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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Shiwen Xu |
| Abstract: | This study examines whether the COVID-19 pandemic led to lasting shifts in residential housing valuation in the UK, focusing on Greater London and seven major cities. The following questions are addressed: a) Was this change in residential valuations temporary, or is it likely to be permanent? b) For what other characteristics do we see a fundamental shift in valuation by home buyers? c) Did seven other cities follow a consistent change with Greater London? Using transactions data for more than 1.5 million house sales from 2017 to 2023, and detailed neighborhood information, we find a persistent flattening of the CBD-distance price gradient: by 7.7% (from -0.683 to -0.63) in Greater London and 9.6% (from -0.135 to -0.122) in major UK cities. An event study confirms the change is stable over time. Hedonic price models show that this effect holds after controlling for amenities, with post-pandemic buyers placing greater emphasis on school quality and property type. Notably, demand shifts toward large homes, with premiums rising for terraced, detached, and semi-detached houses, and falling for apartments (flats). Effects of crime and density vary by region, showing stronger negative valuation in London and weaker or even positive effects elsewhere. |
| Keywords: | hedonic price model, neighbourhood amenities, housing price premium, housing market |
| JEL: | R21 R31 C23 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11996 |
| By: | Keisuke KONDO |
| Abstract: | This study utilizes micro-geographic data to examine wage premiums across different residential and employment agglomerations. In the existing literature on economies of density, the distinction between residents and workers is often addressed without a clear differentiation between the two. This oversight hinders the formulation of practical policy recommendations for compact urban planning and industrial location strategies. Amid Japan’s ongoing population decline, certain regions retain the capacity to attract industrial activity despite their waning appeal as residential areas. However, when policy discussions focus exclusively on residential agglomeration, regions with substantial potential to revitalize local industrial clusters may be overlooked. To bridge this gap, the study integrates manufacturing establishment data with regional mesh data on both residents and workers. This study finds that employment concentration, rather than residential concentration within compact geographic areas accounts for wage premiums, thereby highlighting the critical role of spatial locality of employment in shaping industrial location strategies. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:25069 |
| By: | Craig A. Chikis; Benny Kleinman; Marta Prato |
| Abstract: | Most U.S. innovation output originates from firms that operate R&D facilities across multiple local markets. We study how this geographic structure influences aggregate innovation and growth, and whether it is socially optimal. First, we develop an endogenous growth model featuring multi-market innovative firms that generate knowledge spillovers to geographically proximate firms. In equilibrium, firms may operate in too few or too many local markets, depending on how sensitive are the local spillovers they generate to their local size. Second, to quantify these effects, we link the model to data on firms’ R&D locations, patents, and citation networks. Using an event-study design, we show that firms’ spatial expansion increases spillovers to other firms and estimate how these spillovers depend on a firm's local footprint. Our estimates imply that U.S. innovative firms operate in too few markets relative to the social optimum. Third, using quantitative counterfactuals, we find that policies promoting broader spatial scope yield larger welfare gains than standard R&D subsidies. Moreover, unlike R&D subsidies, such policies can also reduce regional inequality. |
| JEL: | E0 F0 L0 O0 R0 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34010 |
| By: | Mihaylovski, Peter |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how policies that allow lenders to pursue borrowers for remaining debt after mortgage foreclosure (mortgage recourse) influence key aspects of the housing market and the broader macroeconomy. To this end, I develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model featuring savers and borrowers, strategic default behavior on housing debt, and an endogenous loan-to-value (LTV) ratio. The analysis indicates that real house prices, LTV ratios, and mortgage debt levels increase with greater recourse tightness, while mortgage spreads decline. Default rates also increase with stricter recourse, despite more severe penalties targeting borrowers' assets beyond their housing collateral. In addition, mortgage recourse amplifies the volatility of key financial variables - such as LTV ratios, default rates, and mortgage spreads - intensifying financial cycles. Finally, mortgage recourse appears to be welfare-enhancing only for savers, as it provides an insurance-like mechanism in the event of borrower default. These findings underscore the complex tradeoffs involved in mortgage recourse policies, offering important insights into their role in shaping housing markets and, more broadly, economic stability. |
| Keywords: | DSGE, housing, recourse |
| JEL: | E32 E44 G01 R31 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:uhhwps:323580 |
| By: | Yu, Winston; Goldblatt, Ran; Doeffinger, Tesss; Eisenberg, Ross Marc; Rubinyi, Steven Louis |
| Abstract: | With global climate change impacting cities around the world, local and national governments need to plan for and invest in solutions that mitigate the climate and disaster risks their populations and economies face. Urban flooding poses an acute threat to sustainable and equitable urban growth and wellbeing. While the primary benefit of investments in urban flood protection is the avoidance of future damages and losses, such investments can also provide secondary benefits that can help unlock localized economic potential and contribute toward green growth. Although secondary benefits of investments in urban flood protection can be difficult to assess and quantify, the growing availability of locally sourced and remotely sensed data opens new possibilities. This study presents a spatially focused methodology that employs proxies to provide further evidence of secondary benefits linked to large-scale investments in urban flood protection in Wroclaw, Poland. Within newly protected areas, the study finds increases in land and residential real estate values, and an increase in economic development in parallel to on an increase in nighttime light intensity and built-up area. The study also finds that the relative rate of change for land and residential real estate values, nighttime light intensity, and built-up area within areas newly protected from flooding outstripped that of other areas of the city. |
| Date: | 2025–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:11178 |
| By: | Stephen Gibbons; Sandra McNally; Piero Montebruno |
| Abstract: | A high level of school absence has persisted across many countries since the Covid-19 pandemic. We use English data to investigate how local health and social regulations affected pupil absence rates during the pandemic and whether this pupil absence had a causal impact on school attendance and academic progress in future years. We find that more stringent regulations caused higher rates of school absence at that time, with bigger impacts in more disadvantaged areas and for lower socio-economic groups. Absenteeism during the pandemic caused lower attendance and rates of achievement in subsequent years. Our evidence suggests that the persistent effect is caused by changes in parents' and pupils' attitudes to attendance and not because of rules forcing students to stay at home when they had been in contact with others who had Covid-19. |
| Keywords: | Schools, Covid-19, Absenteeism, education |
| Date: | 2025–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepsps:52 |
| By: | Eric A. Hanushek; Le Kang; Xueying Li; Lei Zhang |
| Abstract: | The changing pattern of quality in China’s rural schools across time and province is extracted from the differential labor market earnings of rural migrant workers. Variations in rates of return to years of schooling across migrant workers working in the same urban labor market but having different sites of basic education provide for direct estimation of provincial school quality. Corroborating this approach, these school quality estimates prove to be highly correlated with provincial cognitive skill test scores for the same demographic group. Returns to quality increase with economic development level of destination cities. Importantly, quality appears higher and provincial variation appears lower for younger cohorts, indicating at least partial effectiveness of more recent policies aimed at improving rural school quality across provinces. Surprisingly, however, provincial variations in quality are uncorrelated with teacher-student ratio or per student spending. |
| JEL: | H40 I26 J69 O15 R11 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34005 |
| By: | Denti, Daria; Iammarino, Simona |
| Abstract: | Do spatial socio-economic features influence the demand for forced labour also in places where it is illegal and socially unacceptable? This article provides an answer to this question by estimating the effect of the characteristics of the local industry structure on forced labour in manufacturing (FLM hereafter) using Italy as a case study. Conceptually, we bridge the literature on forced labour with economic geography to empirically test the effect of local industry specialization and firm size. Exploiting a novel database of geo-tagged episodes of FLM across Italian local labour market areas, we find that industry specialization and the share of micro-firms in the industry that specializes a place are key predictors for FLM. Instrumental variable estimates relying on novel data on the geography of Italian firms in 1911 show that results are robust to endogeneity threats. Findings also hold to the inclusion of potential confounding features, like the presence of migrants and institutional quality, and to spatial dependency tests. Moreover, results support the relevance of addressing the spatial dimension for a thorough understanding of FLM. Overall, the article contributes to the currently scant quantitative evidence on the micro-regional determinants of forced labour in the Global North, which is still relatively unexplored. |
| Keywords: | forced labour in manufacturing; local labour markets; local industry specialisation; firm size |
| JEL: | J70 J80 L10 L25 L60 R12 R23 |
| Date: | 2025–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128498 |
| By: | Todd Gardner |
| Abstract: | This study introduces a methodology that goes beyond the urban/rural dichotomy to classify areas into detailed settlement types: urban cores, suburbs, exurbs, outlying towns, and rural areas. Utilizing a database that provides housing unit estimates for census tracts as defined in 2010 for all decennial census years from 1940 to 2020, this research enables a longitudinal analysis of urban spatial expansion. By maintaining consistent geography across time, the methodology described in this paper emphasizes the era of development, as well as proximity to large urban centers. This broadly applicable methodology provides a framework for comparing the evolution of urban landscapes over a significant historical period, revealing trends in the transformation of territory from rural to urban, as well as associated suburbanization and exurban growth. |
| Keywords: | suburb, exurb, statistical geography, methodology |
| Date: | 2025–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:25-40 |
| By: | Liping Gao; Ghislain N. Gueye; Hyeongwoo Kim; Jisoo Son |
| Abstract: | Using data from 29 regional housing markets in China, we estimate the long-run relationship between housing prices and key macroeconomic variables. Our findings suggest that the conventional cointegration framework can be misleading, as the estimated coefficients often contradict standard demand and supply theory even when statistical tests confirm the presence of cointegration. Among the variables considered, only real income consistently explains regional housing price dynamics. In contrast, factors such as the real interest rate and real building cost fail to account for price movements in a consistent manner across regions. We identify region-specific models that are both statistically valid and economically meaningful, revealing substantial heterogeneity across markets. These results call for more tailored, region-specific housing policies rather than uniform national strategies. |
| Keywords: | Housing Market; Cointegration; Dynamic Oridinary Least Squares; Disaggregated Regional Data |
| JEL: | R30 E00 C51 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abn:wpaper:auwp2025-04 |
| By: | Arvanitopoulos, Theodoros; Wilson, Charlie; Morton, Craig |
| Abstract: | Air source heat pumps are the principal means of decarbonising residential heating. What drives local uptake of heat pumps? We present and examine a unique, highly disaggregated, spatial-temporal dataset for heat pump diffusion across Great Britain at the local authority level from 2010 to 2020. We find average total installed cost of 1075 £/kW and a negative learning rate of −3.3 %, with most installations in owner-occupied houses. Using spatial econometric models, we investigate how local conditions drive heat pump installations. We find early adopting local areas tend to be rural, off the gas grid, with prior use of solid fuel or oil for heating, and participate in renewable and community energy projects. Early adopting areas benefit from a combination of more readily accessible properties, low-carbon energy skills, and local supply chains. We find robust evidence of spatial spillover effects that show early adopting areas serve as deployment test beds, indirectly stimulating deployment in contiguous areas. We reason that spatial spillovers are driven by installer availability and local supply chains materialised around installation activity. We estimate for every three heat pumps installed, one heat pump is subsequently installed in a neighbouring local authority with less advantageous conditions. This implies an important policy trade-off for low-carbon heat between maximising effectiveness (incentivise early adopters) and widening equality of access (support later adopters). Concerted policy action to tackle fragmented supply chains and skills shortages which inflate installation costs of heat pumps relative to gas boilers is also urgently needed. |
| Keywords: | decarbonisation; residential heating; heat pumps; local conditions; spatial spillovers; spatial econometrics |
| JEL: | C31 Q40 R11 |
| Date: | 2025–11–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128927 |
| By: | Stephan Heblich; Dávid Krisztián Nagy; Alex Trew; Yanos Zylberberg |
| Abstract: | Does industrial concentration shape the life and death of cities? We identify settlements from historical maps of England and Wales (1790–1820), isolate exogenous variation in their late 19th-century size and industrial concentration, and estimate the causal impact of size and concentration on later dynamics. Industrial concentration has a negative effect on long-run productivity—independent of industry trends and consistent with cross-industry Jacobs externalities. A spatial model quantifies the role of fundamentals, industry trends, and Jacobs externalities in shaping industry-city dynamics and isolates a new, dynamic trade-off in the design of place-based policies. |
| JEL: | F63 N93 O14 R13 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34029 |
| By: | Manuel Gómez-Zaldívar (Universidad de Guanajuato); Fernando Gómez-Zaldívar (School of Government and Public Transformation, Tecnológico de Monterrey) |
| Abstract: | The development of Mexico's manufacturing sector has progressed unevenly across regions and industry groups, with the underlying causes varying over time. Using data from 2004 to 2019, we find that all Mexican regions experienced increased specialization and diversification. However, only those regions that shifted toward more complex manufacturing activities were able to expand their share of national manufacturing output. These findings underscore the critical role of industrial sophistication in shaping regional economic relevance. Consistent with prior research, our results highlight the importance of a clear and strategic industrial policy to support less dynamic regions. Such policy is essential for enabling structural transformation, fostering more balanced and inclusive economic growth, and overcoming persistent institutional and productive constraints that continue to hinder regional development. |
| Keywords: | Industry Groups, Economic Complexity, Mexico's Municipalities |
| JEL: | L60 R11 R12 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gnt:wpaper:4 |
| By: | Bergeaud, Antonin; Deter, Max; Greve, Maria; Wyrwich, Michael (University of Groningen) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the causal relationship between inventor migration and regional innovation in the context of the large-scale migration shock from East toWest Germany between World War II and the construction of the Berlin Wallin 1961. Leveraging a newly constructed, century-spanning dataset on Germanpatents and inventors, along with an innovative identification strategy based onsurname proximity, we trace the trajectories of East German inventors and quantify their impact on innovation in West Germany. Our findings demonstrate a significant and persistent boost to patenting activities in regions with higher inflows of East German inventors, predominantly driven by advancements in chemistry and physics. We further validate the robustness of our identification strategy against alternative plausible mechanisms. We show in particular that the effect is stronger than the one caused by the migration of other high skilled workers and scientists. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gro:rugfeb:2025002-i&o |
| By: | Edmark, Karin (Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), Stockholm University) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the impact on students’ educational and labour market trajectories of local supply variations in fields of upper secondary education in Sweden. It takes a broad approach and studies the overall, reduced form, effects on several short-, medium- and long-term outcomes. The results highlight the multidimensional impact of educational supply; expanding supply of one track increases its admission rates, but also leads to a redistribution of students across programs. Increased supply is furthermore associated with decreasing average school peer ability, but also with smaller class sizes, and a higher likelihood of getting into one’s top ranked program. There is no strong evidence of any long-term effects on the labour market outcomes of local youth – a finding that may reflect the multifaceted short-run impacts. |
| Keywords: | supply of education; upper secondary school; earnings effects of schooling and field of education |
| JEL: | I21 I26 |
| Date: | 2025–07–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ifauwp:2025_013 |
| By: | Roy Cerqueti (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, UNIROMA - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" = Sapienza University [Rome]); Paolo Maranzano (UNIMIB - Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca); Raffaele Mattera (UNIROMA - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" = Sapienza University [Rome]) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we present an extension of the spatially-clustered linear regression models, namely, the spatially-clustered spatial regression (SCSR) model, to deal with spatial heterogeneity issues in clustering procedures. In particular, we extend classical spatial econometrics models, such as the spatial autoregressive model, the spatial error model, and the spatially-lagged model, by allowing the regression coefficients to be spatially varying according to a cluster-wise structure. Cluster memberships and regression coefficients are jointly estimated through a penalized maximum likelihood algorithm which encourages neighboring units to belong to the same spatial cluster with shared regression coefficients. Motivated by the increase of observed values of the Gini index for the agricultural production in Europe between 2010 and 2020, the proposed methodology is employed to assess the presence of local spatial spillovers on the market concentration index for the European regions in the last decade. Empirical findings support the hypothesis of fragmentation of the European agricultural market, as the regions can be well represented by a clustering structure partitioning the continent into three-groups, roughly approximated by a division among Western, North Central and Southeastern regions. Also, we detect heterogeneous local effects induced by the selected explanatory variables on the regional market concentration. In particular, we find that variables associated with social, territorial and economic relevance of the agricultural sector seem to act differently throughout the spatial dimension, across the clusters and with respect to the pooled model, and temporal dimension. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear online. |
| Keywords: | Spatial clustering K -means regression Spatially-clustered regression Spatial autoregressive models European agricultural market concentration and power |
| Date: | 2025–01–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05111810 |
| By: | Beuermann, Diether; Ramos Bonilla, Andrea; Stampini, Marco |
| Abstract: | Covering the full population of applicants to the Jamaican Conditional Cash Transfer Program (PATH), we explore whether receiving PATH during childhood causally affects school progression and academic performance at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels. To uncover causal associations, we exploit exogenous variation arising from the PATH eligibility criteria within a regression discontinuity design. We find that for both, boys and girls, PATH significantly increases the likelihood of completing primary and secondary school. Furthermore, among boys, PATH increased the likelihood of pursuing tertiary studies. However, conditional on primary school completion, PATH had no effects on academic performance at any educational level. |
| JEL: | H52 H75 I21 I26 I28 I38 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:14174 |
| By: | Laura Conti (Bank of Italy); Marco Francesconi (University of Essex); Giulio Papini (Bank of Italy); Michel Serafinelli (King’s College London) |
| Abstract: | This paper documents how the local labor market (LLM) responds to a change in touristic attractiveness. Leveraging largely underutilized data from several sources, we exploit a unique classification of Italian localities based on their main touristic assets and aggregate trends in foreign tourists' choices in a shift-share research design. Looking at all LLMs, we find a positive relationship between changes in attractiveness and changes in the local tourism-related economic activity, with a positive impact on tourism expenditure and tourism employment, but no effect on total employment. In high-unemployment LLMs, however, we find evidence of sizable total employment effects and indirect effects generated through industries related to tourism and firms in the nontradable sector and the manufacturing sector. |
| Keywords: | local economic activity; tourism; job growth; unemployment; heterogeneity; natural resource curse. |
| JEL: | R11 J21 R12 R23 Z30 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:2532 |
| By: | Torben Klarl; Alexander S. Kritikos; Knarik Poghosyan |
| Abstract: | While Equity Crowdfunding (ECF) platforms are a virtual space for raising funds, geography remains relevant. To determine how location matters for entrepreneurs using equity crowdfunding (ECF), we analyze the spatial distribution of successful ECF campaigns and the spatial relationship between ECF campaigns and traditional investors, such as banks and venture capitalists (VCs). Using data from the two leading German platforms – Companisto and Seedmacht – we employ spatial eigenvalue filtering and negative binomial estimations. In addition, we introduce an event study based on the implementation of the Small Investor Protection Act in Germany allowing us to obtain causal evidence. Our combined analysis reveals a significant geographic concentration of successful ECF campaigns in some, but not all, dense areas. ECF campaigns tend to cluster in dense areas with VC activity, while they are less prevalent in dense areas with high banking activity, and are rarely found in rural areas. Thus, rather than closing the so-called regional funding gap, our results suggest that, from a spatial perspective, ECF fills the gap when firms in dense areas seek external financing below the minimum equity threshold offered by VCs and when there are few banks offering loans. |
| Keywords: | Crowdfunding, Finance Geography, Entrepreneurial Finance, Venture Capital (VC) Proximity |
| JEL: | G30 L26 M13 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2134 |
| By: | Jo Blanden (Department of Economics, University of Surrey); Oliver Cassagneau-Francis (UCL Centre for Education Policy & Equalising Opportunities); Lindsey Macmillan (UCL Centre for Education Policy & Equalising Opportunities); Gill Wyness (UCL Centre for Education Policy & Equalising Opportunities) |
| Abstract: | Inequality in elite college attendance is a key driver of intergenerational mobility. This paper shifts the focus upstream to examine how elite high school attendance - specifically, enrollment in UK private, fee-paying schools - shapes university destin- ations across the academic ability distribution. Using linked administrative data, we show that the main advantage conferred by private schools is not that their high- achieving students are more likely to access elite degree courses, but rather that their lower-achieving students are more likely to `overmatch' by attending more selective degree courses than might be expected given their grades. In particular, we show that lower attaining pupils from fee-paying high schools enrol in university courses around 15 percentiles higher ranked than similarly qualified state school students. The greater propensity of private school students to overmatch is driven largely by differences in application behavior, with even the weakest private school students aiming higher than their higher achieving state school peers. |
| Keywords: | higher education, educational economics, college choice, mismatch, private schools |
| JEL: | I22 I23 I28 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucl:cepeow:25-07 |
| By: | Klein, Thilo; McNamara, Sarah |
| Abstract: | Educational tracking-separating students into tracks or schools by ability-is commonplace, but access and preferences for top programs often depend on socioeconomic status (SES), reinforcing inequality. We study shadow education in the context of an early-tracking system, exploiting score cut-offs using a pseudo-regression discontinuity design to isolate the causal effect on parental investments. We find that assignment to the highest track disproportionately increases private tutoring among families in the lowest tercile of SES. This suggests tracking activates a behavioral response among disadvantaged households, which may amplify between-track achievement gaps. |
| Keywords: | education, school choice, tracking, shadow education, private tutoring, student achievement, inequality of opportunity |
| JEL: | I21 I24 I28 E47 C26 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:319893 |
| By: | Eliana Balla; Edward Simpson Prescott; Grant Rosenberger |
| Abstract: | We compare the performance of community-bank-sized mutual and stock thrifts during the housing boom of 2001-06 and the housing bust of 2007-13. During the housing bust, mutuals failed at a much lower rate than stock thrifts. To investigate this difference, we first estimate a probit model of thrift failure over the housing bust and show that this difference holds even when controlling for local economic shocks and differences in thrift characteristics. Furthermore, we find that a concentration in construction and land development loans is the only type of loan concentration that is predictive of failure. Second, we calculate several measures of risk during the housing boom period and find that mutual thrifts increased their risk less than stock thrifts. We compare our results with earlier studies that examined thrifts during the savings and loan crisis. In our sample, thrifts supervised by the Office of Thrift Supervision failed at a higher rate than other thrifts. However, once we account for other thrift characteristics, they did not fail at a higher rate during the housing bust nor did they take more risk during the housing boom. Finally, we also describe a class of hybrid thrifts that are mutually organized but can raise external capital and analyze their performance during the housing bust. |
| Keywords: | mutuals; thrifts; corporate governance; bank risk |
| JEL: | G21 G32 G38 |
| Date: | 2025–08–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedcwq:101380 |
| By: | Shyamal Chowdhury; Manuela Puente-Beccar; Hannah Schildberg-Hörisch; Sebastian O. Schneider; Matthias Sutter |
| Abstract: | We investigate how strongly the local environment beyond the family can contribute to understanding the formation of children's economic preferences. Building on precise geolocation data for around 6.000 children, we use fixed effects, spatial autoregressive models and Kriging to capture the relation between the local environment and children's preferences. The spatial models explain a considerable part of so far unexplained variation in preferences. Moreover, the "spatial stability" of preferences exceeds the village level. Our results highlight the importance of the local environment for the formation of children's preferences, which we quantify to be as large as that of parental preferences. |
| Keywords: | skill formation, spatial models, kriging, local environment, patience, risk attitudes, prosociality, experiments with children, Bangladesh |
| JEL: | D01 C21 C99 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12001 |
| By: | Gentile, Roberto; Deshpande, Tanvi; Ozer, Erdem; Amatya, Sukirti; Shreshta, Nisha; Guragain, Ramesh; Pelling, Mark; Sinclair, Hugh |
| Abstract: | Global disaster risk reduction in urban development frameworks calls for people-centred, participatory, and integrated approaches to addressing urban risk and building resilience. This paper presents a methodology that engages communities at risk and policy actors to assess scientifically projected impacts of multiple hazards on locally defined future urban scenarios and co-develop measures to reduce future hazard impacts. The methodology enables stakeholders to identify barriers and strategies to support more people-centred, participatory, and risk-sensitive future urban development. Within a workshop, selected community groups are first introduced to an interactive dashboard that simplifies the communication of projected multi-hazard impacts (e.g., human displacement, casualties, loss of education capacity). Community groups identify and discuss the effects of different hazards, exposure, and vulnerability features along with projected impacts on community-led future urban scenarios. Such evidence-based and participatory discussions lead to a set of revisions of the urban scenarios. Finally, the groups discuss existing community, urban planning, and local decision-making challenges that could hinder the implementation of the urban scenarios. The proposed methodology is presented within the framework of the Tomorrow's Cities Decision Support Environment (TCDSE) and illustrated through a deployment in Rapti, Nepal. Findings confirm the ability of the approach to facilitate a shared understanding of context-specific risk amongst diverse local and policy actors. The combination of scientific and local information improves awareness and gives agency to marginalised groups for improved communication with urban planners in disaster risk reduction decision-making. |
| Keywords: | cities; risk assessment; risk communication; participatory approaches; workshops; webapp |
| JEL: | G32 |
| Date: | 2025–10–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:128765 |
| By: | Lakshmi Pandey (Public Finance Research Cluster, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University); David L. Sjoquist (Public Finance Research Cluster, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University) |
| Abstract: | This report analyzes Georgia's 2024 floating homestead exemption (FHE), which caps annual increases in homestead property assessments to the inflation rate. Despite overwhelming voter approval (62.9 percent) of the constitutional amendment in November 2024 - with support in every county - a unique opt-out provision led over one-third of counties, cities, and school districts to reject the exemption. School districts opted out most frequently, likely due to greater challenges replacing lost revenue. The analysis details the FHE's structure, examines jurisdictions opting out and factors influencing this decision, and explores the broader implications of assessment growth limits. The conclusion highlights the policy's tension and potential future responses, including voter pressure, state legislative action, local fiscal adaptations, or demands for state aid. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ays:cslfwp:cslf2501 |
| By: | David Autor (MIT); David Dorn (University of Zurich); Gordon Hanson (Harvard University); Maggie Jones (US Census Bureau); Bradley Setzler (Pennsylvania State University) |
| Abstract: | This chapter analyzes the distinct adjustment paths of U.S. labor markets (places) and U.S. workers (people) to increased Chinese import competition during the 2000s. Using comprehensive register data for 2000-2019, we document that employment levels more than fully rebound in trade-exposed places after 2010, while employment-to population ratios remain depressed and manufacturing employment further atrophies. The adjustment of places to trade shocks is generational: affected areas recover primarily by adding workers to non-manufacturing who were below working age when the shock occurred. Entrants are disproportionately native-born Hispanics, foreign-born immigrants, women, and the college-educated, who find employment in relatively low-wage service industries in healthcare, education, retail, and hospitality. Using the panel structure of the employer-employee data, we decompose changes in the employment composition of places into trade-induced shifts in the gross flows of people across sectors, locations, and non-employment status. Contrary to standard models, trade shocks reduce geographic mobility, with both in- and out-migration remaining depressed through 2019. The employment recovery stems almost entirely from young adults and foreign-born immigrants taking their first U.S. jobs in affected areas, with minimal contributions from cross-sector transitions of former manufacturing workers. Although worker inflows into non-manufacturing more than fully offset manufacturing employment losses in trade-exposed locations after 2010, incumbent workers neither fully recover earnings losses nor predominantly exit the labor market, but rather age in place as communities undergo rapid demographic and industrial transitions. |
| Keywords: | China trade shock, Local labor markets, Sectoral reallocation, Manufacturing decline, Worker mobility |
| JEL: | F16 J23 J31 J62 L6 R12 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crm:wpaper:2537 |
| By: | Akhtar, Shumi; Guo, Liwen; Hua, Yue; Nguyen, Hang Anh |
| Abstract: | Jack et al. (2023) estimated the impact of district-level schooling modes (in-person, hybrid, or virtual learning) during the 2020-2021 academic year on standardized test pass rates for grades 3-8 across 11 U.S. states. Between 2019 and 2021, average pass rates declined by 12.8 percentage points in mathematics and 6.8 percentage points in English Language Arts (ELA). By leveraging within-state and commuting zone variations, the study found that districts with full in-person learning experienced significantly smaller declines-13.4 percentage points in math and 8.3 percentage points in ELA. Furthermore, the benefits of in-person learning were particularly pronounced in districts with higher proportions of Black students. The study highlights the potential long-term effects of pandemic-related schooling disruptions and highlights the need for targeted policy interventions to address learning losses. In this report, we computationally reproduced all the main results from Jack et al. (2023) using the replication package provided, including code and data. Our replication confirmed that the estimates, directions, and significance levels were identical to those reported in the published study. Additionally, we conducted two robustness tests: (1) comparing balanced versus unbalanced panel datasets and (2) examining the influence of the distribution of the independent variable (e.g., the share of in-person versus online or hybrid learning) on student performance. Our analysis shows some evidence of outliers and state-level heterogeneity in the distribution of in-person learning, which led to some deviations from the original results in the coefficient magnitudes, but the direction and significance remain similar to original results. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:247 |
| By: | Wang, Peggy PhD |
| Abstract: | Researchers at UC Berkeley conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 visually impaired individuals. They exploredtheir perspectives regarding current travel behavior and transportation experience, and the potential of Shared Automated Vehicles (SAVs) to enhance their travel experiences and address existing transportation challenges. The results revealed a range of expectations and concerns related to SAVs, particularly in the areas of accessibility, safety, communication, and affordability. Most participants expressed enthusiasm for the potential benefits of SAVs to increase independence and access to underserved areas. They also highlighted critical accessibility needs, such as reliable vehicle identification, accurate drop-off locations, clear communication channels, and accessible interfaces. Affordability emerged as a key factor influencing potential SAV adoption, with many participants indicating a preference for SAVs if they were priced competitively with existing transportation options, especially rideshare services. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers, transportation planners, and SAV developers to ensure that future autonomous transportation solutions are truly inclusive and meet the diverse needs of visually impaired travelers. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Accessibility, Shared Automated Vehicles, Visually Impaired Travelers |
| Date: | 2025–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt58w5v9x1 |
| By: | Radoslaw Trojanek; Luke Hartigan; Norbert Pfeifer; Miriam Steurer |
| Abstract: | Timely transaction-based residential property price indices are crucial for effective monetary and macroprudential policy, yet transaction-based data often suffer from significant reporting delays. Online property platforms, by contrast, provide list prices of properties in real-time. This paper examines whether immediately available online list prices can improve timely nowcasts of transaction price movements. Using 16 years of micro-level data from Warsaw and Poznan, we construct quality-adjusted monthly list-price and quarterly transaction-price indices using the hedonic rolling-time-dummy method. We find that list-price indices consistently lead transaction-price indices by one to two months, with the strongest relationship in Warsaw's larger, more liquid market. Building on this lead-lag relationship, we develop a Mixed Data Sampling (MIDAS) regression framework to nowcast quarterly transaction-price growth using monthly list-price data. Our preferred MIDAS specifications reduce one-quarter-ahead root mean square error by approximately 16-23 percent for Warsaw and 5-15 percent for Poznan relative to standard autoregressive benchmarks. The predictive advantage is greatest when incorporating list-price data from the first or second month of the quarter, as third-month data introduce forward-looking noise. Our results show that properly constructed list-price indices can play an important role to provide early housing market signals, potentially enhancing the timeliness of policy responses. |
| Keywords: | MIDAS regression, nowcasting, house price index, hedonic price index, macro-prudential supervision, online price data, rolling time dummy |
| JEL: | C43 E01 E31 R31 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2025-45 |
| By: | Radoslaw Trojanek (Poznan University of Economics and Business, Poland); Luke Hartigan (The University of Sydney, Australia); Norbert Pfeifer (University of Graz, Austria); Miriam Steurer (University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | Timely transaction-based residential property price indices are crucial for effective monetary and macroprudential policy, yet transaction-based data often suffer from significant reporting delays. Online property platforms, by contrast, provide list prices of properties in real-time. This paper examines whether immediately available online list prices can improve timely nowcasts of transaction price movements. Using 16 years of micro-level data from Warsaw and Poznan, we construct quality-adjusted monthly list-price and quarterly transaction-price indices using the hedonic rolling-time-dummy method. We find that list-price indices consistently lead transaction-price indices by one to two months, with the strongest relationship in Warsaw's larger, more liquid market. Building on this lead-lag relationship, we develop a Mixed Data Sampling (MIDAS) regression framework to nowcast quarterly transaction-price growth using monthly list-price data. Our preferred MIDAS specifications reduce one-quarter-ahead root mean square error by approximately 16-23 percent for Warsaw and 5-15 percent for Poznan relative to standard autoregressive benchmarks. The predictive advantage is greatest when incorporating list-price data from the first or second month of the quarter, as third-month data introduces forward-looking noise. Our results show that properly constructed list-price indices can play an important role to provide early housing market signals, potentially enhancing the timeliness of policy responses. |
| Keywords: | MIDAS regression, Nowcasting, House price index, Hedonic price index, Macroprudential supervision, Online price data, Rolling Time Dummy |
| JEL: | C43 E01 E31 R31 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2025-13 |
| By: | Marjan Petreski |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ftm:policy:2025-07/56 |
| By: | Francesco Roncone |
| Abstract: | Both the demand for skilled labor and the skill wage premium have become increasingly dispersed across the United States. This paper examines how technological change within occupations drives these uneven local developments. Combining a novel measure of technological change - capturing shifts in task intensities within 430 detailed occupations - with patent data and microdata, I demonstrate that innovation reallocates labor toward cognitive-intensive tasks, especially in densely populated areas. Motivated by this, I show that greater exposure to technological change increases the relative employment of college-educated workers while causing within-occupation wage declines for less-educated workers, widening the college wage premium. |
| JEL: | J23 J24 J31 O33 R12 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bol:bodewp:wp1208 |
| By: | Blodgett, Kyler; Chen, Katherine L. |
| Abstract: | The Community Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Training Program (CPBST) is a collaborative effort between the Safe Transportation Research and Education Center (SafeTREC) at the University of California Berkeley and California Walks (Cal Walks) with funding from the California Office of Traffic Safety. Its main objective is to promote pedestrian and bicycle safety by educating residents and safety advocates, empowering community partners to advocate for safety improvements in their neighborhoods, and fostering collaboration between community participants, local officials, and agency staff. Since 2009, the program has conducted 142 community workshops across California. The program works with a planning committee of local stakeholders to plan a workshop tailored to the community’s specific needs and priorities. This planning committee recruits participants for the workshop, and together, the planning committee and workshop participants create a customized action plan that includes a comprehensive assessment of pedestrian and bicycle conditions in areas of interest within the community and identifies short-, mid-, and long-term projects to address safety concerns discussed during the workshop. SafeTREC conducted our annual CPBST survey in the spring of 2025 with planning committee members from communities that hosted CPBST workshops over the past five years (2020-2024). The objective of the survey was to evaluate the progress of the action plans formulated during each workshop and to determine if the communities needed additional support from the project team. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Community Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Training Program, pedestrian safety, bicycle safety, community advocacy |
| Date: | 2025–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt0c891851 |
| By: | Yun taek Oh; Morris M. Kleiner |
| Abstract: | Optimizing state and regional physician labor supply has been an important policy issue in healthcare in the United States. One of the proposed solutions has been the universal licensing recognition (ULR), which allows out-of-state physicians to provide healthcare services without relicensing and increases the local labor supply of physicians. There has been no empirical analysis of the effect of such regulatory relaxation on the local labor supply and subsequent improvements of consumer welfare. In this study, we use the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to investigate the effect of universal reciprocity of physician licenses on healthcare utilization, and use data from IPUMS-USA, IPUMS-CPS, and the Doctors and Clinicians National Downloadable File from the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to examine the changes in the local labor supply of physicians through interstate migration and out-of-state practices. Our results show that adopting the ULR significantly raises the proportion of individuals accessing healthcare, particularly among older individuals, and reduces the proportion of individuals not getting healthcare services because of costs. We provide empirical evidence that these effects are from the universal reciprocity of physician licenses, instead of unknown factors related to the ULR. We also show that the positive effect of the ULR on healthcare utilization is closely related to the increase in out-of-state practitioners to include temporary and telehealth physicians, by showing no changes in interstate migration of physicians and an increase in out-of-state practices. The adoption of ULR may allow for a more efficient regional distribution of physicians and result in greater access to healthcare. |
| JEL: | I31 J08 J22 J40 J44 J48 J68 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34030 |
| By: | Youngmin Kim (Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade) |
| Abstract: | This paper argues that linking labor supply enhancement to regional investment is an appropriate policy means to promote regional investment.<p> The US state of Georgia has attracted advanced industry and large-scale investment through its Quick Start program, that is essentially a customized workforce supply program for investors and entrepreneurs. Benchmarking Georgia, the Korean government has implemented its own K-Quick Start project, modifying it to local characteristics. It is designed to equalize labor supply and demand in the early stages of regional investment.<p> The policy was found to have had a positive impact on job creation and local economic activity, but failed to attract advanced industries and large-scale investments due to the restrictions on participating firms and training programs centered mostly on field work.<p> This study evaluates the K-Quick Start policy in more detail, and proposes a handful of policy recommendations to maximize its effectiveness. |
| Keywords: | workforce policy; employment policy; regional economics; regional investment; regional development; |
| JEL: | E24 R11 R58 |
| Date: | 2025–05–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:kieter:021421 |
| By: | Latifa Barbara (MDI Alger Business School); Gilles Grolleau (ESSCA School of Management Lyon); Assia Houfaf Khoufaf (Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Management - Partenaires INRAE); Youcef Meriane (ENSM - Ecole nationale supérieure de management - pôle universitaire Koléa - Ecole nationale supérieure de management - pôle universitaire Koléa, UCLy - UCLy (Lyon Catholic University)); Naoufel Mzoughi (ECODEVELOPPEMENT - Ecodéveloppement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Research on positional concerns -i.e., preferences to having less of a given good but more than otherscovered several domains such as income or social spending but housing related preferences have not attracted much academic attention. This neglect contrasts with anecdotal evidence regarding the importance of positional considerations in this domain. Thanks to a three-world survey data, we explore positional concerns in the housing related domain in Algeria (North Africa). Moreover, unlike previous literature, we tested an innovative hypothesis related to risky versus non-risky situations. Our results show that individuals mainly prefer having more (resp. less) in absolute terms of housing related goods (resp. bads), regardless of others. At the same time, a significant proportion of respondents have preferences for egalitarian and positional situations. Moreover, positional preferences are partly influenced by risk concerns. |
| Keywords: | Housing decisions, framing, positional concerns, risk, status |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05084155 |
| By: | Patire, Anthony PhD |
| Abstract: | Transportation data standards are an increasingly important and complex topic, as well as a key enabler of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). New data sources, private data providers, and uses for transportation data are exploding. The ability to harness data is at the core of modern efforts to improve the safety of our transportation system and advance mobility for the benefit of all. There is an increasing need for automated data exchange between public agencies and private organizations to improve existing operations and enable new products and services. In addition, the provision of public safety is another overlapping area where first responders require up-to-date and reliable information to succeed in theirmissions. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2025–05–13 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt6bx9x01q |
| By: | Fiala, Lenka; Fitzgerald, Jack; Kujansuu, Essi; Mikola, Derek; Valenta, David; Aparicio, Juan P.; Wiebe, Michael; Webb, Matthew D.; Brodeur, Abel |
| Abstract: | Wang et al. (2024) report that Bangladeshi students randomly given access to lessons on a phone server saw significant learning gains during COVID- 19 school closures. We identify three sets of anomalies. First, this experiment shares participants with another experiment conducted simultaneously in the same region, but test scores for the same children systematically differ between the two experiments. Second, test scores for treated participants exhibit a uniform upward shift that is completely insensitive to the number of lessons children complete. Third, numerous documentation inconsistencies (e.g., concerning survey materials, randomization procedures, etc.) cast doubt on the study's data. |
| Keywords: | Reproduction, school closures, remote education, COVID-19, randomized controlled trial, Bangladesh |
| JEL: | B41 C12 C93 I21 I24 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:241 |
| By: | Sangyup Choi (Yonsei University); Kimoon Jeong (University of Virginia); Jiseob Kim (Yonsei University) |
| Abstract: | Despite extensive research, there is little consensus on whether common monetary policy generates systematically asymmetric effects within the euro area. We argue that this ambiguity arises from failing to account for heterogeneity in local cyclical conditions at the time of policy changes, which leads state-dependent responses to obscure underlying cross-country differences. To address this, we construct a measure of country-specific monetary policy that internalizes local cyclical conditions. This adjustment reveals systematic asymmetries in policy transmission between core and periphery euro area countries that conventional methods overlook. We find that macroeconomic and financial variables respond more strongly in periphery countries. In contrast, credit and housing booms are largely absent in core countries. This differential response is consistent with the bank lending channel of monetary policy: banks in periphery countries ease mortgage lending standards following an expansionary shock, while those in core countries tighten them. Cross-border banking flow patterns further corroborate the importance of credit supply in explaining regional heterogeneity. |
| Keywords: | Monetary Union; Country-specific monetary policy gap; Mortgage credit; Bank lending survey; Cross-border banking flows. |
| JEL: | E21 E32 E44 F52 G21 |
| Date: | 2025–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yon:wpaper:2025rwp-256 |
| By: | Trevor J. Bakker; Stefanie DeLuca; Eric A. English; James S. Fogel; Nathaniel Hendren; Daniel Herbst |
| Abstract: | We construct new population-level linked administrative data to study households’ access to credit in the United States. By age 25, Black adults, those who grew up in low-income families, and those raised in the Southeast or Appalachia already have significantly lower credit scores than other groups, and these differences persist throughout adulthood. These gaps translate into smaller credit balances, more credit inquiries, higher credit utilization, and greater reliance on high-cost alternative financial services. Evaluating two definitions of algorithmic bias yields opposing results. Scores are miscalibrated against traditionally advantaged groups: conditional on a score, Black and low-parental-income individuals fall delinquent more often. Yet scores are unbalanced against traditionally disadvantaged groups: among borrowers with no future delinquency, Black and low-parental-income individuals receive lower scores. Eliminating both biases and reducing gaps in credit access requires reducing systematic differences in delinquencies, which emerge in one’s twenties through missed payments on credit cards, student loans, and other bills. Comprehensive measures of individuals’ income profiles and observed wealth explain only a small portion of these repayment gaps. In contrast, most geographic variation in repayment reflects the causal effect of childhood exposure to place. Counties that promote upward mobility also promote repayment and expand credit access, suggesting that common place-level factors may drive behaviors in both credit and labor markets. We discuss suggestive evidence for several mechanisms of our results, including the role of social and cultural capital. We conclude that gaps in credit access by race, class, and hometown have roots in childhood environments. |
| JEL: | G5 H0 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34053 |
| By: | Samuel Bazzi; Martin Fiszbein |
| Abstract: | This chapter explores the impacts of migrants on the culture of their destinations. Migrants often assimilate to local social norms and practices, but they also tend to maintain their own culture. Sometimes, beyond preserving their culture, they influence their new neighbors. We propose a conceptual framework to understand when migrants shape culture at their destination—and how. We identify two key conditions for influence (ideological intensity and power structure) and three channels of influence (cultural spillovers, organizational mobilization, and political leverage). We combine insights from political economy, social psychology, and evolutionary approaches to illuminate pathways of influence in historical perspective. Our review offers a new perspective on the mechanisms of cultural transmission, using illustrative cases to characterize the various ways in which migrants shape culture in their destinations. |
| JEL: | D02 F22 J15 N30 P00 Z10 Z13 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34001 |
| By: | Aguilar, José; Quineche, Ricardo |
| Abstract: | Despite being an emerging economy, Peru has achieved superior post-pandemic disinflation compared to major developed economies, making its regional inflation dynamics globally instructive for monetary policy design. This study investigates Lima's suitability as Peru's inflation-targeting anchor by analyzing regional spillovers across nine economic regions using monthly CPI data (2002-2024). Employing both Diebold-Yilmaz time-domain and Baruník-Křehlík frequency-domain frameworks, we quantify the direction, magnitude, and persistence of inflation transmission. Results reveal strong regional interdependence (73.60% total spillover index) with Lima as the dominant net transmitter (23.94 percentage points). However, frequency decomposition uncovers striking cyclical heterogeneity: Lima receives short-run shocks from food-producing regions but dominates long-run transmission (44.70% vs. 28.99% frequency spillover index). Rolling-window analysis during COVID-19 shows temporary spillover disruption (connectivity declining from 75% to 68%) followed by recovery during 2022's inflationary surge. Robustness checks across specifications, granular city-level data, and three-band frequency segmentation confirm Lima's structural centrality at lower frequencies. These findings validate the Central Reserve Bank's Lima-centered approach for long-run targeting while revealing asymmetric frequency-dependent spillovers. The presence of short-run regional shocks suggests integrating upstream agricultural signals could enhance near-term forecasting and policy responsiveness. |
| Keywords: | Inflation spillovers, Regional inflation dynamics, Baruník-Křehlík framework, Diebold-Yilmaz methodology, Frequency-domain analysis |
| JEL: | E31 E52 E58 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:322270 |
| By: | Andrea Mario Lavezzi; Marco Quatrosi |
| Abstract: | In this article, we study the effects of organized crime infiltration in city councils on environmental policies implemented in Italy at the municipal level. To this purpose, we exploit the exogenous shock of the removal of a city council infiltrated by the mafia and its substitution with an external Commission, allowed in Italy by the law 164/1991. Our results suggest that after dissolution, environmental policies improve in several dimensions: the capital expenditure for sustainable development and the environment increases; the current expenditure on integrated water system increases; the percentage of sorted waste increases because, as we show, public expenditure is reallocated toward sorted waste at the expenses of unsorted waste. These results are robust to different specifications of the control group. In addition, we find significant spillover effects: the dissolution of infiltrated city councils implies an improvement in environmental policies in adjacent municipalities. Our results have a straightforward policy implication, the need to combat organized crime as a way to improve the environmental conditions of the territories plagued by its pervasive presence. |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2507.18410 |
| By: | Patrick A. Testa; Jhacova A. Williams |
| Abstract: | Election results act as powerful signals, shaping social behavior in ways that can be dramatic and even violent. This paper shows how racial violence in the post-Reconstruction U.S. South was tied to the local performance of the anti-Black Democratic Party in presidential elections. Using a regression discontinuity design based on close presidential vote shares, we find that Southern counties where Democrats lost the popular vote between 1880 and 1900 were nearly twice as likely to experience Black lynchings in the following four years. This backlash was enkindled by local elites, who amplified narratives of Black criminality through newspapers after such defeats. These findings point to the strategic use of racial violence by Democratic elites, prefiguring the formal vote suppression of Jim Crow. |
| JEL: | D72 D83 I31 J15 N31 O10 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34004 |
| By: | Abagna, Matthew Amalitinga; Hornok, Cecília; Mulyukova, Alina |
| Abstract: | This paper provides novel evidence on the impact of a prominent place-based policy – Special Economic Zones (SEZs) – on the economic well-being of African households. Exploiting time variation in SEZ establishment on a dataset of repeated cross-sections of households in 10 African countries during 1990-2020, we show that households living near SEZs become wealthier relative to the national average after SEZ establishment. The effect accrues mostly within 10 km of SEZs, is not driven by selective migration, and is accompanied by improved access to household utilities, higher consumption of durable goods, increased educational attainment and a shift away from agricultural activities. |
| Keywords: | Special economic zone, Place-based policy, Household wealth, Africa |
| JEL: | F6 F21 O15 O25 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkie:323485 |
| By: | Tiwari, Siddhartha Paul; Fahrudin, Adi |
| Abstract: | With the rapid advancement of technology, integrating it with changing school dynamics presents a unique opportunity to empower school leaders and change the educational landscape. Using cutting-edge technologies, such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and data analytics, as well as changing paradigms of school operations and teaching methodologies, this abstract discusses how school leaders can enhance their capabilities through the utilization of these technologies. A number of points are made in this paper emphasizing the need for leaders to adapt to these changes proactively in order to successfully guide their institutions in the digital age. In the paper, the authors explore various strategies for integrating technology into school management and curriculum, highlighting the benefits of an educational environment powered by technology, such as personalized learning, improved administrative efficiency, and data-driven decision-making. From ensuring equitable access to technology to maintaining student privacy and security, this book addresses the challenges and ethical considerations involved in this transformation. Leaders can create more innovative, inclusive, and effective educational experiences by embracing emerging technologies and understanding the dynamics of schools as they evolve. As a result of this empowerment, the current generation of learners will benefit in addition to providing a solid foundation for the future of education. |
| Keywords: | Technology Integration in Education, Enhancing The Leadership Capacity of Schools, Changing Paradigms in Education, Learning Through Technology, an Innovative Approach to School Management |
| JEL: | I2 I21 I25 I29 |
| Date: | 2024–11–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:124988 |
| By: | Itzik Fadlon; Briana Sullivan; Vedant Vohra |
| Abstract: | We study the role of job transitions and firm pay policies in the Black-White earnings gap in the US. We use administrative data for the universe of employer-employee matches from 2005-2019 to analyze worker mobility in a general but tractable framework, which allows for firm effects that depend on workers’ job history. Using differences in average pay between origin and destination firms as the treatment intensity of a job move, we analyze transitions up and down the job ladder and estimate race-specific passthrough rates of average firm pay into a mover’s own earnings. First, we find race-specific asymmetry around the direction of the move, whereby losses experienced in downward transitions are meaningfully larger than gains from upward transitions with a similar treatment intensity. For a $1 earnings increase in transitions up the job ladder, earnings passthroughs in transitions down the job ladder impose an earnings loss of $1.25 among White workers and $1.50 among Black workers. Second, we uncover career setbacks as a novel pathway in the evolution of racial earnings gaps. In transitions down the job ladder, Black workers lose an additional $0.24 for every $1 decrease in White workers’ earnings, a finding which prevails across sex and age. This “racial penalty” is not driven by differential pay, as it is completely absent when Black and White workers move between the same firm pairs. Instead, the penalty is due to differential sorting following career setbacks, so that Black workers regain employment in “worse” jobs, with strong evidence for racial differences in access to short-run liquidity as a mechanism. Overall, our findings offer a robust and computationally simple framework for modeling earnings determination processes and have implications for safety-net policies in the American labor market. |
| JEL: | H53 J31 J62 J65 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34058 |
| By: | Roy Cerqueti (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, UNIROMA - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" = Sapienza University [Rome]); Raffaele Mattera (UNIROMA - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" = Sapienza University [Rome], Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" = University of the Study of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli) |
| Abstract: | Understanding the significance of individual data points within clustering structures is critical to effective data analysis. Traditional stability methods, while valuable, often overlook the nuanced impact of individual units, particularly in spatial contexts. In this paper, we explore the concept of unit relevance in clustering analysis, emphasizing its importance in capturing the spatio-temporal nature of the clustering problem. We propose a simple measure of unit relevance, the Unit Relevance Index (URI), and define an overall measure of clustering stability based on the aggregation of computed URIs. Considering two experiments on real datasets with geo-referenced time series, we find that the use of spatial constraints in the clustering task yields more stable results. Therefore, the inclusion of the spatial dimension can be seen as a way to stabilize the clustering. |
| Keywords: | Cluster analysis, Relevance assessment, Spatial clustering, Time series, Stability |
| Date: | 2025–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05109271 |
| By: | Dominic Kelly (UCL Centre for Education Policy and Equalising Opportunities) |
| Abstract: | Roughly 9 in 10 children under the age of 5 (defined here as 'early childhood') watch video streaming services and approximately 1 in 4 have their own mobile phone (Ofcom, 2023). Compared to television, current technology (i.e., smartphones, tablets) provide even more immediate and constant stimulation to young children with a wider range of content, which is much harder for adults to supervise. There are concerns that the ubiquity of screentime in early childhood is adversely affecting or will adversely affect children's cognitive development, especially their attention spans and language skills (e.g., Garcia, 2025). There are increasing calls for the UK government to produce recommendations and policies regarding young children's screentime, including from a special report by the House of Commons Education Select House of Commons Education Committee (2024). Furthermore, the Technology Secretary has suggested that regulations are forthcoming (Cohen, 2025). The intention of such policies would be to foster healthy development and reduce behavioural issues, especially in schools. There are disagreements within the public and in government concerning whether such policies are necessary, how they would be implemented and whether they would be effective. Given that caregivers with lower levels of educational attainment are more likely to provide their children with screens at earlier ages (e.g., Wiltshire et al., 2021) and for longer periods of time (e.g., Tandon et al., 2012), any negative consequences of screentime for the development of attention and language skills could exacerbate existing societal inequalities in school readiness and, ultimately, longer-term achievement. |
| Keywords: | screentime, early years, attention, language |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucl:cepeob:34 |
| By: | Martelli, Angelo |
| Abstract: | Security is simultaneously the foremost concern for citizens in destination countries, who feel threatened by migrants and refugees and call on their leaders to regain control by erecting barriers and closing borders, and also the driving force behind migratory flows. There is a protracted inability to move from a crisis management situation to a sustainable global governance of migration. Is the EU’s New Pact on Migration and Asylum a historic agreement or a broken deal?. There is a need to go beyond the lump of labor fallacy and emphasize the net contribution of migration through enhanced integration and social cohesion. |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2025–01–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:127377 |
| By: | Roy Cequeti (GRANEM - Groupe de Recherche Angevin en Economie et Management - UA - Université d'Angers - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement, UNIROMA - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" = Sapienza University [Rome]); Pierpaolo D’urso (UNIROMA - Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" = Sapienza University [Rome]); Raffaele Mattera (Università degli studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" = University of the Study of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli) |
| Abstract: | The paper discusses the problem of estimating group heterogeneous fixed-effect panel data models under the assumption of fuzzy clustering, that is each unit belongs to all the clusters with a membership degree. To enhance spatial clustering, a spatio-temporal approach is considered. An iterative procedure, alternating panel data estimation and spatio-temporal clustering of the residuals, is proposed. The proposed method can be of relevance to researchers interested in using fuzzy group fixed-effect methods, but want to leverage spatial dimension for clustering units. Two empirical examples, the first on cigarette consumption in the US states and the second on non-life insurance demand in Italy, are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed approach. The spatial fuzzy GFE model reveals important regional differences in both the US cigarette consumption and non-life insurance determinants in Italy. In the case of the US, we found a distinction in two main clusters, East and West. For the Italy provinces data, we find a distinction in North and South clusters. Regarding the regression results, for cigarette consumption data, different from the previous studies, we find that the smuggling effect is significant only in east regions, thus suggesting localised impacts of bootlegging. In the context of Italian non-life insurance demand, we find that while population density explains insurance consumption in northern provinces, the trust issues in the south explain the lower insurance demand. |
| Keywords: | Longitudinal data, Clusterwise regression, Grouped fixed effect, Fuzzy approach, Heterogeneous coefficient, Spatial econometrics |
| Date: | 2025–01–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-05109570 |
| By: | Vortisch, Andreas B. (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Paschalidis, Evangelos (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne); Beine, Michel (University of Luxembourg, IZA, and CES-ifo); Bierlaire, Michel (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) |
| Abstract: | "On 5 September 2015, the German government suspended the EU’s Dublin III regulations, allowing all asylum seekers to apply for asylum in Germany. This policy change motivated more than one million people, especially Syrians, Afghans, and Iraqis, to enter the country. This study examines the impact of this policy change on migration aspirations and actions in 11 Arab countries, assessing whether it increased migration pressure toward Germany. We find that while the policy raised migration aspirations, it did not significantly affect concrete migration plans and therefore immigration pressures. Instead, age and personal networks abroad play more decisive roles in shaping such plans. Additionally, territorial control by IS in certain regions served as a distinct push factor. We also analyze migration preparations and find that age and networks abroad remain key determinants. Our results also suggest that the policy may have altered the composition of those planning to migrate." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| JEL: | C25 F22 J61 |
| Date: | 2025–08–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabdpa:202510 |
| By: | Ann Mantil; John Papay; Preeya P. Mbekeani; Richard J. Murnane |
| Abstract: | Preparing students for science, technology, and engineering careers is an urgent state policy challenge. We examine the design and roll-out of a science testing requirement for high-school graduation in Massachusetts. While science test performance has improved over time for all demographic subgroups, we observe rising inequality in failure rates and retest success. English learners, almost 8% of all test-takers, account for 53% of students who never pass. We find large differences by family income, even conditional on previous test scores, that raise equity implications. Using a regression-discontinuity design, we show that barely passing the exam increases high-school graduation and college outcomes of students near the score threshold, particularly for females and students from higher-income families. |
| JEL: | I21 I24 I28 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:34023 |
| By: | Akhtar, Shumi; Hoang-Le, Kien; Liu, Haoxuan; Vangal, Vidhulaa |
| Abstract: | Karsten Müller and Carlo Schwarz (2022) investigate the impact of Twitter on anti-Muslim hate crimes, demonstrating that higher Twitter usage correlates with increased hate crimes, particularly during Donald Trump's political rise. Their findings highlight social media's ability to amplify xenophobic attitudes and translate online rhetoric into real-world violence. Our replication confirms the main findings, showing that a one standard deviation increase in Twitter usage is associated with a 32% rise in hate crimes. While minor rounding differences exist, our computational results align with the original study, reinforcing the robustness of its empirical framework. Extending the analysis, we show heterogeneity in Twitter's impact, finding that weighting by Muslim population share strengthens the effect, whereas population-weighted estimates yield a weaker relationship, suggesting demographic composition plays a crucial role. Additionally, our urban-rural analysis reveals that Twitter's influence on hate crimes is significantly stronger in urban areas, likely due to higher connectivity and media exposure. Finally, we assess educational attainment, demonstrating that higher education mitigates the amplification of anti-Muslim tweets into hate crimes. These findings underscore the need for policy interventions, including digital literacy programs, targeted content moderation, and algorithmic adjustments, to curb online hate speech and its offline consequences. |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:i4rdps:246 |
| By: | Paqueo, Vicente B.; Maddawin, Ricxie B.; Abrigo, Michael R.M.; Sister, Johanna Marie Astrid A.; Sarne, Solomon R.; Lavega, Marie Louissie Ynez U.; Orbeta, Aniceto C. Jr. |
| Abstract: | The report assesses two Department of Education (DepEd) student financial assistance schemes under the Government Assistance to Students and Teachers in Private Education (GASTPE) program. These schemes are the Educational Service Contracting (ESC) and the Senior High School Voucher (SHSV) schemes. Through these initiatives, DepEd pays tuition fees for eligible students enrolling in qualified private schools of their choice. The study aims to answer the following questions: Are the programs on track to achieve their objectives? What key challenges and adjustments need to be made for the programs to reach their goals? What can be done to enhance the programs’ ability to cost-effectively, equitably, and sustainably promote the private sector's contribution to national education objectives? The study examines these questions and, in that context, analyzes the following specific concerns: (i) the adequacy of the financial assistance provided to target beneficiaries and the methodology for rationally setting the programs’ subsidy value; (ii) the inclusion of disadvantaged children and the methodology for targeting and prioritizing them; and (iii) the need to adjust program objectives and implementation design. Using a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, the report concludes that the logic of the programs is sound and that there is evidence to support the hypothesis that, in the Philippines, it is cost-effective to use private schools to help the government achieve its national education goals. However, there are significant design, implementation, and governance challenges that need to be thoughtfully addressed as part of the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2023-2028's call for strengthening and expanding private sector participation in education. Hence, the report suggests some ideas in this regard. Comments to this paper are welcome within 60 days from the date of posting. Email publications@mail.pids.gov.ph |
| Keywords: | ESC;SHS;voucher programs;public-private complementarity;coopetition;private education;public education;Educational Service Contracting;Senior High School Voucher |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:phd:dpaper:dp_2025-17 |
| By: | Enomy Germain (CU - Cornell University [Ithaca]) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationship between natural disasters and emigration from Haiti to the United States, focusing on the moderating role of political instability. Haiti is one of the most disaster-prone and politically fragile countries in the Western Hemisphere, experiencing an average of 3.1 disasters per year between 1990 and 2020. Drawing on thirty years of national-level time series data, this study employs a linear Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model with interaction terms to test whether political instability amplifies the migration response to disasters. The results reveal a strong and statistically significant link between disaster frequency and emigration flows. Moreover, this relationship is significantly intensified in years of heightened political instability, suggesting that weak institutional capacity compounds the push factors associated with natural shocks. While traditional migration models emphasize economic drivers, this study shows that political stability plays a crucial role in shaping emigration outcomes. These findings highlight the need for integrated policy responses that address both environmental risks and governance challenges in disaster prone settings. |
| Keywords: | Haiti migration natural disasters political instability, Haiti, migration, natural disasters, political instability |
| Date: | 2025–05–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-05083695 |
| By: | Papps, Kerry L. (University of Bradford) |
| Abstract: | The effects on criminal behaviour of raising the minimum wage for those aged 25 and over in the United Kingdom are analysed, using data on police stop and search activities. A 1% increase in the minimum wage raises the fraction of people stopped by the police by 2.96%, the fraction of people caught with an incriminating item by 1.43%, and the fraction of people arrested as a consequence by 1.27%. This effect is almost entirely driven by drug searches made outside business hours, suggesting that the minimum wage raises crime principally by raising disposable income – and drug consumption – among workers. |
| Keywords: | stop and search, crime, minimum wage |
| JEL: | K42 J22 J31 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17989 |
| By: | Bigoni, M.; Camera, G.; Gallo, E. |
| Abstract: | Globalization offers unparalleled opportunities to expand welfare through cooperation across large networks of unrelated individuals. Social exclusion – permanent or temporary – and monetary exchange are institutions that in theory can incentivize cooperation. In an experiment, we evaluate their relative performance and interaction in anonymous networks of different sizes. Permanent social exclusion (ostracism) reduces long-run economic potential by leading to sparse networks. Monetary exchange and temporary social exclusion perform similarly well in small networks. In large networks, however, monetary exchange is the only institution that promotes full cooperation by crowding out ostracism and keeping the network complete. An insight is that monetary systems outperform social exclusion mechanisms in promoting cooperation in globalized social and economic networks. |
| Keywords: | Cooperation, Experiment, Money, Network, Social Exclusion |
| JEL: | C92 E40 D85 C73 |
| Date: | 2025–07–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camjip:2519 |
| By: | Takahiro Akita; Avadhesh Kumar Shukla (IUJ Research Institute, International University of Japan) |
| Abstract: | Nepal has made significant progress in reducing inequality in economic well-being. Meanwhile education has expanded substantially. This study analyzes the role of educational expansion in reducing expenditure inequality using data from the three rounds of the Nepal Living Standards Survey. It conducts a two-stage hierarchical inequality decomposition analysis by location and education. The expansion of basic education in rural areas contributed significantly to reducing overall inequality. The government should further promote basic education, while improving its quality and enhancing the socio-economic status of households. The government should also develop socio-economic infrastructure and establish efficient transportation networks throughout the country. |
| Keywords: | educational expansion, expenditure inequality, Nepal, urban-rural dimensions, two-stage inequality decomposition by location and education |
| JEL: | I24 I25 O15 O18 |
| Date: | 2025–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iuj:wpaper:ems_2025_04 |
| By: | Biniam Bedasso (Center for Global Development); Amina Mendez Acosta (Consultant) |
| Abstract: | School meals have proven effective in improving child outcomes, particularly in low-income settings. Yet concerns about funding adequacy and cost efficiency remain. This paper analyzes data from three waves of the Global Child Nutrition Foundation (GCNF) survey (2018–2023), covering 216 programs from 102 countries to document cost patterns and scaling dynamics. Additionally, we examine how cost per child varies with implementation models, sourcing strategies, and targeting approaches. We report five main findings. First, majority of the programs, especially in low-income and large-scale settings, are underfunded relative to the cost of a healthy meal. Second, school meal programs in lower-income countries tend to offer less diverse meals, and adjusting for nutritional diversity reveals that achieving comparable dietary quality would significantly raise their per-child costs. These adjustments are especially relevant for disadvantaged children, who face the greatest risk of nutrient deficiency and would benefit most from more diverse meals. Third, local food sourcing is associated with more cost-efficient implementation—after accounting for dietary diversity—while on-site meal preparation is linked to higher costs among better-resourced programs. Fourth, programs that target recipients individually tend to be cheaper, but only for higher-income countries. Finally, despite offering less diverse meals, programs in lower-income countries exhibit greater economies of scale—expanding coverage faster relative to cost increases. |
| Keywords: | School meals, cost efficiency, funding, low- and middle-income countries |
| Date: | 2025–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:723 |
| By: | Hussinger, Katrin; Palladini, Lorenzo |
| Abstract: | China's special economic zones (SEZs) have been established to foster business growth and innovation by improving the institutional context of specific sub-regional areas. We examine the effect of SEZs on the contribution of research and development (R&D) to the market value of firms located in these areas. The market value reflects investors' expectations of future returns to R&D, providing crucial information for strategic investment decisions. Larger R&D contributions to the market value create stronger incentives for firms to invest in innovation. Empirical results suggest that the contribution of R&D to the market value increases through the SEZs program, particularly for R&D intensive firms. This suggests that regional policies, while increasing incentives to innovate, may widen the gap between less and more R&D intensive firms, potentially impacting competition and long-term growth. |
| Keywords: | Special economic zones (SEZs), China, Market value, R&D, Institutional development, Innovation incentives |
| JEL: | O32 R58 O25 |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:319898 |
| By: | Mense, Andreas (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Wolf, Katja (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "Against the backdrop of current policy debates on reasonable work requirements under § 10 of the German Social Code Book II (SGB II), this research report examines the typical distances between place of residence and workplace when recipients of basic income support (SGB II) take up new employment. The focus is on systematic differences between groups of individuals. The analysis is based on administrative data from the Integrated Employment Biographies (IEB) and the Basic Income Support History (LHG) for the year 2022. The study population comprises employable recipients of SGB II benefits who transitioned into regular employment subject to social security contributions. Additionally, data from the first wave of the Online Panel for Labour Market Research (OPAL) are used to compare the observed patterns with self-reported job search behaviour. The results show that most employment is taken up close to home. In 69 percent of cases, the new workplace is less than 15 km away; in 17 percent, it lies between 15 and 50 km away. At the same time, a non-negligible share of individuals accepts longer distances: in 8.7% of cases, the distance exceeds 100 km. Average commuting distances vary considerably across groups. Single parents, parents of minor children, older individuals, and those with health limitations tend to take up employment closer to home. Part-time workers also tend to remain in their residential area. In contrast, young, single, or highly qualified individuals are more likely to accept jobs located farther away. Similar patterns emerge with regard to the likelihood of taking up a job more than 100 km from home – which in many cases likely involves relocation. The statistical analysis is based on multivariate regression models that control for a wide range of potentially relevant characteristics. The group-specific differences remain robust and are consistent with the exceptions laid out in § 10(2) SGB II, which state that personal, family-related, and health-related circumstances must be considered when assessing the reasonableness of job offers. The OPAL survey data complement these findings. They reveal similar group-specific patterns in individuals’ self-assessed willingness to accept long commuting times or relocation. Women, older individuals, single parents, and those seeking part-time work are less willing to commute for over an hour or to move. In contrast, individuals with higher education degrees or foreign citizenship exhibit greater geographical flexibility. These results suggest that the differences in observed employment distances in the administrative data may be explained by variation in job search behaviour. The findings should not be interpreted as a consequence of existing legal exemptions. Rather, they represent the empirical basis for them: § 10 SGB II reflects existing constraints to mobility. In this sense, the exceptions laid out in the law exist precisely because groups such as single parents are empirically less likely or less able to accept long commutes or relocation. It is therefore advisable to address barriers to mobility in a targeted way, to consider regional mobility willingness in placement processes, and to strengthen individualised job placement strategies. In addition, policymakers should consider institutional framework conditions – such as childcare availability, housing market dynamics, and transport infrastructure – in efforts to increase geographical mobility among job seekers." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; IAB-Open-Access-Publikation ; ausländische Arbeitnehmer ; Auswirkungen ; berufliche Reintegration ; Beschäftigungsform ; Familienstand ; geschlechtsspezifische Faktoren ; Gesundheitszustand ; IAB-Leistungsempfängerhistorik ; Integrierte Erwerbsbiografien ; Integrierte Erwerbsbiografien ; altersspezifische Faktoren ; Mobilitätsbereitschaft ; regionale Mobilität ; qualifikationsspezifische Faktoren ; Arbeitslosengeld II-Empfänger ; Bürgergeld-Empfänger ; IAB-Befragung Arbeiten und Leben in Deutschland ; IAB-Befragung Arbeiten und Leben in Deutschland ; Arbeitsweg ; 2022-2023 |
| Date: | 2025–07–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabfob:202516 |
| By: | Laurence, James; McGinnity, Frances; Murphy, Keire |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp807 |
| By: | Odhiambo, Frank; Günther, Isabel; Harttgen, Kenneth |
| Abstract: | In many parts of the world, children with disabilities continue to face exclusion from education. This educational disparity is particularly pronounced in African countries, where disability legislation is often absent. In our sample, disability emerges as the strongest predictor of low educational attainment among children-more influential than severe poverty or low parental education. Despite increasing international attention to inclusive education, evidence on the impact of anti-discrimination legislation remains limited, and particularly for low-income settings. Existing literature has primarily focused on labor market outcomes in high-income countries, where the effects on employment have been mixed at best. Using individual-level data from ten African countries, we apply various difference-in-differences approaches to assess the impact of disability legislation on educational attainment. Our analysis shows that such legislation significantly increases school enrollment, attendance rates, and years of schooling. In most countries, anti-discrimination laws close at least half of the 30% disability gap in education observed in contexts lacking such protections. Furthermore, we find no adverse spillover effects on the schooling of younger, non-disabled siblings in countries that enacted the legislation. These findings highlight the transformative potential of legal protections in advancing educational equity for children with disabilities. |
| Keywords: | educational attainment, school attendance, legislation, disability |
| Date: | 2025 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cegedp:323228 |
| By: | Huixin Bi; Nicolas Petrosky-Nadeau; Nora Traum; Greg Woodward |
| Abstract: | We present new monthly U.S. city-level and national measures of worker and firm search from 1900 to 1938, derived from scanned images of U.S. newspapers. To our knowledge, we are the first to systematically use the “situations-wanted” advertisements placed by job seekers. We document fresh insights into early 20th-century labor market dynamics: (1) worker and firm search efforts are procyclical; (2) posting costs affect advertising behavior and labor search intensity; (3) the Beveridge curve is stable over the last 125 years, with similar shifts following the 1918 flu and Covid-19 pandemic; and (4) regional and gender heterogeneity exists. |
| Keywords: | job search; Great Depression |
| JEL: | J64 N32 E24 E32 C82 |
| Date: | 2025–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:101410 |