this migration. We find that, on average, districts with high levels of poppy cultivation receive significantly more seasonal migrants than districts with no poppy cultivation. These labor flows are surprisingly resilient to idiosyncratic violent events at the source or destination, including extreme violence resulting in large numbers of fatalities. However, seasonal migration is affected by longer-term patterns of conflict, such as the extent of Taliban control in origin and destination locations. |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2507.00279 |
| By: | Terstriep, Judith; Angstmann, Marius |
| Abstract: | In this discussion paper, we explore the concept of "societal innovativeness" as a key driver of transformative regional development, particularly within the context of regions facing structural weaknesses. Our explorative study delves into the multifaceted nature of societal innovativeness, which encompasses a broad range of social, cultural, and institutional factors that collectively enable regions to address complex societal challenges. We propose a comprehensive conceptual framework that identifies six core components-values and norms, capabilities, power relations, system-level agency, narratives and imaginaries, and exogenous factors-as integral to fostering societal innovativeness. By establishing a theoretical foundation, we aim to bridge theoretical concepts with practical applications, offering pathways for regions to enhance their innovative capacities. Our hypotheses, grounded in this framework, emphasise the interplay between these components, aiming to encourage inclusive and sustainable regional development. Future research, through empirical testing across diverse regional contexts, will further validate and refine this framework, thereby enhancing its applicability and providing valuable insights into practical strategies that empower regions to navigate and thrive amidst societal challenges. |
| Keywords: | societal innovativeness, society, regional development, transformation, structural change, transformative regional development, grand societal challenges |
| JEL: | Z1 O10 O3 O35 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iatdps:324868 |
| By: | Walls, Margaret A. (Resources for the Future); Wibbenmeyer, Matthew (Resources for the Future) |
| Abstract: | Development in the wildland-urban interface is increasing exposure to wildfire risks in the western United States. Yet, among the components of risk—hazard, vulnerability, and exposure—mitigating exposure has arguably been most difficult. In this report, we describe the set of interconnected state and local policies that affect development and risk exposure, including local land use planning and zoning, state policies governing insurance, building codes, and infrastructure spending, as well as the role of states as intermediaries between the federal government and localities. We discuss various plans that local governments develop, including Comprehensive Plans, Hazard Mitigation and Community Wildfire Protection Plans, and Comprehensive Economic Development Strategies, and we argue that in most communities, these plans do not adequately address the exposure component of the wildfire risk problem or provide potential resilience solutions that address exposure. We suggest a number of policy directions, including changes to planning requirements, creative zoning options like wildfire resilience overlays, and incentives that states and the federal government may be able to use to direct growth toward lower risk areas. |
| Date: | 2025–05–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:report:rp-25-11 |
| By: | Acton, Riley (Miami University); Cook, Emily E. (Texas A&M University); Ugalde Araya, Paola (Louisiana State University) |
| Abstract: | We examine the role of students’ political views in shaping college enrollment decisions in the United States. We hypothesize that students derive utility from attending institutions aligned with their political identities, which could reinforce demographic and regional disparities in educational attainment and reduce ideological diversity on campuses. Using four decades of survey data on college freshmen, we document increasing political polarization in colleges' student bodies, which is not fully explained by sorting along demographic, socioeconomic, or academic lines. To further explore these patterns, we conduct a series of survey-based choice experiments that quantify the value students place on political alignment relative to factors such as cost and proximity. We find that both liberal and conservative students prefer institutions with more like-minded peers and, especially, with fewer students from the opposite side of the political spectrum. The median student is willing to pay up to $2, 617 (12.5%) more to attend a college where the share of students with opposing political views is 10 percentage points lower, suggesting that political identity plays a meaningful role in the college choice process. |
| Keywords: | politics, polarization, college choice, higher education |
| JEL: | I20 I23 J1 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18099 |
| By: | Zurab Abramishvili |
| Abstract: | In a remote Georgian valley, a small community of Orthodox monks has built an unlikely engine of academic excellence. Through the Zarzma Mathematics Kids Academy, they combine centuries-old traditions with modern teaching methods, nurturing middle-school students from across the region. The academy identifies, selects, and prepares juniors from specialized schools who have won 11 medals in their first two years competing at the Junior Balkan Mathematical Olympiad. By offering free education, meals, and mentorship to local kids, the Academy has become a beacon for students far from elite schools. Backed by modest Global Talent Fund grants, the program has scaled from local classrooms to a nationwide talent search, creating Georgia’s first junior national math team. The monks’ model—focused, resourceful, and deeply personal—shows how small, strategic investments can unlock extraordinary results. Read the paper to learn how the Academy is developing STEM talent from a young age, and what other countries can do to achieve similar success. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtf:gtfins:2502 |
| By: | Inoue, Chihiro; Saito, Asumi; Takahashi, Yuki (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:d9c3a116-f15b-48b7-b86d-906a7a95f938 |
| By: | E. Marrocu; R. Paci; L. Serafini |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of digital and green programmes within Smart Specialisation Strategies on regional productivity growth across European regions. It examines the combined influence of digital and green priorities (Twin Transition) and how their effects vary according to regions' initial economic conditions. The analysis reveals a U-shaped relationship - the Twin Transition is positively and significantly associated with productivity growth in low-productivity regions, whereas regions with intermediate productivity levels exhibit weaker or even negative associations. Conversely, high-productivity regions experience modest yet stabilising effects. These findings highlight the significance of the middle-income trap and the need for context-sensitive policy design. |
| Keywords: | Green policies;Digital policies;Twin Transition;Smart Specialisation Strategy;regional economic growth;european regions |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cns:cnscwp:202510 |
| By: | Díaz Rivera, Orlando Ángel |
| Abstract: | Instrumental variables are often used to identify the causal effect of immigration on labor market outcomes of natives. In this paper, I investigate the sensitivity of 2SLS estimators in the (common) case where a simultaneous shock occurs to the unit of interest and we do not explicitly account for it. For this purpose, I estimate the effects of both the Venezuelan immigration shock and the Peruvian emigration during the last decades on the labor market outcomes of Peruvian native stayers. Using shift-share instruments, I document positive effects of both immigration and emigration on employment rates, household income, and household expenditure (with emigration effects being about eight times larger). Reassuringly for the literature, even in a context of instruments correlated with the omitted flow the point estimates are shown to be robust to the inclusion of the omitted variable. |
| Date: | 2025–09–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:werepe:47870 |
| By: | de Vos, Wout (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Grabisch, Michel; Rusinowska, Agnieszka |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:2db67b0b-ba8b-46e8-85af-10602d95e658 |
| By: | Haugen, Ronald |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Farm Management |
| Date: | 2025–08–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:nddaae:369047 |
| By: | mchenga, martina |
| Abstract: | Abstract Purpose: Corporal punishment by teachers remains one of the most pervasive forms of school-based violence in sub-Saharan Africa, undermining adolescent wellbeing and educational attainment despite statutory prohibitions. While most research has focused on prevalence, teacher behaviours, or household risk factors, little is known about how adolescents’ own beliefs and peer normative environments shape their vulnerability to teacher violence. Methods: This study analysed nationally representative Violence Against Children Surveys (VACS) from five countries: Eswatini (2021), Mozambique (2019), Kenya (2019), Namibia (2019), and Lesotho (2018), focusing on 10, 904 school-going adolescents aged 13-17 years. Logistic regression models estimated associations between individual endorsement of corporal punishment, peer-level attitudes (measured using leave-one-out peer endorsement), and reported experience of teacher violence. Results were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Findings: show that 13.6% of adolescents reported teacher corporal punishment in the past year. More than half (52.8%) endorsed corporal punishment, with peer endorsement averaging 53%. Adolescents who endorsed corporal punishment had twice the odds of experiencing teacher violence (aOR=2.1, 95% CI:1.6-2.7). Each 10-percentage-point increase in peer endorsement was associated with a 10% increase in odds (aOR=1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.2). Gender moderated these associations: while boys were generally more exposed, girls who endorsed corporal punishment in pro-corporal peer contexts faced sharply elevated risks. Associations varied across countries, with the strongest effects in Kenya. Conclusion: The findings highlight adolescents and peers as overlooked but critical drivers of school violence. Prevention strategies must therefore extend beyond legal bans and teacher training to also shift adolescent attitudes, peer climates, and home–school linkages. Evidence from interventions such as the Good School Toolkit (Uganda), Green Dot bystander program (U.S.), and SASA! (Uganda) demonstrates that norms change is possible. Adapting such models to address corporal punishment could provide a sustainable pathway to safer schools across Africa. |
| Date: | 2025–08–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:rd2xs_v2 |
| By: | Matthew Klesta |
| Abstract: | This report provides an in-depth look at investor purchases and ownership of homes in select investor "hotspots" in Ohio and Pennsylvania from 2018 through 2024 and examines the impact on lower-income communities. |
| Date: | 2025–09–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:c00034:101659 |
| By: | Xunkang Tian |
| Abstract: | This study introduces a novel approach for inferring social network structures using Aggregate Relational Data (ARD), addressing the challenge of limited detailed network data availability. By integrating ARD with variational approximation methods, we provide a computationally efficient and cost-effective solution for network analysis. Our methodology demonstrates the potential of ARD to offer insightful approximations of network dynamics, as evidenced by Monte Carlo Simulations. This paper not only showcases the utility of ARD in social network inference but also opens avenues for future research in enhancing estimation precision and exploring diverse network datasets. Through this work, we contribute to the field of network analysis by offering an alternative strategy for understanding complex social networks with constrained data. |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2509.01503 |
| By: | Lyu, Ke (Nevada State University); Fossen, Frank M. (University of Nevada, Reno) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of minimum wage increases on nonemployer business establishments in the United States. We develop a theoretical model of occupational choice and estimate effects using panel data from the Nonemployer Statistics (2001-2020). Our identification strategy compares contiguous counties across state borders. Results show that a $1 increase in the minimum wage reduces the number of nonemployers by 0.5%-0.9%, likely due to relatively more attractive wage jobs. The effect is smaller in counties with higher shares of minorities, females, and lower education, while the transportation sector expands due to the gig economy. Further analysis reveals that higher minimum wages discourage transitions from nonemployer to employer status and increase shifts from self-employment to wage work or unemployment, showing how this regulation shapes entrepreneurship dynamics. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurship, nonemployer businesses, minimum wages |
| JEL: | J24 J38 L26 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18101 |
| By: | Christopher Cotton; Brent Hickman; John List; Joseph Price; Sutanuka Roy |
| Abstract: | Using field-experimental data (study-time tracking and randomized incentives), we identify a structural model of learning. Student effort is influenced by external costs/benefits and unobserved heterogeneity: motivation (willingness to study) and productivity (conversion rate of time into skill). We estimate academic labor-supply elasticities and skill technology. Productivity and motivation are uncorrelated. Low productivity, not low motivation, is the stronger predictor of academic struggles. School quality augments productivity and accelerates skill production. We find that dynamic skill complementarities arise mainly from children's aging and from a feedback loop between investment activity and productivity, rather than from carrying forward past skill stocks. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feb:framed:00826 |
| By: | Huixin Bi; Nicolas Petrosky-Nadeau; Nora Traum; Greg Woodward |
| Abstract: | We present new monthly city-level and national measures of worker and firm search from 1900 to 1938, derived from scanned images of U.S. newspapers. To our knowledge, we are the first to systematically use the “situations-wanted” advertisements placed by job seekers. We document fresh insights into early 20th-century labor market dynamics: (1) worker and firm search efforts are procyclical; (2) posting costs affect advertising behavior and labor search intensity; (3) the Beveridge curve is stable over the last 125 years, with similar shifts following the 1918 flu and Covid-19 pandemic; and (4) regional and gender heterogeneity exists. |
| Keywords: | job search; Great Depression |
| JEL: | C82 E24 E32 J64 N32 |
| Date: | 2025–07–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedkrw:101724 |
| By: | Yoann Queyroi (INUC - Institut national universitaire Champollion - UT - Université de Toulouse, LGTO - Laboratoire de Gestion et des Transitions Organisationnelles - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - UT - Université de Toulouse); Sébastien Dony (LEGO - Laboratoire d'Economie et de Gestion de l'Ouest - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - UBO - Université de Brest - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - IBSHS - Institut Brestois des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société - UBO - Université de Brest - UBL - Université Bretagne Loire - IMT Atlantique - IMT Atlantique - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris]) |
| Abstract: | In a context of austerity at the local level, real estate appears to be strategic for public organizations, since they represent a major economic and financial weight. Thus, this study aims at analyzing real estate austerity management practices from the point of view of the types of strategies adopted as well as their modes of governance. Our secondary analysis leads us to mobilize two case studies, allowing us to renew our look at the management of austerity within the framework of a pluralist governance. |
| Abstract: | Dans un contexte d'austérité au niveau local, le patrimoine immobilier apparaît stratégique pour les organisations publiques, puisqu'il représente un poids économique et financier majeur. Ainsi, cette étude vise à analyser l'austérité patrimoniale du point de vue des types de stratégies adoptées ainsi que de leurs modes de gouvernance. Notre analyse secondaire nous amène à mobiliser deux cas d'étude, nous permettant au final de renouveler notre regard sur le management de l'austérité dans le cadre d'une gouvernance pluraliste. |
| Keywords: | local government, Austérité, new public governance Classification de l'article : JEL M1, Collectivités locales, real estate management, nouvelle gouvernance publique Austerity, collectivités locales, gestion patrimoniale, Austérité gestion patrimoniale collectivités locales nouvelle gouvernance publique Austerity real estate management local government new public governance Classification de l'article : JEL M1, Nouvelle gouvernance publique, Gestion patrimoniale |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05202764 |
| By: | Rischan Mafrur |
| Abstract: | The tokenization of real-world assets (RWAs) promises to transform financial markets by enabling fractional ownership, global accessibility, and programmable settlement of traditionally illiquid assets such as real estate, private credit, and government bonds. While technical progress has been rapid, with over \$25 billion in tokenized RWAs brought on-chain as of 2025, liquidity remains a critical bottleneck. This paper investigates the gap between tokenization and tradability, drawing on recent academic research and market data from platforms such as RWA.xyz. We document that most RWA tokens exhibit low trading volumes, long holding periods, and limited investor participation, despite their potential for 24/7 global markets. Through case studies of tokenized real estate, private credit, and tokenized treasury funds, we present empirical liquidity observations that reveal low transfer activity, limited active address counts, and minimal secondary trading for most tokenized asset classes. Next, we categorize the structural barriers to liquidity, including regulatory gating, custodial concentration, whitelisting, valuation opacity, and lack of decentralized trading venues. Finally, we propose actionable pathways to improve liquidity, ranging from hybrid market structures and collateral-based liquidity to transparency enhancements and compliance innovation. Our findings contribute to the growing discourse on digital asset market microstructure and highlight that realizing the liquidity potential of RWAs requires coordinated progress across legal, technical, and institutional domains. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2508.11651 |
| By: | Dong, Sarah (Australian National University); Satyadini, Agung (Australian National University); Sinning, Mathias (Australian National University) |
| Abstract: | Both theory and evidence suggest an ambiguous relationship between business tax compliance and geographic proximity to tax offices. We study this issue using a large-scale natural field experiment with Indonesia’s tax authority involving 12, 000 micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Businesses were randomly assigned to receive deterrence, information, or public goods letters, or no message. All letters improved compliance, with deterrence messages producing the largest gains - substantially increasing filing rates and raising monthly tax payments. Each dollar spent on deterrence letters generated about US$30 in additional revenue over the course of a year. We observe high compliance among non-treated MSMEs near metropolitan tax offices and find that enforcement messages successfully raise compliance in non-metropolitan regions to comparable levels. However, targeting already compliant MSMEs near metropolitan tax offices backfires, underscoring the need for geographically tailored tax administration strategies. These results provide novel experimental evidence on the relation between geographic proximity and the effectiveness of tax enforcement, helping to reconcile mixed findings in the tax compliance literature. |
| Keywords: | behavioral insights, natural field experiment, tax compliance |
| JEL: | C93 D90 H25 H26 |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18108 |