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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Campos, Rodger (Departamento de Economia, Universidade de São Paulo) |
| Abstract: | Urban planning regulates cultural and sports mega-projects in cities and requires detailed planification for their surroundings. However, regulation is not enough to mitigate negative externalities or maximize positive ones arising from these projects. Using hedonic prices approach and difference-in-difference method, I investigate the impact of net effect of externalities on housing price surrounding sport stadium following its inauguration. The estimates suggest apartment prices decreasing by 8% and 45%, depending on the econometric specification used and on distance from source of the externalities. These findings contribute to the literature on the impact of mega-projects on housing prices literature and inform discussion about urban planning and regulation. |
| Keywords: | Housing Price; Urban planning |
| JEL: | R10 |
| Date: | 2024–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:nereus:2024_011 |
| By: | Wilhelmsson, Mats (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the causal relationship between population shocks and housing prices in Swedish municipalities. Using a spatial difference-in-differences (DiD) methodology, we analyse data from 290 municipalities over 24 years (1998--2022) to identify the impact of unexpected demographic changes on housing market dynamics. Our approach compares municipalities experiencing significant negative population shifts (treatment group) with those with stable population trends (control group), utilising cumulative summation (CUSUM) tests to identify shocks. The findings indicate that population shocks significantly affect housing prices, with unexpected population declines leading to a 5–10% decrease over 1–6 years after the shock. The impact is more pronounced in smaller municipalities than in larger municipalities with a less elastic housing supply. These results emphasise the critical role of demographic changes in shaping housing markets. |
| Keywords: | population shocks; housing prices; causal relationship; cumulative sum; difference-in-differences |
| JEL: | R21 R23 R31 |
| Date: | 2024–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2024_007 |
| By: | Krolage, Carla; Dolls, Mathias; Neumeier, Florian; Fuest, Clemens |
| JEL: | H22 H71 R32 R38 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc24:302447 |
| By: | Costa, Francisco J M (FGV EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance); Goldemberg, Diana (Minerva Schools at KGI) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of cumulative heat exposure on dropout rates for K10-12 students across Brazil, using data from over 30, 000 schools and 80 million enrollments between 2007 and 2016. We find that a one-standard-deviation increase in the share of days above 34°C raises dropout rates by 0.36 percentage points, representing a 5.1% increase in the average dropout rate. The effects are concentrated in public schools, particularly in urban areas, where poor infrastructure amplifies the impact of heat. In contrast, private schools show no significant effects, likely due to better resources, such as air conditioning. These findings highlight the need to improve learning environments, particularly in public schools, to help students cope with rising temperatures and reduce dropout rates and educational inequality. |
| Date: | 2024–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:apu6j |
| By: | Stephen Gibbons; Sandra McNally; Piero Montebruno |
| Abstract: | A high level of school absence has persisted across many countries since the COVID-19 pandemic. We use English data to investigate whether a student's absence during the pandemic had a causal impact on school attendance and academic progress in future years, using variation in local regulations during the pandemic (not aimed at schools). We find that more stringent regulations caused higher rates of school absence at that time, leading to lower attendance and rates of achievement in subsequent years. Our evidence suggests that the persistent effect is caused by changes in parents' and pupils' attitudes to attendance and not because of rules forcing students to stay at home when they had been in contact with others who had COVID-19. The effects of policy restrictions on contemporaneous and persistent absences was stronger for lower socio-economic groups. |
| Keywords: | student absence, COVID-19 pandemic |
| Date: | 2024–09–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepsps:47 |
| By: | Maximiliano Dvorkin; Brian Greaney |
| Abstract: | The spatial distribution of wealth in the United States is very heterogeneous, with important differences within and across US states. We study the distribution of wealth in a country and how it is shaped by the characteristics earnings across regions, and by the frictions individuals face to move and reallocate across space. For this, we develop a tractable model of consumption, savings, and location choice with many regions, incomplete markets, and heterogeneous agents facing persistent and transitory income shocks. Our analysis focuses on the role of income shocks, precautionary savings, mobility, and sorting in shaping the geographic distribution of income and wealth over time. Our theory extends the workhorse macroeconomic model of consumption and savings under uncertainty and risk to an economy with multiple labor markets and costly mobility. Despite the complex spatial and individual heterogeneity, we can characterize the optimal consumption, savings, and mobility decisions of workers in closed form. Mobility frictions increase precautionary savings as workers hedge against sharp fluctuations in consumption generated by their mobility decisions. The spatial distribution of wealth is primarily driven by the interaction between persistent income shocks, saving behavior, and worker sorting across locations. The results highlight the importance of accounting for worker mobility and regional heterogeneity in earnings dynamics when studying the spatial distribution of wealth. |
| Keywords: | mobility; precautionary savings; spatial equilibrium; wealth; inequality |
| JEL: | R12 R23 E21 J61 F16 |
| Date: | 2024–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedlwp:98888 |
| By: | Antonia Settle (School of Social Sciences, Monash University); Federico Zilio (Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research, The University of Melbourne); Usha Nattala (Melbourne Data Analytics Platform, The University of Melbourne); Meladel Mistica (Melbourne Data Analytics Platform, The University of Melbourne) |
| Abstract: | As climate change generates more damaging weather-related events more often, the question of who bears intensifying disaster risk becomes increasingly pertinent. Drawing on disaster sociology and quantitative studies of disaster impacts in real estate markets, this paper contributes to research efforts to explore distributional questions of climate risk. We examine an actual flood event in an area of Australia that is increasingly recognized as vulnerable to rising flood risk. Our analysis combines geospatial analysis of flooding in residential areas, household level socio-economic data and data on house prices to identify socio-economic patterns in the impacts of a flooding disaster that indicate broader patterns in flood risk exposure and resilience, with implications for longer term dynamics of climate-related inequality. Our results show not only that risk exposure was greatest amongst the most disadvantaged communities but also that the most disadvantaged incurred substantially greater losses in comparison to equally flooded locations in wealthier areas, indicating exacerbated balance sheet losses on the part of disadvantaged households who are pushed into acute financial distress as a result of the floods. Variation in both risk exposure and impacts reflect that the costs borne as a result of climate-related disasters play out distinctly amongst different socio-economic groups. Our analysis of key data sources at a high level of granularity contributes to much needed empirical research on the socio-economic distribution of unfolding climate-related risks outside of heavily studied US locations. |
| Keywords: | climate risk, natural disasters, socio-economic distribution, housing prices |
| JEL: | I32 Q54 R11 R23 R31 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iae:iaewps:wp2024n12 |
| By: | Tegetmeyer, Inga; Neumeier, Stefan |
| Abstract: | Urbanization and demographic change are also having an impact on the demand for basic services. As a result, private and public service providers are gradually abandoning economically unattractive locations, whereby rural areas are generally more affected by these developments than urban areas. Against the backdrop of the norma-tive political goal of maintaining equivalent living conditions in all parts of the country, an important political objective in Germany is to counteract such processes. Unfortunately, apart from a few, usually spatially highly aggregated, supply indicators, there is hardly any small-scale differentiated data below the municipal level that provides information on whether, where and for whom the accessibility of basic services may be problematic. One of the areas for which there is hardly any data to date – although minimum service provision is defined by law – is the postal service. This working paper therefore examines the question of whether, where and, if so, for whom there are spatial inequalities in the accessibility of Deutsche Post AG post offices in Germany. The aim of the working paper is to create a data basis that allows us to assess the basic accessibility of Deutsche Post AG post offices, as it appears to households, for the whole of Germany. To this end, we examined the accessibility of post offices by the various means of transport – foot, bicycle, car and public transport – on a small scale in a 250×250 meters analysis grid using a GIS accessibility model from the perspective of the "households". We found that, contrary to popular belief, the accessibility or inaccessibility of post offices in Germany is not so much a spatial phenomenon that favors non-rural regions and disadvantages rural regions, as is often assumed. Instead, our study showed that the accessibility of post offices in Germany depends heavily on people's individual mobility in both rural and non-rural areas. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:347202 |
| By: | Rebecca Diamond; William F. Diamond |
| Abstract: | We quantify racial differences in the total rate of return on housing in a nationally representative sample of homeowners from 1974-2021. We develop a new method to estimate the rental value of each owner-occupied house, using a house's resale value to proxy for unobservable quality. Black and Hispanic homeowners earn higher but more volatile rates of return than White homeowners, due in part to higher rental yields. These differences are largely explained by household income and education differences. Including returns on properties that do not transact in sample is crucial to accurately measure racial differences in total rates of return. |
| JEL: | G50 R30 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32916 |
| By: | König, Christian (WZB Berlin Social Science Center); Salomo, Katja; Helbig, Marcel |
| Abstract: | Exposure to environmental burdens, such air and noise pollution or the lack of available green spaces, has been linked to a multitude of detrimental outcomes. Previous evidence indicates that poor residents and foreign minorities in European cities are disproportionately exposed to environmental burdens. However, there are substantial but ill-understood differences between European countries and between cities within countries. To address this limitation, we utilise fine-grained 1km-by-1km neighbourhood grid data on objective air and noise pollution as well as green space availability, enriched with administrative data on poverty rates and foreign minority shares from all German cities with at least 100, 000 inhabitants in 2017. We examine whether poor residents and foreign minorities are more often affected by environmental burdens, how their exposure to environmental burdens differs between cities, and what city-specific contextual factors contribute to these between-city differences. We find evidence that foreign minorities are more likely to be exposed to environmental burdens, but poor residents are predominantly not. However, there is considerable variation between cities. The strongest explanatory factor for this variation is the extent to which disadvantaged groups live in central neighbourhoods, less so residential segregation of poor and foreign residents, or the scarcity of ‘clean and healthy’ neighbourhoods in a city. Against these results, we further explore empirically how the current wave of inner-city gentrification might ease environmental inequality in German cities. |
| Date: | 2024–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:j4tf2 |
| By: | Kulka, Amrita (University of Warwick); Smith, Cory (University of Maryland (AREC)) |
| Abstract: | We study the process of long-run urban growth using a unique setting of close elections that determined “county seats” (capitals) in the frontier United States. Employing a regression discontinuity design, we show that winning towns rapidly became the economic and population centers of their counties as new migrants coordinated on them as destinations. This coordination was largest in the early years of a county’s history, but limited in later decades. Using generalized random forests, we show that the economic changes were not zero sum locally: specific choices of county seat could increase long-run county population and income. As county administration was limited in this era, the public sector did not play a substantial role in this growth. Instead, these results illustrate how a political process can select spatial equilibria through a shock that is neither related to locational fundamentals nor confers direct productivity advantages on the location. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1518 |
| By: | Sheng Dai; Timo Kuosmanen; Zhiqiang Liao |
| Abstract: | We study how efficient resource reallocation across cities affects potential aggregate growth. Using optimal resource allocation models and data on 284 China's prefecture-level cities in the years 2003--2019, we quantitatively measure the cost of misallocation of resources. We show that average aggregate output gains from reallocating resources across nationwide cities to their efficient use are 1.349- and 1.287-fold in the perfect and imperfect allocation scenarios. We further provide evidence on the effects of administrative division adjustments and local allocation. This suggests that city-level adjustments can yield more aggregate gain and that the output gain from nationwide allocation is likely to be more substantial than that from local allocation. Policy implications are proposed to improve the resource allocation efficiency in China. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.04918 |
| By: | valentine, kylie; Liu, Edgar; Veeroja, Piret; Harris, Patrick; Blunden, Hazel; Horton, Ella |
| Abstract: | Supply of more housing options for people on social housing waiting lists should be given increased priority, as longer wait times and uncertain or unsafe housing creates further mental health challenges for applicants already facing increased health needs, according to new AHURI research. The research, ‘The role of housing providers in supporting clients with complex needs’, was undertaken for AHURI by researchers from the University of New South Wales, Swinburne University of Technology and the University of Tasmania. It investigates the current challenges in providing social housing to people with complex support needs and considers potential alternative policy responses. Mental health was identified at the centre of many clients’ health needs. Longer social housing wait times and uncertain or unsafe housing was seen as increasing mental health challenges for clients. An increasingly uncertain and expensive rental market was also recognised as exacerbating the issues. At the simplest service response, connecting people to secure housing helped their mental health. Indeed, social housing providers may be the first and only point of contact that clients with unmet mental health needs have with the service system. Developing the housing service providers’ workforce could improve the effectiveness of support provided to people with multiple support needs, together with providing individual casework support for with clients to helping people navigate support networks, including ensuring that clients are designated as priority clients on social housing registries. The provision of secure, genuinely affordable housing for people with low and moderate incomes would reduce the pressure on social housing registries. Affordable housing rents need to be reviewed and set based on percentage of income formulae, rather than setting rents as a percentage of market rents. |
| Date: | 2024–10–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:fqt8s |
| By: | Thi Ngoc Nguyen; Felix Muesgens |
| Abstract: | The continued transition towards electric mobility will decrease energy tax revenues worldwide, which has substantial implications for government funds. At the same time, demand for transportation is ever increasing, which in turn increases congestion problems. Combining both challenges, this paper assesses the effectiveness of congestion pricing as a sustainable revenue stream to offset fuel tax loss in 2030 while simultaneously enhancing efficiency in the transport sector. A congestion-based toll that is road-and-time-variant is simulated for the greater Berlin area in Germany using the multi-agent transport simulation (MATSim) software. Through the simulation results, this paper quantifies the impacts of the toll on the governmental revenue, traffic management, environment, social welfare, and the distribution effects. We find that the revenue from congestion tolls in a metropolitan area can compensate the reduction in passenger car fuel tax. Furthermore, a remarkable welfare surplus is observed. The toll also successfully incentivises transport users to adjust their travel behaviour, which reduces traffic delay time by 28%. CO2 emissions as a key metric for decarbonisation of the transport sector decrease by more than 5%. The analysis of the distribution effects suggests that a redistribution plan with a focus on the middle-low-income residents and the outer boroughs could help the policy gain more public acceptance. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2409.20033 |
| By: | Jahn, Elke Jutta; Janeba, Eckhard; Agrawal, David |
| JEL: | H20 H31 J20 J61 R23 R48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc24:302425 |
| By: | Hanna Adam (University of Bayreuth); Mario Larch (University of Bayreuth. CEPII, CESifo, ifo Institute, GEP); Jordi Paniagua (University of Valencia. Kellogg Institute, University of Notre Dame) |
| Abstract: | We quantify the economic impact of a potential secession of Catalonia from Spain. Using a novel dataset of trade flows between 17 Spanish sub-national regions and 142 countries, we estimate the effects of different levels of borders on trade flows and uncover heterogeneity in regional, national, and EU border effects. We use a general equilibrium analysis of trade with fiscal transfers to understand the consequences of a potential secession with political uncertainty. In counterfactual experiments, we impose new borders on Catalan regional and international trade, potentially within or outside the EU, resulting in a welfare decline for Catalonia and Spain. |
| Keywords: | international trade, regional trade, border effects, regional independence |
| JEL: | F10 F13 F14 H77 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eec:wpaper:2409 |
| By: | Philipp Ager; Viktor Malein |
| Abstract: | The paper evaluates the long-run impact of charity nurseries for disadvantaged children in early 20th-century New York. Access to charity nurseries with kindergarten instruction raised children’s years of education and reduced their likelihood of working in low-skilled jobs later in life. Instead, exposed children were more likely to work in jobs requiring higher cognitive and language skills. The effects were strongest for children from the most disadvantaged immigrant groups at that time. Our findings suggest that kindergarten instruction in charity nurseries helped immigrant children better understand teachers’ instructions and learning materials which improved their economic outcomes in adulthood. |
| Keywords: | Age of Mass Migration; Charity Nurseries; Child Care; Disadvantaged Children; Kindergarten Instruction; New York City |
| JEL: | I21 I26 J13 J15 N31 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_596 |
| By: | Stephen Gibbons; Sandra McNally; Piero Montebruno |
| Abstract: | This report investigates lost education time during the COVID-19 pandemic in England. We look at the general factors affecting rates of absence during different stages of the pandemic and the consequences of specific policy guidance. Our evidence shows that pupil absence was strongly linked to socioeconomic factors, with pupils in schools in more economically disadvantaged areas missing out the most. We look at the influence of the guidance given by Local Authorities during a phased reopening of schools at the end of the first wave of the pandemic in June 2020. We find that pupils in Local Authorities that did not advise schools to comply with central government guidance on re-opening lost out through lower school attendance. We also look at the influence of the local Tier system that was implemented in England in the Autumn of 2020 to enforce social and business restrictions of differing degrees of severity. Although schools could all open whatever the Tier status of their area, attendance was sometimes restricted to priority children in the higher Tiers. We find the pupil absence was indeed higher under more restrictive Tiers, particularly the most restrictive, even conditional on local metrics of pandemic severity. Families from poorer backgrounds were more sensitive to the restrictions, suggesting another reason for their vulnerability to education loss from the pandemic. |
| Keywords: | schools, COVID-19, Coronavirus, pupil absence |
| Date: | 2024–09–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepsps:46 |
| By: | Schilter, Claudio (University of Bern); Lüthi, Samuel (Swiss Co-ordination Center for Research in Education); Wolter, Stefan C. (University of Bern) |
| Abstract: | We merge experimental data on competitiveness of a large sample of students with their complete educational history for up to ten years after the initial assessment. Exploiting quasi-random class assignments, we find that having competitive peers as classmates makes students choose and secure positions in higher-paying occupations. These occupations are also more challenging and more popular. On the cost side, competitive peers do not lead to a lower probability of graduating from the subsequent job-specific education, but they significantly increase the probability of requiring extra time to do so. |
| Keywords: | peer effects, competitiveness, occupational choice |
| JEL: | C93 D91 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17289 |
| By: | John Gibson (University of Waikato); Bonggeun Kim (Seoul National University); Chao Li (University of Auckland) |
| Abstract: | We examine relationships between luminosity and local economic growth for counties in China and the US and districts in Indonesia. Many authors estimate treatment effects on local luminosity growth and transfer GDP-luminosity elasticities from elsewhere to calculate economic growth effects. Our insight is that these GDP-luminosity elasticities vary especially by spatial scale and metro status, and also by period and remote sensing source. The elasticities mainly capture extensive margins of luminosity. Measurement errors in popular DMSP data attenuate GDP-luminosity elasticities but aggregation-sensitivity persists even when using instrumental variables estimation. Consequently, claimed growth effects of various treatments may be quite inaccurate. |
| Keywords: | GDP growth; Luminosity; measurement error; treatment effects |
| JEL: | C21 O40 R11 |
| Date: | 2024–10–14 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wai:econwp:24/08 |
| By: | Anand Sahasranaman; Nishanth Kumar; Luis M. A. Bettencourt |
| Abstract: | India's urbanization is often characterized as particularly challenging and very unequal but systematic empirical analyses, comparable to other nations, have largely been lacking. Here, we characterize India's economic and human development along with changes in its personal income distribution as a function of the nation's growing urbanization. On aggregate, we find that India outperforms most other nations in the growth of various indicators of development with urbanization, including income and human development. These results are due in part to India's present low levels of urbanization but also demonstrate the transformational role of its cities in driving multi-dimensional development. To test these changes at the more local level, we study the income distributions of large Indian cities to find evidence for high positive growth in the lowest decile (poorest) of the population, enabling sharp reductions in poverty over time. We also test the hypothesis that inequality-reducing cities are more attractive destinations for rural migrants. Finally, we use income distributions to characterize changes in poverty rates directly. This shows much lower levels of poverty in urban India and especially in its largest cities. The dynamics of poverty rates during the recent COVID-19 pandemic shows both a high fragility of these improvements during a crisis and their resilience over longer times. Sustaining a long-term dynamic where urbanization continues to be closely associated with human development and poverty reduction is likely India's fastest path to a more prosperous and equitable future. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.04737 |
| By: | Jacopo Bassetto; Giuseppe Ippedico |
| Abstract: | Brain drain is a key policy concern for many countries. In this paper we study whether tax incentives are an effective policy to attract high-skilled expatriates back to their home country, exploiting a generous income tax break for Italian returnees. Using administrative data and a Triple Differences design, we find that eligible individuals are 27% more likely to return to Italy. Additionally, we uncover significant effects throughout the wage distribution, revealing that tax-induced migration is a broad phenomenon beyond top earners. A cost-benefit analysis shows that the tax scheme can pay for itself by targeting young high-skilled individuals. |
| Keywords: | tax incentives, return migration, wage distribution |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:not:notgep:2024-05 |
| By: | Gabriele Cappelli; Johannes Westberg |
| Abstract: | The relationship between gender inequality and occupational segregation is a fascinating puzzle. New microdata on all primary-school teachers in Sweden in c. 1890 show that the gender wage gap in the profession was 10 percent when holding observable features constant, and occupational segregation was strong. Women worked in minor and junior schools receiving low wages – yet higher than those paid in other occupations –, while men mostly taught in regular primary schools that paid competitive wages for men. Gender wage inequality and occupational segregation were the price for the feminization of schooling, i.e., part of the Swedish “quiet revolution.†|
| Keywords: | gender inequality; wages; occupational segregation; white-collar; teachers; Sweden |
| JEL: | J16 J22 N33 I24 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:usi:wpaper:913 |
| By: | Akhil Rao |
| Abstract: | Traffic systems are becoming increasingly automated. How will automated objects interact with non-automated objects? How will partially-automated systems handle large disruptions? Low-Earth orbit (LEO) -- filled with thousands of automated and non-automated satellites and many more uncontrollable pieces of debris -- offers a useful laboratory for these questions. I exploit the COSMOS-1408 (C1408) anti-satellite missile test of November 2021 -- a large and exogenous shock to the orbital environment -- to study how an unexpected disruption affects a partially-automated traffic system. I use publicly-available close approach data, network theory, and an econometric analysis of the C1408 test to study the effect of close encounters with new fragments on the configuration of objects in orbit. I document spillover effects of close encounters with C1408 fragments, heterogeneity in impacts across operators, and changes in system-level resilience to new shocks. These results shed light on the nature of partially-automated traffic systems, and provide a basis for new models to anticipate and mitigate space traffic disruptions. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.04599 |
| By: | Anton A. Cheremukhin; Sewon Hur; Ron Mau; Karel Mertens; Alexander W. Richter; Xiaoqing Zhou |
| Abstract: | The U.S. experienced an extraordinary postpandemic surge in unauthorized immigration. This paper combines administrative data on border encounters and immigration court records with household survey data to document two new facts about these immigrants: They tend to be hand-to-mouth consumers and low-skilled workers that complement the existing workforce. We build these features into a model with capital, household heterogeneity and population growth to study the inflationary effects of this episode. Contrary to the popular view, we find little effect on inflation, as the increase in supply was largely offset by an increase in demand. |
| Keywords: | immigration; population growth; inflation; skills; hand-to-mouth |
| JEL: | E21 E22 E31 F22 J11 J15 |
| Date: | 2024–10–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:feddwp:98919 |
| By: | Straus, Graham |
| Abstract: | Is local politics shaped by groups and interests or party and ideology? Classic literature posits that local politics differs from national politics and centers on groups and interests rather than ideology, especially in settings with nonpartisan elections. A separate literature casts doubt on this, finding a connection between partisan voting, local ideology, and policy mimicking the federal level and without reference to groups and interests. In this paper, I use a large original dataset on the professional backgrounds of city councilors to provide a link between the evidence for both theories. I look at city council candidates from all 477 cities in California between 1996 and 2021, observing both candidates’ career histories through their ballot designations and party affiliations through their public voter records. I find that liberal cities have more career politicians, non-profit workers, and service based professionals running for and holding office, while conservative cities have more military and law enforcement workers and business types running for and holding office. Career politicians, non-profit workers, and service based professionals are more likely to be registered as Democrats and military and law enforcement workers and business types are more likely to be registered Republicans. In this case group membership and party affiliation are tightly coupled. |
| Date: | 2024–09–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:38evc |
| By: | Francesca Checchinato (Dept. of Management, Venice School of Management, Università Ca' Foscari Venice); Vladi Finotto (Dept. of Management, Venice School of Management, Università Ca' Foscari Venice); Christine Mauracher (Dept. of Management, Venice School of Management, Università Ca' Foscari Venice); Monica Plechero (Dept. of Management, Venice School of Management, Università Ca' Foscari Venice) |
| Abstract: | Many voices in the policy debate concur on the need to accelerate the green and digital transitions of businesses to build sustainable and competitive regional economies. Academic research on the topic is still in its early stages and the twin transition remains ill-defined. Using novel data on the food sector in an Italian region, the paper provides insights into the barriers that a twin transition perspective may encounter at both the firm and systemic levels to become a means to support new sustainable development trajectories. The analysis highlights that a weak twin transition evolution is due to the peculiarities of how green and digital perspectives are normally addressed and operationalized within Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and along their network of local support. We maintain that triggering an effective and more impactful twin transition regional path requires aligning more strategically the green and digital initiatives within the companies. Moreover, we maintain that surrounding systems of stakeholders and policymakers need to develop supporting strategies and initiatives informed by a thorough understanding of local SMEs characteristics, sectoral specificities, and peculiar problems of misalignment. |
| Keywords: | twin transition; misalignment; Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, food industry; regional development |
| JEL: | R11 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vnm:wpdman:213 |
| By: | Nadeem Ul Haque (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad); Azwar Muhammad Aslam (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad); Ahmed Waqar Qasim (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad) |
| Abstract: | Islamabad has 17, 471 public housing units of various categories. (47.7 million sq. ft.) in prime locations. The market value (Zameen.com and w/o rezoning) approximately PKR 2, 577.6 billion (USD 9.3 billion). Besides these Minister Enclave, Parliament Lodges, and Provincial Houses in the G-5 sector occupy 238 acres (8.5 million sq. ft.) which is equivalent to a minimum market value of PKR 648.0 billion (USD 2.3 billion). Islamabad Club area of 425 acres, estimated minimum value of PKR 2, 507.8 billion (USD 9.09 billion). The study explores the alternative utilization of this prime land through monetization of housing facilities followed by mixed-use high-rise development on 40 percent of released land. Important note: Monetization means withdrawal of all non-cash benefits while giving the full cash equivalent to the concerned position so that there is no welfare loss to the concerned. But this means that there are no loopholes that allow people to collect the benefit as well as use non-monetary benefits. Estimates suggest that monetization on this principle would cost the federal government an additional PKR 135 to 741 billion annually. With rezoning, i.e. allowing the development of mixed-use and high-rise, the potential investment could be PKR 16, 228.8 billion (USD 58.8 billion). In addition, there would be a large and permanent stream of rents and taxes. Crude estimates roughly USD 1.7 billion in rental income and about the same amount in taxes. The development activities will also generate more than 351, 000 new jobs, directly and indirectly, in the economy. The total opportunity cost of the state-captured land contemporary use is 31, 712.4 billion (USD 114.9 billion), which is approximately 34% of the GDP of Pakistan |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:rrepot:2024:18 |
| By: | Scopacasa, Rafael |
| Abstract: | The mountain communities of late-first millennium BC Italy have been regarded as non-urban societies that reverted to city life mainly owing to Roman intervention. A growing body of archaeological evidence is uncovering the diversity of settlement forms and dynamics in the region’s pre-Roman past, which included sites encompassing a range of functions and social agents. This article presents an indepth, microscale analysis of one such site, Monte Vairano in Samnium, drawing on perspectives from comparative urbanism. Monte Vairano developed urban characteristics such as a complex socioeconomic profile and political cohesion, as well as potentially more unique features such as an apparently balanced distribution of wealth. These results can shed further light on the diversity of ancient urbanization and its sociopolitical implications in late-first millennium BC Italy and the Mediterranean. |
| Date: | 2024–09–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:fkh4d |
| By: | Guo, Yuchen Mo; Falck, Oliver; Langer, Christina; Lindlacher, Valentin; Wiederhold, Simon |
| JEL: | J24 J31 J61 O33 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc24:302366 |
| By: | Pelli , Martino (Asian Development Bank); Tschopp , Jeanne (University of Bern) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how school-age exposure to storms impacts the education and primary activity status of young adults in India. Using a cross-sectional cohort study based on wind exposure histories, we find evidence of a significant deskilling of areas vulnerable to climate change-related risks. Specifically, our results show a 2.4 percentage point increase in the probability of accruing educational delays, a 2 percentage point decline in post-secondary education achievement, and a 1.6 percentage point reduction in obtaining regular salaried jobs. Additionally, our study provides evidence that degraded school infrastructure and declining household income contribute to these findings. |
| Keywords: | climate change; storms; education; human capital |
| JEL: | I25 O12 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–10–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0743 |
| By: | Cottineau-Mugadza, Clémentine |
| Abstract: | Although economic inequality and economic segregation represent fundamental challenges of contemporary societies, their causal and empirical connections remain unclear. In particular, the direction of causality, causal pathways, and temporal relationship are not apparent in the literature. This stems from two observations: 1/ the discussion is dominated by a handful of studies from the USA originating from the 2000s. This comes at the expense of a more plural and complex understanding of phenomena in the rest of the world. 2/ the literature on inequality and that of segregation are segmented by disciplines operating at different scales with corresponding theories, actors and mechanisms. To address these issues, I conduct an extensive systematic literature review of articles linking economic inequality to economic segregation across multiple languages and disciplines. Starting from 20, 000+ references, I identify 80 research articles. Most conclude that variations in economic segregation follow differences in economic inequality in the short term and that reverse causality is more probable in the longer term. The housing market is the most cited mediator between economic inequality and economic segregation, and a diversity of theories are mobilized to explain their empirical connections. Many articles are not presently comparable, but compatible definitions and measurements of inequality and segregation are rising. |
| Date: | 2024–09–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:qxket |
| By: | Yahya Fikri (LARSMAG - ENCG TANGER - UNIVERSITE ABDELMALEK ESSAADI - LABORATOIRE DE RECHERCHE EN STRATEGIE MANAGEMENT ET GOUVERNANCE ENCG TANGER - UNIVERSITE ABDELMALEK ESSAADI); Mohamed Rhalma (LARSMAG - ENCG TANGER - UNIVERSITE ABDELMALEK ESSAADI - LABORATOIRE DE RECHERCHE EN STRATEGIE MANAGEMENT ET GOUVERNANCE ENCG TANGER - UNIVERSITE ABDELMALEK ESSAADI) |
| Abstract: | This article examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into early childhood education and the noteworthy impacts it has on students' enjoyment, creativity, and development of soft skills. Artificial intelligence technology can help young pupils develop important soft skills like cooperation and communication through the use of interactive tools and individualized learning platforms. These technologies enable education to be customized to meet the needs of each student, boosting self-esteem and confidence. Additionally, they facilitate problem-solving by providing opportunities for research. Furthermore, AI encourages creativity in children by giving them new and creative ways to express themselves. This paper explores how gamified learning settings, interactive software, and creative tools that stimulate students' curiosity and foster creativity are transforming education through artificial intelligence (AI). It also highlights the challenges and ethical dilemmas surrounding the integration of AI. This essay emphasizes how important it is to employ AI ethically and cooperatively to support children's holistic development. By developing a framework based on the completed literature study, we will discuss the importance of artificial intelligence in early childhood education, the ethical conundrums raised by its use in ECE, and how it could foster children's creativity and soft skills. |
| Keywords: | Artificial Intelligence (AI) Early Childhood Education (ECE) Soft Skills Fun and Creativity effects and interactions technical progress and technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Early Childhood Education (ECE), Soft Skills, Fun and Creativity, effects and interactions, technical progress and technologies |
| Date: | 2024–08–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04701470 |
| By: | Marbach, Moritz; Vallizadeh, Ehsan; Harder, Niklas; Hangartner, Dominik; Hainmueller, Jens |
| Abstract: | Given the global displacement crisis, the integration of refugees has emerged as a critical policy issue for many host countries. A key challenge involves supporting refugees in learning the language of their host country. While several European nations have instituted publicly funded language training for asylum seekers and refugees soon after their arrival, evidence on the efficacy of these early language programs in promoting economic integration remains limited. This study examines the impact of a pioneering, large-scale ad hoc program introduced by German policymakers, which provided basic language training to over 230, 000 refugees arriving in 2015-16. Utilizing register data on the population of asylum seekers and exploiting a cutoff date in program eligibility, we assess the program's effectiveness using a regression discontinuity design. Our findings reveal no discernible effect on refugee employment over the subsequent two years. To explore whether language programs are generally ineffective during refugee crises, we contrast these results with the impacts of a more comprehensive, preexisting, yet smaller-scale program. Using a variety of difference-in-differences estimators, we find that this program considerably increased refugee employment. These contrasting findings offer important insights for policymakers on designing effective language training programs for refugees. |
| Date: | 2024–10–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:2ysd6 |
| By: | Sochas, Laura; Chanfreau, Jenny |
| Abstract: | Large local government spending cuts in England, spanning over a decade of austerity politics, have severely restricted the universal services and public goods that shape parenting environments. Drawing on the Reproductive Justice framework, we ask whether restricting the right to parent in safe and healthy environments impinged on the right to have children. To do so, we introduce a new quantitative approach for “thinking with” Reproductive Justice. Using nationally representative UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) data and a within-between random effects model, we analyse whether local government spending cuts were associated with intersectional inequalities in childbearing over the 2010-2020 period. We find that local government spending cuts significantly decreased the probability of having a(nother) birth for women in the poorest households, by 9.1%, but not for women in the middle or richest households. Further, racially minoritised women across income categories were much more likely to live in local authorities that suffered substantial cuts. Although austerity policies may not have directly restricted people’s biological capacity to conceive, our findings show that local government austerity cuts unequally restricted the right to have children. |
| Date: | 2024–09–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:894p3 |
| By: | Losert, Jakob; Paetzold, Jörg; Liebensteiner, Mario; Necker, Sarah; Neumeier, Florian; Wichert, Sebastian |
| JEL: | R12 R41 R42 R48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:vfsc24:302337 |
| By: | Marie Claire Villeval (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'Analyse et de Théorie Economique Lyon - Saint-Etienne - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJM - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne - EM - EMLyon Business School - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This review explores the social determinants of unethical behavior through a review of the recent experimental literature. It examines how decision-making environments, encompassing institutional frameworks, organizational structures, incentive schemes, peer influences, and social norms, affect unethical behaviors such as lying, corruption, tax evasion, or asset destruction. Key areas include the cultural roots of unethical behavior, the influence of markets and organizational cultures on moral values, the impact of competitive and cooperative incentive schemes, and the role of peer effects and social norms, social image and guilt. By analyzing the interaction between social determinants and individual behavior, the chapter highlights the complex dynamics that lead to unethical actions and suggests ways to harness these determinants to foster ethical conduct. The chapter concludes on interventions aimed at promoting ethical behavior, such as moral appeals and norm nudges. |
| Keywords: | Unethical behavior, dishonesty, moral values, social norms, experiments |
| Date: | 2024–07–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04706356 |
| By: | Vincenzo Lanzetta; Cristina Ponsiglione |
| Abstract: | The European Union Regional Innovation Scoreboard (EURIS) is currently and broadly used for the definition of regional innovation policies by European policymakers; it is a regional innovation measuring tool for the analysis of each specific innovation indicator, from which it is possible to analyze the overtime evolution of each regional innovation indicator; according to the importance of the European Union Regional Innovation Scoreboard for innovation policy purposes, we state that European regional policymakers need integrative and synergistic methodological tools, with respect to the EURIS one, for innovation policy purposes. Thus, we highlight the need to integrate the current methodology of the European Regional Innovation Scoreboard with a Factorial K-means (FKM) tool for clustering purposes, and with a neural network (NN) tool for performing what-if policy analyses. We claim that our proposed FKM-NN tool could be used, by regional innovation policymakers, as a very effective synergistic instrument of the European Union Regional Innovation Scoreboard. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2409.13316 |
| By: | Rhea Ravenna Sohst; Alessio Fusco; Philippe Van Kerm |
| Abstract: | We provide evidence on the relative differences in the disposable incomes of native and foreign-born households in 21 European countries using EU-SILC data for 2008, 2013 and 2018. Using influence function regression, we derive the contribution of foreign-born households to host country indicators of income inequality and polarization. Individuals living in foreign-born households tend to be over-represented in the lower tails of the income distribution. Although there is heterogeneity in the incomes of foreign-born households, their generally disadvantaged positions tend to push national income inequality upward. This pattern persists in many countries, albeit mitigated in magnitude, when we account for the differences in socio-demographic characteristics. The effect on the Foster-Wolfson index of polarization is more mixed, with immigrants in many countries showing no significant contribution to polarization. Using tools adapted from meta-analysis, we find a strong association between welfare regimes and the contribution of immigrant households to inequality and polarization. |
| Keywords: | migration; inequality; Europe; bi-polarization; EU-SILC; RIF regressions; meta-analysis |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irs:cepswp:2024-06 |
| By: | Byran Fanning (School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland) |
| Abstract: | Responses to refugees and international protection applicants in the Republic of Ireland have, in recent years, mostly been reactive attempts at crisis management. Since the invasion of the Ukraine by Russia in 2022, Ireland has admitted exponentially larger numbers of refugees than previously (under the European Temporary Protection Directive) alongside hugely increased numbers of asylum seekers (International Protection applicants). In the absence of state capacity to provide adequate accommodation for the increased number of refugees and asylum seekers and to provide supports for host communities, this has led to an ongoing wave of anti-refugee protests and anti-social behaviour promoted and exploited by far-right groups in both deprived urban areas and in rural areas. The focus of this paper is on a number of interconnected challenges. There is a need to develop services, accommodation and infrastructure to meet the needs of future projected arrivals, as well as those who have arrived in recent years. There is also a need to proactively address anxieties within host communities by improving engagement with and supports to these communities. Zero-sum perceptions that host communities suffer from the arrival of refugees need to be addressed. This cannot be done without a wider social policy focus on social cohesion, community development and the strategic development of State capacity to provide proactive supports to host communities. |
| Keywords: | Asylum seekers, community engagement, far-right, politics, hostile environments, International protection applicants, localism, protests, refugees, social cohesion, state capacity, Ukrainians |
| JEL: | P0 |
| Date: | 2024–03–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucd:wpaper:202405 |
| By: | Azwar Muhammad Aslam (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Ahmed Waqar Qasim (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | No titles to land in the existing land titling system therefore instruments in the contemporary system are not instruments of title and hence are not conclusive. Records of right are not instruments of titles only carry the presumption of truth Mutation since not part of the record of right, does not even carry the presumption of truth and is neither document of title. Transfer deed registration does not equate to the registration of title/right rather it just adds the element of presumption of truth. So, the contemporary does not provide titles to land and hence not a land titling system. Rather a land record management system that just registers the tools and records the rights transferred based on those tools. Multiple agencies are handling records pertaining to land and records keeping is just for revenue generation purposes. The system itself is outdated and has serious implications for the economy and society since land is not part of the economic transactions due to unclear and dubious property rights. Past transactions and transfer of rights are needed to establish the chain of ownership. Torrens is the only way forward, as it will provide title to land in a transparent and effective manner. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2024:125 |
| By: | Andrea Baldin (Ca' Foscari University of Venice); Anna Marenzi (Ca' Foscari University of Venice); Francesca Zantomio (Ca' Foscari University of Venice) |
| Abstract: | We provide novel evidence on the impact of a public voucher scheme for cultural consumption. The voucher was introduced in Italy in 2016 for citizens aged 18 year old. We use repeated cross-sections from the annual household survey 'Aspects of Daily Life' for the period 2013-2019 and combine Entropy Balancing with Difference-in-Difference estimation to assess the voucher causal effect on cultural consumption. We find a significant impact of the cultural voucher in fostering participation in cinema, on-classic concerts and reading books and online/e-books, with the effect driven by lower SES individuals. Overall, estimated effects suggest a less-than-total crowding out of public resources. The voucher also generated some spillover effects at the household level, and, in the case of cinema, resulted in a sustained higher consumption, even after the financial support terminated. |
| Keywords: | vouchers, public subsidies, impact evaluation, cultural consumption |
| JEL: | C21 D12 H50 Z18 |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipu:wpaper:116 |
| By: | George Halkos; Panagiotis Stavros Aslanidis; Conrad Landis; Lydia Papadaki; Phoebe Koundouri |
| Abstract: | The present review examines the primary (heatwaves and air pollution) and cascading (population density, traffic and noise, health issues, and biodiversity loss) hazards in urban settlements. The motivation is to understand the interaction between hazards in urban areas to develop a novel holistic approach that enhances urban sustainability. Three objectives are (i) to monitor valuation studies that reveal willingness to pay (WTP) for major urban-related challenges, (ii) to assess non-marketed valuation studies, and (iii) to examine the interactions between the hazards and their impacts on people and the environment. Based on Environmental Valuation Reference Inventory and Ecosystem Services Valuation Database, from 5329 studies, 80 were retrieved that focus solely on the economic measures of 220 WTP values for different ecological and recreational issues during the period 2000-2023. The findings show that regarding the mean WTP (MWTP) values, the valuation studies reveal a MWTP of 142€ for heatwaves mitigation, whereas for air pollution 76€. Moreover, in terms of cascading hazards, the highest MWTP was for population density (298€), followed by biodiversity loss (96€), health issues (63€), and lastly by traffic and noise with 42€. However, biodiversity loss is the most significant stressor for all target groups (citizens, workers, and flora and fauna), therefore, policymakers should invest in green and blue infrastructure, energy-saving technologies, and transportation alternatives in order to improve urban resilience, safeguarding both human health and the natural environment. |
| Keywords: | climate change, heatwaves, air pollution, biodiversity loss, population density, WTP, valuation studies |
| Date: | 2024–10–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2415 |
| By: | Pascal K\"undig; Fabio Sigrist |
| Abstract: | We introduce a novel machine learning model for credit risk by combining tree-boosting with a latent spatio-temporal Gaussian process model accounting for frailty correlation. This allows for modeling non-linearities and interactions among predictor variables in a flexible data-driven manner and for accounting for spatio-temporal variation that is not explained by observable predictor variables. We also show how estimation and prediction can be done in a computationally efficient manner. In an application to a large U.S. mortgage credit risk data set, we find that both predictive default probabilities for individual loans and predictive loan portfolio loss distributions obtained with our novel approach are more accurate compared to conventional independent linear hazard models and also linear spatio-temporal models. Using interpretability tools for machine learning models, we find that the likely reasons for this outperformance are strong interaction and non-linear effects in the predictor variables and the presence of large spatio-temporal frailty effects. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.02846 |
| By: | Katrin M Smolka (WBS - Warwick Business School - University of Warwick [Coventry]); Thijs H J Geradts; Peter W van der Zwan (Universiteit Leiden = Leiden University); Andreas Rauch (Audencia Business School) |
| Abstract: | The proliferation of entrepreneurship education in business schools suggests that it is commonly believed to foster venture creation. At the same time, research on entrepreneurship education is growing. However, further studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of compulsory entrepreneurship education (CEE) by providing evidence on the specific type of entrepreneurial behavior it elicits and when these effects occur. To address this gap, this study evaluates different behavioral outcomes of CEE over time while building on social cognitive career theory to account for mediating effects of entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. We conduct a field quasi-experiment by following university business students (1, 387 observations for 450 individuals) over 24 months post-treatment. Our findings reveal that CEE effectively increases entrepreneurial behavior in the short term but does not extend much beyond that. A follow-up study (N = 395) adds confidence to the generalizability of the results. We contribute to research on entrepreneurship education and policy. |
| Keywords: | Compulsory) entrepreneurship education entrepreneurship policy entrepreneurial behavior entrepreneurial intentions entrepreneurial self-efficacy, Compulsory) entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurship policy, entrepreneurial behavior, entrepreneurial intentions, entrepreneurial self-efficacy |
| Date: | 2023–08–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04701309 |
| By: | Bernardo Caldarola; Luca Fontanelli |
| Abstract: | Recent empirical evidence finds positive associations between digitalisation and industry concentration. However, ICT may not be all alike. We investigate the effect of the purchase of cloud services on the long run size growth rate of French firms. Our findings suggest that cloud services positively impact firm growth rates, with smaller firms experiencing more significant benefits compared to larger firms. This evidence suggests that the diffusion of cloud technologies may help mitigate concentration in the era of the digital transition by favouring the digitalisation and growth of smaller firms, especially when the cloud services provided are more advanced. |
| Keywords: | cloud, ICT, concentration, firm growth rate, firm performance |
| Date: | 2024–10–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2024/25 |
| By: | Carmen Sillero Illanes (European Commission - JRC); Rosa Gallardo Cobos; Pietro Moncada Paterno' Castello (European Commission - JRC); Karel Haegeman (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | To enhance EU competitiveness and foster the transition to sustainability, the Draghi Report underscores the necessity of enhanced policy coordination across EU Member States and European institutions. This paper advocates a systemic approach that integrates subnational governance to expedite sustainability transitions, applying the concept of climate neutrality to the European aviation system. In 2023, Europe’s top 40 airports handled 10.2 million flights and 1.19 billion passengers, driving mobility, tourism, and economic growth. However, aviation is classified by the IPCC as a ‘hard-to-abate’ sector, contributing 2% of global energy-related CO2 emissions in 2022, with a total warming impact 2.6 times that of CO2 alone. With an expected annual passenger increase of 4.7%, emissions could triple in coming decades, threatening net-zero goals by 2050. Following a systematic literature review on sustainable aviation, policy initiatives at European, national, and regional levels are mapped and classified according to transition intervention points. Gaps and barriers are identified, and a place-based dimension of the sociotechnical transition is introduced using smart specialisation strategies. The paper argues that effective sustainability transition pathways require a deep understanding of problems and solutions from the perspective of those directly affected, suggesting a place-based approach to align territorial policies with European initiatives. The conclusions emphasize the need for systemic, transformative, and place-based policies to achieve aviation climate neutrality. Coordinating efforts across local, regional, national, and European levels is vital. The paper illustrates that considering place-based dimensions early in EU policies can enhance sustainability transitions for competitiveness. |
| Keywords: | aviation, Net Zero Industry Act, sustainability, transition, multilevel perspective, transformative innovation, competitiveness |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:trater:202401 |
| By: | Federica Meluzzi |
| Abstract: | Gender norms are widely recognized as key determinants of persistent gender gaps in the labor market. However, our understanding of the drivers of gender norms, and their implications for preferences, remain lacking. This paper addresses this gap by examining how cultural assimilation from college peers influences women's early-career labor market decisions. For identification of causal effects, I exploit cross-cohort idiosyncratic variation in peers' geographical origins within Master's programs, combined with unique administrative and survey data covering the universe of college students in Italy. The main finding is that exposure to female classmates originating from areas with more egalitarian gender culture significantly increases women's labor supply, primarily through increased uptake of full-time jobs. A one standard deviation increase in peers' culture increases female earnings by 3.7%. The estimated peer effects are economically significant, representing more than a third of the gender earnings gap. Drawing on comprehensive data on students' job search preferences and newly collected data on their beliefs, I shed novel light on two distinct mechanisms driving peer influence: (1) shifts in preferences for non-pecuniary job attributes, and (2) social learning, particularly on the characteristics of the job offer distribution. |
| Date: | 2024–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2409.20225 |
| By: | Magdalena Olczyk; Marjan Petreski |
| Abstract: | This study explores the differential impacts of global value chain (GVC) participation on foreign direct investment (FDI)-related job creation in EU-27, emphasizing the role of sector-specific and regional factors. The study is based on a rich set of project-level data on FDI-generated jobs. It utilizes a labor demand function estimated through GMM estimator to account for endogeneity. Results indicate that forward GVC participation significantly boosts FDI-related job creation by enhancing domestic value-added and production capacity. However, this effect is moderated by sector-specific characteristics such as productivity or wages. Conversely, backward GVC participation, characterized by reliance on foreign inputs, generally reduces FDI-generated jobs due to lower domestic labor requirements and diminished competitiveness. Despite this, the negative impact of backward GVC participation on employment becomes less significant when regional diversification is considered, highlighting the importance of regional factors like infrastructure and skilled labor. The study also finds that the impact of GVC participation on employment varies with EU membership status and sectoral characteristics, with old EU member states and high-tech sectors benefiting more from forward GVC integration. In contrast, new EU member states and low-tech sectors face greater challenges, particularly with backward GVC participation. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.04160 |
| By: | Patricia Justino; Santiago Tobón; Martín Vanegas-Arias; Juan Vargas |
| Abstract: | Tax revenues are fundamental to state-building and development, particularly in the aftermath of conflict. Through the lens of the recent post-conflict experience of Colombia, this paper explores the challenges of increasing tax revenues amid violence and illicit economic activities. We study four factors that the literature has identified as key determinants of a country's local fiscal capacity: early land conflicts; historical political violence; recent political violence; and the prevalence of illegal economies. |
| Keywords: | Taxation, Conflict, Violence, Colombia |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2024-62 |
| By: | Michele Andrea Tagliavini (Dept. of Management, Venice School of Management, Università Ca' Foscari Venice) |
| Abstract: | This study explores the topic of entrepreneurial ecosystems for coastal regeneration by combining an analysis of relevant literature with the experiences lived within the European project Bauhaus of the Seas Sails, in particular relating to the development of a key framework called "Territorial Identity Card”, a tool designed to capture the essence of each coastal territory. By identifying ten key parameters common to the seven cities involved, this tool serves to guide the development of future strategies. Although the overall goal of the research is to define a sound strategy to promote sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems in coastal regions, this paper focuses primarily on the preliminary phase of the research, laying the groundwork for subsequent in-depth analysis. This working paper serves as a compass, charting the course for future research efforts to translate key insights into actionable strategies. |
| Keywords: | Urban and territorial regeneration, entrepreneurial ecosystems, innovation, sustainability, inclusion, coastal areas, replication |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vnm:wpdman:210 |
| By: | John C. Williams |
| Abstract: | Remarks at the Future of New York City: Focus on Jobs, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York City. |
| Keywords: | New York City; economy; jobs; employment |
| Date: | 2024–10–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsp:98943 |
| By: | Roba Bairakdar; Debbie Dupuis; Melina Mailhot |
| Abstract: | Insurance risk arising from catastrophes such as earthquakes a component of the Minimum Capital Test for federally regulated property and casualty insurance companies. Analyzing earthquake insurance risk requires well-fitted spatio-temporal point process models. Given the spatial heterogeneity of earthquakes, the ability to assess whether the fits are adequate in certain locations is crucial in obtaining usable models. Accordingly, we extend the use of Voronoi residuals to calculate deviance Voronoi residuals. We also create a simulation-based approach, in which losses and insurance claim payments are calculated by relying on earthquake hazard maps of Canada. As an alternative to the current guidelines of OSFI, a formula to calculate the country-wide minimum capital test is proposed based on the correlation between the provinces. Finally, an interactive web application is provided which allows the user to simulate earthquake damage and the resulting financial losses and insurance claims, at a chosen epicenter location. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.04369 |
| By: | César Ducruet (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EconomiX - EconomiX - UPN - Université Paris Nanterre - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); In Joo Yoon (KMI - Korea Maritime Institute - Korea Maritime Institute) |
| Abstract: | The North Korean economy is experiencing a deepening economic and political crisis since the early 1990s. Although North Korea is not commonly seen as a shipping nation, its major cities are coastal, and it hosts nine international trading ports. However, little is known about the role of maritime transport in its development. This article uses vessel movement data to reconstitute the maritime network linking North Korean ports and other ports, over the period 1977-2021. Besides the drastic connectivity loss, main results conclude about a limited role of maritime transport in economic development, except for its participation to China's increasing grip on North Korea. This research brings new knowledge about North Korea and contributes to advance maritime network studies in general. |
| Keywords: | multivariate analysis, international trade, maritime connectivity, network analysis |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04689246 |