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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Manuel Garcia Dellacasa (Department of Economics, SOAS University of London. Russell Square, London WC1H 0XG, UK) |
| Abstract: | Occupational segregation by sex is a persistent driver of labor market inequality, particularly in its horizontal form—the concentration of men and women in different sectors. This paper develops a structural account grounded in urban feminist political economy, emphasizing how segregation is sustained by the interaction of gendered mobility constraints and the uneven geography of economic activity. Using Santiago de Chile as a case study, we integrate georeferenced 2017 census data, commuting patterns, and satellite nightlight imagery to operationalize local labor market intensity and residential marginalization. We test two hypotheses—(H1) that segregation declines with economic activity, and (H2) that it rises with residential marginalization—using a suite of econometric methods, including OLS, spatial error models, and instrumental variables leveraging the historical incorporation of urban tracts. We further validate results through robustness checks and policy simulations that relocate social housing into advantaged areas. Our findings show that economic activity reduces segregation, while marginalization amplifies it; simulated housing integration policies yield effects comparable to decades of educational expansion. These results highlight the value of urban policy as a tool for advancing gender equity in labor markets. |
| Keywords: | Occupational Segregation, Gender Inequality, Urban, Labor Markets, Uneven Geography |
| JEL: | J16 R23 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:soa:wpaper:269 |
| By: | Dabrowski, Piotr (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology); Wilhelmsson, Mats (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Public preferences for classical architecture are well known, yet the economic impact of such styles in new housing developments remains unclear. This study examines whether neo-traditional architectural design influences higher apartment prices in Stockholm, thereby addressing a gap in real estate valuation research. Using 16, 508 housing transactions from 2017 to 2021, we apply hedonic price models, spatial econometrics, and propensity score matching to estimate the price effect of neo-traditional style while controlling for location, housing attributes, and selection bias. Results show that apartments in neo-traditional buildings command a 5–6% price premium, with the effect most substantial in lower-priced segments. These findings suggest that architectural style influences housing value independently of location or other housing features. Our results highlight how aesthetic preferences affect market outcomes and support the use of spatial methods in valuation research. The findings have implications for urban design, architectural policy, and housing market strategies. |
| Keywords: | Neo-traditional architecture; housing price premium; hedonic pricing; spatial econometrics; urban housing market; architectural aesthetics; real estate valuation; cultural heritage; Stockholm housing market; real estate economics |
| JEL: | C21 R21 Z18 |
| Date: | 2025–08–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2025_007 |
| By: | Mingzhi Xiao; Yuki Takayama |
| Abstract: | As high-speed rail (HSR) investment accelerates across China, the question of whether such large-scale infrastructure can promote balanced regional development or exacerbate spatial inequality has become central for policymakers and scholars. This study provides systematic micro-level evidence by analyzing a balanced panel of 353 county-level divisions, including urban districts, county-level cities, and counties, along the Shanghai-Kunming and Xuzhou-Lanzhou HSR corridors from 2008 to 2019. Using a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) approach, supported by event study and propensity score matching, we quantify the heterogeneous impacts of HSR openings across administrative types and regions, with special attention to the presence of direct HSR station access. The results show that HSR expansion significantly increases secondary and tertiary sector output in urban districts (by 2.77 and 8.71 hundred million RMB) and in county-level cities, particularly in the eastern region. In contrast, counties without HSR stations or with weaker economic foundations experience much smaller gains. Some counties also see a notable contraction in the service sector, which is closely linked to substantial population outflows. Robustness checks confirm the causal interpretation. These findings challenge the prevailing view that HSR fosters uniform growth. Instead, the results reveal that infrastructure-led development can intensify spatial and administrative disparities at the county level. The study underscores the need for integrated and locally tailored policy interventions to ensure that HSR investments contribute to inclusive and sustainable regional development. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2508.16079 |
| By: | Ariel Binder; Max Risch; John Voorheis |
| Abstract: | Housing represents the most important capital asset for most U.S. families. Despite substantial analysis of the intergenerational mobility of income, large gaps in our knowledge of the distribution of housing assets and their transmission over time remain, as housing is generally not reflected by income flows. Using novel linked data that combines survey responses with administrative tax data and information on ownership and valuation from property tax records for over 3.4 million families, we provide new evidence on the intergenerational transmission of housing capital. We find that housing capital is more persistent across generations than labor income. We document important disparities between average housing outcomes for White and Black children. These difference persist even conditional on parent rank in the distribution of housing assets, with the gap growing throughout the parental housing capital distribution. A decomposition shows that average differences in children’s labor market outcomes associated with parental assets explain about half of the observed intergenerational persistence (a “labor income channel”), and that there is also a substantial “direct channel” — conditional on children having the same earnings, children of parents with more housing assets have more assets themselves on average. The direct channel is also important for explaining the intergenerational gap in outcomes of Black and White children. Finally, we present quasi-experimental evidence that local housing supply constraints help explain spatial differences in intergenerational persistence across US counties. Our results establish the importance of housing markets, both independently from and jointly with labor markets, in shaping the intergenerational persistence of economic resources. |
| Keywords: | housing markets, intergenerational mobility, homeownership, wealth |
| JEL: | E24 O18 R31 D31 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:25-55 |
| By: | Yuanchen Yang; Flora Lutz; Lucy Qian Liu |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the nexus between persistent house price increases and productivity growth in Canada, focusing on the collateral channel. We first present a stylized model explaining the mechanism of the colleteral channel. Using detailed firm-level data spanning from 2000 to 2023, the empirical analysis finds a negative correlation between firm productivity and its real estate holdings. Furthermore, rising house prices dampen investment for firms with fewer tangible assets but stimulate investment for those with more. At the industry level, while overall productivity may increase with rising house prices on average, industries with significant tangible asset holdings exhibit an opposite trend, suggesting potential resource misallocation associated with persistent housing market boom. |
| Keywords: | housing boom; real estate, productivity; misallocation |
| Date: | 2025–08–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2025/161 |
| By: | Osswald do Amaral, Francisco; Zetzmann, Steffen |
| Abstract: | We examine how rising energy costs affect rental housing markets and inequality. Using listing data for the 30 largest German cities from 2015-2024, we find that higher energy prices are passed through to net rents in high-rent segments, where inefficient properties see significant rent reductions, but not in lower-priced segments. This asymmetry reflects tighter markets and lower demand elasticity in the affordable segment. Consequently, low-income households face much larger increases in total housing costs. Our results show how segmented housing markets can amplify inequality when energy prices rise, highlighting important distributional implications for climate policy. |
| Keywords: | Housing Markets, Energy Prices, Climate Change, Inequality |
| JEL: | R31 Q41 Q54 D31 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:324656 |
| By: | Iimi, Atsushi |
| Abstract: | Many African countries are experiencing rapid urbanization. However, job creation has not kept pace, resulting in persistently high urban unemployment rates. Based on basic job search theory, the paper revisits the relationship between employment and transport connectivity at various levels, using data from Dar es Salaam, one of Africa’s fastest-growing developing cities. It shows that those who commute longer distances tend to earn higher wages. Therefore, enhancing the efficiency of urban transport systems is crucial. The paper also identifies variations in the relationship between wages and commute times across different transport modes. Commuters using motorized transportation, particularly private cars and taxis, generally earn more than those using nonmotorized transport. Hence, there is a potential risk associated with the overreliance on private transport modes. The gender wage gap persists in Dar es Salaam, but the positive effect of commuting on wages is greater for women, which can contribute to reducing the gap. |
| Date: | 2025–08–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11186 |
| By: | Sanderson, David; Perugia, Francesca; Kroen, Annette; Liu, Edgar; Dodson, Jago |
| Abstract: | What this research is about: this research Inquiry looked at: improving how government groups work together to strengthen housing policy and planning for disasters; the housing disaster recovery approaches that best help prevent future disaster; and improving how agencies use data in housing supply processes to support disaster-ready housing and communities. This research report is the final report of the AHURI Inquiry, Housing policy and disasters: better coordinating actors, responses and data. Why this research is important: climate-related disasters are set to increase. Governments at all levels need to better coordinate housing policies and practices to reduce the impact of disasters on households. |
| Date: | 2025–07–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ku67s_v1 |
| By: | Shi, Ruihan |
| Abstract: | The presidential election, as the most significant election in the United States, has numerous socio-economic impacts. The real estate market, one of the most closely watched sectors in recent years, has generally shown an upward trend in prices. This paper examines the county-level voting results in two presidential elections which are 2016 and 2020 and the corresponding changes in county housing prices, finding that when a county's presidential election voting results are inconsistent with the final election outcome, the county's housing market is affected, leading to a downward trend in prices. Additionally, counties with a preference for the Republican Party are more sensitive to fluctuations in the real estate market when they experience electoral defeat. Other factors as races and income status also exhibit heterogeneity in response to policy shocks. This study's analysis of the relationship between presidential elections and the real estate market provides guidance for strategic decision-making in the real estate industry and contributes to a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of the impact of presidential elections on socio-economic life. |
| Date: | 2025–08–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:d9tvz_v1 |
| By: | Rowland, Neil (Queen's University Belfast); Jahanshahi, Babak (Queen's University Belfast); McVicar, Duncan (Queen's University Belfast); Miller, Corina (Queen's University Belfast) |
| Abstract: | Exclusion is a disciplinary practice used by headteachers which removes misbehaving pupils from the classroom or from the school, either temporarily or permanently. Its growing use has led to increased concern about potential negative effects on excluded pupils, including on their educational achievement. This paper estimates the effect of being excluded on subject test scores and teacher assessment outcomes using detailed administrative data on an entire cohort of pupils in the English state school system. To mitigate selection bias, we use a novel empirical approach for this literature which compares excluded pupils with pupils who experienced exclusion after outcomes were measured but not before. We find that excluded pupils perform worse in subsequent tests and teacher assessments, with 0.03-0.07 standard deviation lower standardised test scores and 2.5-3.6 percentage point higher probability of not reaching the expected level in teacher assessments. We assess the extent to which these estimated associations might reflect a negative causal impact of exclusion. |
| Keywords: | administrative data, educational achievement, school exclusion |
| JEL: | I24 I28 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18080 |
| By: | Philip McGann |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the case for, and context in which, an urban wealth fund (UWF) or a regional wealth fund (RWF), can realistically and meaningfully be established in UK cities and regions in a manner which helps to encourage investment capital back into economically weaker regions. Much of the current discussion regarding the links between industrial strategies, governance devolution nationally-orchestrated investments in renewables and national productivity growth, largely fails to consider in detail the particular effects on, or specific responses to, the capital markets, at the local, city, regional or national levels and the consequential local financial and fiscal implications of these effects and responses. The UK central-sub-central fiscal system is not well-designed to foster capital flows in economically weaker regions, and therefore finding ways to reform the interactions between the financial system and the fiscal system is essential in order to rejuvenate whole swathes of the UK economy is critical. The wealth fund model offers an important potential step in this direction. The fact that the wealth fund-types of arguments have received support from many of the UKs most prominent economists also underscores that these arguments have credibility and are worth serious consideration. These wealth fund types of arguments have strong links with various high-level fiscal and macroeconomic management debates currently taking place in the UK, but rather than national debt management issues, the arguments put forward here focus specifically on the economic nature, behaviour and role of cities and regions. It is argued here that, if properly constructed as genuine wealth funds, these institutions can provide a key piece of the jigsaw of how cities and regions may be 'turned around' in a manner which builds long-term investor confidence and investment flows back into weaker local economies. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth; Regional Economies; uk economy |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nsr:niesro:66 |
| By: | Carycruz Bueno (Department of Economics, Wesleyan University) |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic has placed virtual schooling at the forefront of policy concerns, as millions of children shift to virtual schooling. Given this shift, and the corresponding increase in demand for virtual education, it is imperative to explore its impacts on student outcomes. Using panel data, I find that attending a full-time virtual school in Georgia led to a reduction of 0.1 to 0.4 standard deviations in achievement test scores among elementary and middle school students. These results are robust to using multiple approaches to account for selection. I also find a negative relationship between attending a virtual school and graduation. |
| JEL: | I21 I24 I28 |
| Date: | 2025–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wes:weswpa:2025-008 |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | The number of people entering the United States increased sharply starting in 2021 and peaked in 2023 before slowing in 2024. That surge in immigration imposed a fiscal burden on state and local governments. In this report, CBO examines the fiscal impact of that surge in 2023. State and local tax revenues grew, especially sales tax revenues, but the costs of providing services grew more. The largest increases in costs were for primary and secondary education, shelter and related services, and border security. Costs for incarceration and income security programs also increased. |
| JEL: | F22 F66 J11 J15 J61 |
| Date: | 2025–06–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:61256 |
| By: | Connor, Dylan Shane; Kemeny, Tom; Storper, Michael |
| Abstract: | This article examines the role of work at the cutting of technological change - frontier work - as a driver of prosperity and spatial income inequality. Using new methods and data, we analyze the geography and incomes of frontier workers from 1880 to 2019. Initially, frontier work is concentrated in a set of 'seedbed' locations, contributing to rising spatial inequality through powerful localized wage premiums. As technologies mature, the economic distinctiveness of frontier work diminishes, as ultimately happened to cities like Manchester and Detroit. Our work uncovers a plausible general origin story of the unfolding of spatial income inequality. |
| Keywords: | cities; industrial revolutions; inequality; technological change; wages |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2024–05–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:123950 |
| By: | Torben Klarl; Alexander S. Kritikos; Knarik Poghosyan |
| Abstract: | While Equity Crowdfunding (ECF) platforms are a virtual space for raising funds, geography remains relevant. To determine how location matters for entrepreneurs using equity crowdfunding (ECF), we analyze the spatial distribution of successful ECF campaigns and the spatial relationship between ECF campaigns and traditional investors, such as banks and venture capitalists (VCs). Using data from the two leading German platforms – Companisto and Seedmacht – we employ spatial eigenvalue filtering and negative binomial estimations. In addition, we introduce an event study based on the implementation of the Small Investor Protection Act in Germany allowing us to obtain causal evidence. Our combined analysis reveals a significant geographic concentration of successful ECF campaigns in some, but not all, dense areas. ECF campaigns tend to cluster in dense areas with VC activity, while they are less prevalent in dense areas with high banking activity, and are rarely found in rural areas. Thus, rather than closing the so-called regional funding gap, our results suggest that, from a spatial perspective, ECF fills the gap when firms in dense areas seek external financing below the minimum equity threshold offered by VCs and when there are few banks offering loans. |
| Keywords: | Crowdfunding, Finance Geography, Entrepreneurial Finance, Venture Capital |
| JEL: | G30 L26 M13 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:atv:wpaper:2501 |
| By: | Matthias Eckardt; Philipp Otto |
| Abstract: | Compositional data, such as regional shares of economic sectors or property transactions, are central to understanding structural change in economic systems across space and time. This paper introduces a spatiotemporal multivariate autoregressive model tailored for panel data with composition-valued responses at each areal unit and time point. The proposed framework enables the joint modelling of temporal dynamics and spatial dependence under compositional constraints and is estimated via a quasi maximum likelihood approach. We build on recent theoretical advances to establish identifiability and asymptotic properties of the estimator when both the number of regions and time points grow. The utility and flexibility of the model are demonstrated through two applications: analysing property transaction compositions in an intra-city housing market (Berlin), and regional sectoral compositions in Spain's economy. These case studies highlight how the proposed framework captures key features of spatiotemporal economic processes that are often missed by conventional methods. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2507.14389 |
| By: | Klarl, Torben; Kritikos, Alexander S.; Poghosyan, Knarik |
| Abstract: | While Equity Crowdfunding (ECF) platforms are a virtual space for raising funds, geography remains relevant. To determine how location matters for entrepreneurs using equity crowdfunding (ECF), we analyze the spatial distribution of successful ECF campaigns and the spatial relationship between ECF campaigns and traditional investors, such as banks and venture capitalists (VCs). Using data from the two leading German platforms - Companisto and Seedmacht - we employ spatial eigenvalue filtering and negative binomial estimations. In addition, we introduce an event study based on the implementation of the Small Investor Protection Act in Germany allowing us to obtain causal evidence. Our combined analysis reveals a significant geographic concentration of successful ECF campaigns in some, but not all, dense areas. ECF campaigns tend to cluster in dense areas with VC activity, while they are less prevalent in dense areas with high banking activity, and are rarely found in rural areas. Thus, rather than closing the so-called regional funding gap, our results suggest that, from a spatial perspective, ECF fills the gap when firms in dense areas seek external financing below the minimum equity threshold offered by VCs and when there are few banks offering loans. |
| Keywords: | Crowdfunding, Finance Geography, Entrepreneurial Finance, Venture Capital (VC) Proximity |
| JEL: | G30 L26 M13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1654 |
| By: | Lindsey Raymond |
| Abstract: | While there is excitement about the potential for algorithms to optimize individual decision-making, changes in individual behavior will, almost inevitably, impact markets. Yet little is known about such effects. In this paper, I study how the availability of algorithmic prediction changes entry, allocation, and prices in the US single-family housing market, a key driver of household wealth. I identify a market-level natural experiment that generates variation in the cost of using algorithms to value houses: digitization, the transition from physical to digital housing records. I show that digitization leads to entry by investors using algorithms, but does not push out investors using human judgment. Instead, human investors shift toward houses that are difficult to predict algorithmically. Algorithmic investors predominantly purchase minority-owned homes, a segment of the market where humans may be biased. Digitization increases the average sale price of minority-owned homes by 5% and reduces racial disparities in home prices by 45%. Algorithmic investors, via competition, affect the prices paid by owner-occupiers and human investors for minority homes; such changes drive the majority of the reduction in racial disparities. The decrease in racial inequality underscores the potential for algorithms to mitigate human biases at the market level. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2508.09513 |
| By: | Gambardella, Giulia (University of Perugia); Ben Lenda, Ilham (University of Trento); Mangiavacchi, Lucia (University of Perugia); Piccoli, Luca (University of Trento) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how an adolescent's relative socioeconomic status (SES) within their school influences their socioemotional development and well-being. Although peer effects on academic outcomes are well-documented, less is known about how an individual's socioeconomic rank among peers shapes non-cognitive skills. Using PISA 2022 data and a school fixed effects model, we investigate the relationship between two measures of relative SES—Socioeconomic Rank and Socioeconomic Gap—and a range of outcomes, including socioemotional skills, self-esteem, and attitudes toward school. Our results show that higher within-school SES rank is significantly associated with better socioemotional skills, greater well-being, and stronger academic motivation. We also find important heterogeneity by gender and migrant background. These findings highlight that an individual's relative socioeconomic position, beyond absolute resources, plays a critical role in shaping adolescent non-cognitive development. |
| Keywords: | relative position, socio-economic status, socio-emotional skills, adolescents |
| JEL: | I24 F22 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18060 |
| By: | Hammarstedt, Mats (Linnaeus University and); Sjöholm, Fredrik (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Skedinger, Per (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how managerial background influences firms’ use of labor migration. Using Swedish data, we analyze whether firms led by foreign-born managers are more likely to apply for work permits for non-EU workers. We find that such managers significantly increase the likelihood of application, even after controlling for firm characteristics and regional conditions. Our results suggest that leadership diversity affects access to global labor and how firms engage with migration policy. The study adds new evidence on how firm-level decision-makers shape international recruitment and the institutional channels of cross-border labor mobility. |
| Keywords: | Labor migration; Managerial diversity; Foreign-born managers; Work permits; Sweden; Hiring behavior |
| JEL: | J15 J61 M51 |
| Date: | 2025–08–20 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1533 |
| By: | Gorjian, Mahshid |
| Abstract: | Background A significant approach to enhancing children's health and addressing environmental disparities in metropolitan regions of the United States has emerged: schoolyard greening. The advantages of physical activity and well-being are increasingly recognized; nevertheless, the wider ramifications for community dynamics, social equality, and the risks of green gentrification remain poorly comprehended. Purpose This review carefully assesses the evidence about the impact of schoolyard greening efforts on children's health, neighborhood transformation, and the equitable distribution of benefits and risks across diverse urban communities. Methods A comparative literature analysis was performed to synthesize findings from quantitative studies, qualitative research, and case analyses specifically addressing schoolyard greening projects in prominent U.S. cities. Results Evidence consistently indicates that schoolyard greening positively influences children's socioemotional well-being and physical activity levels, while also enhancing the use of outdoor spaces. Increased unstructured play and student engagement correlate with renovation techniques that incorporate varied play areas and natural features. Nonetheless, the allocation of gains is uneven; educational institutions situated in rapidly evolving or affluent communities are more prone to improvements in infrastructure and accessibility. Furthermore, greening projects can act as drivers for neighborhood development, potentially leading to green gentrification processes that threaten the tenure of disadvantaged people and elevate property values. These results underscore the importance of context-sensitive and inclusive planning. Conclusions Schoolyard greening can offer substantial health advantages for children and support the broader goals of urban sustainability. Nonetheless, these initiatives may exacerbate socioeconomic disparities and contribute to displacement patterns without intentional policies and community-driven strategies. To ensure the equitable distribution of schoolyard greening benefits, it is imperative that effective solutions emphasize equity, substantial community involvement, and the safeguarding of at-risk populations. |
| Date: | 2025–07–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:d85tg_v1 |
| By: | John R. Logan; H. Jacob Carlson; Jongho Won |
| Abstract: | This study examines Hispanic Americans’ residential settlement patterns nationwide in the last 120 years. Drawing on newly available neighborhood data for the whole country as early as 1900, it documents the direction and timing of changes in two aspects of their location. First, it charts Hispanics’ transition from a predominantly rural population to majority metropolitan by 1930 and also their growing presence in all regions of the U.S. while still maintaining a predominance in the West and Texas. Second, it provides the first evidence of the long-term trajectory of their segregation from whites in the metropolitan areas where they were settling. As shown by studies of more recent decades, Hispanics were never as segregated as African Americans. Nonetheless, similar to African Americans, their segregation from whites increased to high levels through the middle of the century, followed by slow decline. For both groups metropolitan segregation was driven mainly by segregation among central city neighborhoods prior to the 1940s. But new forms of segregation – a growing city/suburb divide and increasing segregation among suburban places – have become the largest contributors to segregation today. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:25-50 |
| By: | Clay, Karen (Carnegie Mellon University); Hernandez-Cortes, Danae (Arizona State University); Jha, Akshaya (Carnegie Mellon University); Lewis, Joshua (University of Montreal); Miller, Noah (University of Southern California); Severnini, Edson (Boston College) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the relative contributions of siting decisions and post-siting demographic shifts to current disparities in exposure to polluting fossil-fuel plants in the United States. Our analysis leverages newly digitized data on power plant siting and operations from 1900-2020, combined with spatially resolved demographics and population data from the U.S Census from 1870-2020. We find little evidence that fossil-fuel plants were disproportionately sited in counties with higher Black population shares on average. However, event study estimates indicate that Black population share grows in the decades after the first fossil-fuel plant is built in a county, with average increases in Black population share of 4 percentage points in the 50-70 years after first siting. These long-run demographic shifts are driven by counties that first hosted a fossil-fuel plant between 1900-1949. We close by exploring how these long-run demographic shifts were shaped by the Great Migration, differential sorting in response to pollution, and other factors. Our findings highlight that the equity implications of siting long-lived infrastructure can differ dramatically depending on the time span considered. |
| Keywords: | environmental justice, fossil-fuel power plants, infrastructure siting, demographic shifts |
| JEL: | N52 N92 Q40 Q52 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18052 |
| By: | Gabriel Marcos Arcanjo (Department of Economics, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil); Fernando Salgueiro Perobelli (Department of Economics, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil); Vinicius Vale (Department of Economics, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil); Douglas Silveira (Department of Economics, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil) |
| Abstract: | To understand how different regions withstand increasingly frequent exogenous shocks, we analyze regional resilience in Brazil, motivated by persistent structural inequalities and frequent exposure to such shocks. Using interregional input-output matrices for 2011 and 2019, we adopt an ex ante approach, simulating scenarios that stress the productive structure to evaluate regional responses. These results are integrated with network analysis and machine learning techniques to classify degrees of regional resilience. Resilience is highest in the South and Southeast, particularly São Paulo, and lowest in the North and Northeast. This pattern is associated with the concentration of activities with limited diffusion to less resilient regions, which exhibit growth and specialization in primary activities, along with dependence on services weakly integrated into production chains. Overall, resilience remains largely stable, highlighting structural barriers that hinder transformation and are not easily overcome spontaneously over time. |
| Keywords: | Regional Resilience; Input-Output; Network Analysis; Machine Learning |
| JEL: | C67 O40 C22 R10 R15 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:nereus:021497 |
| By: | Machin, Stephen; McNally, Sandra; Terrier, Camille; Ventura, Guglielmo |
| Abstract: | Vocational education delivery is widely debated, with ongoing efforts to improve its effectiveness. In 2010, England introduced University Technical Colleges (UTCs), hybrid institutions combining general and vocational education. Using an instrumental variable approach, this paper examines the impact of UTC attendance on academic and vocational achievement, university enrolment, and labour market outcomes. For students entering UTCs at the unconventional age 14, enrolment significantly lowers academic achievement at age 16. However, for those entering at the conventional age 16, UTCs enhance vocational achievement, boost enrolment in STEM degrees, and improve labour market outcomes. The findings highlight the risks of early specialisation and the benefits of aligning education with students' interests at a more suitable stage. |
| Keywords: | technical education; school value-added; University Technical College |
| JEL: | I20 I21 I28 |
| Date: | 2025–07–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128193 |
| By: | Tatsuru Kikuchi |
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a novel framework for causal inference in spatial economics that explicitly models the stochastic transition from partial to general equilibrium effects. We develop a Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model (DDPM) integrated with boundary detection methods from stochastic process theory to identify when and how treatment effects propagate beyond local markets. Our approach treats the evolution of spatial spillovers as a L\'evy process with jump-diffusion dynamics, where the first passage time to critical thresholds indicates regime shifts from partial to general equilibrium. Using CUSUM-based sequential detection, we identify the spatial and temporal boundaries at which local interventions become systemic. Applied to AI adoption across Japanese prefectures, we find that treatment effects exhibit L\'evy jumps at approximately 35km spatial scales, with general equilibrium effects amplifying partial equilibrium estimates by 42\%. Monte Carlo simulations show that ignoring these stochastic boundaries leads to underestimation of treatment effects by 28-67\%, with particular severity in densely connected economic regions. Our framework provides the first rigorous method for determining when spatial spillovers necessitate general equilibrium analysis, offering crucial guidance for policy evaluation in interconnected economies. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2508.06594 |
| By: | Scholl, Lynn; Sabogal-Cardona, Orlando; Oviedo, Daniel; Arellana, Julián; Cantillo, Víctor; Ojeda-Diaz, Alfredo J. |
| Abstract: | Microtransit services are a midpoint between standard ride-hailing services and conventional bus fleets from public transit. Microtransit utilizes small buses or vans to provide on-demand shared transport, allowing users to reserve seats, track their trips, and receive real-time estimates of pick-up and drop-off times. While public transit systems in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region are the subject of critical and often contentious policy debates with frequent references to user discontent and an overall decline in quality, microtransit is emerging as an alternative that could improve existing transit systems. Microtransit is argued to be an effective means to extend the coverage of transit services in transit deserts, operating in areas without transit routes and where investments in stations and infrastructure might not be cost effective. Despite its potential benefits, microtransit remains under studied in the LAC region. Based on survey data gathered for Barranquilla, Colombia, and Mexico City, Mexico, this research examines the added value of digital technology features in microtransit. This paper explores individuals' perceptions of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) features present in microtransit and different variables mediating such perceptions. Employing factor analysis, and Structural Equation Models (SEM), ICT features are considered as latent variables and placed as the main outcome of the SEM. Other latent variables encompassing perceptions, such as the quality and safety of public transit, are also included in the model. Results indicate that individuals with pro-car attitudes and those who own cars are more likely to prefer ICT features in microtransit, suggesting a potential for modal shift. Similarly, insecurity in public transit also explains favorable perceptions about the ICT features in microtransit. We also found that higher levels of technological savviness and being a ride-hailing adopter are related to increased valuations of microtransit. |
| Keywords: | Microtransit |
| JEL: | O14 R42 R58 Z18 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:14219 |
| By: | Dworsky, Leonie; Pipke, David; Tschank, Juliet |
| Abstract: | We evaluate Raise-Up, a pilot in two Turin-area vocational schools that integrated project-based learning on digitization and the green transition into the regular curriculum. Using a difference-indifferences design on three survey waves, we find no positive effects on any pre-registered outcomes, including aspirations, motivation, competencies, preferences, and socio-emotional engagement. The only significant effect is negative: treated students report lower school enjoyment (-0.39σ), plausibly from higher workload. Impacts are more adverse for females, reducing self-confidence and perceived job knowledge, with no socio-economic differences. Post-program feedback aligns with these results, suggesting limited benefits and potential unintended costs. |
| Keywords: | vocational education and training, digital skills, green skills, projectbased learning, dropout prevention, gender differences, field experiment |
| JEL: | I21 J24 Q59 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkwp:324657 |
| By: | Eckhardt, Yannick; Hoffmann, Jakob (LMU Munich); Namberger, Philipp |
| Abstract: | Exceptional architecture is widely recognized for its seeming impact on the cultural and economic trajectories of cities. However, the specific attractive potential of any given project and thus its impact on the regional economy is often contentious, and identifying measurable increases for outcomes of interest, such as visitor numbers, is empirically challenging. This study investigates the causal effects of the Elbphilharmonie concert hall in Hamburg on local tourism development. Employing the synthetic control method, we create a counterfactual scenario to estimate how Hamburg’s tourism trajectory might have unfolded without the construction of the Elbphilharmonie. Contrasting recent debates highlighting the often underwhelming nature of 'star architecture', our findings indicate that the concert hall has had a major effect on tourism: In the seven and a half years from its opening in January 2017 to the second quarter of 2024, the Elbphilharmonie is estimated to be responsible for 13 million additional overnight stays, despite the period covering the covid pandemic. |
| Date: | 2025–07–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:fz3bg_v1 |
| By: | Lafleur, Jean-Michel; Marfouk, Abdeslam |
| Abstract: | Using an experimental design embedded within a nationally representative survey implemented in Algeria, this study seeks to evaluate the effect that information campaigns have on willingness of individuals residing in the Global South to engage in unauthorized migration to Europe. In particular, in line with the discursive priorities of policy-makers focused on deterrence of irregular migration, we examine the impact of messages on the "risks and dangers associated with illegal migration", "anti-migrants walls and other fences", "undocumented immigrants regularization programs" and "access to welfare". Using an experiment embedded within a national survey implemented in Algeria, we did not find any statistically significant effect of information provision on those issues on the willingness of individuals to engage in irregular migration to Europe. These results question the efficiency and legitimacy of the existing approach to migration-information campaign. They also dispute the frequently used argument in policy debates that regularization programs and immigrants' access to welfare trigger undocumented migration. |
| Keywords: | International Migration, Migration-Information Campaigns, Survey Experiments, Undocumented Migration |
| JEL: | C99 F22 J61 J68 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1655 |
| By: | De Santis, Roberto A.; Vinci, Francesca |
| Abstract: | We employ a novel regional dataset on European private investment and business R&D spanning the years 2000 to 2021, along with comprehensive historical data on European Union Structural and Investment (ESI) funds, to estimate whether ESIfunds have crowding-in or crowding-out effects on private investment and business R&D. Our analysis, leveraging regional variation and a fiscal instrument immune to region-specific shocks, reveals a significant crowding-in effect, with 1 euro in ESI funds increasing private investment by 1.1 euros and business R&D by 0.1 euros after two years. The effect is stronger in developed regions for private investment and in less developed regions for R&D. Additionally, crowding-in effects are stronger in regions where corporate private debt is relatively higher. Among the different ESI funds, the Cohesion Fund (CF) shows the largest estimated impact, while the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) yields somewhat smaller but statistically more robust results. JEL Classification: E22, H54, O38, O52, R11, R58 |
| Keywords: | EU, fiscal instruments, private Investment, R&D, structural and investment funds |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253098 |
| By: | Näslund-Hadley, Emma; Hernández Agramonte, Juan Manuel; Zoido, Pablo |
| Abstract: | In this article, we present the impact evaluation of Irûmi, an educational robot-based intervention aimed at developing second-grade students' computational thinking (CT) skills in Paraguay. Our results indicate that the program had an effect of 0.09 standard deviations on the students' CT skills, focusing on abilities such as abstraction, algorithmic thinking, and evaluation. These findings suggest that with age-appropriate instructional design, very young children could develop CT skills and, that smart devices and electronic toys can contribute to their development at early ages. Our study contributes to the empirical literature because it is applied to a developing country, uses an experimental design, pre-and post-treatment measures, and a large student sample, and explores the programs impact on students and teachers. In addition to the impact on students CT skills, we found that Irûmi had effects on other dimensions for which it may not have been intentionally designed. First, our results suggest that Irûmi raised preferences towards Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) toys and increased gender flexibility toward who can play with them, especially among girls. Second, the program increased children's positive attitudes toward technology. The mechanisms by which the effects of Irûmi occur are several. First, the program increased the probability that the teacher would use educational technology in the classroom, including devices not contemplated by the program. Second, we found that Irûmi developed teachers CT skills, possibly due to the novelty of the curriculum and methodology in the Paraguayan context. |
| JEL: | C93 I20 I24 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:14227 |
| By: | Arnaud Le Marchand (IDEES - Identité et Différenciation de l’Espace, de l’Environnement et des Sociétés - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRIHS - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université) |
| Abstract: | The chapter relates over 30 years of fieldwork in the port city of Le Havre. As port labor markets evolved, primarily through containerization, from localized to globalized markets, the researcher was led to adopt changes in his way of doing fieldwork. The practice of distancing, or how to distance oneself from the place and people to study, constituted a first reflection on conducting research in industrial relations, in very localized but interconnected systems such as ports. This involved using a mix of tools, such as interviews and archives, and confronting the limits of both cultural and material approaches. To understand how a particular type of industrial district (the port community) was transformed within the global maritime labor market required making comparisons, which prompted the local researcher to go abroad. Finally, as the spread of neoliberal policies during globalization modifies the social landscape and networks, the local port is crossed by flows of mobile workers and migrants. Mobile housing becomes an object of research when poor globalized workers come to settle in the city. Among them, Roma migrants and seasonal workers taught me at last an ancient way of inquiring: dockwalking. The study of industrial relations is endless and must combine many methods. |
| Date: | 2024–06–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05112834 |
| By: | Jan Bazyli Klakla; Maciej Duszczyk |
| Abstract: | Over the last dozen years Poland became an immigration country. The 178th mBank-CASE Seminar proceedings is devoted to this process – from various perspectives. The data speak for themselves. Immigration provides significant support for the Polish labour market. Poland is facing a rapid population decline. According to projections by the Ministry of Finance in 2022, by 2030 the population of Poland could decrease from the current 37.75 million to 36.6 million, and by 2050 to 34.1 million. The percentage of people of working age will decrease, while the elderly population will increase. Immigration may provide a solution to this problem. In 2022, around 100, 000 people from Belarus arrived in Poland, most of them actively participating in the labour market. In addition, there are 1.2 million Ukrainians who stayed in Poland after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. It is therefore necessary to develop a long-term immigration, education and social policy to retain immigrants and integrate them into society and the labour market. This is what eminent experts who have been researching migration processes for years write about in the first two chapters of these Notebooks: Dr Maciej Duszczyk, as well as Dr Agata Górny and Dr Paweł Kaczmarczyk, from the Centre for Migration Research, operating within the University of Warsaw. The third chapter is devoted to the situation of female domestic workers. |
| Keywords: | country of emigration, country of immigration, migration policy, visa policy, immigrant integration, war refugees, economic migrants, labour market, domestic work sector, Poland, Ukraine |
| JEL: | F22 J15 J48 J61 J68 |
| Date: | 2024–05–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sec:mbanks:0178 |
| By: | Aguilar, José; Quineche, Ricardo |
| Abstract: | Despite being an emerging economy, Peru has achieved superior post-pandemic disinflation compared to major developed economies, making its regional inflation dynamics globally instructive for monetary policy design. This study investigates Lima's suitability as Peru's inflation-targeting anchor by analyzing regional spillovers across nine economic regions using monthly CPI data (2002-2024). Employing both Diebold-Yilmaz time-domain and Baruník-Křehlík frequency-domain frameworks, we quantify the direction, magnitude, and persistence of inflation transmission. Results reveal strong regional interdependence (73.60% total spillover index) with Lima as the dominant net transmitter (23.94 percentage points). However, frequency decomposition uncovers striking cyclical heterogeneity: Lima receives short-run shocks from food-producing regions but dominates long-run transmission (44.70% vs. 28.99% frequency spillover index). Rolling-window analysis during COVID-19 shows temporary spillover disruption (connectivity declining from 75% to 68%) followed by recovery during 2022's inflationary surge. Robustness checks across specifications, granular city-level data, and three-band frequency segmentation confirm Lima's structural centrality at lower frequencies. These findings validate the Central Reserve Bank's Lima-centered approach for long-run targeting while revealing asymmetric frequency-dependent spillovers. The presence of short-run regional shocks suggests integrating upstream agricultural signals could enhance near-term forecasting and policy responsiveness. |
| Keywords: | Inflation spillovers, Regional inflation dynamics, Frequency-domain analysis, Diebold-Yilmaz methodology, Baruník-Křehlík framework |
| JEL: | C32 E31 E58 |
| Date: | 2025–07–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125442 |
| By: | Ferrando, Mery; Katzkowicz, Noemi; Le Barbanchon, Thomas; Ubfal, Diego Javier |
| Abstract: | This paper provides the first experimental evidence on the long-term effects of work-study programs, leveraging a randomized lottery design from a national program in Uruguay. Participation leads to a persistent 11 percent increase in formal labor earnings, observable seven years after the program. Effects are stronger for youth who participate during pivotal educational transitions and are larger for vulnerable youth and men, while remaining positive for women and non-vulnerable youth. The program is highly cost-effective, with average impacts exceeding those of job training programs and comparable to early childhood investments. |
| Date: | 2025–08–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11185 |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were chartered in 1938 and 1970, respectively, as government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) to ensure a stable supply of credit for mortgages nationwide. After operating independently for decades, the two GSEs were placed in federal conservatorships in 2008. In January 2025, the Federal Housing Finance Administration announced that it will seek comments on options to end the GSEs' conservatorships. |
| JEL: | G21 |
| Date: | 2025–07–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:61374 |
| By: | Mangiavacchi, Lucia (University of Perugia); Piccoli, Luca (University of Trento); Gambardella, Giulia (University of Perugia) |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the long-term causal effects of music proficiency on emotional intelligence and mental health. Leveraging the staggered rollout of a school orchestra program as a quasi-experimental setting, we identify the causal impact of adolescent musical engagement. Our findings reveal that music training significantly improves both emotional intelligence and mental health into young adulthood. Specifically, musical proficiency fosters key non-cognitive traits, including self-motivation, optimism and adaptability, while also mitigating symptoms of poor mental health, including depression and anxiety. These positive effects are particularly pronounced for males and second-generation migrants. Our evidence demonstrates that learning music has a lasting positive impact on non-cognitive skills, suggesting that universal educational music programs can be a powerful, long-term tool for human capital development and inequality reduction. |
| Keywords: | transition to adulthood, mental health, emotional intelligence, music training, extracurricular activities |
| JEL: | D91 I24 J13 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18064 |
| By: | Ceci Weng Si Kuan (The Hong Kong Polytechnic University) |
| Abstract: | The transition to university-level writing presents significant challenges for first-year students, often requiring them to develop new skills in academic writing and critical thinking. This presentation explores the integration of AI-powered writing assistants in academic writing courses to support and empower these students. These tools offer personalized feedback on grammar, style, and coherence, enabling students to refine their writing skills independently. By providing real-time suggestions and corrections, these tools help students identify common errors and improve their writing proficiency over time.This presentation will examine the benefits of incorporating AI-powered writing assistants into the curriculum, including increased student engagement, enhanced learning outcomes, and the development of self-editing skills. Additionally, it will address potential challenges, such as over-reliance on technology and ensuring equitable access for all students. Through case studies and practical examples, participants will gain insights into best practices for integrating these tools effectively, aligning them with course objectives and learning outcomes. Ultimately, this presentation aims to demonstrate how AI-powered writing assistants can serve as valuable allies in the academic journey of first-year university students, fostering greater confidence and competence in their writing abilities. |
| Keywords: | Academic English, AI-driven writing tools, Student engagement, Self-editing skills, Technology in education |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:15216660 |
| By: | Dariusz Filar; Andrzej Reich; Michał Polasik; Ewa Balcerowicz |
| Abstract: | The subject of this publication, reflecting the discussion held between experts on 30 March 2023, is that of housing loans in Poland. The publication focuses primarily on discussing the state of mortgages (at the end of the first quarter of 2023). This state is the effect of (a) legislation, (b) institutional solutions, (c) past processes in the financing of housing loans, and recently also (d) the high level of inflation dampening both lending by the banks and the level of interest among bank customers. The publication’s second purpose is to present recommendations which, once put into effect, could rectify today’s lamentable situation. All of the proposals presented in this publication lead to one general recommendation: the answer to the current shortcomings lies not in isolated, single changes; what is essential is a new system for the market. This new system should be (a) flexible, (b) free of legal risk while at the same time (c) better protected against market risk, and (d) it should also contain a more comprehensive range of products; on this market (e) the state, as the regulator, should intervene ex-ante and not only ex-post (as has been the case in Poland for the last 20 years), while (f) customers should have the essential minimum of financial knowledge, first and foremost regarding awareness of the risk related to, which by their very nature are long-term loans. |
| Keywords: | home loan, mortgage, Swiss franc loans, balanced mortgage, new loans, banking system, legal risk, market risk, interest rates, home loans market, financial education, Poland |
| JEL: | G21 G28 G51 G53 |
| Date: | 2024–01–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sec:mbanks:0176 |
| By: | Heath, Alexandra; Schroeder, Krista |
| Abstract: | This article introduces the concept of the trauma-informed neighborhood as a systems-level planning framework rooted in neuroscience, environmental psychology, and spatial justice. Drawing on principles of trauma-informed care and emerging public health research, the paper describes planning strategies that prioritize nervous system regulation, co-located services, inclusive public and greenspace design, cross-sector collaboration, and argues that planning is a health intervention. Through precedent analysis and conceptual modelling, the trauma-informed neighborhood is proposed as a design and policy intervention, with planners as central actors. The article concludes with policy recommendations and regulatory tools to leverage planning for community healing and long-term resilience. |
| Date: | 2025–08–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:bcna9_v1 |
| By: | Torben Klarl |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of creativity on technological advancement, long-term economic development, and social welfare, with creativity endogenously determined through interactions within social networks. We demonstrate that an economy remains stagnant, exhibiting neither networking nor long-term growth, when the size of the creative class falls below a certain positive threshold. Conversely, surpassing this threshold triggers active networking between creative and non-creative individuals, fostering sustained technological progress and income growth. We calibrate the model and simulate the economy’s transition from stagnation to dynamic growth. Although immediate welfare gains from transitioning to a growing economy are modest, medium- to long-term welfare improvements become substantial due to the cumulative effects of technological advancement facilitated by networking. |
| Keywords: | Creativity, Population dynamics, Innovation, Technological evolution, Endogenous growth, Network, Welfare |
| JEL: | E13 E14 I30 O11 O31 O33 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:atv:wpaper:2504 |
| By: | Gregory-Smith, Ian (University of Sheffield); Bryson, Alex (University College London); Gomez, Rafael (University of Toronto) |
| Abstract: | We examine the role that racial discrimination plays in the decision to retain or release an employee. Our empirical setting allows us to separate the retention decision from the wage decision. For the first four years of a player’s career, wages are mechanically determined and players are under a restricted ‘rookie’ contract, during which they can be released without cost. Players who survive in the league beyond four years receive a large uptick in their remuneration upon signing their first ‘free-agency’ contract. Consequently, marginal decisions over employment retention during the rookie contract have substantial implications for earnings realised over a player’s career. We find subtle but significant differences in retention rates between Black and White players (approximately 3 percentage points) that can’t be explained by a comprehensive set of individual characteristics including their productivity. We also show that traditional wage gap estimates, which appear to show equal earnings between Black and White players conditional upon playing position and productivity, mask underlying disparities in career earnings that become apparent when adjusting for these unequal retention rates. |
| Keywords: | retention, wages, discrimination |
| JEL: | J71 J31 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18079 |
| By: | Luisa Corrado; Stefano Grassi; Aldo Paolillo (Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge) |
| Abstract: | Recent studies suggest that space activities generate significant economic benefits. This paper attempts to quantify these effects by modelling both business cycle and long-run effects driven by space sector activities. We develop a model in which technologies are shaped by both a dedicated R&D sector and spillovers from space-sector innovations. Using U.S. data from the 1960s to the present day, we analyse patent grants to distinguish between space and core sector technologies. By leveraging the network of patent citations, we further examine the evolving dependence between space and core technologies over time. Our findings highlight the positive impact of the aerospace sector on technological innovation and economic growth, particularly during the 1960s and 1970s. |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jbs:wpaper:202502 |
| By: | Baez, Maria Josefina (University of Florence); Giannelli, Gianna Claudia (University of Florence); Mangiavacchi, Lucia (University of Perugia) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how shifts in local labor markets influence maternal expectations about future support from their children, and how those expectations affect adolescents’ socio-emotional development. Using panel data from the Young Lives study in Peru (Rounds 4 and 5), the analysis exploits exogenous variation in female employment opportunities across departments through a shift-share instrument. Results show that improvements in women’s local labor demand reduce the likelihood that mothers expect emotional or financial support from their children in adulthood. These lower expectations are, in turn, associated with improved socio-emotional development among adolescents, captured through standardized indices of self-esteem, self-efficacy, peer relations, and pride. The findings suggest that economic expansion may relax intergenerational expectations of support, thereby reducing the psychological burdens placed on children. This study contributes to research on gendered labor shocks, parental beliefs, and the socio-emotional consequences of intergenerational dynamics, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, showing how economic change can influence child development through shifts in maternal expectations. |
| Keywords: | shift share, maternal expectations, socio-emotional skills, Peru |
| JEL: | D1 J1 I2 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp18049 |
| By: | Degryse, Hans; De Jonghe, Olivier; Laeven, Luc; Zhao, Tong |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the role of collateral using the euro area corporate credit registry, Ana-Credit. We document key facts about the importance, distribution, and composition of collateral, including its presence, types, and values. On average, 70% of credit amounts are collateralized. Real estate and financial assets are the most pledged, while physical movable assets and other intangible assets are less present. In addition, we show that the aggregate collateral value pledged to the banking sector is substantial, driven mainly by real estate in most countries. For the first time, we examine the collateral channel in bank credit using the actual value of individual collateral. By exploiting within-firm and within-bank variations for newly issued secured loans, we find that the elasticity of collateral value to loan commitment amounts is around 0.7-0.8. This collateral value elasticity exhibits substantial country and time heterogeneity, which can be explained by legal, financial, and macro conditions. JEL Classification: E32, G21, G33 |
| Keywords: | bank credit, collateral channel, corporate financing, secured debt |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20253095 |
| By: | RENI BUNEVA (Sofia University Saint Kliment Ohridski) |
| Abstract: | Geert Hofstede?s cultural-dimensions model has long served as a foundational tool for interpreting cross-cultural differences in organizational and educational settings. However, its six static dimensions?derived from corporate surveys?risk oversimplifying the fluid and intersectional nature of culture within today?s diverse classrooms. This article critically reevaluates the framework?s applicability to teacher training, curriculum development, and educational leadership, exposing methodological and theoretical limitations that foster stereotypes and obscure intra-national and identity-based variation. Drawing on contemporary scholarship (Ng, 2021; Bennett, 2016) and complementary perspectives (Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner, 2012; Norton, 2015), an alternative model of critical intercultural pedagogy is proposed. Key components include qualitative, ethnographic inquiry into students? lived experiences; dialogic, co-learning environments; intersectional analyses of overlapping identities; and critical media literacy to contest dominant cultural narratives. By replacing rigid cultural rankings with dynamic, context-sensitive approaches, this pedagogy seeks to cultivate genuine intercultural competence, promote inclusivity, and prepare learners for meaningful engagement in an increasingly interconnected world. |
| Keywords: | Intercultural Education; Critical Intercultural Pedagogy; Hofstede?s Cultural Dimensions; Culturally Responsive Teaching; Global Citizenship Education; Teacher Education; Curriculum Development; Cultural Stereotyping; Cultural Competence; |
| JEL: | I21 Z10 Z13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:15216830 |
| By: | Bernardi, Marta; Lindlacher, Valentin |
| Abstract: | For the developing world, instant connectivity was first established through the expansion of second-generation (2G) mobile networks. Leveraging exogenous variation in network disruptions induced by lightning strikes as an instrumental variable, we analyze panel data from 2, 040 regions across 13 developing countries between 1990 and 2015. Our findings reveal economically meaningful increases in employment (approximately 32-43%), driven primarily by a shift from self-employment toward formal wage employment, notably within agriculture, coupled with substantial rises in unpaid labor among women. |
| Keywords: | Mobile Coverage, Structural Transformation, Panel Inference, Technological Development, Micro Interventions, Aggregate Implications |
| JEL: | O33 O12 O14 E24 E27 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:tudcep:324641 |
| By: | Nguyen, Ha; Mitrou, Francis |
| Abstract: | The catastrophic effects of natural disasters on social and economic systems are well documented; however, their impacts on individual life satisfaction remain insufficiently understood. This study pioneers a causal analysis of the effects of cyclones on life satisfaction in Australia, leveraging local cyclone exposure as a natural experiment. Drawing on more than two decades of nationally representative panel data, individual fixed-effects models reveal that only the most severe Category 5 events—particularly those occurring in close proximity to residences—significantly reduce overall life satisfaction, as well as satisfaction with community and health. Notably, these severe cyclones exhibit either lasting or delayed adverse effects on satisfaction with employment opportunities, neighbourhood, community, and personal safety. The findings are robust across a range of sensitivity checks, including a falsification test confirming no effect of future cyclones on current life satisfaction, and three randomization tests. Furthermore, these negative impacts are more pronounced among males, younger individuals, and those without prior residential insurance coverage. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters; Life Satisfaction; Happiness; Wellbeing; Australia |
| JEL: | I12 I31 Q5 Q51 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:125390 |
| By: | Manuel Fernández (Universidad de los Andes); Marco Gonzalez-Navarro (University of California-Berkeley); Climent Quintana-Domeque (University of Exeter & IZA) |
| Abstract: | Developing countries often face a cycle where weak tax compliance limits public goods, cutting incentives to pay taxes. We test whether improved local infrastructure can disrupt this cycle, using a randomized street paving experiment in Acayucan, Mexico. Of 56 eligible street projects, 28 were randomly selected. A model highlights two mechanisms: belief updating about government efficiency and reciprocity from direct benefits. Three implications follow: (1) belief updating occurs through exposure to paving anywhere in the network; (2) compliance rises with broader exposure; (3) reciprocity boosts compliance among directly treated owners. Survey data supports belief updating: among initially dissatisfied residents, a one-SD increase in exposure to assigned paving lowered dissatisfaction by 7.9 pp, while exposure to actual paving lowered it by 8.8 pp, with no effect among the satisfied. Property tax records show exposure to assigned paving raised compliance by 1.5 pp, and to actual paving by 2.6 pp (3% above baseline). Reciprocity mattered too: owners whose street was assigned paving (or actually paved) increased compliance by 3.2 pp (4.8 pp, or 5.5% above baseline). Belief updating yields four times as much revenue as reciprocity. |
| Keywords: | taxpayer behavior, roads, infrastructure, belief updating, reciprocity, government efficiency, publi |
| JEL: | C93 H26 H41 H54 O12 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:021501 |