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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Andree Ehlert; Andreas Lagemann; Jan Wedemeier |
| Abstract: | This study examines the real estate market in Germany at the district level, focusing on 401 NUTS 3 regions from 2012 to 2022. Using spatial econometric models, the analysis explores how socio-economic variables and COVID-19-related factors—including infection rates and mobility restrictions—affected regional property prices. Our results indicate that high infection rates and containment measures served as significant housing price drivers, with both direct effects within regions and indirect spillover effects to neighbouring regions. We find that these factors, along with socio-economic variables such as average age and childcare provision, contribute to spatial dynamics in property markets. Robustness checks across regional subgroups and different model specifications support these fin dings. The research contributes to the literature by quantifying the influence of socio-economic and pandemic-related factors on regional real estate price variations and providing evidence of spatial spillover effects. The findings highlight the need for regionally tailored real estate policies to address the diverse impacts of these factors on property markets in Germany, while also offering a framework for analysing similar dynamics in other countries. |
| Keywords: | Regional real estate prices, COVID-19 impact, socio-economic factors, spatial econometrics, NUTS 3 regions, Germany |
| JEL: | R1 R31 C23 C21 R11 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:atv:wpaper:2402 |
| By: | Larissa Marioni |
| Abstract: | This paper examines transport connectivity in the UK, analysing regional disparities and proposing policy interventions. Using National Infrastructure Commission data, we assess intra-urban and inter-urban connectivity across various transport modes. Our findings show significant regional disparities in transport connectivity across the UK, with public transport generally lagging behind private car travel. Urban centres, especially in southern England, face the dual challenges of poor public transport connectivity and high congestion, while rural areas, despite experiencing lower congestion levels, struggle with inadequate public transport services. To address these challenges, we recommend a range of policies including rail reform, improved bus services, infrastructure transformation, and promotion of greener transport. We emphasise the importance of devolving transport budgets to local authorities and creating seamless connections between transport modes. While recent government proposals offer a promising start, swift action and continued investment are crucial to improve the UK's transport connectivity, reduce regional disparities, and support sustainable economic growth. |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nsr:niesrp:40 |
| By: | Justin Tyndall (University of Hawai'i) |
| Abstract: | The provision of public transportation can improve the accessibility of work opportunities. However, predicting the labor market effects of new transit infrastructure is difficult because of endogenous worker decisions. I examine a large public-transit rail project on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Using block-level commuter-flow and travel-time estimates, I propose and estimate a quantitative spatial model of location and mode choice for workers. I estimate that the new rail system increases public-transit-mode share and the employment rate but does not reduce the average commute duration, because of endogenous worker sorting. Low-income workers on Oahu capture a significant share of transit’s direct benefits because of their relative preference for both transit and the neighborhoods served by rail. |
| Keywords: | transportation, transit, residential choice, neighborhood change, spatial mismatch |
| JEL: | J20 J60 R13 R23 R40 R58 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upj:weupjo:24-409 |
| By: | Lyytikäinen, Teemu; Ramboer, Sander; Toikka, Max |
| Abstract: | We study the economic effects of transfers to local governments using a reform of the Finnish municipal grant system as a source of exogenous variation. We find that higher grants lead to lower municipal taxes and fees, and higher public spending. These changes in local fiscal policy lead to an increase in private sector jobs. Our estimates imply a cost per job of €33, 000. The increase in jobs is paired with a reduction in commuting to other municipalities. The effect on migration seems small, suggesting grants bring local benefits without drastically affecting where households choose to live. |
| Keywords: | Local government grants, Internal migration, Labor markets, Commuting, Fiscal equalization, Regional policy, Local public finance and provision of public services, R23, R28, H72, fi=Kunnat ja hyvinvointialueet|sv=Kommuner och välfärdsområden|en=Municipalities and wellbeing services counties|, |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fer:wpaper:171 |
| By: | Land, Matthew |
| Abstract: | This research explores the role teacher experience plays in determining student achievement. Using data from the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, I estimate how teacher experience affects student performance on the English language arts and mathematics portions of the Wisconsin Forward Exam. In doing so, I contribute to the literature by examining the effect of teacher experience on middle school student performance relative to elementary school student performance and by studying how the effectiveness of teachers varies at different experience levels. I find that teacher experience is more important in determining mathematics exam scores compared to English language arts exam scores. However, after controlling for unobserved school characteristics by using school fixed effects, I only find significant returns to teacher experience in third grade mathematics. Additionally, I find that these returns persist well into teachers’ careers, as the largest returns to teacher experience in third grade mathematics occur in the groups of the most experienced teachers. This evidence highlights the need for future research to examine differences in the returns to teacher experience between grade levels and subject areas and to explore why such differences exist. |
| Keywords: | Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2024–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:umapmt:348435 |
| By: | Giulia Ferrante (Gran Sasso Science Institute); Luca Buzzanca (Gran Sasso Science Institute); Arsène Perrot (Gran Sasso Science Institute) |
| Abstract: | Local development and depopulation are critical issues for peripheral areas in various countries, addressed through differing policies with varying success. In this study, we provide evidence that social cohesion significantly influences local development through cohesion networks and territorial identity. The Italian case serves as an ideal one for this analysis, with its specific place-based policy and officially recognised linguistic minorities, a good proxy for social cohesion. These unique characteristics allow us to apply Difference-in-Differences and Regression Discontinuity designs estimating the causal effect of social cohesion in boosting local development and mitigating depopulation trends in peripheries. Our results indicate that municipalities hosting linguistic minorities retain 3.2 more inhabitants per 1, 000 over 2002-2020, a relevant but heterogeneously distributed effect which produces local spillovers through proximities. Our findings suggest local cultural characteristics to be important policymaking tools with positive externalities on local development patterns |
| Keywords: | Linguistic Minorities, Local Development, Policy Evaluation, Public goods, Social Cohesion |
| JEL: | R1 R11 R58 J15 H41 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahy:wpaper:wp59 |
| By: | Antonie, Luiza; Inwood, Kris; Minns, Chris; Summerfield, Fraser |
| Abstract: | This paper uses linked Census records from 1871 to 1901 to compute intergenerational mobility for Canadian regions and census districts. The results reveal sharp differences in mobility over space: Ontario featured high relative and absolute mobility, Quebec low relative and absolute mobility, and the Maritimes low absolute mobility. Local differences in human capital endowments and labour market inequality are correlated with district mobility patterns but do not account for regional differences, where migration and structural change toward industry and services appear important. Comparing spatial patterns of Canadian mobility in the 19th century to today shows substantial changes for Quebec districts. |
| JEL: | J62 N31 |
| Date: | 2024–11–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:wpaper:126165 |
| By: | Yibo Qiao (Nanjing University); Andrea Ascani (Gran Sasso Science Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effect of High-speed Railway (HSR) on city industrial upgrading. Using the Annual Survey of Industrial Firms (1998-2015) and HSR opening information in China, we conduct a difference-in-differences-in-differences (DDD) analysis on 300 prefecture- and higher-level cities and 389 4-digit manufacturing industries. We find that HSR enables cities to enter more complex industries, and this result is robust under parallel trend test, placebo test, instrumental variable estimation, and other specifications. We contribute to Evolutionary Economic Geography by considering HSR as a regional external linkage and by integrating the causal analysis in the study of regional diversification. |
| Keywords: | High-speed railway, industrial upgrading, complexity, regional diversification, China |
| JEL: | H54 O18 R11 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahy:wpaper:wp58 |
| By: | Brilé Anderson; Jorge Patiño; Jennifer Sheahan; Prof. Kwadwo Owusu; Dr. Ernest Agyemang; Yaroslav Kholodov; Nick Carros; Dr. Ransford A. Acheampong; Augustine Yaw Asuah; Alex Johnson |
| Abstract: | Accra and Kumasi expanded rapidly over the last 35 years, with residential developments appearing on the periphery, often with limited investments in infrastructure or essentials services. This lowers proximity diminishing accessibility in these cities, especially in the absence of well-functioning transit system with mass-transit, bike lanes, sidewalks, and so on. In fact, the road network, itself, can make it difficult to travel via non-car modes, e.g., limited intersections worsen walkability. In cities, like Accra and Kumasi, anyone living in those areas who might rely on walking or trotros (which is most of the population) might find themselves cut off from essential daily needs, particularly women who are carrying out caregiving roles alongside their employment. Creating proximity can drastically improve the quality of life and feasibility of non-car modes. Even though, there is general acceptance that land-use and transport need to go together within government, several governance and institutional barriers stand in the way of realising this. This policy paper explores two levers to improve accessibility (proximity and road network upgrading) and explores paths for better co-ordination within existing institutional frameworks. |
| Keywords: | accessibility, Ghana, land use, land-use, transport, urbanisation |
| JEL: | O18 Q15 R14 R41 O21 |
| Date: | 2024–11–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:swacaa:47-en |
| By: | Sofoklis Goulas (Brookings Institution, Economic Studies, and IZA); Silvia Griselda (e61 Institution); Rigissa Megalokonomou (Department of Economics, Australia, IZA, and CESifo); Yves Zenou (Monash University, Department of Economics, Australia, CEPR, and IZA) |
| Abstract: | How do disruptive peers shape academic and career paths? We examine this question by leveraging the random assignment of students to classrooms in Greece and identifying the effects of peer disruptiveness on academic performance and career paths. Using suspension hours as a measure of disruptiveness, we find that students assigned to more disruptive classrooms have lower academic achievement, a higher risk of grade retention, and reduced likelihood of graduating from high school on time. They are also less likely to pursue competitive STEM fields or enroll in selective postsecondary programs. The adverse effects are more pronounced for students from low-income areas, in larger classrooms, or with fewer female peers. Using a lab-in-the-field experiment, we find that exposure to multiple disruptors, compared to just one, reduces students’ study motivation, college aspirations, and readiness for science studies and careers, especially for those seated closer to disruptive peers. |
| Keywords: | disruption, suspension, random classroom assignment, high school graduation, STEM careers |
| JEL: | I24 I26 J16 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2024-21 |
| By: | Takeru Sugasawa; Yuta Kuroda; Kai Nomura; Shohei Yasuda; Jun Yoshida |
| Abstract: | Measuring the impact of traffic noise is challenging because noise sources are often placed to minimize damage, and residents avoidnoisy areas. We use the unexpected change in flight paths at Haneda Airport to examine the impact of flight noise on the housing market in central Tokyo. We find that a 1 dB noise increase reduces property prices by approximately 0.09%, but this effect disappears within a few years. While the characteristics of the properties remained unchanged, the population composition changed and noise complaints decreased, suggesting that residents adapted to the noise, with less tolerant individuals moving out and more tolerant individuals moving in. |
| Date: | 2024–12–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:dssraa:144 |
| By: | A. Caria; A. Di Liberto; S. Pau |
| Abstract: | We used data collected during the COVID-19 pandemic, from March to June 2021, to examine how Italian upper secondary schools reorganized their activities for remote learning (RL). We conducted a three-level survey, administering questionnaires to students (11th and 13th graders), teachers, and school principals at each institution. The final sample includes 11, 154 students, 3, 905 teachers, and 105 school principals. The data allow us to describe - a) how schools adjusted to the pandemic to ensure learning effectiveness during RL, b) how teachers and school principals managed the transition from traditional to online teaching, c) the perceptions of students, teachers, and school principals regarding the effectiveness of RL. This analysis highlights Italian schools' challenges in changing teaching styles during RL and identifies inequality patterns at individual and school levels. It also underscores a significant gap between teachers' perceptions of their digital skills and the actual use of ICT in class during RL activities. Our results identify a positive and robust relationship between the use of innovative teaching methodologies in class, the adoption of appropriate organizational innovations at the school level, and specific teachers' training with the student's perceptions of learning and other outcomes related to student success. |
| Keywords: | remote learning;COVID-19;socio-economic disparities |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cns:cnscwp:202425 |
| By: | Daza, Brian (University of Michigan) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses the regional redistribution of PeruÕs government revenueÑincreased due to the mineral commodity price boom in the 2000s -- to estimate the effects of government spending. I begin by calculating local effects on households, workers, and firms, and a local open economy relative multiplier. Motivated by a general equilibrium framework, I then incorporate a Spatial Auto-Regressive (SAR) model to measure trade-related spatial spillovers. I find that increases in government spending stimulate larger relative output growth and positively impact relative wages, expenditures, and income. However, there is no corresponding relative rise in labor or value added. The spatial analysis helps interpret these results and measures the trade-related indirect effects of local spending on output. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal Multiplier, Interregional Trade, Commodity Boom, Spatial Econometrics |
| JEL: | C31 E62 O13 Q33 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mie:wpaper:690 |
| By: | Patrik Vanek (Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic); Ludek Kouba (Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic); Eleanor Doyle (Global Competitiveness Institute, Cork University Business School, University College Cork, Ireland) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the dynamic evolution of world city hierarchy from 1996 to 2023, emphasising metropolitan areas as global command-and-control centres. The paper proposes a classification of the diverse literature on world/global cities and develops an analytical framework revisiting Godfrey and Zhou’s (1999) approach. Using the Fortune Global 500 list and Refinitiv Eikon database data, the paper explores trends in global command-and-control centres by analysing the locations of corporate and regional headquarters. The paper reveals a shift towards Pacific Rim cities, a strengthening position of US cities, Europe’s decline, and persistent command and control disparity. Beijing has surpassed traditional leaders such as New York, Tokyo, and London, emerging as a dominant economic command-and-control centre. |
| Keywords: | world city hierarchy, corporate geography, metropolitan areas, command-and-control, Fortune Global 500 |
| JEL: | F23 R30 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:men:wpaper:96_2024 |
| By: | Giacomo Battiston; Lucia Corno (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore; Dipartimento di Economia e Finanza, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore); Eliana La Ferrara |
| Abstract: | Can providing information to potential migrants in uence their decisions about risky and irregular migration? We conduct an experiment with over 7, 000 secondary school students in Guinea, providing information through video testimonials by migrants who settled in Europe and through aggregate statistics. We implement three treatments: (i) information about the risks of the journey; (ii) information about economic outcomes in the destination country; and (iii) a combination of both. One month after the intervention, all treatments led students to update their beliefs about the risks and the economic outcomes of migration, resulting in decreased intentions to migrate. One year later, the Risk Treatment resulted in a 51% decline in migration outside Guinea. This e ect was driven by a decrease in migration without a visa (i.e., potentially risky and irregular) and was more pronounced among poorer students. These findings are consistent with the predictions of a model where individuals choose between not migrating, migrating regularly, or migrating irregularly, and where information increases the perceived cost of irregular migration, thus decreasing migration among poorer students who cannot a ord regular migration. |
| Keywords: | irregular migration, tracking, information experiment, Guinea. |
| JEL: | F22 O15 J61 D8 C93 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ctc:serie1:def136 |
| By: | Ronan Lyons (Trinity College Dublin); Maximilian Guennewig-Moenert (University of Cologne) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of early 20th-century rent control laws in New York City (NYC), using a Regression Discontinuity Design (RDD) to analyze the effects on market rents near municipal court district boundaries. We focus on rent regulations introduced in 1920, where judges had discretion to determine rent increases and did so influenced by their partisan affiliations. Using a dataset of over 12, 000 rental listings from the New York Times and records of 125 district judges, we find that market rents jumped by almost 10% crossing from Democrat- to Republican-controlled districts after the policy was implemented. A causal interpretation is supported not only by a rich set of controls but also by the lack of any discontinuity just before these controls were introduced or after. Our findings contribute new evidence on judicial discretion's role in shaping housing market outcomes and provide insights into early rent control policies, highlighting their distortionary effects on rental markets before World War II. |
| Keywords: | Rent control; New York City; 1920s |
| JEL: | O18 R21 R31 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcd:tcduee:tep0924 |
| By: | Martin Farnham (Department of Economics, University of Victoria); Elisabeth Gugl (Department of Economics, University of Victoria); Peter W. Kennedy (Department of Economics, University of Victoria); Levi Megenbir |
| Abstract: | We examine the strategic relationship between a city and a satellite suburb. Living costs are lower in the suburb but its residents must commute to the city to utilize an amenity that cannot be made available in the suburb. The road between the city and the suburb is subject to congestion. In the first-best solution, welfare is always increasing in the size of the road but a larger road can nonetheless lead to more congestion even though road use is priced correctly. If the city and the suburb instead act independently and noncooperatively then two types of distortion arise: a free-rider incentive for residents to live in the suburb so as to avoid paying city taxes; and a congestion externality associated with unpriced road use. A larger road can reduce or raise congestion, depending on whether the public good and private consumption are substitutes or complements respectively, but always reduces welfare either way. JEL Classification: R41, H41, H75 |
| Keywords: | congestion; roads; public goods; local government |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vic:vicddp:2405 |
| By: | Federica Daniele (Bank of Italy); Guido de Blasio (Bank of Italy); Alessandra Pasquini (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | Local opposition to the installation of renewable energy sources is a potential threat to the energy transition. According to widespread belief, mostly based on anecdotal evidence, local communities tend to oppose to the construction of energy plants due to the supposedly negative externalities therein associated (the so-called “not in my backyard†or NIMBY phenomenon). Using administrative data on wind turbine installation and electoral outcomes across municipalities located in the South of Italy during 2005-20, we estimate the impact of wind turbines’ installation on incumbent regional coalitions’ electoral support during the next elections. Our main findings, obtained by instrumenting wind turbine development with wind speed, point in the direction of a mild and not statistically significant electoral backlash for right-wing regional coalitions and of a strong and statistically significant positive reinforcement for left-wing ones. Positive reinforcement appears to be weaker but still statistically significant in areas more exposed to the potentially negative economic effects of wind turbine development, with exposure proxied through higher house prices and tourism intensity. Based on our analysis, the hypothesis of a political cost associated with the development of wind turbines due to a NIMBY type of behavior appears to be rejected by the data. |
| Keywords: | wind turbine installation, electoral outcomes, local opposition |
| JEL: | D72 P18 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ahy:wpaper:wp57 |
| By: | Bettina Klaus; Flip Klijn; Jay Sethuraman |
| Abstract: | We provide the first characterization of the prominent top-trading-cycles (TTC) mechanism in the Shapley-Scarf housing market model (Shapley and Scarf, 1974) that uses respecting-improvement. Specifically, we show that for strict preferences, the TTC mechanism is the unique mechanism satisfying pair-efficiency, respecting-improvement, and strategy-proofness. |
| Keywords: | housing markets, top-trading-cycles (TTC) mechanism, respecting improvement, pair-efficiency, strategy-proofness, market design |
| JEL: | C78 D47 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1468 |
| By: | Martina Nannelli (University of Florence); Niccolò Innocenti (University of Florence); Luciana Lazzeretti (University of Florence) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the role of cultural heritage in the development of smart cities, focusing on the role of digital technology in enhancing the preservation, management, accessibility and sustainability of heritage sites. Utilizing a twofold methodological approach that combines a bibliometric analysis and a critical literature review, the study analyzes existing academic papers to evaluate the opportunities and challenges associated with smart technologies—such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and big data—in the preservation, accessibility, and promotion of cultural heritage. Through this dual analysis, key themes emerge regarding the enhancement of citizen engagement, innovative heritage management practices, and the cultural preservation in smart city contexts. This paper contributes to the discourse on sustainable smart city development by emphasizing the importance of a balanced, heritage-sensitive approach to urban digitalization, advocating for policies that support both technological advancement and cultural integrity aimed at supporting sustainable and inclusive urban development. |
| Keywords: | cultural heritage, smart cities, digitalization. |
| JEL: | O18 O21 O33 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpmmos:wp2024_03.rdf |
| By: | Jake Anders (UCL Centre for Education Policy & Equalising Opportunities); John Jerrim (UCL Social Research Institute); Maria Ladron de Guevara Rodriguez (Departamento de Economia Aplicada, Universidad de Malaga); Oscar Marcenaro-Gutierrez (Departamento de Economia Aplicada, Universidad de Mlaga) |
| Abstract: | Many countries are grappling with the long shadow that COVID has cast over their education systems, including dramatic increases in absence from school. This paper presents new insights into this issue by investigating how the proportion of teenagers skipping school has changed following the COVID-19 pandemic across the developed world. We find that this problem is mainly confined to industrialised English-speaking nations, especially affecting teenage girls. In contrast, the proportion of 15-year-olds skipping school remains similar to pre-pandemic levels in most other members of the OECD. Counter to much of the previous literature into COVID-induced learning loss, we find no evidence of a link between student truancy and length of school closures. Our results do highlight, however, that English-speaking nations risk falling behind their international competitors unless radical action is taken to reduce the growing number of teenagers regularly skipping school. |
| Keywords: | PISA, absence, truancy, COVID-19, school closure, learning loss |
| JEL: | I20 I24 I28 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucl:cepeow:24-10 |
| By: | Brilé Anderson; Jorge Patiño; Jennifer Sheahan; Prof. Kwadwo Owusu; Dr. Ernest Agyemang; Dr. Doris Boateng; Yaroslav Kholodov; Nick Carros; Alex Johnson |
| Abstract: | The transport systems of Accra and Kumasi confront formidable challenges, including rising pollution, congestion, emissions along with traffic accidents. Even though most residents rely on walking and popular transport (notably trotro), it is challenging to reach essential services throughout the city via these modes. In fact, accessibility deserts exist for non-car modes, i.e., it is impossible to reach crucial destinations within a 30-minute walking radius especially in newly urbanised areas. Furthermore, popular transport is not fully meeting the needs of all travellers, e.g., additional costs and denial of access for heavy loads, disproportionately impact women, who often combine work-related travel with care responsibilities. The prohibition of potentially beneficial modes, such as three-wheelers and moto-taxis, could exacerbate accessibility gaps. This policy paper high-lights the need for sustainable, inclusive, and accessible transport systems in these dynamic and urbanising cities. |
| Keywords: | accessibility, gender, Ghana, sustainability, transport |
| JEL: | Q01 Q52 R41 R42 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–11–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:swacaa:46-en |
| By: | Aleksandra Kislenok (Federal Autonomous Scientific Institution «Eastern State Planning Centre») |
| Abstract: | The article presents an approach to assessing regional human capital, including at the municipal level. The proposed methodology was tested using Kamchatskii Krai as a case study. During the period from 2018 to 2022, the total volume of human capital in the region increased from 3.6 trillion to 3.9 trillion rubles. The administrative center of Kamchatskii Krai (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky urban district) makes the main contribution to this growth, and its share in the region's total human capital continues to increase. The per capita value of human capital was determined for each municipality, allowing the identification of intraregional differentiation levels. The obtained estimates can be used in the development of strategic documents and in determining the directions of spatial development for the region. |
| Keywords: | human capital, assessment, municipalities, region |
| JEL: | P25 O15 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aln:wpaper:350-00001-24-1 |
| By: | Steve Agnew (University of Canterbury); Paul Bostock; Ellie Kay; Kaylene Sampson; Russell Wordsworth (University of Canterbury) |
| Abstract: | With business studies now an option alongside traditional economics and accounting at NCEA (National Certificate of Educational Achievement) level three in secondary schools, many students interested in business may not have taken economics before university. This study examines whether prior completion of level three NCEA economics predicts higher academic success in an introductory microeconomics course. After controlling for a range of other variables, studying economics at secondary school is found to be significantly correlated with higher academic achievement in a university introductory economics class. These findings may help guide course advice for high school students considering business studies at university. Findings may inform course selection information given to high school students considering studying business at university, as well as assist economics departments in offering more targeted support to students with no prior economics experience. |
| Keywords: | NCEA (National Certificate of Educational Achievement), Level Three economics, First-year university performance, Academic achievement predictors, Introductory microeconomics |
| Date: | 2024–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbt:econwp:24/17 |
| By: | Stefano Basilico; Alberto Marzucchi; Sandro Montresor; ; |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the combination of green and digital technologies at the regional level. Using patent data, we put forward an original measurement of the regional speed of green-digital (i.e. twin) combination: the temporal distance between the time at which a combination is realised for the first time in the frontier region and the time at which this same combination is accomplished in the focal region. We proceed by investigating the drivers and the technological impact related to this speed. We find that the speed of combination is enhanced by dealing with broad and diverse twin technologies. The speed at which the gap is closed, also crucially depends on the interdependencies between green and digital domains, captured by the overlap in their knowledge bases. Counterintuitively, the longer the combination paths, the faster the region combines green and digital technologies. This finding is then rationalised further looking at the policy and network characteristics. Finally, we find that the earlier the combination happens, the greater is likely to be the impact on subsequent inventions, but only for granted patents. Overall, these results are discussed in terms of policy recommendations, given the high attention placed by policymakers on the twin transition. |
| Keywords: | Twin transition; Digital technologies; Green technologies; Regional knowledge base |
| JEL: | O31 O33 R11 R12 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2440 |
| By: | Sofia Amaral (World Bank); Aixa Garcia-Ramos (University of Passau); Selim Gulesci (Trinity College Dublin); Sarita Oré (Teachers College, Columbia University); Alejandra Ramos (Trinity College Dublin); Maria Micaela Sviatschi (Princeton University) |
| Abstract: | Gender-based violence (GBV) at schools is a pervasive problem that affects millions of adolescent girls worldwide. In partnership with the Ministry of Education in Mozambique, we developed an intervention to increase the capacity of key school personnel to address GBV and to improve students' awareness as well as proactive behaviors. To understand the role of GBV on girls' education, we randomized not only exposure to the intervention but also whether the student component was targeted to girls only, boys only, or both. Our findings indicate a reduction in sexual violence by teachers and school staff against girls, regardless of the targeted gender group, providing evidence of the role of improving the capacity of key school personnel to deter perpetrators. Using administrative records, we also find that in schools where the intervention encouraged proactive behavior by girls, there was an increase in their school enrollment, largely due to an increased propensity for GBV reporting by victims. Our findings suggest that effectively mitigating violence to improve girls' schooling requires a dual approach: deterring potential perpetrators and fostering a proactive stance among victims, such as increased reporting. |
| Keywords: | Gender-Based Violence, Schooling, Adolescents |
| JEL: | O12 J16 I25 |
| Date: | 2024–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcd:tcduee:tep1024 |
| By: | Laura Muñoz-Blanco (Department of Economics, University of Exeter); Federico Fabio Frattini (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | The rising number of refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs) presents new challenges for vaccine distribution and the spread of diseases. How do forcibly displaced population inflows affect infectious disease incidence in host communities? Can a policy intervention that vaccinates children during their migration mitigate the impacts? To answer these questions, we examine the Pakistani mass internal displacement from the conflict-affected Federally Administered Tribal Areas in 2008. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we compare new polio cases in districts near and far from the conflict zone before and after 2008. The spatial distribution of districts relative to the historical region of Pashtunistan allows us to design a sample of comparable units. We show that a standard deviation increase in predicted IDP inflow leads to a rise in the new polio cases per 100, 000 inhabitants. Poorer vaccination levels among IDP compared to native children in host communities are one of the main mechanisms. Implementing a vaccination policy targeting IDP children during their migration journey helps bridge the vaccination gap, with important welfare implications. |
| Keywords: | internal displacement, infectious diseases, vaccines, Pakistan |
| JEL: | D60 I15 O15 |
| Date: | 2024–11–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exe:wpaper:2403 |
| By: | Nadine Levratto; Mounir Amdaoud |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how variety affects regional employment growth in France over the period 2004-2015. Starting from the seminal contribution of Frenken et al. (2007), we argue that intra-industry externalities foster employment growth. However, we don’t distinguish yet between the own effect of related variety of the region and that of its neighbourhood. Hence, we suggest that conceptual progress can be made when analysis considers the direct and indirect (neighbourhood) dimension of variety. Our empirical investigations confirm that related variety has a positive effect on employment growth. Moreover, this impact seems to be driven by the endogenous dimension of related variety in growth phase and by exogenous dimension in crisis period. We also find that the negative relationship between unrelated variety and employment growth goes only through the endogenous canal. |
| Keywords: | Related variety, unrelated variety, employment growth, neighbourhood effects, France |
| JEL: | R11 O18 D62 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2024-34 |
| By: | Brice Fabre (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris Sciences et Lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École nationale des ponts et chaussées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Marc Sangnier (UNamur - Université de Namur [Namur], AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - École Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses French data to simultaneously estimate the impact of two types of connections on government subsidies allocated to municipalities. Investigating different types of connection in a same setting helps to distinguish between the different motivations that could drive pork-barreling. We differentiate between municipalities where ministers held office before their appointment to the government and those where they lived as children. Exploiting ministers' entries into and exits from the government, we show that municipalities where a minister was mayor receive 30% more investment subsidies when the politician they are linked to joins the government, and a similar size decrease when the minister departs. In contrast, we do not observe these outcomes for municipalities where ministers lived as children. These findings indicate that altruism towards childhood friends and family does not fuel pork-barreling, and suggest that altruism toward adulthood social relations or career concerns matter. We also present complementary evidence suggesting that observed pork-barreling is the result of soft influence of ministers, rather than of their formal control over the administration they lead. |
| Keywords: | Local favouritism, distributive politics, political connections, personal connections |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:ipppap:hal-04816627 |
| By: | Peter Dixon; Michael Jerie; Dean Mustakinov; Maureen T. Rimmer; Nicholas Sheard; Florian Schiffmann; Glyn Wittwer |
| Abstract: | This paper describes a destructive events tool (DET) for anticipating the national and regional economic effects of a destructive event occurring at any latitude/longitude in a country. The event is characterized by areas of complete destruction and evacuation. The event could be a natural disaster, major industrial accident, or terrorist attack. The key ingredient for a DET is data showing population and employment by industry in small rectangular areas (SRAs). In the Poland DET, motivating the paper, there are 600, 000 SRAs, each 0.5 sq km. This spatial resolution greatly improves the accuracy of the estimation of the economic impacts of events where physical impacts vary substantially across small areas. The second ingredient is an economic model with sufficient regional/industrial definition to translate shocks at an SRA level into implications at the sub-national and national levels. This requirement is met by a multi-regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The final ingredient is an approximation for the model's reduced form. This is necessary so that the DET can be applied by organizations, without in-house CGE expertise, that need quick turnaround in a secure environment. We implement an approximation method for CGE reduced forms based on Neural Networks. |
| Keywords: | Destructive events tool, Small rectangular areas, Multi-regional computable general equilibrium models, Neural network approximations to reduced forms |
| JEL: | C81 C68 C45 H84 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cop:wpaper:g-349 |
| By: | Jaison R. Abel; Richard Deitz |
| Abstract: | We develop a measure of chronic joblessness among prime-age men and women in the United States—termed the detachment rate— that identifies those who have been out of the labor force for more than a year. We show that the detachment rate more than doubled for men since the early 1980s and rose by a quarter for women since 2000, though it is consistently considerably higher for women than men. We then explore the economic geography of labor market detachment to help explain its rise. Results show that the detachment rate increased more in places with weak local economies, particularly those that experienced a loss of routine production and administrative support jobs due to globalization and technological change. The loss of production jobs affected both men and women and was particularly consequential in the 1990s and the first decade of the 2000s, while the loss of administrative support jobs mostly affected women and was particularly severe in the 1980s and 1990s. Moreover, we find the rise in detachment was concentrated among older prime-age individuals and those without a college degree, and occurred less in places with high human capital. |
| Keywords: | joblessness; labor force participation; local labor markets; job polarization; globalization; technological change; regional divergence |
| JEL: | E24 J21 J24 J61 O33 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:99196 |
| By: | Michel beine (DEM, Université du Luxembourg, LU); Ana Montes-Viñas (Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research); Skerdilajda Zanaj (DEM, Université du Luxembourg, LU) |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that the gap between expectations and aspirations plays a significant role in the educational achievements of immigrant young adults in the US. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, the study reveals that when aspirations exceed expectations—a positive gap— migrant teens tend to exert more effort, leading to improved educational performance. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the differences in academic performance between migrant children and native-born individuals are rooted in this misalignment of aspirations and expectations. By incorporating this perspective, the paper resolves the well-documented immigrant paradox in educational performance in the US. |
| Keywords: | Add health database, aspirations, expectations, immigrant paradox, education performance. |
| JEL: | I20 I21 I26 J15 F22 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:luc:wpaper:24-11 |
| By: | Joel Elvery |
| Abstract: | This District Data Brief introduces the Cleveland Fed Summary of Regional Conditions and Expectations (SORCE) indexes, which provide a timely summary of economic conditions in the Fourth Federal Reserve District. The SORCE is based on a Bank survey of business and community leaders about regional economic conditions. |
| Keywords: | Economic conditions; Regional economy; Fourth District; Cleveland Fed Summary of Regional Conditions and Expectations (SORCE) |
| Date: | 2024–11–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:c00003:99167 |
| By: | Maier, Gunther; Reyman, Katarzyna; Gluszak, Michal |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a preliminary descriptive analysis of the spatial and temporal diffusion of green building certifications in Europe. The analysis is preliminary because it does not include all the major green building certification schemas in Europe; just BREEAM and LEED. The main aim of this analysis is to show that there is a strong diffusion process of green building certifications in Europe and that this process has marked spatial and temporal dynamics. The paper also aims to demonstrate that this process can be analyzed at different spatial scales from countries to NUTS3 regions to municipalities. |
| Keywords: | green buildings; diffusion; LEED; BREEAM |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus009:69189979 |
| By: | Dolislager, Michael; Belton, Ben; Reardon, Thomas; Awokuse, Titus; Ignowski, Liz; Nejadhashemi, A. Pouyan; Saravi, Babak; Tschirley, David |
| Abstract: | on), influenced by four conditioners (time, income, non-farm employment, and space). We find that: (1) Diets are converging over time and space. food purchases, non-staples, and processed foods occupy high shares of food consumption value, irrespective of urban or rural location. Controlling for income, rural landless households and households in urban areas have very similar diets. Households in ‘peripheral’ and ‘non-peripheral’ rural areas experience similar levels of diet transformation. (2) Food purchases and processed food consumption are conditioned mainly by non-farm employment (NFE). (3) Diet diversification is positively associated with income, but not with NFE or land ownership. We characterize the spatial convergence of diets as an outcome of ‘time-space compression’ (the accelerating volume and velocity of economic and social transactions resulting from advances in transport and communications technology), and the distinct form of peri-urbanization under conditions of extremely high population density found in Bangladesh. |
| Keywords: | diet; rural urban relations; food systems; household surveys; food prices; food consumption; off-farm employment; economic geography; Southern Asia; Bangladesh |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprwp:159534 |
| By: | Shiyun Cao (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Jinan University); Jennifer T. Lai (School of Finance, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies); Paul D. McNelis (Boston College) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the network connectedness of risks in China’s stock market, focusing on how shocks in the real estate sector impact financial institutions. We analyze the effect of financial instability in real estate firms on the stability of the broader financial system. To measure the transmission of these risks, we use two key methods: generalized forecast error variance decomposition and the ∆CoVaR approach.Our findings reveal that banks often serve as net receivers of risk, while non-bank financial institutions amplify the transmission of real estate-related risks. This highlights the critical role of non-banks in propagating risk throughout the financial system and underscores the importance of robust systemic risk monitoring across financial networks. |
| Keywords: | financial contagion, China, real estate, regulation |
| JEL: | G21 G22 G23 G28 |
| Date: | 2024–11–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:bocoec:1083 |
| By: | Alexander Bick; Adam Blandin; Aidan Caplan; Tristan Caplan |
| Abstract: | This paper documents heterogeneity in work from home (WFH) across six U.S. data sets. These surveys agree that pre-pandemic differences in WFH rates by sex, education, and state of residence expanded following the Covid-19 outbreak. The surveys also show similar post-pandemic trends in WFH by firm size and industry. We show that an industry's WFH potential was highly correlated with actual WFH during the first year or two of the Covid-19 pandemic, but that this correlation was much weaker before and after the pandemic, suggesting that WFH potential is a necessary but not sufficient determinant in the decision to WFH. |
| Keywords: | work from home; remote work; telecommuting; commuting; data set comparisons |
| JEL: | I18 J21 J22 J24 L23 |
| Date: | 2024–12–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedlwp:99270 |
| By: | Paola Beccherle (University of Florence); Luciana Lazzeretti (University of Florence); Stefania Oliva (University of Florence) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the concept of a museum’s reputation and its interaction with the reputation of the city. In particular, it reflects on their interplay in the online environment. To contribute empirically to the reflection, the case of the Uffizi Galleries and Florence was analyzed. The research adopts an holistic approach, reviewing literature from management, branding, regional economics, and sociology. The study employs a single case study methodology, utilizing interviews, participant observation, and secondary data analysis. Additionally, topic modeling, sentiment analysis, and emotions analysis were conducted on articles from three newspapers—local, national, and international. Key findings highlight the impact of the museum's digital strategies, leadership, and collaborations on its reputation. The analysis of online media reveals positive sentiment and emotions associated with the Uffizi, reinforcing its reputation as a prestigious cultural institution. However, limited interaction between the museum’s and the city’s reputation emerged. Even if the Uffizi enhance Florence's attractiveness as a tourist destination, from the analysis it emerged that the Uffizi Galleries’ brand is distinct and autonomous form the city of Florence’s brand. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for museums to invest in digital strategies, cultivate strong leadership, and develop collaborations to enhance their reputation, and policy recommendation for cities that want to leverage their museums to enhance the city’s reputation contributing to urban economic and cultural vitality. |
| Keywords: | reputation; online communication; museum; Uffizi Galleries; Florence. |
| JEL: | M20 O33 Z11 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpmmos:wp2024_02.rdf |
| By: | Bernhard Truffer (Environmental Social Science Department, Swiss Federal institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland) |
| Abstract: | Evolutionary thinking has provided very potent explanations for regional industrial path development in the past decade. Recent commentators argued for extending the originally rather narrow focus on preexisting knowledge stocks to include institutional dimensions, system resource build up, and the agentic shaping of industrial pathways. On an epistemological level, such conceptual enlargements require the bridging of quantitative variance explanations and qualitative process explanations, which few scholars have successfully managed to do. In the present paper, I will argue that developments in the rapidly expanding field of semantic network analysis might improve rigor in qualitative process reconstructions and by this be more easily relatable to established quantitative approaches in evolutionary economic geography. Semantic networks enable the systematic reconstruction of higher order analytical constructs based on the analysis of statements and actions of actors as reported in collections of text documents. More specifically, we will introduce the socio-technical configuration analysis (STCA) method, recently developed in the scholarly field of sustainability transition studies, and show how it can inform regional path development research. An illustrative empirical case will analyze the path development dynamics in the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg, a global leader in automobile manufacturing, in the wake of the global challenge of electric cars. I conclude with wider ramifications of semantic network approaches for economic geography research and how it can be leveraged in mixed method designs. |
| Keywords: | Regional path development, semantic network analysis, socio-technical configuration analysis, evolutionary economic geography |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoe:wpaper:2405 |
| By: | Rasmus Bøgh Holmen; Timo Kuosmanen; Jaan Masso; Per Botolf Maurseth; Kenneth Løvold Rødseth |
| Abstract: | This paper ties broadband development to regional economic growth and focuses on the optimal timing of investments. A Directional Distance Function framework is proposed for characterising the relationship between broadband investment and economic development, and a two-stage estimation procedure combining Convex Nonparametric Least Squares with Linear Programming is developed for estimating optimal investment paths. The model framework is applied to a novel dataset comprising 21 regions in the Baltic countries. The results indicate that Gross Regional Domestic Product could be increased by up to 10 per cent by adopting optimal regional investment paths. We find intercountry differences, where Latvian regions exhibit more inefficient investment strategies compared to regions subordinate to their neighbouring countries. There are also signs of over-investment in broadband in some regions. |
| Keywords: | Regional economic growth; Broadband; Directional Distance Function; Convex Nonparametric Least Squares; Baltic countries; productivity |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtk:febawb:149 |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Across OECD countries, just under one-quarter of the population formally volunteers at least once a month. These volunteers contribute to local development in many ways, from revitalising neighbourhoods and enhancing social cohesion to bolstering community resilience to societal pressures and shocks, such as natural disasters. However, volunteering is under pressure in many places. Local and national approaches such as developing overarching strategies and enabling legal frameworks, as well as improving the volunteering “market”, can help to rejuvenate volunteering. |
| Date: | 2024–12–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2024/11-en |
| By: | Olga Alonso-Villar; Coral del Río |
| Abstract: | We offer a reflection on the measurement of segregation, gathering methodological contributions from sociology and economics, and we use some of them to explore occupational segregation by gender and nativity in Spain. Our goal is to offer a guide to the tools that can be used in empirical analysis, connecting them with theoretical discussions. Our empirical analysis shows that the occupational segregation of immigrant women is a more intense phenomenon than that of native women or immigrant men, although it decreased significantly over the period 2006-2024. Unlike their male peers, occupational sorting strongly penalizes immigrant women after controlling for characteristics. |
| Keywords: | Segregation, gender, migration status, wage gaps, intersectionality |
| JEL: | D63 J15 J16 J31 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vig:wpaper:2402 |
| By: | Alejandro Graziano; Monika Sztajerowska; Christian Volpe Martincus |
| Abstract: | The recent changes in trade policy have significantly impacted trade flows. There is an ongoing debate on whether and to what extent firms may have also reacted to the new trade barriers by modifying the spatial organization of their multinational production to circumvent them. This paper aims to provide new evidence on whether such a tariff induced shift in the location patterns of multinational firms has actually taken place. To do so, we exploit the changes in U.S. import tariffs in 2018-2019. The evidence indicates that firms have indeed responded to these new tariffs by adjusting the extensive margin of their multinational production across countries and that both structural factors and trade agreements played an important role in shaping these adjustments. |
| Keywords: | Multinational Firms, Foreign Direct Investment, Trade Policy, Tariffs |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:not:notgep:2024-06 |
| By: | Jan Frankowski; Aleksandra Prusak; Jakub Sokołowski; Joanna Mazurkiewicz; Tomasz Świetlik |
| Abstract: | The importance of energy as a common good becomes especially pronounced during crises. This paper reconstructs the response of housing cooperatives to the energy crisis by applying Kenneth Burke’s five categories of theatre interpretation and eighteen impression management strategies inspired by Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical sociology to assess the dominant cooperative approaches. We analyse a unique dataset of 215 annual reports of Polish rural housing cooperatives, which display a range of reactive, proactive, and collaborative attitudes to high energy prices and fuel shortages resulting from the embargo on Russian coal. The unexpected nature of the crisis led four out of five rural housing cooperatives to adopt defensive impression management strategies. The three most common strategies were crisis attribution (66%), resourceful management (18%), and deliberative silence (12%). Our findings portray housing cooperatives as solitary and routine actors, undertaking an extraordinary effort often beyond their capacities. While cooperative efforts were partially supplemented by resident solidarity, particularly within micro-cooperatives reliant on coal with a stronger sense of community, the uncertain future of these entities calls for louder advocacy, targeted financial support, and better recognition of rural cooperatives as heating communities and intermediaries essential for ensuring local energy security. |
| Keywords: | housing cooperatives, heating, local communities, energy transition |
| JEL: | P13 O18 P28 P48 P31 |
| Date: | 2024–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ibt:wpaper:wp042024 |