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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Boije, Robert (SBAB); Stenvall, David (Linköpings University); Wilhelmsson, Mats (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Explosions have become an alarming feature of gang-related crime in Sweden, but their specific impact on urban housing markets remains underexplored. The study provides the first systematic analysis of explosions and housing prices in the international and Swedish research literature. We examine the impact of explosions on residential property prices in Stockholm. Using a dataset of over 124, 000 housing transactions and 147 explosions between 2021 and 2024, we apply a hedonic difference-in-difference model, enhanced with propensity score matching and geographically weighted regression. We find that property prices within 500 meters of an explosion decline by 2–9%, with stronger effects in areas hit by multiple incidents and in more affluent districts. Price responses vary both spatially and over time, and the impact tends to be more persistent in neighbourhoods with repeated exposure. These effects appear driven by media coverage, perceived safety, and localised stigma. Our findings reveal how episodic violence can shape urban inequality and highlight the need for targeted housing and safety policies. |
| Keywords: | Explosions; Housing Prices; Hedonic Price Model; Difference-in-Difference; Propensity Score Matching; Stockholm; Sweden |
| JEL: | C21 K42 R31 |
| Date: | 2025–08–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2025_008 |
| By: | Chiavini, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | Albany, New York’s historic streetcar network, decommissioned in 1946, played a central role in shaping the city’s development and the vestiges of this now defunct transit system are clearly visible. While much of the literature on the legacy of streetcar networks has focused on urban form and density, fewer studies have examined their continued influence on contemporary transit ridership and policy. This research investigates whether Albany’s former streetcar corridors continue to sustain elevated transit ridership and whether current land use and transportation policies effectively leverage this historic transit legacy. Using a mixed-methods approach, this research combines geospatial analysis, ridership data, demographic and land use trends, and policy review. A key component was the digitization of Albany’s 1923 streetcar network in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), enabling spatial comparisons with the city’s current transit conditions. Findings show that bus stops located along former streetcar routes experience significantly higher ridership than non-streetcar stops and are characterized by higher housing density and lower car ownership rates. These results reinforce earlier studies documenting the persistence of streetcar-era development patterns, particularly the concentration of density and transit-supportive land uses along former lines, while also extending the literature by directly connecting these legacies to present-day ridership. The Capital District Transportation Authority’s Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) lines also largely align with these historic corridors, underscoring their continued importance as transit spines in the city. Despite these historic advantages, this research found that Albany’s zoning and land use regulations often fail to reinforce these corridors, permitting development patterns that undermine their transit potential. The results highlight the need for policies that integrate land use and transportation planning, ensuring that new development leverages the city’s streetcar legacy for contemporary transit success. The enduring influence of Albany’s streetcar network demonstrates how historic infrastructure continues to shape mobility patterns and offers lessons for cities seeking to strengthen transit-oriented development today. |
| Date: | 2025–08–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:r6nfh_v1 |
| By: | Filippo Marchesani; Francesca Masciarelli; Andrea Bikfalvi |
| Abstract: | The rise of smart cities represents a significant trend in urban development. However, only in recent years has attention shifted toward the international promotion of these cities. Despite ongoing academic discussions on the impact of smart city development on urban environments, the global recognition of smart cities remains uncertain due to their multidisciplinary nature. To address this, we conducted a systematic literature review of articles published in top-tier peer-reviewed journals from 2008 to December 2021, offering a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2507.12281 |
| By: | Andrea Bernini; Navid Sabet |
| Abstract: | We study how immigrant legalization affects political representation and public service delivery, focusing on the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), which granted legal status to nearly three million undocumented Hispanic migrants. Using geographic variation in IRCA exposure and newly digitized data on 12, 000 Hispanic officials, we find legalization increased Hispanic representation in local government and facilitated upward mobility from school boards into municipal and county offices. These changes altered institutional behavior, shifting education spending toward capital investment and diversifying the racial composition of the teaching workforce. Immigration policy thus reshapes who governs and how public goods are allocated. |
| Keywords: | legalization, political representation, political mobility, local public finance |
| JEL: | J15 H75 D72 I28 J61 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12081 |
| By: | Bilge, Nur; Naiditch, Claire |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of international migration on internal mobility patterns in Turkey between 2014 and 2022. Using rich bilateral migration flow data, we explore heterogeneity by migrant type and nationality. Our findings indicate that an increase in the share of foreigners in a province is associated with higher out-migration of Turkish nationals. In contrast, a greater share of refugees tends to reduce native internal migration, highlighting distinct effects based on migrant status. We also find substantial variation by migrant nationality, suggesting once more that the characteristics of migrants shape their impact on native mobility. Further, we uncover asymmetric effects: the effect of foreign presence is more pronounced in provinces with initially low levels of internal mobility. Finally, by incorporating subjective measures of satisfaction with public services, we show that both access to and satisfaction with local services significantly influence internal migration decisions. |
| Keywords: | Gravity model, Internal migration, International migration |
| JEL: | J15 F22 O15 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1658 |
| By: | Obiakor, Thelma Ebube |
| Abstract: | The private schooling market in sub-Saharan Africa is expanding, particularly within the “low-cost” private sector. However, evidence on its role in addressing inequalities in educational opportunities, especially for disadvantaged children, remains limited. This article introduces a methodology for classifying private schools by cost using household expenditure data. Leveraging the 2015 Nigeria Education Data Survey, I examine how socioeconomic, demographic, and spatial factors influence school choice. The findings reveal that socioeconomic factors—such as wealth, parental education, and residence (urban/rural, northern/southern Nigeria)—are the primary determinants of private school enrollment. Low-cost private schools fail to reach the poorest children, particularly in rural and northern areas, exacerbating inequality in educational access. In addition, private school enrollment is higher in regions with limited public school availability, supporting the school choice model of excess demand. The article concludes by recommending policies that prioritize the expansion and strengthening of public schools to ensure equitable access to quality education for all. |
| Keywords: | AAM requested |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2025–05–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128297 |
| By: | Boyd, Laura (Central Bank of Ireland); McIndoe-Calder, Tara (Central Bank of Ireland); Zekaite, Zivile (European Central Bank) |
| Abstract: | Households’ beliefs about house prices have the potential to impact market and aggregate outcomes. As such, it is important to understand what determines them. Using 2018 data from the HFCS, we show that Irish homeowners extrapolate from their personal experience of own house price growth to date when forming their beliefs about how house prices could change in the near future. In addition, local experience of house prices (captured by the location of the home) and housing acquisition experience (identified by the year the home was acquired) also appear to be important and distinct determinants of house price expectations. Households who perceive higher returns on their home, are located near Dublin or who acquired their home from 2008 onwards are more optimistic about future house prices. Meanwhile, risk aversion, ownership of other property and perceiving household income over the past year to be lower than normal are associated with more pessimistic expectations. |
| Keywords: | expectations, experiences, beliefs, house prices, surveys, household analysis. |
| JEL: | D84 G5 R2 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbi:wpaper:7/rt/25 |
| By: | Ballantyne, Patrick Dr. (University of Liverpool); Cabrera, Carmen (University of Liverpool); Garofani, Giada; Singleton, Alex |
| Abstract: | The strategic placement of pedestrian crossings is critical for promoting road safety in urban environments. While previous research has used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to identify underserved areas, existing approaches often fail to integrate empirical data with stakeholder expertise, or directly link road safety concerns with wider spatial equity considerations. This study develops a novel GIS-Multi Criteria Decision Analysis (GIS-MCDA) framework to evaluate the suitability of sites for new pedestrian crossings, incorporating four key criteria: existing provision of pedestrian infrastructure, road safety risks, proximity to urban amenities, and socio-demographic vulnerability. Applied to Liverpool City Region as a policy case study, the framework integrates advanced spatial analysis techniques with stakeholder informed weights, to assess the suitability of postcodes for new pedestrian crossings. Site suitability scores are generated which reflect both the considerations relevant to key stakeholders, as well as the distribution of controlled pedestrian crossings, road traffic collisions, urban amenities and census-derived vulnerability indicators. The results reveal significant spatial inequalities where, specific locations with high socio-demographic vulnerability also experience the greatest road safety risks and poorest access to pedestrian crossings, despite proximity to essential services. The framework successfully pinpoints priority locations where road safety and spatial inequality concerns compounded negatively, providing evidence-based guidance for data-driven, stakeholder-informed pedestrian infrastructure investment. |
| Date: | 2025–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:z456t_v1 |
| By: | Toger, Marina; Türk, Umut; Östh, John; Fischer, Manfred M. |
| Abstract: | This study applies a heteroscedastic spatial Durbin panel data model to investigate how sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors influence regional commuter mobility in the Greater Stockholm Area. Commuter mobility, defined as the flow of people to and from workplaces across regions and over time, is measured using high-frequency, high-resolution origin-destination data derived from mobile phone records, providing high-frequency, high-resolution insights into commuting patterns. The analysis uses a balanced panel of 681 regions from 2018–2024, incorporating an 18-nearest-neighbor spatial weight matrix to capture the topological relationships. Direct (withinregion) and indirect (spillover) effects are estimated using Bayesian inference, enabling robust interpretation of marginal effects in the presence of spatial lags in dependent and independent variables. Results show that spatial spillovers exert a more decisive influence than direct effects, with educational attainment and car ownership emerging as the most influential determinants of commuter mobility. According to total impact estimates, the demographic structure plays a comparatively minor, yet still significant, role. |
| Keywords: | Spatial econometrics; Bayesian estimation; heteroscedastic spatial Durbin panel data model; GSM- based mobility flow data, ; spatial spillover effects; Greater Stockholm Area |
| Date: | 2025–08–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus046:76951486 |
| By: | Karla Hernández; Facundo Luna; Carlos Madeira |
| Abstract: | Climate change should deteriorate the value of real estate, but studies are lacking for developing economies which may suffer the worst weather changes. We match an administrative register of all the real estate properties’ transactions in Chile between 2002 and 2020 with a high spatial resolution dataset of local temperatures and precipitation. Even after controlling for a wide set of home characteristics or fixed-effects for each property, we find that fluctuations in temperatures had an impact on the prices of residential homes and agricultural properties. |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chb:bcchwp:1030 |
| By: | Mingzhi Xiao; Takara Sakai; Daisuke Murakami; Yuki Takayama |
| Abstract: | While tourism is widely regarded as a catalyst for economic and urban transformation, its effects on land prices remain contested. This study examines tourism and land prices using a panel of 1, 724 Japanese municipalities from 2021 to 2024, with annual tourist arrivals as a proxy for tourism activity. Using mediation analysis and panel threshold regression, we show that sizable land price increases are concentrated in a small group of "superstar" cities, specifically those in the top 5.9 percent for tourist arrivals, while most municipalities experience little or no effect. The results highlight pronounced nonlinearities and spatial heterogeneity in tourism's economic impact across Japan. The potential mechanisms linking tourism to land price growth are mixed, with possible benefits for local residents as well as risks of increased burdens. These findings underscore the need for policies that promote inclusive growth and an equitable distribution of tourism-related gains. |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2509.04307 |
| By: | Vinicius Schuabb |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the short- and long-term effects of immigrant assimilation policies in Brazil following the Mass Migration period. I focus on the Nationalization Campaign, launched by the federal government amid rising anti-immigrant sentiment during the Great Depression and the two World Wars. Using newly assembled archival data spanning the twentieth century, I assess the impact of these policies on the educational outcomes of immigrants and their descendants, following the forced closure of hundreds of immigrant-community schools. In the short term, the campaign significantly reduced educational attainment among targeted immigrant groups across state, municipal, and individual levels. In the long term, immigrants who were school-age during the campaign attained less education over their lifetimes, with adverse effects extending into the second generation. The magnitude of these effects was mediated by the degree of cultural proximity between immigrant groups and native Brazilians. These findings underscore the enduring consequences of assimilationist policies and offer insights for contemporary debates on immigration and education policy. |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2509.02836 |
| By: | David Gstrein; Florian Neumeier; Andreas Peichl; Pascal Zamorski |
| Abstract: | This paper presents novel estimates of the incidence of corporate taxes by measuring the effect of local business taxes on the welfare of commercial landowners, residential landowners, firm owners, and workers. We use unique data on real estate prices in Germany covering over 32 million properties offered for sale or rent between 2008 and 2019 in combination with administrative data on wages and firm profits. Empirically, we exploit the German institutional setting with over 17, 000 municipal tax changes using an event study design. The estimates suggest that a one percentage point business tax increase reduces commercial real estate prices by three percent after four years on average, while commercial rents decline by one percent. Wages decline by about one percent, profits by two percent. These results are robust to the inclusion of a large set of controls and to estimators that account for heterogeneous treatment effects. We use the reduced-form estimates to update current incidence measures and find that commercial landowners bear a significant share of the tax burden (≈ 16%) in the medium-run, while workers (≈ 10%) and residential landowners (≈ 10%) are likely to bear a smaller burden. Firm owners bear the largest share of the burden (≈ 64%). |
| Keywords: | corporate taxation, tax incidence, real estate markets |
| JEL: | H22 H25 H71 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12062 |
| By: | Filippo Marchesani |
| Abstract: | This chapter explores the six core dimensions of smart cities (i.e. smart economy, mobility, environment, people, living, and governance) emphasizing their interdependence and the need for holistic orchestration. Building on Giffinger et al. (2007) and subsequent literature, it argues that integrating these dimensions is crucial for sustainable urban development. ICT plays a key enabling role but must be complemented by human and social capital. Through institutional examples, such as the creation of dedicated municipal offices for digital innovation, the chapter illustrates how governance and internal capacity shape smart transitions. A human-centric approach is also essential, ensuring inclusivity, creativity, and active civic participation. Ultimately, smart cities must be viewed as cohesive urban ecosystems where technology, people, and governance interact dynamically. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2507.12267 |
| By: | Douglas O. Staiger; Thomas J. Kane; Brian D. Johnson |
| Abstract: | Non-experimental value-added models have been shown to yield forecast-unbiased estimates of teacher and school effects. To investigate, we propose a dynamic state-space model of knowledge accumulation, in which test scores are imperfect measures of knowledge, and students receive temporary and persistent shocks to their stock of knowledge each period. The model identifies two primary sources of bias: transient factors in baseline scores (measurement error or transitory effects of prior teachers) and heterogeneous student growth rates. We propose diagnostic tests and corrections for each. Using eleven years of data from North Carolina, we find little evidence of heterogeneous student growth. Rather, the primary source of bias is attenuation of the baseline coefficient, which opens the door to selection on correlates of true baseline knowledge. Although conventional value-added estimates are biased for individual teachers due to attenuation, we find they are forecast unbiased when applied across a sample of teachers, due to the offsetting relationship between bias and teachers’ true effectiveness. When achievement follows the state-space model and there is no heterogeneity in growth rates, the attenuation-corrected value-added model (ACVAM) should yield unbiased estimates of a wide range educational interventions, not just teachers and schools. |
| JEL: | I21 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34119 |
| By: | Mark Colas; Chao Fu |
| Abstract: | Information frictions—where a worker and her current employer know more about the worker’s productivity than prospective employers—have complex equity-efficiency implications in the teacher labor market. Reducing information frictions may make it easier for effective teachers to move to their preferred schools and increase cross-school inequality, but it may also attract high-quality entrants and improve market-level teacher quality. Taking these factors into account, we develop an equilibrium model of the teacher labor market and estimate it using data from the Houston Independent School District, which launched a transparent teacher evaluation system in 2011. Counterfactual simulations reveal that (1) making district teachers’ quality observable to all district schools improves average teacher quality at the district level and in the top and bottom quartiles of schools ranked by student performance, while decreasing it in other schools; (2) budget-neutral bonus programs that incentivize high-quality teachers to teach in low-performing schools can increase overall teacher quality and reduce cross-school inequalities; and (3) these programs are more effective in markets with cross-employer information symmetry. |
| JEL: | H0 I2 J01 J20 J45 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34151 |
| By: | Fulvio Castellacci; Emil Evenhuis; Koen Frenken |
| Abstract: | The geography of innovation has focused on the roles of innovation for regional development understood in terms of income growth, productivity, and job creation. We propose a broader view on regional development using the framework of wellbeing developed in other disciplines. Following this perspective, we outline the possible roles and pathways through which innovation can contribute to well-being at various spatial scales and how, in turn, normative-political considerations regarding well-being provides directionality in innovation (policy) processes at spatial scales. |
| Keywords: | innovation, well-being, inequality, region, directionality |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2529 |
| By: | Torben Klarl (University of Bremen, Indiana University Bloomington); Alexander S. Kritikos (DIW Berlin, University of Potsdam, GLO Essen, CEPA); Knarik Poghosyan (DIW Berlin) |
| Abstract: | While Equity Crowdfunding (ECF) platforms are a virtual space for raising funds, geography remains relevant. To determine how location matters for entrepreneurs using equity crowdfunding (ECF), we analyze the spatial distribution of successful ECF campaigns and the spatial relationship between ECF campaigns and traditional investors, such as banks and venture capitalists (VCs). Using data from the two leading German platforms – Companisto and Seedmacht – we employ spatial eigenvalue filtering and negative binomial estimations. In addition, we introduce an event study based on the implementation of the Small Investor Protection Act in Germany allowing us to obtain causal evidence. Our combined analysis reveals a significant geographic concentration of successful ECF campaigns in some, but not all, dense areas. ECF campaigns tend to cluster in dense areas with VC activity, while they are less prevalent in dense areas with high banking activity, and are rarely found in rural areas. Thus, rather than closing the so-called regional funding gap, our results suggest that, from a spatial perspective, ECF fills the gap when firms in dense areas seek external financing below the minimum equity threshold offered by VCs and when there are few banks offering loans. |
| Keywords: | Crowdfunding, Finance Geography, Entrepreneurial Finance, Venture Capital (VC) Proximity |
| JEL: | G30 L26 M13 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pot:cepadp:91 |
| By: | Shijun You; Wei Fu; Shin-Yi Chou |
| Abstract: | The Drug-Free Communities (DFC) Support Program aims to reduce youth substance use by fostering multi-sector collaboration and implementing locally tailored strategies within the community. This study is among the first to evaluate the program’s impact on youth development outcomes in the United States. Using the Callaway and Sant’Anna (2021) difference-in-differences (CSDID) estimator, we find that the DFC program significantly reduces drug-related juvenile crime and improves academic performance. The effects are particularly pronounced in communities where coalitions include government agencies, highlighting the critical role of institutional coordination in mobilizing local resources. We also explore behavioral mechanisms, documenting reductions in marijuana use and opioid-related inpatient hospitalizations. A cost-benefit analysis indicates substantial welfare gains, suggesting that early-life prevention represents a cost-effective investment in public health. |
| JEL: | I12 I18 I20 I31 J13 K42 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34182 |
| By: | Labrousse, Charles; Perdereau, Yann |
| Abstract: | The distributive effects of carbon taxation are critical for its political acceptability and depend on both income and geographic factors. Using French administrative data, household surveys, and matched employer-employee records, we document that rural households spend 2.8 times more on fossil fuels than urban households and are employed in firms that emit 2.7 times more greenhouse gases. We incorporate these insights into a spatial heterogeneous-agent model with endogenous migration and wealth accumulation, linking spatial and macroeconomic approaches. After an increase in carbon taxes, we quantify that rural households face 20% higher welfare losses than urban households. In an optimal revenue-recycling exercise, we compare transfers targeting income and geography, and show that neglecting for geography reduces welfare gains by 7%. We conclude that carbon policies should account for spatial differences to improve political feasibility. JEL Classification: C61, E62, H23, Q43, Q58, R13 |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, inequalities, migration, revenue recycling, spatial and macroeconomic models |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253104 |
| By: | Uditi Karna; John List; Andrew Simon; Haruka Uchida |
| Abstract: | Parents are crucial to children's educational success, but the role of parental education in fostering academic excellence remains underexplored. Using longitudinal administrative data covering all North Carolina public school students, we document five facts about first generation excellence gaps. We find large excellence gaps emerge by 3rd grade across all demographics and persist through high school. Yet, socioeconomic status and school quality explain only one-third of the gaps. The overarching facts reveal that excellence gaps reflect deeper challenges rooted in parental human capital that manifest early and compound over time, rather than merely consequences of socioeconomic disadvantage or school quality differences. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feb:artefa:00825 |
| By: | Pesce, Simone (Boston College and Central Bank of Ireland); Zhang, Liang (Boston College) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the role of mortgage refinancing in shaping the estimates of marginal propensity to consume (MPC) in the United States and its implications for U.S. fiscal policy. Using household data, we find that MPCs decrease during the year of mortgage refinancing and stabilize afterwards, particularly among households with lower liquid assets, higher debt-to-income ratios, and valuable illiquid assets. The empirical evidence suggests that refinancing provides extra liquidity, reducing MPCs. We leverage on a partial equilibrium model to quantitatively assess these effects and to explore the role of home-equity extractions for fiscal policy. Our findings highlight a new dimension for the efficacy of cash transfers: targeted programs that consider higher MPCs of no-refinancers generate savings between 4 and 12% compared to non-targeted programs. These estimates imply approximately $30 billions in potential savings under the CARES Act of March 2020. |
| Keywords: | Mortgage Refinance, Households Heterogeneity, Marginal Propensity to Consume, Fiscal Transfers, Housing, Fiscal Policy. |
| JEL: | E21 E62 G21 G51 H31 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbi:wpaper:10/rt/25 |
| By: | Felipe M. Gonçalves; Steven Mello; Emily K. Weisburst |
| Abstract: | We study racial disparities in police use of force. A pervasive issue in studies of policing is that the available data are selected by the police. As a result, disparities computed in the observed sample may be biased if selection into the data differs by race. We develop a framework and econometric strategy for correcting this bias, using variation across officers in enforcement intensity to identify the racial composition of the unobserved population at risk of selection. Using detailed administrative data on arrests and force incidents from Chicago and Seattle, we find that Black civilians comprise 56 percent of arrestees but about 49 percent of potential arrestees. Correcting for sample selection doubles our measure of the racial disparity in force rates. Decompositions of the corrected force disparity reveal that about 70 percent is unexplained by other demographic and incident characteristics, suggesting an important role for officer discrimination. Our selection bias estimates meaningfully impact the conclusions drawn in the existing literature. |
| JEL: | C10 J15 K42 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34175 |
| By: | Olivia Bordeu; Gustavo González; Marcos Sorá |
| Abstract: | Using detailed loan-level data from Chile, we document significant geographic differences in interest rates for firm loans. Firms in cities with high borrowing costs pay around 280 basis points more than firms in low-cost cities. While these estimates account for differences in firm and loan characteristics across cities, we find evidence that they are related to the level of concentration in the local loan market. We examine the pass-through of monetary policy to lending rates and find that banks with higher local market shares exhibit stronger pass-through, aligning with oligopolistic models of branch competition. |
| Date: | 2025–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chb:bcchwp:1042 |
| By: | Botelho Azevedo, Alda (Universidade Nova de Lisboa); Gonçalves, Inês (Universidade Nova de Lisboa); Pereira dos Santos, João (Queen Mary University of London) |
| Abstract: | Our study investigates public opinion on the housing affordability crisis in Portugal through a nationally representative survey combined with an information provision experiment. Participants were asked to identify perceived causes of rising housing prices, assess their factual knowledge of the housing market and sociodemographic trends, and indicate their preferred policy solutions, carefully framed to reflect trade-offs. Half of the respondents were randomly assigned to receive official statistical information on these trends before indicating their policy preferences. The findings reveal significant heterogeneity in beliefs about the causes of the crisis, pervasive misperceptions regarding market trends, and a limited impact of information provision on policy preferences. These results underscore the challenges of addressing housing policy through informational interventions alone and highlight the need for strategies that integrate behavioral and contextual factors to foster informed public engagement. |
| Keywords: | information provision experiment, housing, Portugal |
| JEL: | R31 F60 H1 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18073 |
| By: | Xiangpeng Li; Junwei Ma; Bo Li; Ali Mostafavi |
| Abstract: | The multifaceted nature of disaster impact shows that densely populated areas contribute more to aggregate burden, while sparsely populated but heavily affected regions suffer disproportionately at the individual level. This study introduces a framework for quantifying the societal impacts of power outages by translating customer weighted outage exposure into deprivation measures, integrating welfare metrics with three recovery indicators, average outage days per customer, restoration duration, and relative restoration rate, computed from sequential EAGLE I observations and linked to Zip Code Tabulation Area demographics. Applied to four United States hurricanes, Beryl 2024 Texas, Helene 2024 Florida, Milton 2024 Florida, and Ida 2021 Louisiana, this standardized pipeline provides the first cross event, fine scale evaluation of outage impacts and their drivers. Results demonstrate regressive patterns with greater burdens in lower income areas, mechanistic analysis shows deprivation increases with longer restoration durations and decreases with faster restoration rates, explainable modeling identifies restoration duration as the dominant driver, and clustering reveals distinct recovery typologies not captured by conventional reliability metrics. This framework delivers a transferable method for assessing outage impacts and equity, comparative cross event evidence linking restoration dynamics to social outcomes, and actionable spatial analyses that support equity informed restoration planning and resilience investment. |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2509.02653 |
| By: | Caravaggio, Nicola; Resce, Giuliano; Santangelo, Agapito Emanuele |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of European Cohesion Funds on the digitalization of local governments in Italy, using the quality of municipal websites as a proxy for e-government capacity. Using web scraping techniques and a generalized Difference-in-Differences approach, the study examines whether municipalities that received targeted EU funding for digital networks and services experienced improvements in website technological sophistication. The results show that cohesion funds have contributed to the adoption of modern web standards, particularly HTML5, and to the simplification of website structure, indicating progress in the core aspects of digital infrastructure. These effects are especially pronounced in smaller municipalities and those located in the South and Inner Areas, suggesting that the cohesion policy can support digital convergence in structurally disadvantaged contexts. However, the absence of systematic improvements in broader dimensions of web interactivity points to the selective nature of these advancements. |
| Keywords: | Cohesion policy, Digitalization, Italian municipalities. |
| JEL: | H77 L86 O18 |
| Date: | 2025–09–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mol:ecsdps:esdp25100 |
| By: | Bartscher, Alina K.; Kuhn, Moritz; Schularick, Moritz; Steins, Ulrike I. |
| Abstract: | Using new household-level data, we study the secular increase in U.S. household debt and its distribution since 1950. Most of the debt were mortgages, which initially grew because more households borrowed. Yet after 1980, debt mostly grew because households borrowed more. We uncover home equity extraction, concentrated in the white middle class, as the largest cause, strongly affecting intergenerational inequality and life-cycle debt profiles. Remarkably, the additional debt did not lower households' net worth because of rising house prices. We conclude that asset-price-based borrowing became an integral part of households' consumption-saving decisions, yet at the cost of higher financial fragility. |
| Keywords: | Household debt, Home equity extraction, Inequality, Household portfolios |
| JEL: | G51 E21 E44 D14 D31 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:324154 |
| By: | Pyddoke, Roger (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)); From, Emma (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Fukushima, Nanna (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to describe the distribution of private car ownership, car use, and fuel consumption in Sweden, and to assess how increased fuel prices resulting from climate policy impact the distribution of fuel expenditure and disposable income. We also estimate the potential need for compensating low-income car owners in rural areas in the event of higher climate taxes on fuels. The analysis is based on detailed administrative data for all adults in Sweden in 2022, including information on private car ownership and car use. The main finding is that individual fuel consumption was highly skewed: approximately 15 percent of car owners account for 50 percent of all fuel consumed by privately owned cars, while the remaining 85 percent account for the other half. Most of these high consumers are found among high-income earners, many of whom reside in rural rather than urban areas. Most high-income earners, however, tend to spend a modest share of their disposable income on fuel, with a median of about 4 percent and a 75th percentile of about 7 percent. Similar expenditure shares are found in most low-income earners, with the striking exception of the lowest income octile. A yearly compensation is calculated as the difference in median fuel costs for owners of fossil-fueled cars residing in rural areas with disposable incomes below the median and the corresponding car owners in large cities. In 2022, the estimated compensation for a tax increase equivalent to EUR 0, 5 per liter of fuel ranged from 0 to EUR 80 per year. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy; fuel tax; car ownership; fuel consumption; income distribution; spatial distribution; compensation |
| JEL: | D31 H23 Q52 R12 R48 |
| Date: | 2025–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2025_004 |
| By: | Thompson, Jack |
| Abstract: | Much of the existing work on LGBT+ placemaking relies on qualitative or historical narratives, which lack the empirical precision to systematically evaluate the structural factors driving the presence and evolution of LGBT+ establishments over time. To address these shortcomings, my paper examines the spatial evolution of LGBT+ establishments in US cities between 1990-2000, using a novel panel dataset combining geocoded Damron Guide entries from Mapping the Gay Guides (MGG) with contextual data from the NHGIS/U.S. Census Bureau. Employing fixed-effects panel models and difference-in-differences frameworks, my analysis investigates how establishment-level and MSA-level factors predict the presence and turnover dynamics of LGBT+ establishments over time. My findings reveal that bars/clubs and erotic shops have a higher likelihood of presence in MSAs relative to accommodations. Theatre/entertainment venues exhibit higher entry and stability into MSA markets, whereas other establishment types face volatile turnover. I also find that the so-called “great cities, " ubiquitous in works on LGBT+ placemaking, exhibit conditions favorable to the viability of LGBT+ establishments and yet exhibit no significant differences in turnover dynamics compared to other MSAs. My findings extend qualitative narratives by quantifying the impacts of economic changes, demographic shifts, and cultural influences, which should inform urban policy and advocacy efforts to sustain inclusive LGBT+ spaces amidst changing urban landscapes. |
| Date: | 2025–09–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:hyr3t_v2 |
| By: | Roberto Coronado |
| Abstract: | Dallas Fed Senior Vice President Roberto Coronado delivered a regional economic update at the Workforce Innovation Summit in El Paso. |
| Keywords: | economy; Texas |
| Date: | 2025–05–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:feddsp:101542 |
| By: | Dinarte, Lelys; Gresham, James; Lemos, Renata Freitas; Patrinos, Harry A.; Rodriguez-Ramirez, Rony |
| Abstract: | This paper provides insights into human capital investments during wartime by presenting evidence from three experiments of an online tutoring program for Ukrainian students amid Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Conducted between early 2023 and mid-2024, the experiments reached nearly 10, 000 students across all regions of Ukraine. The program offered three hours per week of small-group tutoring in math and Ukrainian language over six weeks and used academic and psychosocial tools to address student challenges at different intensities of disruption. Results show that the program led to substantial improvements in learning—up to 0.49 standard deviations in math and 0.40 standard deviations in Ukrainian language—and consistent reductions in stress—up to 0.12 standard deviations. High take-up and engagement rates were observed, and four mechanisms were identified as drivers of impact: structured peer interactions, improved attitudes toward learning, enhanced socio-emotional skills, and increased student investments. A complementary experiment using information nudges to increase parental engagement highlights challenges in promoting parental investments in a conflict setting. The program was cost-effective across all experiments, with benefit-to-cost ratios ranging from 31 to 56, and scalable given its reliance on existing infrastructure and teaching capacity. |
| Date: | 2025–09–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11196 |
| By: | Keiichiro HONDA; Takuya KAWANISHI; Yusuke ADACHI |
| Abstract: | This study empirically examines the impact of increasing export activity of firms in regional cities on local businesses. National and local governments implement various policies to support firms and attract investment, aiming to promote exports and increase foreign direct investment (FDI) in Japan. While some firms have successfully expanded their markets, many local businesses remain unglobalized, limiting their growth. However, when firms expand through exports or FDI, they may form supply chains with local businesses, generating positive spillover effects on the regional economy. If such effects are confirmed, export promotion and FDI attraction policies could be even more effective than expected. Using microdata from Japanese manufacturing establishments aggregated at the municipality level, this study investigates the spillover effects of an increase in exporting establishments or export value on non-exporting establishments in the same municipality, focusing on their sales, employment, and wages per worker. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rdpsjp:25019 |
| By: | Hadi Elzayn; Simon Freyaldenhoven; Minchul Shin |
| Abstract: | We develop a clustering-based algorithm to detect loan applicants who submit multiple applications (“cross-applicants”) in a loan-level dataset without personal identifiers. A key innovation of our approach is a novel evaluation method that does not require labeled training data, allowing us to optimize the tuning parameters of our machine learning algorithm. By applying this methodology to Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data, we create a unique dataset that consolidates mortgage applications to the individual applicant level across the United States. Our preferred specification identifies cross-applicants with 92.3% precision. |
| Date: | 2025–09–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:101559 |
| By: | Zhang, Xue; Warner, Mildred E. |
| Abstract: | In 2015, AARP pioneered design and creation of the Livability Index to track community progress, for all communities in the US. The livability index is based on the WHO domains of age friendly, and measures over 70 indicators in the seven domains of health, neighborhood, housing, transportation, opportunity, civic engagement and environment. We compare communities across the US which entered AARP’s Age-friendly network with those which have not to explore two research questions: 1) Have AARP Age-friendly network members made progress in building more age-friendly communities, and 2) Does entering the network matter? The answer to both questions is YES, network members made progress from 2015 to 2024 in building more age-friendly communities. The goal of the Livability Index was that it would encourage communities to pay more attention to age-friendly actions. We find communities in the age-friendly network improved their livability scores over the decade and expanded their lead over communities not in the network. Joining the network helps communities become more age-friendly. |
| Date: | 2025–08–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:3z75n_v1 |
| By: | Jessica Birkholz; Susanna Bolz; Björn Jindra; Philip Kerner |
| Abstract: | Green hydrogen can play a major role in future net-zero energy systems. This paper investigates how existing technological and production capabilities can support the emergence and growth of green hydrogen value chains in Northern and Western Germany. Drawing on evolutionary economic geography, we argue that the development of the hydrogen value chain depends on the relatedness between existing knowledge bases and hydrogen technologies, and further recombinant capabilities, as well as the processes involved in acquiring capabilities. Our analysis focuses on seven NUTS 2 regions with favorable conditions for the development of hydrogen hubs, which are low cost of renewable energy production, access to hydrogen infrastructure, and political support for the hydrogen economy. We comparatively examine the regional capabilities using patent data to map technological innovation, firm-level data to identify key corporate actors, and regionalized export statistics to assess production capabilities. Based on our findings, we argue that the development of green hydrogen hubs might be facilitated by alignment between a region’s existing innovation capabilities, production capabilities, and hub specialization, with place-based policy approaches tailored towards each region’s unique profile. |
| Keywords: | Green hydrogen, Value chains, Regional capabilities |
| JEL: | O13 Q42 Q55 R11 |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:atv:wpaper:2505 |
| By: | Are Skeie Hermansen; Andrew Penner (UC Irvine - University of California [Irvine] - UC - University of California); István Boza (Institute of Economics [Budapest] - Research Centre for Economic and Regional Studies - MTA - Hungarian Academy of Sciences); Marta M Elvira (UPNA - Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra); Olivier Godechot (Sciences Po - Sciences Po, CRIS - Centre de recherche sur les inégalités sociales (Sciences Po, CNRS) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Martin Hällsten (Stockholm University); Lasse Folke Henriksen (Copenhaguen Business School); Feng Hou (Statistics Canada - Statistics Canada); Zoltán Lippényi (University of Groningen [Groningen]); Trond Petersen (UC Berkeley - University of California [Berkeley] - UC - University of California); Malte Reichelt; Halil Sabanci; Mirna Safi (CRIS - Centre de recherche sur les inégalités sociales (Sciences Po, CNRS) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LIEPP - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire d'évaluation des politiques publiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Donald Tomaskovic-Devey (UMass Amherst - University of Massachusetts [Amherst] - UMASS - University of Massachusetts System); Erik Vickstrom |
| Abstract: | Immigrants to high-income countries often face considerable and persistent difficulties in the labour market, whereas their native-born children typically experience economic progress. However, little is known about the extent to which these immigrant–native earnings differences stem from unequal pay when doing the same work for the same employer versus labour market processes that sort immigrants into lower-paid jobs. Here, using data from nine European and North American countries, we show that the segregation of workers with immigrant backgrounds into lower-paying jobs accounts for about three-quarters of overall immigrant–native earnings differences. Although within-job pay inequality remains notable for immigrants in several countries, our results demonstrate that unequal access to higher-paying jobs is the primary driver of the immigrant–native pay gap across a range of institutionally and demographically diverse contexts. These findings highlight the importance of policies aimed at reducing between-job segregation, such as language training, job training, job search assistance programmes, improving access to domestic education, recognizing foreign qualifications, and settlement programmes aimed at enhancing access to job-relevant information and networks. Policies that target employer bias in hiring and promotion decisions are also likely to be effective, whereas measures aimed at ensuring equal pay for equal work may have more limited scope for further progress in closing the immigrant–native pay gap. |
| Keywords: | Segregation at work, Immigrants wages, Labour Market, Economic Inequalities, Pay gap |
| Date: | 2025–07–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05216909 |
| By: | Yuichiro Kamada; Fuhito Kojima; Akira Matsushita |
| Abstract: | Fragmentation of matching markets is a ubiquitous problem across countries and across applications. In order to study the implications of fragmentation and possibilities for integration, we first document and discuss a variety of fragmentation cases in practice such as school choice, medical residency matching, and so forth. Using the real-life dataset of daycare matching markets in Japan, we then empirically evaluate the impact of interregional transfer of students by estimating student utility functions under a variety of specifications and then using them for counterfactual simulation. Our simulation compares a fully integrated market and a partially integrated one with a "balancedness" constraint -- for each region, the inflow of students from the other regions must be equal to the outflow to the other areas. We find that partial integration achieves 39.2 to 59.6% of the increase in the child welfare that can be attained under full integration, which is equivalent to a 3.3 to 4.9% reduction of travel time. The percentage decrease in the unmatch rate is 40.0 to 52.8% under partial integration compared to the case of full integration. The results suggest that even in environments where full integration is not a realistic option, partial integration, i.e., integration that respects the balancedness constraint, has a potential to recover a nontrivial portion of the loss from fragmentation. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2508.19628 |
| By: | Paulo Bastos; Cristián Sánchez |
| Abstract: | We examine whether and how the educational background of political leaders matters for policy choices and outcomes. Using data on municipalities in Brazil from 2000–2008, we estimate the effects of electing a more educated leader in a regression-discontinuity design whereby policy inputs and outcomes in municipalities where a highly educated candidate barely won the election are compared with those of municipalities where a highly educated candidate barely lost. Our results indicate that highly educated mayors make different choices regarding the allocation of public funds and inputs in critical sectors when compared to non-highly educated mayors, yet they do not produce better indicators on a variety of measurable outcomes. Furthermore, our estimates suggest a negative impact of educated mayors on local economic growth and children’s health. We additionally document the existence of heterogeneity in the effects of highly educated leaders along political ideology and age of the candidate. Lastly, highly educated leaders are not more likely to be reelected, suggesting that they are not perceived as better politicians. |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chb:bcchwp:1039 |
| By: | Ciprian Domnisoru; Anna Malinovskaya; Evan Taylor |
| Abstract: | We quantify the effect of education on mortality using a linkage of the full count 1940, 2000, and 2010 US census files and the Numident death records file. Our sample is composed of children aged 0-18 in 1940, observed living with at least one parent, for whom we can construct a rich set of parental and neighborhood characteristics. We estimate effects of educational attainment in 1940 on survival to 2000, as well as the effects of completed education, observed in 2000, on 10-year survival to 2010. The educational gradients in longevity that we estimate are robust to the inclusion of detailed individual, parental, household, neighborhood and county covariates. Given our full population census sample, we also explore rich patterns of heterogeneity and examine the effect of mediators of the education-mortality relationship. The mediators we consider in this study explain more than half of the relationship between education and mortality. We further show that the mechanisms underlying the education-mortality gradient might be different at different margins of educational attainment. |
| Keywords: | education, health, mortality |
| JEL: | I1 I2 J1 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:25-56 |
| By: | Domnisoru, Ciprian (Aalto University); Malinovskaya, Anna (Yale University); Taylor, Evan J. (University of Arizona) |
| Abstract: | We quantify the effect of education on mortality using a linkage of the full count 1940, 2000, and 2010 US census files and the Numident death records file. Our sample is composed of children aged 0-18 in 1940, observed living with at least one parent, for whom we can construct a rich set of parental and neighborhood characteristics. We estimate effects of educational attainment in 1940 on survival to 2000, as well as the effects of completed education, observed in 2000, on 10-year survival to 2010. The educational gradients in longevity that we estimate are robust to the inclusion of detailed individual, parental, household, neighborhood and county covariates. Given our full population census sample, we also explore rich patterns of heterogeneity and examine the effect of mediators of the education-mortality relationship. The mediators we consider in this study explain more than half of the relationship between education and mortality. We further show that the mechanisms underlying the education-mortality gradient might be different at different margins of educational attainment. |
| Keywords: | mortality, health, education |
| JEL: | I1 I2 J1 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18085 |
| By: | Cristián Sánchez |
| Abstract: | I develop an empirical model to study the consequences of educational vouchers on markets’ equilibria. Unlike most related papers, I model both extensive and intensive margins of action for schools. I apply my model to Chile’s primary education, an industry that heavily subsidizes private schools through the use of vouchers. Results show that a correct understanding of the equilibrium consequences of vouchers necessitates accounting for both extensive (program participation) and intensive (fees) margins. I also find that the actual voucher program targeted to vulnerable students attracts mostly low-quality schools to serve low-income families. Alternative policy designs are proposed and tested. |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chb:bcchwp:1038 |
| By: | Raphaëlle Aulagnon; Julian Cristia; Santiago Cueto; Ofer Malamud |
| Abstract: | We examine whether highlighting streaks—instances of repeated and consecutive behavior when completing learning tasks—encourages 4th to 6th grade students in Peru to increase their use of an online math platform and improve learning. 60, 000 students were randomly assigned to receive messages that (i) highlighted streaks, (ii) provided personalized reminders with positive reinforcement, (iii) provided generic reminders, or (iv) to a control group. Highlighting streaks and providing personalized reminders significantly increased platform use compared to generic reminders and the control group, with streaks more effective on the intensive margin and personalized reminders more effective on the extensive margin. Highlighting streaks also significantly improved math achievement compared to the control group among the 1, 500 students who took an endline test, although differences with other treatment arms were not significant. |
| JEL: | I21 I25 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34173 |
| By: | Rahmat Sabuhari; Rusman Soleman; Marwan Man Soleman; Johan Fahri; Muhammad Rachmat |
| Abstract: | Regional civil servants in Indonesia, especially in the eastern regions, are now required to exhibit innovative work behavior (IWB) as mandated by national regulations. While transformational leadership (TFL) and work engagement (WE) are believed to foster such behavior, the impact and the moderating role of organizational justice (OJ) remain underexplored. This study addresses that gap by examining how TFL and WE contribute to IWB development within the context of public sector work, with OJ potentially moderating these relationships. This study aimed to determine the direct influence of TFL, WE, and OJ on IWB and to analyze the role of OJ as a moderating variable. This research was conducted in the eastern region of Indonesia, especially North Maluku Province, in various regional apparatus organizations. and a random sample of 500 people was taken. This study used Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) regression analysis as a data analysis method to test the causal relationship and moderation effects of each hypothesis. The study findings reveal that while TFL and WE directly influence IWB, OJ neither has a direct effect nor serves as a moderating variable. These findings offer theoretical and practical contributions to local government organizations in Indonesia, emphasizing the importance of leadership and engagement in enhancing innovative behavior at work. This study extends and enhances the development of social exchange theory based on civil servants' IWB. Furthermore, this study expands the theoretical perspective by examining how TFL, WE, and OJ influence innovative work behavior practices to improve employee innovative behaviour. Finally, this study empirically examines the moderating impact of organizational justice on the relationship between TFL and WE on IWB. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2508.20320 |
| By: | Fernandez Sierra, Manuel (Universidad de los Andes); Gonzalez-Navarro, Marco (University of California, Berkeley); Quintana-Domeque, Climent (University of Exeter) |
| Abstract: | Developing countries often face a cycle where weak tax compliance limits public goods, cutting incentives to pay taxes. We test whether improved local infrastructure can disrupt this cycle, using a randomized street paving experiment in Acayucan, Mexico. Of 56 eligible street projects, 28 were randomly selected. A model highlights two mechanisms: belief updating about government efficiency and reciprocity from direct benefits. Three implications follow: (1) belief updating occurs through exposure to paving anywhere in the network; (2) compliance rises with broader exposure; (3) reciprocity boosts compliance among directly treated owners. Survey data supports belief updating: among initially dissatisfied residents, a one-SD increase in exposure to assigned paving lowered dissatisfaction by 7.9 pp, while exposure to actual paving lowered it by 8.8 pp, with no effect among the satisfied. Property tax records show exposure to assigned paving raised compliance by 1.5 pp, and to actual paving by 2.6 pp (3% above baseline). Reciprocity mattered too: owners whose street was assigned paving (or actually paved) increased compliance by 3.2 pp (4.8 pp, or 5.5% above baseline). Belief updating yields four times as much revenue as reciprocity. |
| Keywords: | government efficiency, reciprocity, belief updating, infrastructure, roads, taxpayer behavior, public investment, satisfaction with local government |
| JEL: | C93 H26 H41 H54 O12 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18082 |
| By: | Lennert, József; Tóth, Csaba G. |
| Abstract: | A caveat of much of the existing demographic literature is that it decomposes population change into the components of fertility, mortality, and migration, treating ageing merely as a consequence of natural change while neglecting the role of age structure in the observed dynamics. This study applies a scenario-based decomposition approach, using counterfactual scenarios for each factor of population change (fertility, mortality, migration, and age structure) to assess their individual contributions. The 37 NUTS-2 units of the Visegrád Group countries (Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, and Hungary) were selected as units of analysis. The research focused on the origins of regional differences and on the explanatory role of age structure. The results indicate that differences at the regional scale cannot be attributed solely to national-level variation, as cross-border groupings also emerge in the cluster analysis. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that initial age structure constitutes an independent and essential explanatory factor of population heterogeneity, both at the national and regional levels. |
| Date: | 2025–08–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:vrxud_v1 |
| By: | Beatrice Negro; Maria Enrica Virgillito |
| Abstract: | Hydrogen plays a central role in policies aimed at decarbonisation, energy autonomy, industrial competitiveness, and development. This study analyses hydrogen policies, revealing how their design may undermine just transition goals and instead reinforce existing spatial inequalities. Drawing on IEA data on clean hydrogen projects, investment trends are examined. A spatial analysis combining project data with environmental conflicts, sourced from the Atlas of Environmental Justice, reveals a concentration of hydrogen projects in areas affected by ecological degradation and socio-environmental disparities, raising concerns about the socio-ecological distributive effects. Hydrogen development appears largely driven by market logics and seems unlikely to meet climate targets. |
| Keywords: | energy transition, industrial policy, hydrogen policy, environmental justice |
| Date: | 2025–09–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2025/28 |
| By: | Léa Tardieu (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris); Chloé Beaudet (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Sarah Potin (LA TELESCOP); Julie Chaurand (LA TELESCOP); Léa Mariton (CESCO - Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation - MNHN - Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Vincent Delbar (LA TELESCOP); Maia David (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Urban planners continuously face the challenge of reducing artificial lighting to protect biodiversity while ensuring urban residents comfort and safety at night. Striking this balance is crucial for supporting urban residents broadly, yet it remains insufficiently explored in current research. Here, we integrate remote sensing and ecological modelling to assess species' requirements around light pollution reduction with socio-economic modelling to evaluate human residents' acceptance of various street-lighting adjustments, aiming to identify the optimal lighting compromises for Montpellier, France, a mid-sized European city. We show that, depending on the spatial context, both trade-offs and synergies can emerge when implementing light pollution mitigation measures. By integrating results into an RShiny application, we enabled urban planners to prioritize actions for each streetlight. Our findings underscore the importance of tailoring lighting policies to the specific environmental and social context rather than adopting a universal 'one-size-fits-all' approach. |
| Abstract: | Les urbanistes sont constamment confrontés au défi de réduire l'éclairage artificiel afin de protéger la biodiversité tout en garantissant le confort et la sécurité des citadins pendant la nuit. Il est essentiel de trouver cet équilibre pour soutenir les citadins dans leur ensemble, mais ce sujet reste insuffisamment exploré dans les recherches actuelles. Ici, nous combinons la télédétection et la modélisation écologique pour évaluer les besoins des espèces en matière de réduction de la pollution lumineuse avec la modélisation socio-économique afin d'évaluer l'acceptation par les habitants de divers ajustements de l'éclairage public, dans le but d'identifier les compromis optimaux en matière d'éclairage pour Montpellier, une ville européenne de taille moyenne. Nous montrons que, selon le contexte spatial, des compromis et des synergies peuvent émerger lors de la mise en œuvre de mesures d'atténuation de la pollution lumineuse. En intégrant les résultats dans une application RShiny, nous avons permis aux urbanistes de hiérarchiser les actions pour chaque lampadaire. Nos conclusions soulignent l'importance d'adapter les politiques d'éclairage au contexte environnemental et social spécifique plutôt que d'adopter une approche universelle « unique ». |
| Keywords: | Light pollution, socio-economic modelling, remote sensing, ecological modelling, ALAN, sustainable lighting |
| Date: | 2025–06–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05138150 |
| By: | Steven M. O’Quinn (Capitol Technology University, Laurel, Maryland, USA) |
| Abstract: | After the high-profile killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, in 2014, and subsequent high-profile police shootings started to be covered extensively by American media outlets, more attention has been focused on police militarization and the warrior mindset among officers. Many training academies now adopt a guardian approach instead of a warrior mentality approach for their trainees’ socialization and culture. While the warrior cop versus guardian police debate continues, evidence has begun to emerge indicating that police executives and training academy directors have made a shift from high-stress military training to a lower-stress training environment since these shootings occurred. Recent research focuses on the root causes of racial tensions, police use of force, and racial profiling. In contrast, the current study sought to fill the gap in the literature by uncovering whether the police have made positive changes in response to these shootings. The United States Bureau of Justice Statistics disseminated self-report questionnaires to police academies in 2011 and then again in 2022 using the same questionnaire. These data are used to develop an explanation of the culture surrounding police training and to examine the shift in the prevalence of academies abandoning the high-stress militarized training approach following the 2014 shooting. |
| Keywords: | Police Militarization, Guardian Versus Warrior Mindset, Police Training Reform |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0509 |
| By: | Zehra Usta; Martin Andersson; Katarzyna Kopczewska; Maria Kubara |
| Abstract: | A common proposition is that certain technologies play a catalytic role in regions by paving the way for the emergence of new related technologies, contributing to the development and diversification of technology clusters. This paper employs unsupervised machine learning algorithms with temporally informed association rule mining to identify catalytic patents in clusters in the UK. Using data spanning over 30 years (1980-2015) we show clear asymmetric relationships between patents. Some act as evident catalysts that drive future patent activity in clusters. The results point to a strong empirical relevance of asymmetric relatedness between patents in the development of clusters of technology. They also highlight the usefulness of machine learning algorithms to better understand the long-term evolution of clusters and show how temporally informed association rule mining can be used to analyses asymmetries in relatedness and to identify catalyst technologies. |
| Keywords: | clusters, innovation, cluster dynamics, technological relatedness, asymmetric relatedness, innovation catalysts, patents |
| JEL: | O31 O33 R12 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2528 |
| By: | Pierre E Biscaye (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Dennis Egger (University of Oxford); Utz J. Pape (Georg-August-University of Göttingen = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) |
| Abstract: | Abstract This study identifies the impact of a shock to adolescent school availability—potentially affecting both household childcare burdens and child labor—on adult labor supply in the context of COVID-19-related school closures in Kenya. Using nationally representative bi-monthly panel data, the analysis compares changes in outcomes after schools partially reopened in October 2020 for households with children in a grade eligible to return against those with children in adjacent grades. An adolescent returning to school increases adults' weekly work by 4.3 hours (27 percent) in the short run, concentrated among the most flexible margins of adjustment and particularly household agriculture. Contrary to evidence from high-income settings, overall effects are not gendered. There are no effects of the partial reopening on respondent childcare hours and heterogeneity in labor-supply effects by household characteristics does not align with predictions based on a childcare mechanism. Instead, the results indicate that increased adult work hours substitute for reduced child work in household agriculture as a child goes back to school. Impacts on labor supply are driven by less wealthy households with children engaged in household agriculture, while wealthier agricultural households substitute child labor with increased hired labor. The results show that adolescent schooling has important consequences for household production and labor-supply decisions. Poor agricultural households face particularly high opportunity costs for children's education. |
| Keywords: | labor supply, gender, Kenya, COVID-19, school closures, childcare |
| Date: | 2025–08–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05213752 |
| By: | Sarah Xue Dong; Agung Satyadini; Mathias Sinning |
| Abstract: | Tax compliance among small businesses remains low in developing countries, yet little is known about how regional context shapes the effectiveness of enforcement strategies. Both theory and evidence suggest an ambiguous relationship between compliance and geographic proximity to tax offices. We study this issue using a large-scale natural field experiment with Indonesia's tax authority involving 12, 000 micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Businesses were randomly assigned to receive deterrence, information, or public goods letters, or no message. All letters improved compliance, with deterrence messages producing the largest gains - substantially increasing filing rates and raising monthly tax payments. Each dollar spent on deterrence letters generated about US$30 in additional revenue over the course of a year. We observe high compliance among non-treated MSMEs near metropolitan tax offices and find that enforcement messages successfully raise compliance in non-metropolitan regions to comparable levels. However, targeting already compliant MSMEs near metropolitan tax offices backfires, underscoring the need for geographically tailored tax administration strategies. These results provide novel experimental evidence on the relation between geographic proximity and the effectiveness of tax enforcement, helping to reconcile mixed findings in the tax compliance literature. |
| Date: | 2025–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2509.02328 |
| By: | Yuchen Guo; Matthew O. Jackson; Ruixue Jia |
| Abstract: | Do social networks and peer influence shape major life decisions in highly polarized settings? We explore this question by examining how peers influenced the allegiances of West Point cadets during the American Civil War. Leveraging quasi-random variations in the proportion of cadets from Free States, we analyze how these differences affected decisions about which army to join. We find that a higher proportion of classmates from Free States significantly increased the likelihood that cadets from Slave States joined the Union Army, while almost all cadets from Free States joined the Union Army (if they decided to join the war). We further examine how cadets' decisions affected their military rank and career outcomes. Our findings highlight that peers still influence choices even when they are life-altering and occur during periods of extreme polarization. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2507.09419 |
| By: | Bairy, Gaurav Gopal; Raj, Prateek; Yayavaram, Sai |
| Abstract: | Productivity spillovers between firms are frequently viewed as an important source of firm productivity enhancement. In this study, we focus on vertically linked inter-industry spillovers and examine their two key characteristics: asymmetry between forward (upstream) and backward (downstream) spillovers and heterogeneity among firms in leveraging such spillovers. We estimate productivity of Indian firms using firm-level data and use Input-Output tables to identify vertical linkages at the industry level. Our findings show that productivity spillovers from upstream industries benefit all firms whereas spillovers from downstream industries primarily benefit productive firms. Furthermore, the impact of forward spillovers is higher for firms operating in less competitive industries and lower for foreign firms. These heterogeneous spillover effects are likely to slow convergence in firm productivity, providing additional justification for the persistence of firm-level differences in productivity levels. |
| Keywords: | productivity spillovers, vertical linkages, firm heterogeneity, industry competition, firm ownership |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cbscwp:324651 |
| By: | Alexander Bick |
| Abstract: | As a result of lower projected growth in net immigration, the U.S. economy may need to create fewer jobs to keep the unemployment rate stable this year, according to this analysis. |
| Keywords: | immigration; unemployment |
| Date: | 2025–08–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:l00001:101533 |
| By: | Cassie Chen Xiang; Mr. Manuk Ghazanchyan |
| Abstract: | Migration has been typically accompanied by persistently large gender gaps in labor force participation (LFP) rates within the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) countries from 1990 to 2020. However, the impact of both emigration (moving abroad) and immigration (coming in to the host country), and their joint effect on gender gap in labor force participation in LAC remains to be explored. This paper fills this gap by using both country-level data across LAC countries and individual-level data within Colombia as a supplementary case study. Our country-level analysis of LAC countries from 1991 to 2019 reveals that emigration is associated with decreased labor force participation rates, particularly among women. Supporting these findings, and based on data on Colombia from 2017 to 2019, we found that remittances, serving as a proxy for emigration, are associated with reduced labor force participation, especially among less-educated, older, and informal-sector women workers shaped by structural barriers and policy gaps. The reduced LFP rates for all genders are also shown with the influx of Venezuelan immigrants (serving as a proxy for an immigration shock) in the Colombian case. |
| Keywords: | Emigration; Immigration; Gender Inequality; Labor Force Participation; Latin America and Caribbean |
| Date: | 2025–08–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2025/167 |
| By: | Chen, Xiaodong (Jinhe Center for Economic Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China); Mi, Haoming (Jinhe Center for Economic Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China); Zhou, Peng (Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University) |
| Abstract: | An endogenous-growth model separating productive and welfare outlays is embedded in a spatial panel for 30 EU countries (1995–2021). Productive spending yields positive domestic and cross-country growth effects; welfare expenditure shows strategic interaction, leading to under-investment in growth-enhancing programmes. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal interdependence; Productivity spillover; Spatial panel |
| JEL: | E62 R58 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdf:wpaper:2025/15 |
| By: | Naoto Tanemoto (Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University); Hinami Takai (Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University); Tomomi Miyazaki (Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the nonlinear effects of public capital in Japan by using a panel threshold regression method. First, our empirical results confirm the threshold effects of public capital productivity in Japan. Second, we demonstrate that rural regions gradually become low productivity regions over time. These results imply that the consideration of threshold effects is essential for understanding nonlinearities in the level of public capital and its economic effects in Japan. JEL Classification: E24, E62, H30 |
| Keywords: | Public capital, nonlinearity, panel threshold regression |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:koe:wpaper:2516 |
| By: | Sylvie Avallone (UMR MoISA - Montpellier Interdisciplinary center on Sustainable Agri-food systems (Social and nutritional sciences) - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Sophie Nicklaus (CSGA - Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Dijon - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UBE - Université Bourgogne Europe); Céline Giner (OCDE - Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques = Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development); Juliana F. W. Cohen (Merrimack College, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health); Stéphane Verguet (Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health) |
| Abstract: | The COVID pandemic has highlighted the essential role of school meal programs, not only for education but also for children's nutrition. In France, school meals are shaped by ambitious policies to ensure their safety and nutritional quality, while promoting sustainable eating practices and awareness of environmental and agricultural challenges. In this article, we used the case study of France to discuss the multi-sectoral value of these programs. The economic value of school meals in France amounts to €8.2 billion annually, of which 2.8 billion are dedicated to food purchases. Since 2022, the EGAlim and Climate and Resilience laws require canteens to offer one vegetarian meal per week and to source at least 50% of sustainable products with positive environmental or social impacts (e.g., certified products, organic farming, and short supply chains). These laws represent a potential support of €1.4 billion for more sustainable agriculture. School canteens also offer a unique opportunity for food education, allowing children to discover new types of food, notably with vegetarian menus. They can contribute to preventing childhood obesity by reducing exposure to ultra-processed foods. Additionally, they play an important role in social inclusion by providing subsidized meals for disadvantaged children. However, disparities in access to canteens persist due to the cost of meals, dietary restrictions or the presence of a parent at home. In conclusion, school meal programs in France generate significant multi-sectoral value in the areas of education, nutrition, agriculture, and social inclusion and support the transition to more sustainable food systems for future generations. |
| Keywords: | vegetarian meals, public policies, food education, nutrition, equity, climate resilience, economic value, organic farming |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05211597 |
| By: | Becker, Malte; Heidland, Tobias |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we examine the complex relationship between geopolitical tensions and migration, developing a framework to explore how these dynamics shape each other. We argue that geopolitical risks – such as wars, terrorism, and international disputes – are related in three ways to migration: Risks affecting the determinants of migration decisions, the reverse channel of migration influencing geopolitical risks, and the direct use of migration as a geopolitical tool. We then discuss the transmission channels and how country characteristics can affect the strength of effects. We highlight that geopolitical risks likely result in greater irregular migration and displacement in the long run and emphasize the importance of cross-country cooperation |
| Abstract: | Dieses Papier untersucht die komplexe Beziehung zwischen geopolitischen Spannun gen und Migration. Wir entwickeln ein Framework, das die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den beiden Komponenten beschreibt und zeigen auf, dass geopolitische Risiken wie Kriege, Terrorismus und internationale Konflikte über drei Kanäle mit Migration verbunden sind: indem Geopolitische Risiken die Determinanten von Migrationsentscheidungen beeinflussen; indem Migration geopolitische Risiken beeinflusst; und indem Migration direkt als geopolitisches Instrument genutzt wird. Anschließend erörtern wir die möglichen Ausprägungen dieser Kanäle und diskutieren, inwieweit sie von verschiedenen Länder Charakteristika abhängen. Wir argumentieren, dass geopolitische Risiken längerfristig mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit in mehr irregulärer Migration und Vertreibung mündet und betonen die Bedeutung länderübergreifender Kooperation |
| Keywords: | Migration, Geopolitics, International Relations |
| JEL: | F22 F51 O15 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:324155 |