nep-ure 2025-03-24 papers

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By:	S. Johnson; A. Asian; D. Luciano; Y. Kono; B. Van Ooijen; A. Campbell; B. Turner; W. Hook; J. Lieswyn; R. Rohatgi; A. Irvin
Keywords:	Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas
Date:	2024–10
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42299

By:	Hyunji Lee; Jonathan Hasoloan; Hogeun Park; Terri B. Chapman; José Siri
Keywords:	Urban Development-Urban Housing Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change
Date:	2024–10
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42303

By:	S. Johnson; A. Asian; D. Luciano; Y. Kono; B. Van Ooijen; A. Campbell; B. Turner; W. Hook; J. Lieswyn; R. Rohatgi; A. Irvin
Keywords:	Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas
Date:	2024–10
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42300

By:	International Finance Corporation
Keywords:	Finance and Financial Sector Development-Housing Finance Urban Development-Municipal Housing and Land Communities and Human Settlements-Urban Housing and Land Settlements
Date:	2024–09
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42176

By:	Jiaming Mao; Jiayi Wen
Abstract:	Between 1980 and 2000, the U.S. experienced a significant rise in geographic sorting and educational homogamy, with college graduates increasingly concentrating in high-skill cities and marrying similarly educated spouses. We develop and estimate a spatial equilibrium model with local labor, housing, and marriage markets, incorporating a marriage matching framework with transferable utility. Using the model, we estimate trends in assortative preferences, quantify the interplay between marital and geographic sorting, and assess their combined impact on household inequality. Welfare analyses show that after accounting for marriage, the college well-being gap grew substantially more than the college wage gap.
Date:	2025–02
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.12867

By:	Anna Bellaver; Lorenzo Costantini; Ariadna Fosch; Anna Monticelli; David Scala; Marco Pangallo
Abstract:	Do home prices incorporate flood risk in the immediate aftermath of specific flood events, or is it the repeated exposure over the years that plays a more significant role? We address this question through the first systematic study of the Italian housing market, which is an ideal case study because it is highly exposed to floods, though unevenly distributed across the national territory. Using a novel dataset containing about 550, 000 mortgage-financed transactions between 2016 and 2024, as well as hedonic regressions and a difference-in-difference design, we find that: (i) specific floods do not decrease home prices in areas at risk; (ii) the repeated exposure to floods in flood-prone areas leads to a price decline, up to 4\% in the most frequently flooded regions; (iii) responses are heterogeneous by buyers' income and age. Young buyers (with limited exposure to prior floods) do not obtain any price reduction for settling in risky areas, while experienced buyers do. At the same time, buyers who settle in risky areas have lower incomes than buyers in safe areas in the most affected regions. Our results emphasize the importance of cultural and institutional factors in understanding how flood risk affects the housing market and socioeconomic outcomes.
Date:	2025–02
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.12116

By:	Liotta, Charlotte; Avner, Paolo; Hallegatte, Stephane
Abstract:	Flood exposure is likely to increase in the future as a direct consequence of more frequent and more intense flooding and the growth of populations and economic assets in flood-prone areas. Low-income households, which are more likely to be located in high-risk zones, will be particularly affected. This paper assesses the welfare and equity impacts of three flood management policies—risk-based insurance, zoning, and subsidized insurance—using an urban economics framework with two income groups and three potential flood locations. The paper shows that in a first-best setting, risk-based insurance maximizes social welfare. However, depending on flood characteristics, implementing a zoning policy or subsidized insurance is close to optimal and can be more feasible. Subsidizing insurance reduces upward pressure on housing rents but increases flood damage, and is recommended for rare floods occurring in a large part of a city. Zoning policies have the opposite effect, avoiding damage but increasing housing rents, and are recommended for frequent floods in small areas. The social welfare impact of choosing the wrong flood management policy depends on the location of floods relative to employment centers, with flooding close to employment centers being particularly harmful. Implementing flood management policies redistributes flood costs between high- and low-income households through land markets, irrespective of who is directly affected. As such, they are progressive in terms of equity, compared to a laissez-faire scenario with myopic anticipations, in the more common scenario where poorer populations are more exposed to urban floods. But their impacts on inequality depend on flood locations and urban configuration. For instance, in a city where floods are centrally located and low-income households live in the city center, subsidized insurance would mitigate a surge in inequality, whereas a zoning policy could substantially increase inequalities.
Date:	2023–02–06
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10292

By:	Sitati, Melap; Murebu, Rosemary; Ngugi, Rose; Onsomu, Eldah
Abstract:	The importance of teacher quality on early grade achievement of cognitive skills is the current policy discourse. Teacher quality is a key factor that influences learners achievement at all levels of schooling. This paper uses a multiple regression technique on Public Expenditure Tracking (PETs) and Service Delivery Indicators survey data (2014/2015) to interrogate the impact of teacher quality in terms of qualification in teacher training and experience on early grade achievement of cognitive skills in Kenya. Although the study reveals that teacher qualification in terms of training is the single-most important attribute that impacts on learner achievement, there is no significant difference between the teacher level of training on learner performance regardless of the time taken to acquire those qualifications. Interestingly, results showed that learners taught by certificate holders in teaching performed better than the ones taught by diploma holders. Pedagogical training, which is taught at certificate level, for teaching at primary education level is significant in affecting learner performance compared to diploma, yet the latter takes more duration and resources. The evidence also shows that teacher experience significantly affects learner performance especially in reading. However, further research could investigate how different type of school interventions amplify or weaken the effects of teachers on learners cognitive skill. The study recommends enhanced teacher professional development, more focus on in-service training on pedagogical skills acquired at the primary certificate level, equitable teacher distribution, and provision of adequate teaching and learning materials in school. It is also important to ensure that newly employed teachers have the required pedagogical skills and that they are provided with adequate pedagogical training programmes.
Date:	2024–08–23
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:377dc487-d74d-45ca-a52d-008e01a1ae46

By:	World Bank
Keywords:	Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas
Date:	2024–10
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42210

By:	Krafft, Caroline Gould; Raikes, Abbie; Nikaein Towfighian, Samira; Mojgani, Rebecca Sayre
Abstract:	By the time children in low- and middle-income countries start primary school, large socioeconomic disparities are evident in children’s learning and development. Both pre-primary and home environments can play important roles in influencing school readiness and can contribute to disparities in early childhood development, but there is limited evidence on their relative roles in low- and middle-income countries. This paper examines how pre-primary quality, stimulation at home, and early childhood development vary by socioeconomic status for pre-primary students in the Arab Republic of Egypt. The results demonstrate substantial socioeconomic inequality in stimulation at home, more so than in pre-primary quality and inputs, although there is variation in the degree of inequality across different dimensions of pre-primary quality. “Double inequality” is observed, where students with less stimulating home environments experience slightly lower quality pre-primary inputs. There are particularly large pre-primary inequities in structural quality (physical environment) and less inequity in process quality (pedagogy). These results suggest that targeted investments in pre-primary education in Egypt are necessary to reduce inequality in school readiness but are likely insufficient to close the socioeconomic status gap in children’s development. Investing in interventions to improve vulnerable children’s home learning environments, as well as investing in quality pre-primary, is critical to address disparities in children’s development.
Date:	2023–02–24
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10317

By:	Jose Luis Vallejo; Belinda Tato; Marco Rizzetto; Jon Kher Kaw; Hogeun Park; Ban Edilbi
Keywords:	Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas Communities and Human Settlements-Urban Communities
Date:	2024–07
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:41856

By:	Adukia, Anjali (University of Chicago); Feigenberg, Benjamin (University of Illinois at Chicago); Momeni, Fatemeh (University of Chicago)
Abstract:	School districts historically approached conflict-resolution from the perspective that suspending disruptive students was necessary to protect their classmates, even if this caused harm to perceived offenders. Restorative practices (RP) – focused on reparation, accountability, and shared ownership of disciplinary justice – are designed to address undesirable behavior without harming students. We study Chicago Public Schools' adoption of RP and find that suspensions and arrests decreased, driven by effects for Black students. We find null effects on test-score value added, ruling out meaningful average declines. We estimate a 15% decrease in out-of-school arrests, consistent with RP substantively changing student behavior.
Keywords:	restorative practices, school discipline, human capital, restorative justice, behavior, classroom management
JEL:	I21 I24 J18
Date:	2025–02
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17700

By:	Yasmine Zouari (Métis Lab EM Normandie - EM Normandie - École de Management de Normandie = EM Normandie Business School); Aya Nasreddine (CEROS - Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches sur les Organisations et la Stratégie - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre)
Abstract:	In this article, we use the framework of inflation beta to test the capacity of physical residential real estate to hedge against inflation and its components, and compare it to the inflation hedge ability of various financial assets. Specifically, the housing asset is represented by the residential market in the communes of the "Grand Paris" metropolis with the different components of inflation. We start by analyzing the residential market in this area, its fundamentals, characteristics and dynamic. Then, applying the hierarchical clustering technique, we divide the Greater Paris area into five homogenous groups of communes and test its hedging ability using both correlation and regression analysis. Residential assets are confirmed to be a hedge against inflation, particularly against its unexpected component and thanks to its capital return rather than the rental return. On the other hand, the listed real estate does not provide the same hedging properties and thus cannot be considered as a substitute for this aim
Keywords:	Direct housing, Grand Paris Metropolis, Hedging ability, Inflation, Direct housing "Grand Paris" metropolis listed real estate inflation hedging ability asset management, "Grand Paris" metropolis, listed real estate, inflation, hedging ability, asset management
Date:	2023–07–12
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04956272

By:	World Bank
Keywords:	Communities and Human Settlements-Housing & Human Habitats Communities and Human Settlements-Rural Settlements Communities and Human Settlements-Urban Housing and Land Settlements Urban Development-National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Rural Development-Rural Development Strategy & Policy
Date:	2024–12
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42531

By:	Carcillo, Stéphane (Sciences Po); Valfort, Marie-Anne (Paris School of Economics); Vergara Merino, Pedro (CREST-ENSAE)
Abstract:	This paper presents the first rigorous evaluation of school-based interventions aimed at reducing LGBTphobia. We focus on a classroom intervention that addresses the issue of LGBT harassment through perspective-taking and narrative exchange. Using a field experiment in France with more than 10, 000 middle and high school students, we find robust evidence of strong positive effects, with variations across gender, age, and socio-economic status. We argue that changing perceptions of group norms is a key channel driving these heterogeneous effects.
Keywords:	LGBT, discrimination, social norms
JEL:	C93 J15 J16 J71
Date:	2025–02
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17683

By:	Laverde, Mariana (Boston College); Mykerezi, Elton (University of Minnesota); Sojourner, Aaron (Upjohn Institute for Employment Research); Sood, Aradhya (University of Toronto)
Abstract:	The literature on assignment mechanisms largely focuses on efficiency based on agents' preferences, though policymakers may prioritize different goals. In assigning teachers to classrooms, a school district might prioritize student learning but must also consider teacher welfare. This paper studies the potential gains in student test scores from alternative within-district assignments of teachers to classrooms, using novel administrative data on teacher and school principal decisions from the district's internal transfer system (ITS) and student test scores under the observed assignments. To credibly predict student test scores under unrealized assignments, we jointly model student achievement and teacher and principal decisions, accounting for potential selection of teachers on test score gains. We estimate the variation in teachers' comparative advantage in producing learning to be one-ninth the magnitude of the variation in their general effectiveness. Further, teachers dislike comparative advantage–based assignments. Assignment of teachers to classrooms to maximize learning under the constraint of not reducing any assigned teacher's welfare would raise the average test score by 7% of a standard deviation (SD) relative to that under the observed assignment, with this effect driven mostly by assignment of teachers with higher general effectiveness to larger classrooms rather than by harnessing teachers' comparative advantage.
Date:	2025–02
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17696

By:	Ala-Luopa, Saara; Jarrahi, Mohammad Hossein; Olsson, Thomas
Abstract:	The development and use of digital platforms to facilitate economic transactions are on the rise. Zillow, an online platform, and marketplace for real estate, offers its users an opportunity to sell, buy, rent, and finance on- and off-market properties. This study focuses on Zillow's algorithmic tool Zestimate, which estimates home values based on multiple data points and has become a popular tool among home buyers and sellers. In this case study, we explore real estate agents’ and home buyers’ and sellers’ perceptions and experiences of Zestimate. Preliminary findings provide insight into how each party may interact with Zestimate and how multi-stakeholder interactions are reconfigured by the algorithm. Adopting an ecosystemic perspective, we explore the algorithmic systems’ integration and complexity in its social context beyond singular human-AI interactions. Based on these findings, we discuss the implications for human-centered and socially sustainable design practices when designing algorithmic systems in a multi-stakeholder context.
Date:	2024–07–08
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:qpw4g_v1

By:	Garcia Santana, Manuel Jose; Santamaría, Marta
Abstract:	Are governments locally biased when buying goods and services Can this home bias explain the low integration of procurement markets Using one million procurement contracts awarded in France and Spain, this paper explores whether the home bias follows the government's geographical scope: national governments have a national bias, while subnational governments have a local bias. The relative home bias across governments is estimated by comparing how local and non-local establishments sell the same product to national and subnational governments in the same destination. This paper finds that the governments’ home bias explains a big part of the high local concentration in procurement.
Date:	2023–02–21
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10311

By:	Annette Alstadsaeter (NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences); Matthew Collin (EU Tax - EU Tax Observatory, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Bluebery Planterose (EU Tax - EU Tax Observatory, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Gabriel Zucman (EU Tax - EU Tax Observatory, PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement)
Abstract:	This note presents new evidence on the scale of foreign investment in the Dubai residential property market. Using new data comprising the ownership of a large share of the Dubai property market, we present updated estimates of foreign-owned real estate for the years 2020 and 2022. We find that foreign nationals hold around 43% of the total value of all residential property in the city. Foreign-owned residential real estate grew by 20%—around $ 23 billion—between the beginning of 2020 and early 2022. We also find evidence of a substantial boom in Russian interest in the city following the invasion of Ukraine, with both utility accounts and residential leases associated with Russian nationals increasing sharply. Relying on simple assumptions to allocate new property purchases across nationalities, we conservatively estimate that Russians bought up to $2.4 billion worth of existing properties and a further $3.9 billion of in-development properties since the invasion. Our findings have three main policy implications: 1. Anti-money laundering organisations such as the Financial Action Task Force should intensify pressure on the United Arab Emirates to clean up its real estate sector 2. Automatic exchange-of-information regimes such as the OECD's Common Reporting Standard (CRS) should be expanded to include real estate 3. Policymakers should begin the process of introducing the building blocks of a global asset registry, to build a unified picture of non-financial and financial assets, first at the regional level, then at the global level Our updated 2020 estimates are also now available on the Atlas of the Offshore World.
Date:	2024–05
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-04941057

By:	World Bank Group
Keywords:	Environment-Adaptation to Climate Change Environment-Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas Urban Development-National Urban Development Policies & Strategies
Date:	2024–12
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42482

By:	Pylak, Korneliusz; Mickiewicz, Tomasz; Kitsos, Tasos
Abstract:	Our study explores the factors influencing the creation and closure of firms in urban micro-spaces, highlighting the relationship between Knowledge-Intensive Business Services (KIBS) and non-KIBS sectors. Employing 2007-2019 firm-level data from Warsaw, the capital of Poland, we uncover overlooked micro-geographical and sectoral patterns. We reveal spatial and sectoral interdependencies, highlighting the cross-sectoral effects of density and age of incumbent firms on new firm creation and closure. Our findings highlight the potential of policies supporting KIBS to generate positive multiplier effects, cultivating entrepreneurial ecosystems while accounting for micro-geographical contexts.
Date:	2024–12–03
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:emv45_v1

By:	Ham, Andres; Vazquez, Emmanuel Jose; Yanez Pagans, Monica
Abstract:	This paper studies the effects of differential exposure to COVID-19 on educational outcomes in Guatemala. The government adopted a warning index (ranging from 0 to 10) to classify municipalities by infection rates in 2020, which was then used by the Ministry of Education in 2021 to establish a “stoplight” system for in-person instruction. Using administrative panel data for all students in Guatemala, the study employs a difference-in-differences strategy that leverages municipal differences over time in the warning index to estimate the effects of the pandemic on dropout, promotion, and school switching. The results show that municipalities with a higher warning index had significantly larger dropout, lower promotion rates, and a greater share of students switching from private to public schools. These effects were more pronounced during the first year of the pandemic. The findings show differential effects by the level of instruction, with greater losses for younger children in initial and primary education. The results are robust to specification choice, multiple hypothesis adjustments, and placebo experiments, suggesting that the pandemic has had heterogeneous consequences.
Date:	2023–02–15
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10308

By:	Portugal, Pedro (Banco de Portugal); Reis, Hugo (Banco de Portugal); Guimaraes, Paulo (Banco de Portugal); Cardoso, Ana Rute (IAE Barcelona (CSIC))
Abstract:	We employ a regression model with spillover effects to show that the impact of peer quality on wages is quite large. We estimate that a 10 percent increase in peer quality implies a 2.1 percent increase in an individual's wage. In addition, we estimate the external returns to education using a novel identification strategy, which is strictly based on the peer effect channel, netting out the role of homophily and labor market sorting. We show that a one-year increase in the co-workers' education leads to a 0.58 percent increase in wages. We also show that both effects fade smoothly over time.
Keywords:	wage distribution, human capital spillovers, external returns to education, peer effects, linked employer-employee data, high-dimensional fixed effects, workplace, job and occupation
JEL:	J31 J24 I26
Date:	2025–02
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17690

By:	Miguel Cuellar; Hyunseok Jung
Abstract:	Using foot traffic data for over 150, 000 points of interest (POIs) near the sites of 42 mass shootings (2018-2022, U.S.), we evaluate the spatial-temporal impact of the tragic events on community mobility and relocation of economic activities. Visits to nearby POIs decrease, while farther away POIs experience increased foot traffic, implying that communities shift their activities away from the shooting sites. The impact is stronger when stronger trauma responses are expected. Our results suggest that mass shootings drive significant displacements of economic activities and can consequently lead to welfare losses due to distortions in optimal choices of time and location.
Date:	2025–02
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2502.19640

By:	Bertocchi, Graziella (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia); Bonacini, Luca (University of Bologna); Joxhe, Majlinda (University of Bologna); Pignataro, Giuseppe (University of Bologna)
Abstract:	We estimate the causal effect of exposure to math during high school on university major choice and performance, using a unique administrative dataset of 1, 396 twins extracted from the entire student population enrolled between 2011 and 2021 at an Italian university. We apply a Twin Fixed Effect (TFE) estimator to account for unobserved factors like shared family background. We find that attending a low-math high school reduces the likelihood of enrolling in STEM majors by 32.6 percentage points and improves university performance, by increasing the likelihood of on-time graduation by 11.7 percentage points and boosting grades by 0.139 standard deviations. Leveraging a high school reform that expanded the math content in traditionally low-math curricula, we show that the added math background further reduces STEM enrollment for treated students, while it drives their improvement in performance. Our results suggest that, while increased math exposure does not necessarily boost STEM enrollment, it equips students with skills that help them improve their university outcomes. Compared with TFE, Ordinary Least Squares estimates of the effect of math exhibit a downward bias. The same applies to Difference-in-Differences estimates of the effect of the reform obtained using the entire student population.
Keywords:	math exposure, twins, twin fixed effects, major choice, stem, university performance, high school reform
JEL:	D10 I21 I23 I28 J24
Date:	2025–02
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17703

By:	Bou, Da; Sran, Louth; Teu, Samruom; Tep, Chhivrath; Kheuy, Sinoeurn; Vy, Savuth; Dul, Vanny
Abstract:	This case study, a collaborative investigation into the self-assessment of student teachers' self-directed learning in the Battambang Teacher Education College (BTEC) teacher education program, provides valuable insights. The study employs both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Data was collected through surveys and open-ended questions with 187 BTEC student teachers. The findings revealed that student teachers actively engaged in reflective self-assessment practices, enabling them to identify improvement areas and develop personalized learning strategies. However, limited time, lack of mentorship, and inadequate institutional support could have helped their ability to fully direct their learning. The study provides practical recommendations to BTEC program administrators on enhancing the support and resources offered to student teachers, such as increasing mentorship opportunities and improving institutional support, to promote their autonomous learning and professional development. These recommendations are designed to be actionable and can be implemented to improve the BTEC teacher education program. The collaborative research contributes to the ongoing efforts to improve teacher education and equip future educators to meet the evolving demands of the modern classroom, making the audience feel included and part of the solution.
Date:	2024–11–03
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:uq8t3_v1

By:	Ndoye, Mamadou Laye; Atchade, Touwede Benedicte
Abstract:	This study sought a better understanding of the impact of a mothers participation in the labour market, on the academic performance of children in their primary school certificate examinations. The study used a recursive bivariate probit model in order to treat the endogeneity of the variable mothers participation in the labour market. The data used in the study were drawn from the Integrated Regional Survey on Employment and the Informal Sector (ERI-ESI-2018). The results demonstrated that a mothers participation in the labour market has a negative impact on the academic performance of children in their primary school years. These results inform us of the need to address the challenges faced by working mothers by providing them with the support they need to establish a balance between their professional and maternal responsibilities.
Date:	2024–08–22
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aer:wpaper:b7ec8a7a-740a-4dba-95a8-46f2807343c3

By:	Behr, Daniela Monika; Chen, Lixue; Goel, Ankita; Haider, Khondoker Tanveer; Sandeep Singh; Zaman, Asad
Abstract:	Despite the relevance of house prices for a variety of stakeholders as well as for macroeconomic and monetary policy making, reliable, publicly available house price data are largely absent in emerging markets and developing economies. Filling this void, this paper presents a systematic approach to collecting, analyzing, and assessing private property prices in emerging markets and developing economies. The paper uses data scraped from five countries’ largest real estate websites where private properties are listed for sale, to obtain price data and property attributes to establish a comprehensive data set that allows for both intra- and inter-country comparison of residential property prices. It then outlines the usability of these data by employing random forest estimation to predict the price of a standard housing unit—the basic house price—that is comparable across countries. While this approach is also applicable to filling wide data gaps in the provision of private property prices in developed economies, the paper focuses on how this approach can be applied to emerging markets and developing economies, where private property price data are particularly scarce.
Date:	2023–02–07
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10301

By:	Martinez, Joan Jennifer (UC Berkeley)
Abstract:	Teachers' stereotypical assessments widen the gender gap in earnings and formal sector employment after high school graduation, with lasting positive effects for men and shorter-term negative effects for women. Exposure to these assessments throughout high school disproportionately affects women's graduation, employment, working hours, and earnings during late adolescence and early adulthood. Implicit Association Test scores collected through a survey indicate that students from both genders internalize stereotypes about math and language skills. Stereotyped teachers also deter females from entering male-dominated occupations. I find no evidence that these assessments affect college application or enrollment outcomes for students, irrespective of gender.
Keywords:	gender stereotypes, gender pay gap, value-added, math
JEL:	J16 J24 I24 J71
Date:	2025–02
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17674

By:	Moschion, Julie (University of Queensland); van Ours, Jan C. (Erasmus School of Economics)
Abstract:	Using a sample of disadvantaged Australians, we compare trajectories of those who left school before 18 with those who left later, in terms of homelessness, incarceration, substance use and mental health issues. We estimate a staggered difference-in-difference to account for heterogenous treatment effects across cohorts and time. Results indicate that leaving school before 18 increases males' likelihood of experiencing homelessness, being incarcerated, using cannabis daily and illegal street drugs weekly several years after school-leaving. In contrast, for females the difference-in-difference strategy eliminates the correlations between school-leaving age and their outcomes. We also show that while parental separation and other adverse behaviours coincide with early school-leaving, our results are robust to accounting for these, providing support for a causal interpretation of our findings.
Keywords:	education, homelessness, substance use, incarceration, mental health, Australia
JEL:	C23 I12 I24 I32
Date:	2025–02
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17702

By:	Filmer, Deon P.
Abstract:	Across six Sub-Saharan African countries, grade 4 students of teachers who were hired after a free primary education reform perform worse, on average, on language and math tests—statistically significantly so in language—than students of teachers who were hired before the reform. Teachers who were hired just after the reform also perform worse, on average, on tests of subject content knowledge than those hired before the reform. The results are sensitive to the time frames considered in the analysis, and aggregate results mask substantial variation across countries—gaps are large and significant in some countries but negligible in others. Analysis of teacher demographic and education characteristics—including education level or teacher certification—as well as teacher classroom-level behaviors reveals few systematic differences associated with being hired pre- or post-reform.
Date:	2023–02–16
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10310

By:	Zhao, Yu
Abstract:	Accurately forecasting whether a real estate transaction will close is crucial for agents, lenders, and investors, impacting resource allocation, risk management, and client satisfaction. This task, however, is complex due to a combination of economic, procedural, and behavioral factors that influence transaction outcomes. Traditional machine learning approaches, particularly gradient boosting models like Gradient Boost Decision Tree, have proven effective for tabular data, outperforming deep learning models on structured datasets. However, recent advances in attention-based deep learning models present new opportunities to capture temporal dependencies and complex interactions within transaction data, potentially enhancing prediction accuracy. This article explores the challenges of forecasting real estate transaction closures, compares the performance of machine learning models, and examines how attention-based models can improve predictive insights in this critical area of real estate analytics.
Date:	2024–11–08
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:sxmq2_v1

By:	Scanlan, Oliver; Mankhin, Anitta; Ritchil, Parag
Abstract:	In the mid-1980s, the state summarily cancelled the property rights of the Indigenous Peoples of Madhupur, Bangladesh, that hitherto were thoroughly embedded in the national legal-administrative architecture. The removal of capital from formal circuits of exchange is irrational in economic terms. This is a case where neoliberalism has been constrained by the state’s defense of a racialized hierarchy embedded in majoritarian understandings of the nation. Further exploration of how racial capitalism works by excluding certain ethnic groups from capital is likely to shed new light on processes of dispossession, particularly in regions where ethnic complexity, biological diversity and “old land wars” intersect.
Date:	2025–01–06
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:7s68d_v1

By:	World Bank
Keywords:	International Economics and Trade-International Trade and Trade Rules International Economics and Trade-Trade Facilitation Rural Development-Rural Roads & Transport Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas
Date:	2024–12
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42504

By:	Salvaggio, Salvino A. PhD
Abstract:	This brief review paper explores the economic impact of cultural institutions, focusing on three critical areas: the indicators and methodologies for impact assessment, the broad benefits of cultural investments, and the roles of cultural tourism and public spending. The synthesis draws on diverse sources to suggest that a comprehensive understanding of these factors is crucial for redefining the roles of cultural managers beyond artistic custodianship to agents of economic development, significantly influencing local and broader economic landscapes.
Date:	2024–06–03
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:n7rgb_v1

By:	Boustan, Leah Platt (Princeton University and NBER); Jensen, Mathias Fjællegaard (University of Oxford); Abramitzky, Ran (Stanford University); Jácome, Elisa (Northwestern University); Manning, Alan (London School of Economics); Perez, Santiago (University of California, Davis); Watley, Analysia (Princeton University); Adermon, Adrian (Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy (IFAU)); Arellano-Bover, Jaime (Yale University); Aslund, Olof (Uppsala University); Connolly, Marie (University of Melbourne); Deutscher, Nathan (University of Technology, Sydney); Gielen, Anne C. (Erasmus University Rotterdam); Giesing, Yvonne (Ifo Institute for Economic Research); Govind, Yajna (Copenhagen Business School); Halla, Martin (Vienna University of Economics and Business); Hangartner, Dominik (Stanford University); Jiang, Yuyan (University of Cambridge); Karmel, Cecilia (Australian National University); Landaud, Fanny (CNRS); Macmillan, Lindsey (University College London); Martínez, Isabel Z. (KOF Swiss Economic Institute); Polo, Alberto (New York University); Poutvaara, Panu (University of Munich); Rapoport, Hillel (Paris School of Economics); Roman, Sara (IFAU); Salvanes, Kjell G. (Norwegian School of Economics); San, Shmuel (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem); Siegenthaler, Michael (ETH Zurich); Sirugue, Louis (London School of Economics); Espín, Javier Soria (Paris School of Economics); Stuhler, Jan (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid); Violante, Giovanni L. (Princeton University); Webbink, Dinand (Erasmus University Rotterdam); Weber, Andrea (Central European University); Zhang, Jonathan (McMaster University); Zhang, Angela (University of Sydney); Zohar, Tom (CEMFI)
Abstract:	We estimate intergenerational mobility of immigrants and their children in fifteen receiving countries. We document large income gaps for first-generation immigrants that diminish in the second generation. Around half of the second-generation gap can be explained by differences in parental income, with the remainder due to differential rates of absolute mobility. The daughters of immigrants enjoy higher absolute mobility than daughters of locals in most destinations, while immigrant sons primarily enjoy this advantage in countries with long histories of immigration. Cross-country differences in absolute mobility are not driven by parental country-of-origin, but instead by destination labor markets and immigration policy.
Keywords:	immigration, intergenerational mobility
JEL:	J15 J61 J62
Date:	2025–02
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17711

By:	World Bank
Keywords:	Private Sector Development-Enterprise Development & Reform Social Protections and Labor-Labor Policies Rural Development-Rural Roads & Transport Urban Development-Transport in Urban Areas
Date:	2025–01
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:42614

By:	Amaya, Elard (University of Turin); Aparicio Fenoll, Ainoa (University of Turin); Mendolia, Silvia (University of Turin)
Abstract:	Among Latin American countries, Peru has one of the highest crime rates, with 9 out of 10 Peruvians reporting feeling unsafe walking the streets at night. This rooted-in-reality feeling of insecurity may harm citizens' mental health. We study the consequences of the Peruvian Safe Neighborhood program, which increased police patrolling in selected neighborhoods, on the mental health of residents. We exploit the program's staggered implementation and use data from the Demographic and Health Survey to precisely geolocate the respondents' residencies. Our results show that enhanced crime prevention reduced the incidence of mental health problems by 6 percentage points. In particular, the program reduced depression, tiredness, concentration problems, suicide intentions, and sense of failure by 3–4 percentage points. The evidence suggests that improvements in mental health are driven by tangible changes in health-related behaviors. Following the implementation of Safe Neighborhood, there is an increase in healthcare utilization.
Keywords:	crime prevention, mental health
JEL:	K42 I15 I31
Date:	2025–02
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17697

By:	Shrestha, Maheshwor
Abstract:	This descriptive paper provides a nuanced perspective on the relationship between development and migration, extending the non-parametric analysis in Clemens (2020). A few stylized patterns of migration emerge as countries develop. First, the migration response to development differs by the types of origin and destination countries. As low-income countries develop, their migration to high-income destinations increases slowly but steadily, whereas migration to other low-income or neighboring countries decreases at early levels of development. As middle-income countries develop, their migration to high-income countries increases steadily and plateaus once they reach sufficiently high levels of income. Second, the composition of migrants changes as countries develop. In particular, migrants to high-income destination countries become more educated. Third, the emigration response from middle-income countries is muted for countries with larger populations, particularly toward high-income destinations. These patterns suggest a strong role multiple transformations—such as increasing incomes, increased global integration, a demographic transition, increased human capital, and domestic structural change—play in changing migration patterns as countries develop. The paper explores these migration patterns in light of these transformations.
Date:	2023–02–06
URL:	https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10295