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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Blodgett, Kyler |
| Abstract: | California is rapidly building affordable housing, much of which is dedicated to specific populations like seniors, families, and formerly unhoused residents. However, these groups have unique mobility safety concerns as vulnerable road users and are often left out of current policies and funding programs that link housing and transportation. This research brief explores the gap in the literature and California’s policy priorities related to residents’ mobility and housing. It then analyzes data for Alameda County, finding that approximately 40% of government-funded affordable developments are within 100 ft of the pedestrian High Injury Network. It concludes with recommendations for municipalities and funding agencies wishing to better connect mobility safety improvements with anticipated affordable housing developments. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, mobility safety, affordable housing, active transportation, Alameda County, vulnerable road user, Complete Streets, pedestrian safety, bicycle safety, Safe Systems |
| Date: | 2024–06–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt5q3317ch |
| By: | Volker Ziemann |
| Abstract: | Slovenia's current housing challenges are characterised by strong demand and inadequate supply, exacerbated by rising construction and financing costs. High ownership rates mask the affordability challenge for younger cohorts or those who want to move amid limited rental markets and insufficient residential construction activity. This paper proposes a range of policy options to make housing more efficient, inclusive and sustainable. Streamlining spatial planning and permitting systems would foster housing supply responsiveness. Levelling the playing field in rental markets and overhauling real estate taxation can boost market efficiency. Enhancing access to mortgage financing and improving framework conditions for the provision of social housing would expand housing options for households. Finally, housing policies should aim at accelerating the transition to a net-zero economy by aligning energy taxation more closely with the carbon content of the source, strengthening the support programmes for renovation works and improving framework conditions for the deployment of district heating and electrification. |
| Keywords: | Housing affordability, Housing decarbonisation, Housing policy, Housing supply, Property taxation, Rental markets, Residential construction, Social housing, Spatial planning |
| JEL: | H23 H77 R31 R38 G21 |
| Date: | 2024–07–25 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1810-en |
| By: | Biniam Bedasso (Center for Global Development); Amina Mendez Acosta (Consultant) |
| Abstract: | High teacher attrition affects education systems through direct costs in replacing teachers who left the service, and indirect costs in classroom disruption and loss in experience. Efforts to address teacher shortage must be informed by which teachers leave and why. Using administrative data from Burkina Faso, we analyze demographic and geographic correlates of teacher turnover. We find that early career teachers, female teachers, and teachers with tertiary education, are more likely to attrite. Teachers who hold higher positions—such as school principals—have better retention rates. In terms of school-level attrition, rural and remote schools tend to lose teachers to other schools whereas schools in urban or more developed regions are more likely to lose teachers to options outside of the teacher workforce. Finally, we discuss policy options in improving teacher retention given these findings. |
| Date: | 2024–07–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:698 |
| By: | Anthony Yezer (George Washington University) |
| Abstract: | A substantial empirical literature finds a positive partial relation between indexes of land use regulations and differences in the asset price of housing among cities. A complimentary theoretical literature concludes that this result arises because planning restricts laissez faire housing supply. The theoretical models use highly stylized characterizations of the effects of land use regulation. This paper provides, for the first time, a formal analysis of the theoretical effects of four stylized specifications of land use restrictions. The sign of the relation between regulation and the average price of housing in cities varies among the four alternatives. Furthermore, analysis of a realistic representation of planning demonstrates that regulation is likely to lower average housing price. Therefore, empirical evidence that housing prices vary directly with regulation could indicate positive amenity effects or benefits of planning and that higher housing prices justify added planning restrictions. |
| Keywords: | Housing price, land use regulation, standard urban model |
| JEL: | R14 R31 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gwi:wpaper:2024-03 |
| By: | Demid Getik (Durham University); Anna Sjögren (Institute for Evaluation of Labour Market and Education Policy (IFAU)); Anton Sundberg (Uppsala University, IFAU) |
| Abstract: | We examine how exposure to recent migrants and asylum seekers affects the academic performance of incumbent students in Sweden between 2008 and 2022, a period characterized by large migration inflows. To identify the effect, we exploit variation in exposure to recent migrants between siblings and over time for the same individuals. We find a modest positive effect on native students’ test scores and opposite sign, but insignificant negative effects on foreign background students. We also find that contexts matter. While the positive results are driven by schools with high levels of exposure and there are positive effects of migrant exposure on native students in rural areas, our estimates are negative for both native and foreign background students in large cities. Analyses of mechanisms suggest that school responses to reduce class size play a role in generating net positive effects of migrant exposure. Findings are similar when considering the more acute exposure of the 2015-2016 refugee crisis in an events study approach. |
| Keywords: | schooling, peers, migration |
| JEL: | I21 I24 J15 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dur:durham:2024_01 |
| By: | Hornbeck, Richard; Michaels, Guy; Rauch, Ferdinand |
| Abstract: | We examine "agglomeration shadows" that emerge around large cities, which discourage some economic activities in nearby areas. Identifying agglomeration shadows is complicated, however, by endogenous city formation and "wave interference" that we show in simulations. We use the locations of ancient ports near the Mediterranean, which seeded modern cities, to estimate agglomeration shadows cast on nearby areas. We find that empirically, as in the simulations, detectable agglomeration shadows emerge for large cities around ancient ports. These patterns extend to modern city locations more generally, and illustrate how encouraging growth in particular places can discourage growth of nearby areas. |
| Keywords: | agglomeration shadow; urban hierarchy; new economic geography |
| Date: | 2024–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awi:wpaper:0752 |
| By: | Max Löffler (Maastricht University & University of Cologne); Sebastian Siegloch (University of Cologne) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the welfare implications of property taxation. We apply a sufficient statistics approach that accounts for the distributional effects of tax changes at the household level within a spatial equilibrium framework. We show that equity effects are driven by price adjustments in the housing and labor markets, while efficiency is determined by changes in public goods. Using microdata and exploiting 5, 500 municipal property tax changes in Germany, where assessed housing values remain constant, we find that 83 percent of the tax burden is passed through to rental prices, with modest labor market effects. Simulations of the welfare effects of property taxes reveal that the price effects of property tax hikes are regressive. Despite the low efficiency costs of the tax, it becomes distributionally neutral only if public good preferences are very high. |
| Keywords: | property taxation, welfare, tax incidence, local labormarkets, rental housing |
| JEL: | H22 H41 H71 R13 R31 R38 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:331 |
| By: | Edenhofer, Jacob (University of Oxford); Fetzer, Thiemo (University of Warwick & Bonn and affiliated with CEPR, CAGE, NIESR, ECONtribute, Grantham Institute); Garg, Prashant (Imperial College London) |
| Abstract: | Support for right-wing populist parties is characterised by considerable regional heterogeneity and especially concentrated in regions that have experienced economic decline. It remains unclear, however, whether the spatial externalities of local decline, including homelessness and crime, boost support for populist parties, even among those not directly affected by such decline. In this paper, we contribute to filling this gap in two ways. First, we gather novel data on a particularly visible form of local decline, high-street vacancies, that comprise 83, 000 premises in England and Wales. Second, we investigate the influence of local decline on support for the right-wing populist UK Independence Party (UKIP) between 2009 and 2019. We find a significant positive association between high-street vacancy rates and UKIP support. These results enhance our understanding of how changes in the lived environment shape political preferences and behaviour, particularly in relation to right-wing populism. |
| Keywords: | Local Economic Conditions ; Populism ; High-street Vacancies ; Unemployment ; Urban Transformation JEL Codes: D72 ; R11 ; R12 ; R23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1508 |
| By: | Tobias Herbst; Moritz Kuhn; Farzad Saidi |
| Abstract: | Houses are the most important asset on American households’ balance sheets, rendering the U.S. economy sensitive to house prices. There is a consensus that credit conditions affect house prices, but to what extent remains controversial, as an expansion in credit supply often coincides with changes in house price expectations. To address this longstanding question, we rely on novel microdata on the universe of mortgages guaranteed under the Veterans Administration (VA) loan program. We use the expansion of eligibility of veterans for the VA loan program following the Gulf War to estimate a long-lived effect of credit supply on house prices. We then exploit the segmentation of the conventional mortgage market from program eligibility to link this sustained house price growth to developments in the initially unaffected segment of the credit market. We uncover a net increase in credit for all other residential mortgage applicants that aligns closely with the evolution of house price growth, which supports the view that credit-induced house price shocks are amplified by beliefs. |
| Keywords: | Veterans; Beliefs; Mortgages; House prices; Credit supply |
| JEL: | E21 G20 G21 G28 |
| Date: | 2024–04–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedmoi:98570 |
| By: | Stephan Heblich; David Krisztian Nagy; Alex Trew; Yanos Zylberberg |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how cities’ industrial structure shapes their life and death. Our analys is exploits the large heterogeneity in the early composition of English and Welsh cities. We extract built-up clusters from early historical maps, identify settlements at the on set of the nineteenth century, and isolate exogenous variation in the nature of their rise during the transformation of the economy by the end of the nineteenth century. We then estimate the causal impact of cities’ population and industrial specialization on their later dynamics. We find that cities specializing in a small number of industries decline in the long run. We develop a dynamic spatial model of cities to isolate the forces which govern their life and death.Intratemporally, the model captures the role of amenities, land, local productivity and trade in explaining the distribution of economic activity across industries and cities. Intertemporally, the model can disentangle the role of aggregate industry dynamics from city-specific externalities. We find that the long-run dynamics of English and Welsh cities is explained to a large extent by such dynamic externalities `a la Jacobs. |
| Keywords: | specialization; cities over time; quantitative economic geography. |
| JEL: | F63 N93 O14 R13 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gla:glaewp:2023_09 |
| By: | Giacomo De Giorgi; Enrico Moretti; Harrison Wheeler |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of localized housing price hikes on renters' mobility, consumption, and credit outcomes. Consistent with a spatial equilibrium model, we find that the consumption responses vary greatly for movers and stayers. While movers increase their consumption, purchase homes, and cars, stayers are relatively unaffected. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.06695 |
| By: | Jacob Dice; Mallick Hossain; David Rodziewicz |
| Abstract: | The distribution of risks for residential real estate, including flood risk, depends largely on how these risks are allocated across individual mortgages and within mortgage-backed securities (MBS). This paper is the first to document how flood risks relate not only to individual mortgage performance and underwriting, but also how flood risks correlate to MBS performance and structure. Across residential mortgages we find that defaults are concentrated among the most flood-prone properties and this risk is somewhat offset by larger down payments and slightly higher mortgage rates. Even when mortgages are combined into MBS’s, we show that average mortgage default within MBS’s increases with average flood risk and that higher flood risk is primarily offset by increased credit protection or subordination; a one unit increase in flood risk is associated with a 2.6 percent increase in subordination. Ultimately, our analysis suggests that flood risk is reflected in mortgage-level performance and pricing and is partially, but not fully, accounted for in MBS deal-level performance and structure. |
| Keywords: | climate risk; flooding; mortgage-backed securities; structured finance; bond markets |
| JEL: | Q54 R30 D89 G12 |
| Date: | 2024–05–21 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedkrw:98510 |
| By: | von Ehrlich, Maximilian |
| Abstract: | This chapter discusses factors that contributed to different economic dynamics across European regions and the prevailing disparities. The impact of EU Cohesion Policy in reducing disparities is studied based on the empirical evidence on the effects of EU regional policy. With more than thirty years of experience, several important conclusions can be drawn about the effectiveness and efficiency of place-based transfers in Europe. While EU regional policy has not completely countered market-driven processes that lead to regional disparities, it appears to have modestly alleviated them. To enhance the effectiveness of EU Cohesion Policy, this chapter advocates for an improved policy design and a shift in emphasis towards local institutions and governments in recipient regions, emphasizing that merely increasing the volume of transfers cannot compensate for these improvements. |
| Keywords: | EU Structural Policy, Place-based policies, regional inequality, economic geography |
| JEL: | R10 R50 H20 F20 D70 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:300266 |
| By: | Nathaniel Harris (George Washington University); Chuanhao Lin (George Washington University) |
| Abstract: | Previous empirical research has demonstrated that indexes of urban planning restrictions are associated with higher housing prices. Some argue that this relation is caused by a decrease in the supply of housing compared to a laissez-faire city. Alternatively, hedonic estimates finding positive effects of sunlight, lower density, and clean air suggest that price increases could be caused by an increase in the attractiveness of a planned environment. This paper demonstrates theoretically that, in the presence of building density externalities, both arguments could be correct, but that the welfare effects of land use planning cannot be determined by the relation between housing prices and regulation. Two alternative tests are conducted here. First, amenity effects are examined using a Rosen-Roback test. Second, recently available measures of aggregate land value are used in a new test. The Rosen-Roback test results indicate that the house price effects of planning result in a compensating increase in urban amenity. The aggregate land value test, performed for the first time in this paper, finds that the relation between historical patterns of planning regulation and current aggregate land value is positive, consistent with the hypothesis that planning can be a welfare-enhancing remedy for problems of overbuilding under laissez-faire land development. |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gwi:wpaper:2024-02 |
| By: | Abdul Khabir Rahmat (Malaysia Institute of Transport, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Author-2-Name: Abdul Hakim Abdul Razak Author-2-Workplace-Name: "Faculty of Business Management and Professionals, Management Science University, Malaysia " Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - This research investigates the intricate interplay between urban resilience and logistics performance, focusing on the Resilient Cities Index and the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) for the year 2023. Methodology/Technique - The study employs multiple regression analysis to explore how components of the Resilient Cities Index impact the LPI and vice versa, utilizing data from 25 cities globally. Findings - Noteworthy findings include that critical infrastructure and socio-institutional factors significantly influence logistics performance, underscoring the bidirectional relationship between urban resilience and logistics efficiency. The analysis reveals that cities with robust tracking and tracing capabilities exhibit higher resilience levels, while infrastructure and international shipment scores present complex, context-dependent relationships with urban resilience. Novelty - These insights provide a novel understanding of how logistics components contribute to urban resilience and suggest that enhancing critical infrastructure, improving socio-institutional frameworks, and addressing specific logistics components are pivotal for fostering resilient and efficient urban systems. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Urban Resilience; Logistics Performance; Resilient Cities Index; Logistics Performance Index; Bidirectional Relationship; Critical Infrastructure; Socio-Institutional Frameworks; Regression Analysis; Sustainable Urban Development. |
| JEL: | R40 R11 O18 |
| Date: | 2024–06–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jmmr332 |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | On average, primary school students in OECD countries receive 805 hours of instruction per year, and lower secondary students 916 hours, spread over 38 school weeks. However, these averages mask wide variations across countries. The total length of school vacations averages around 14 weeks per year, ranging from less than 11 weeks in Costa Rica and Denmark to 17 weeks in Greece, Latvia and Lithuania. The organisation of the school year, in particular the length of the summer holidays, is frequently debated but is rarely the subject of educational reforms because of its sensitive nature. Contrary to common assumptions, the length of instruction time is not closely related to students’ academic performance. The quality of instruction and other factors such as students’ participation to private tutoring and extracurricular educational activities, play critical roles in determining learning outcomes, too. |
| Date: | 2024–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:eduaaf:86-en |
| By: | Michal Burzynski |
| Abstract: | Automation of labor tasks is one of the most dynamic aspects of recent technological progress. This paper aims at improving our understanding of the way that automation affects labor markets, analyzing the example of European countries. The quantitative theoretical methodology proposed in this paper allows to focus on automation-induced migration of workers, occupation switching and income inequality. The key findings include that automation in the first two decades of the 21st century had a significant impact on job upgrading of native workers and generated gains in many local labor markets. Even though net migration of workers was attenuated due to convergence in incomes across European regions, mobility at occupation levels had a sizeable impact on transmitting welfare effects of automation. |
| Keywords: | automation; migration; technological progress; inequality |
| JEL: | J24 O33 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irs:cepswp:2024-04 |
| By: | Ferreira, Pedro Cavalcanti; Monge-Naranjo, Alexander; Pereira, Luciene Torres de Mello |
| Abstract: | We study the emergence and persistence of urban slums in Brazil. Using data on labor markets, housing costs, and access to education, we construct a quantitative model to explore the impact of slums on the country s human capital and structural transformation. Urban slums emerge and persist due to their dual roles as intergenerational stepping stones for low-educated households and as blockades for higher-educated ones. Providing slum children access to schools in formal urban areas would have led to larger but shorter-lived slums. Improved rural schools, if available earlier during urbanization, would have vastly prevented the formation of urban slums. |
| Date: | 2024–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fgv:epgewp:844 |
| By: | David P. Glancy; Robert J. Kurtzman; Lara Loewenstein |
| Abstract: | A significant share of commercial real estate (CRE) investment properties—about half by our estimates—are purchased without a mortgage. Using comprehensive microdata on transactions in the US CRE market, we analyze which types of properties are purchased without a mortgage, highlighting the important role of renovation or redevelopment options. We show that mortgage-financed properties are less likely to be subsequently redeveloped, and that owners anticipate these redevelopment frictions and avoid mortgage financing for properties with greater redevelopment options. These effects were even stronger during the COVID-19 pandemic, when uncertainty increased redevelopment option values. |
| Keywords: | commercial real estate; cash buyers; redevelopment |
| JEL: | G21 G22 G23 R33 |
| Date: | 2024–07–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedcwq:98526 |
| By: | Jason Allen; Kyra Carmichael; Robert Clark; Shaoteng Li; Nicolas Vincent |
| Abstract: | In many countries, the cost of housing has greatly outpaced income growth, leading to a housing affordability crisis. Leveraging Canadian loan-level data and quasi-experimental variation in payment-to-income constraints, we document an increasing reliance of first-time homebuyers on financial help from their parents, through mortgage co-signing. We show that parental support can effectively relax borrowing constraints—potentially to riskier borrowers. |
| Keywords: | Housing; Financial services; Financial system regulation and policy |
| JEL: | G51 D64 E21 G18 E24 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocawp:24-28 |
| By: | Lang, Valentin |
| Abstract: | This chapter examines the distributional effects of place-based policies in the EU. In a first step, it characterizes existing income inequalities in the EU and distinguishes between their interregional and intraregional dimensions. A key result is that inequalities within European regions make an important contribution to overall inequality in the EU. Against this background, the chapter then reviews the economic literature on the effectiveness and distributional effects of place-based policies in general and EU regional policy in particular. The evidence from this literature suggests that while place-based policies can reduce inequalities between regions, they tend to increase inequalities within regions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of policy recommendations for EU regional policy that can be derived from these findings. |
| Keywords: | place-based policies, regional inequality, intraregional inequality, European Union (EU) |
| JEL: | D31 E24 H72 R11 R23 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:300264 |
| By: | Hyoji Choi; Frank Neffke; Donghyeon Yu; Bogang Jun; |
| Abstract: | This study explores how the relatedness density of amenities influences consumer buying patterns, focusing on multi-purpose shopping preferences. Using Seoul’s credit card data from 2018 to 2023, we find a clear preference for shopping at amenities close to consumers’ resi- dences, particularly for trips within a 2 km radius, where relatedness density significantly influences purchasing decisions. The COVID-19 pandemic initially reduced this effect at shorter distances but rebounded in 2023, suggesting a resilient return to pre-pandemic patterns, which vary over regions. Our findings highlight the resilience of local shopping preferences despite economic disruptions, underscoring the importance of amenity-relatedness in urban consumer behavior. |
| Keywords: | Resilience, Consumptionbehavior, Relatedness, COVID-19 |
| JEL: | D12 O18 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2425 |
| By: | Christoph Eder (Independent, formerly JKU Linz); Martin Halla (Department of Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business); Philipp Hilmbauer-Hofmarcher (Department of Economics, Central European University) |
| Abstract: | How does military occupation affect long-term economic development? We use the post-World War II occupation of Austria as a laboratory setting. Austria was divided into different occupation zones for ten years. The Soviet occupation was exploitative, while the Western Allied occupation was more supportive. After ten years of different occupation regimes, the regions returned to a single nation-state. We estimate the impact of different occupation regimes on long-term economic development. Methodologically, we combine a spatial regression discontinuity design with a difference-in-differences approach. We find that areas in the former Soviet zone are still less economically developed today. These areas are less populated, host fewer and lower paying jobs, and their residents are more likely to commute outside the former Soviet zone. The most plausible mechanism for these long-lasting effects are agglomeration effects triggered by a large migration shock from East to West as the population fled the advancing Soviet army. |
| Keywords: | Military occupation, migration, economic development, World War II, Austria, agglomeration effects |
| JEL: | R11 R12 R23 J61 N44 N94 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwwuw:wuwp366 |
| By: | Fabian Eckert; Sharat Ganapati; Conor Walsh |
| Abstract: | After 1980, larger US cities experienced substantially faster wage growth than smaller ones. We show that this urban bias mainly reflected wage growth at large Business Services firms. These firms stand out through their high per-worker expenditure on information technology and disproportionate presence in big cities. We introduce a spatial model of investment-specific technical change that can rationalize these patterns. Using the model as an accounting framework, we find that the observed decline in the investment price of information technology capital explains most urban-biased growth by raising the profits of large Business Services firms in big cities. |
| Keywords: | Urban Growth, High-skill Services, Technological Change |
| JEL: | J31 O33 R11 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:24-33 |
| By: | Brunåker, Fabian; Dahlberg, Matz; Kindström, Gabriella; Liang, Che-Yuan |
| Abstract: | Using almost three decades of full-population register data with detailed geo-coded information on how and where all individuals in Sweden live, on their moving patterns, and on their socio-economic characteristics, this paper examines if new large-scale housing construction is a suitable policy tool for revitalizing poor neighborhoods. The answer is yes. We reach four main conclusions. First, we find that new large developments of market-rate condominiums have strong gentrifying effects: the estimated effect on average income is 15% in the poorest quartile of neighborhoods. Second, the effect is not only driven by richer people moving into the newly built owned apartments, but also by average income rising by 10% in pre-existing homes. Since we do not find other concurrent housing-stock changes such as renovations and rent increases, this indicates that the areas become more attractive. Third, most of the gentrifying effects are due to high-income people moving in from richer areas outside a wider neighborhood. Fourth, we do not find any displacement of incumbent residents. |
| Date: | 2024–07–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:g5rzn |
| By: | Kindström, Gabriella; Liang, Che-Yuan |
| Abstract: | We use microdata on the Swedish population and housing stock (1990–2017) to investigate how building new homes affects the housing distribution across income groups. While primarily rich people move into new homes, poor people are well represented among in-movers to vacated homes. As homes age and deteriorate, they filter down to poor people; it takes approximately 30 years for new homes to reach an even income distribution. We also find that in municipalities with higher construction rates, every income group gets better access to newer housing and housing space. Overall, we conclude that new homes, even those initially primarily inhabited by rich people, lead to substantial trickle-down effects that also benefit the poor. |
| Date: | 2024–07–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:u7hjv |
| By: | Pierre-Alex Balland; Ron Boschma; ; ; |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes an evolutionary take on regional development traps. Our definition of regional traps centers around the structural inability of regions to develop new complex activities. We distinguish between several different traps. Using industry data, we follow European regions over time and provide evidence on which regions in the EU are trapped, and what kinds of traps they have fallen into. Our econometric analysis shows that being trapped has a negative impact on employment and wage growth in regions. We also find evidence that our development trap indicator explains well whether regions are stuck in a regional development trap, as defined by Iammarino et al. (2020). |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2420 |
| By: | Konstantin A. Kholodilin |
| Abstract: | Urban areas confront a chronic shortage of housing, especially in the low-rent segment. This precarious situation is further exacerbated by major challenges, like the destruction of housing by wars and natural catastrophes, rapid increase of demand, or pandemics cutting incomes. In response, the authorities implement rent control that slows rent increases or even freezes rents. Rent control is ubiquitous, widely used at a large scale since World War I. However, its roots lie in a far more remote past, the first documented examples stemming from the Ancient Rome. Despite social and technological differences between then and now, the solutions found more than 2000 years ago bear a striking similarity with modern policies. Rapidly rising property prices, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Ukrainian war pushed rent control back to the top of the political agenda. In this study, using logit model and survival analysis, I investigate the factors that led to introduction of rent control. I find that wars, foundation of universities, and presence of Jewish communities made the introduction of rent control more likely |
| Keywords: | rent control; housing policy; Antiquity; Middle Ages; logit model; Cox proportional hazards regression |
| JEL: | N40 N90 O18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp2094 |
| By: | Kensuke Ohtake |
| Abstract: | A new economic geography model is proposed in which the migration of mobile workers is proximate and perturbed by non-economic factors. The model consists of a tractable core-periphery model assuming a quasi-linear log utility function of consumers and an advection-diffusion equation governing the time evolution of a population distribution. The stability of a spatially homogeneous stationary solution and the large time behavior of solutions to the model on a one-dimensional periodic space are investigated. When the spatially homogeneous stationary solution is unstable, solutions starting around it are found to eventually form spatial patterns with several urban areas in which mobile workers agglomerate. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.05804 |
| By: | Blodgett, Kyler; Chen, Katherine L. |
| Abstract: | The Community Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Training Program (CPBST) is a collaborative effort between the Safe Transportation Research and Education Center (SafeTREC) at the University of California Berkeley and California Walks (Cal Walks) with funding from the California Office of Traffic Safety. Its main objective is to promote pedestrian and bicycle safety by educating residents and safety advocates, empowering community partners to advocate for safety improvements in their neighborhoods, and fostering collaborations with local officials and agency staff. Since 2009, the program has conducted 126 community workshops across California. The program works with a planning committee of local stakeholders to plan a workshop tailored to the community’s needs and priorities. The Planning Committee recruits participants for the workshop, and together, the planning committee and workshop participants create a customized action plan that includes a comprehensive assessment of pedestrian and bicycle conditions in areas of interest within the community and identifies short-, mid-, and long-term projects to address safety concerns discussed during the workshop. SafeTREC conducted our annual CPBST survey in the spring of 2024 with planning committee members from communities that had hosted CPBST workshops over the past five years (2019-2023). The objective of the survey was to evaluate the progress of the action plans formulated during each workshop and to determine if the communities needed additional support from the project team. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Community Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety, pedestrian safety, bicycle safety, street design, Safe Routes to School |
| Date: | 2024–06–28 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt1rx0g3z7 |
| By: | Chen, Katherine L. |
| Abstract: | UC Berkeley SafeTREC, in collaboration with California Walks, launched the Community Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Program (CPBSP) to reduce pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities and serious injuries in California. We partner with communities across California to discuss, plan, and implement safety improvements and projects. The CPBSP prioritizes working in communities that are at disproportionate risk for road traffic injuries and addressing the safety needs of people who are underserved by traditional transportation resources and planning. This report provides highlights from the 2023 CPBSP. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Community Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Program, pedestrian safety, Safe Systems, bicycle safety, California |
| Date: | 2024–05–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt0wf6g578 |
| By: | Bo Li |
| Abstract: | This paper provides the first causal evidence that credit supply expansion caused the 1999-2010 U.S. business cycle mainly through the channel of household leverage (debt-to-income ratio). Specifically, induced by net export growth, credit expansion in private-label mortgages, rather than government-sponsored enterprise mortgages, causes a much stronger boom and bust cycle in household leverage in the high net-export-growth areas. In addition, such a stronger household leverage cycle creates a stronger boom and bust cycle in the local economy, including housing prices, residential construction investment, and house-related employment. Thus, our results are consistent with the credit-driven household demand channel (Mian and Sufi, 2018). Further, we show multiple pieces of evidence against the corporate channel, which is emphasized by other business cycle theories (hypotheses). |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.01539 |
| By: | Italo Colantone; Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano; Tom Schmitz |
| Abstract: | This paper shows how to combine microeconometric evidence on the effects of environmental policy with a macroeconomic model, accounting for general equilibrium spillovers that have mostly been ignored in the literature. To this end, we study the effects of a recent US air pollution policy. We use regression evidence on the policy's impact across industries and local labor markets to calibrate a quantitative spatial model allowing for general equilibrium spillovers. Our model implies that the policy lowered emissions by 11.1%, but destroyed approximately 250'000 jobs. Ignoring spillovers overestimates job losses in polluting industries, but underestimates job losses in clean industries. |
| Keywords: | environmental policy, employment, trade, clean air act |
| Date: | 2024–07–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp2016 |
| By: | Elasra, Amira (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the association between sets of inputs and the educational outcomes of English adolescents. By linking the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England and Ofsted data, the paper employs the Context-Input-Process-Outcome model to compare the correlation of students and school inputs with their cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes. Using Nonlinear Canonical Correlation Analysis, the paper compares the characteristics of the high achievers to those of the low achievers revealing consistency with current findings in the literature. The results reveal that student inputs exert a greater influence than school inputs in revealing these characteristics. Specifically, unlike low achievers high achievers tend to exhibit positive attitudes toward school, benefit from supportive home learning environments, express greater eagerness to pursue university education, and belong to higher socio-economic backgrounds. |
| Keywords: | Educational outcomes ; Nonlinear Canonical Correlation Analysis ; English adolescents |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1503 |
| By: | Emanuele Bacchiocchi (Department of Economics, University of Bologna); Andrea Bastianin (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Department of Economics, Management and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan); Graziano Moramarco (Department of Economics, University of Bologna) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the short-run effects of severe weather shocks on local economic activity and assess cross-border spillovers operating through economic linkages between U.S. States. We measure weather shocks using a detailed county-level database on emergency declarations triggered by natural disasters and estimate their impacts with a monthly Global Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) model for the U.S. States. Impulse responses highlight significant country-wide macroeconomic effects of weather shocks hitting individual regions. We also show that (i) taking into account economic interconnections between states allows capturing much stronger spillover effects than those associated with mere spatial adjacency, (ii) geographical heterogeneity is critical for assessing country-wide effects of weather shocks, and (iii) network effects amplify the local impacts of these shocks. |
| Keywords: | Global VAR, natural disasters, spillovers, weather shocks, United States, climate change |
| JEL: | C32 R11 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.09 |
| By: | Bondonio, D.;; Chirico, P.;; Piacenza, M.;; Robbiano, S.; |
| Abstract: | In March 2023, the EU approved a zero-emission mobility resolution, which mandates zero CO2 emissions for all new vehicles by 2035. This measure has sparked a heated debate due to its uncertain effectiveness in reducing pollution and CO2 emissions globally. Nevertheless, the shift towards zero -emission vehicles has the potential to decrease local nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution, particularly in urban areas where air quality is a major concern for citizens’ health. This study investigates what may be the predicted impact of the EU zero-emission mobility policy on local NO2 levels, using the draconian stay-home provision of the Italian Covid-19 lockdown of early 2020 as a natural experiment which generated an exogenous fossil-fuel-traffic abatement that proxies the implementation of the resolution. We exploit datafrom the urban areas with elevated traffic density in the Po-river valley in Northern Italy, a region with the highest peaks of air-pollution in Europe, and we develop a novel intertemporal statistical matching approach which is uniquely suited for policy evaluations on air-quality outcomes in the context of multivariate time series data. The results from our causalinference analysis show that Covid -19 lockdown led to a mean NO2 reduction of 13.62 μg/m3 (around 53% from a baseline average level of 25.8 μg/m3). According to medical literature, this decline in NO2 translates into a reduction in the relative risk of total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality of about 9%, 8%, and 4%, respectively. Moreover, we find a marked heterogeneity in the estimated impact of lockdown on pollution and health, with greater decreases in NO2 and in the relative risk of mortality observed for higher baseline pollution levels. These findings suggest that the EU 2035 resolution is indeed expected to improve local air quality and citizens’ health in urban areas with high traffic density. The estimated benefits, however, are likely to vary across EU regions based on prevailing local meteorological conditions and urban texture features, which determine a different baseline pollution, supporting the rationale for a spatial differentiation of the EU zero-emission mobility policy. |
| Keywords: | air pollution;EU zero-emission mobility policy; urban areas; NO2 abatement; health effects; intertemporal statistical matching; impact heterogeneity; |
| JEL: | C10 H23 I18 Q53 R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yor:hectdg:24/07 |
| By: | Shohei Yamamoto; Shuma Iwatani |
| Abstract: | This research examined the impacts of peer skill levels and perseverance through two experiments resembling online learning platforms. Study 1 recruited current English learners, while Study 2 involved participants who had not engaged in studying for more than six months. The results in both experiments revealed negative rather than positive peer effects. The participants ceased studying earlier and displayed reduced performance when learning with peers possessing lower perseverance, compared to when studying alone. This pattern was observed for similarly-skilled peers in Study 1 and higher-skilled peers in Study 2. Further analysis indicated that the negative peer effects predominantly originated from participants with lower levels of motivation. Additionally, it was shown that social proximity could foster positive effects when peers possess similar skills and higher perseverance levels. Our findings suggest that the strategic pairing of learners with appropriate partners is crucial for diminishing negative peer effects and enhancing positive peer influences. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dpr:wpaper:1242r |
| By: | vozmediano, laura; Subiza-Pérez, Mikel; San Juan, César; Trinidad, Alexander (University of Cologne) |
| Abstract: | The perception of unsafety has significant repercussions on urban quality of life, altering the dynamics of movement and the use of public spaces. This study examines how this perception differs in two distinct environments and compares the factors associated with decision-making in active transportation (walking or cycling) within these contexts. By combining survey methodology with systematic observation in two neighborhoods of different socio-economic levels, we also consider the built environment design in relation to walkability and safety. Residents of the more disadvantaged neighborhood reported higher levels of fear and disruption in movement dynamics, with unsafety being more relevant in their mobility decisions. This finding contributes to understanding certain inconsistencies in the existing literature on the association between perceived unsafety and active mobility; the role of the neighborhood of residence may partly explain these seemingly contradictory findings. |
| Date: | 2024–07–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:m2zyc |
| By: | David P. Glancy; Robert J. Kurtzman; Lara Loewenstein |
| Abstract: | We use microdata on the phases of commercial construction projects to document three facts regarding time-to-plan lags: (1) plan times are long—about 1.5 years—and highly variable, (2) roughly 40 percent of projects are abandoned in planning, and (3) property price appreciation reduces the likelihood of abandonment. We construct a model with endogenous planning starts and abandonment that matches these facts. The model has the testable implication that supply is more elastic when there are more "shovel ready" projects available to advance to construction. We use local projections to validate that this prediction holds in the cross-section for US cities. |
| Keywords: | commercial real estate; construction; time-to-plan |
| JEL: | R33 E22 E32 L74 |
| Date: | 2024–06–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedcwq:98508 |
| By: | Montenovo, Laura |
| Keywords: | Labor And Human Capital |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343664 |
| By: | Beekers, Lieke (Tilburg University, Center For Economic Research) |
| Keywords: | movers-exposure design; higher education; place effects; early tracking |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiucen:fb112edc-9376-454f-a8c3-70671c2eb57b |
| By: | Richard K. Mansfield |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how spatial frictions that differ among heterogeneous workers and establishments shape the geographic and demographic incidence of alternative local labor demand shocks, with implications for the appropriate level of government at which to fund local economic initiatives. LEHD data featuring millions of job transitions facilitate estimation of a rich two-sided labor market assignment model. The model generates simulated forecasts of many alternative local demand shocks featuring different establishment compositions and local areas. Workers within 10 miles receive only 11.2% (6.6%) of nationwide welfare (employment) short-run gains, with at least 35.9% (62.0%) accruing to out-of-state workers, despite much larger per-worker impacts for the closest workers. Local incidence by demographic category is very sensitive to shock composition, but different shocks produce similar demographic incidence farther from the shock. Furthermore, the remaining heterogeneity in incidence at the state or national level can reverse patterns of heterogeneous demographic impacts at the local level. Overall, the results suggest that reduced-form approaches using distant locations as controls can produce accurate estimates of local shock impacts on local workers, but that the distribution of local impacts badly approximates shocks’ statewide or national incidence. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:24-36 |
| By: | Miguel Faria-e-Castro; Marie Hogan; Samuel Jordan-Wood |
| Abstract: | U.S. bank holding companies that have the largest exposure to commercial real estate share some common characteristics. Our blog post explains. |
| Keywords: | bank holding companies; banks; commercial real estate |
| Date: | 2024–07–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:l00001:98548 |
| By: | Ortega, Josué; Ziegler, Gabriel; Arribillaga, R. Pablo |
| Abstract: | The Efficiency-Adjusted Deferred Acceptance (EADA) mechanism addresses the Pareto inefficiency of the celebrated Deferred Acceptance (DA) algorithm by assigning every student to a weakly more preferred school. However, it remains uncertain which and how many students do not see an improvement in their DA placement under EADA. We show that, despite its advantages, EADA does not benefit students assigned to their worst-ranked schools or those who remain unmatched under DA. Additionally, it limits the placement improvement of marginalized students, thereby maintaining school segregation. The placement of worst-off students under EADA can be exceptionally poor, even though significantly more egalitarian allocations are possible. Lastly, we provide a bound on the expected number of unimproved students using a random market approach valid for small markets. Our findings shed light on why EADA fails to mitigate the inequality produced by DA in empirical evaluations. |
| Keywords: | School choice, efficiency-adjusted deferred acceptance |
| JEL: | C78 D47 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:qmsrps:202405 |
| By: | O'Connor, Kelsey J. (STATEC Research – National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies); Bartolini, Stefano (University of Siena) |
| Abstract: | Schools are ripe for policy intervention. We demonstrate that a greater prevalence of group discussion used in schools positively affects students' life satisfaction and noncognitive skills but has no impact on test scores, based on a sample from the 2015 PISA which includes more than 35 thousand students from approximately 1500 schools in 14 countries. We perform regressions of student life satisfaction on school-level group discussion and lecturing, including a battery of controls and random intercepts by school. For robustness we use instrumental variables and methods to account for school-selection. The impact of group discussion is meaningful – a one-standard-deviation increase leads to an increase in life satisfaction that is about one-half of the negative-association with grade repetition. In contrast, lecturing does not have any effects. We are the first to show group discussion improves student life satisfaction and noncognitive skills, and thereby likely positively affects later-life outcomes. |
| Keywords: | participatory teaching, test scores, noncognitive skills, teaching practices, subjective well-being, horizontal teaching |
| JEL: | I21 I31 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17145 |
| By: | Riphahn, Regina T. (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg); Sauer, Irakli (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the wage assimilation of East Germans who migrated to West Germany after reunification (1990-1999). We compare their wage assimilation to that of ethnic German immigrants from Eastern Bloc countries and international immigrants to West Germany who arrived at the same time. The analysis uses administrative as well as survey data. The results suggest that East Germans faced significant initial earnings disadvantages in West Germany, even conditional on age and education. However, these disadvantages were smaller than those of international immigrants, supporting the beneficial role of cultural similarity. The earnings gap relative to West German natives narrowed over time for all immigrants. These findings are robust to controlling for potentially endogenous return migration and labor force participation. Controls for fixed effects reveal that positive assimilation for East German and international immigrants was concentrated among highly educated immigrants. |
| Keywords: | cultural similarity, labor market integration, internal migration, earnings assimilation, migration, Germany, reunification |
| JEL: | F15 J31 J61 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17148 |
| By: | Bednarik, Zuzana |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes how education and other demographic characteristics are associated with the level of happiness in two geographical regions: the North Central Region and the Northeast Region. Using cross-sectional data from two regional datasets, NCR-Stat: Caregiving Survey and NER-Stat: Caregiving Survey, potential disparities between the regions in the impact of education on happiness are examined. The results suggest that education has direct and indirect (through income) effects on happiness. The direct effect shows that respondents with higher education are more likely to report higher levels of happiness in both regions but at different rates. Location and other demographic characteristics influence an individual’s happiness and reduce the direct effect and significance of education, although differently, in both regions. Income might contribute more to happiness levels in both regions than education. However, regional disparities were identified as education lost its explanatory power of happiness only in the NCR. |
| Keywords: | Consumer/Household Economics, Financial Economics, Health Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2024–07–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ncrcrd:344483 |
| By: | Rodier, Caroline; Tovar, Angelly J.; D'Agostino, Mollie C.; Harold, Brian S. |
| Abstract: | A lack of reliable and affordable transportation options exacerbates socioeconomic inequities for low-income individuals, especially people of color. Universal basic mobility (UBM) programs are a new approach to alleviating financial barriers to travel. These programs provideindividuals with funds to pay for a variety of mobility options such as transit and shared modes (e.g., scooter share, bike share, ridehail). Early results suggest that UBM programs can have a range of positive impacts. Our research chronicles the emergence of eight UBM programs in the US. Portland, Oregon, was the first to launch a UBM program in 2017 and has hosted two additional UBM programs over the years. There are, or have been, UBM pilots and/or programs in the California cities of Sacramento, Oakland, Los Angeles, and Stockton as well as in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. To compare these programs, our research team conducted interviews with city representatives and stakeholders and reviewed reports and other published materials. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2024–05–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5z15f5x7 |
| By: | Beekers, Lieke (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:fb112edc-9376-454f-a8c3-70671c2eb57b |
| By: | Bloom, Aretousa |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2024–01–24 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122077 |
| By: | MARQUES SANTOS Anabela (European Commission - JRC); MOLICA Francesco (European Commission - JRC); CONTE Andrea (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This brief investigates regional economic disparities within the European Union. The analysis focuses on GDP per capita and compares each region’s performance to two benchmarks: the highest GDP per capita in the EU (EU regional gap) and the highest GDP per capita within that region’s country (in-country gap). EU regional economic gaps narrowed on average from 2000 to 2021, while intra-country disparities widened, especially in regions with emerging or moderate innovation levels. A higher innovation capacity at regional level generally correlated with smaller economic gaps, both relative to the EU and within countries. Reduction in the economic gap is positively correlated with higher value of R&D expenditure per capita in the previous year, although this relationship does not imply causation. |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136779 |
| By: | Pedro Elosegui (Banco Central de la República Argentina); Gabriel Michelena (MESi-Universidad de Buenos Aires); Marcos Herrera Gómez (CIANECO-CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto) |
| Abstract: | Multi-regional input-output (MRIO) matrices are an important tool for regional economic analysis, but compiling the data for them remains challenging, especially in developing countries like Argentina. There is no consistent, up-to-date, official national I-O table available for Argentina, and data at the provincial level is limited and fragmented across different sources. This paper develops a premier (limited information) multi-regional input-output matrix for Argentina 2019 making a dual contribution: (i) constructing the first MRIO table for Argentina using official and customized sources, and (ii) evaluating I-O multipliers, providing insights for future applications. The MRIO table includes 5 regions aggregating the 24 Argentinean provinces and 20 economic sectors. While only basic multipliers are presented the table provides a foundation for more in-depth input-output modeling and analysis of production, consumption, and trade linkages between regions and sectors in Argentina. We found a high concentration in the provinces of the Pampeana region in gross output, value added and regional internal inputs, although less in external inputs, confirming the asymmetric structure of the country. In addition, the analysis of multipliers allows us to detect some relevant links in the peripheral regions reflecting the interaction of spatial location and sector specialization in a federal and heterogeneous open developing economy. |
| Keywords: | MRIO tables; input–output analysis, regional trade |
| JEL: | C67 D57 R15 |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoz:wpaper:332 |
| By: | Lee Elliot Major; Stephen Gibbons; Sandra McNally; Shqiponja Telhaj |
| Abstract: | Schools in England, and the UK as a whole, need greater investment. Failure to do so puts economic growth in jeopardy as well as worsening social mobility. |
| Keywords: | Election 2024, election2024, , Schools, UK Economy, Social mobility, Covid-19, teachers, |
| Date: | 2024–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepeap:064 |
| By: | Jan David Bakker; Nikhil Datta |
| Abstract: | We explore the role of intermediaries in the rental market. Using novel UK data on fees letting agencies charged to both tenants and landlords, combined with a matched property-agency listings dataset, we study the effects of a policy that regulated the fees charged to tenants. We estimate pass-throughs of the tenant fee price cap to landlord fees and rental prices, explore demand responses, and entry and exit of both letting agents and landlords. Agents absorb 70% of the regulation and landlords the remaining 30%. Micro-BLP estimates imply a landlord-agency demand elasticity of -1.6 and a second-order elasticity of 9.7 suggesting a highly concave local demand response. Tenant demand is completely unresponsive to the tenant fee reduction. There is no market exit of landlords or agencies. Hence, the policy successfully reduced the cost of renting without any adverse effects. Our results are consistent with letting agents extracting rents from tenants due to tenants' inattention to fees. |
| Keywords: | housing policy, rental market, two-sided market |
| Date: | 2024–07–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp2019 |
| By: | Sean Dougherty; Andoni Montes Nebreda; Tatiana Mota |
| Abstract: | Intergovernmental fiscal transfers (IFTs) play a crucial role in addressing vertical and horizontal imbalances, promoting equitable service delivery, and aligning local spending with national priorities across OECD countries. However, their design involves navigating complex trade-offs between equity, efficiency, transparency, and autonomy. This paper reviews the theoretical framework of IFTs, aiming to dissect their objectives, incentives, and outcomes, and to clarify their classification. A significant contribution of this study involves new data that tracks IFTs across the OECD, revealing that transfers from central to subnational governments increased across all countries studied during the COVID-19 pandemic. While there have been no radical changes in IFTs in recent years, emerging trends such as performance-based grants, Ecological Fiscal Transfers, links with regional policy, and new budgeting techniques suggest potential avenues for reform. By understanding the present dynamics and trends, this study aspires to pave the way for more informed, strategic, and beneficial fiscal transfer policies in the years to come, ensuring that these transfers continue to serve their intended purposes effectively while adapting to changing economic and social conditions across OECD countries. |
| Keywords: | conditional transfers, fiscal federalism, fiscal imbalances, intergovernmental fiscal transfers, subnational governments |
| JEL: | H77 H81 R58 |
| Date: | 2024–07–22 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ctpaab:49-en |
| By: | Carlos J. Gil-Hernández (Dipartimento di Statistica, Informatica, Applicazioni "G. Parenti", Università di Firenze); Mar C. Espadafor (University of Turku, Invest, Sociology) |
| Abstract: | Teachers are academic merit gatekeepers. Yet their potential role in reproducing inequality via assessments was overlooked or not correctly identified, being an elephant in the classroom. This article teases if teacher grades and track recommendations are biased by student SES or unobserved ability, leading to overestimation in prior research. Using the German NEPS panel across elementary education, we identify student ability with multiple cognitive and noncognitive composite measures and an instrumental variable design. We further assess heterogeneity along the ability distribution to test whether, according to the compensatory hypothesis, teacher bias is largest among low-performers. First, accounting for measurement error, teacher bias declines by 40%, indicating substantial overestimation in previous studies. Second, it concentrates on underperformers, suggesting high-SES parental compensatory strategies to boost teacher assessments. Thus, families and teachers might influence each other in the evaluation process. We discuss the findings’ theoretical and methodological implications for teacher bias as an educational reproduction mechanism. |
| Keywords: | Teacher assessments; teacher bias and discrimination; class inequality; educational transitions; tracking recommendations; standardized testing; grades; longitudinal studies of education |
| JEL: | I24 C10 C26 C23 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fir:econom:wp2024_05 |
| By: | Wang, Yixuan |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics And Policy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343550 |
| By: | Myers, Erica; Puller, Steven L; West, Jeremy |
| Abstract: | Mandatory disclosure policies are implemented broadly despite sparse evidence that they improve market outcomes. We study the effects of requiring home sellers to provide buyers with certified audits of residential energy efficiency. Using similar nearby homes as a comparison group, we find that this requirement increases price premiums for energy efficiency and encourages energy-saving investments. We additionally present evidence highlighting the market failure—incomplete information by both buyers and sellers—that prevents widespread voluntary disclosure of energy efficiency in housing transactions. Our findings support that disclosure policies can improve market outcomes in settings with symmetrically incomplete information. (JEL D83, K32, L98, Q41, Q48, R31) |
| Keywords: | Economics, Applied Economics, Affordable and Clean Energy, Banking, finance and investment, Applied economics |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ucscec:qt0nw2m1n4 |
| By: | Nicodemo, Catia (University of Oxford); Nicoletti, Cheti (University of York); Vidiella-Martin, Joaquim (University of Oxford) |
| Abstract: | Does deferring school entry for children born just before the enrollment cutoff date improve their mental well-being? We address this question using administrative data on prescriptions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in England. Higher ADHD rates among early school starters are often attributed to a peer-comparison bias caused by differences in relative age among classmates. However, previous studies do not consider other potential underlying mechanisms. By adopting a more comprehensive framework, we can confirm that relative age is the primary driver of the gap in ADHD rate in the long term. Furthermore, we find that such a long-term gap is driven by first-time prescriptions between ages 5 and 8, which is a critical period when the accuracy of ADHD diagnosis is most important. Based on these findings, our policy recommendations include sorting children by age and refining diagnostic decision-making in early primary school. |
| Keywords: | children, mental health, school starting age, ADHD, England, NHS |
| JEL: | I10 I20 J13 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17091 |
| By: | Duygu Buyukyazici; Eva Coll-Martinez; ; ; |
| Abstract: | Despite the growing literature on the cultural and creative industries (CCIs) within the last decades, the understanding of the actual human capital that characterises these industries is still limited. The need for a framework to unfold the CCIs’ human capital increases when considering their long-attributed role in knowledge spillovers, cross-fertilisation, and innovation processes in the larger economy. In this regard, the present study provides the first conceptual and empirical framework to identify and evaluate the CCIs’ skill compositions by utilising the revealed skill requirements method based on the relative skill advantage, relatedness and complexity measures. Based on this framework, essential and complementary skills for the CCIs are identified and discussed in terms of the implications for regional specialisation. |
| Keywords: | cultural and creative industries, skill relatedness, skill complexity, regional specialisation. |
| JEL: | R39 Z10 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2421 |
| By: | Taylor, Karl (University of Sheffield); Bhadury, Soumya (2Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)); Binner, Jane (University of Birmingham); Mandal, Anandadeep (University of Birmingham) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we consider the predictors of the business cycle in Great Britain, where the claimant count and unemployment rate are found to be key indicators associated with turning points. Next, we consider at a micro-economic level, using disaggregated local authority level data, a number of local labour market issues: (i) the determinants of the claimant count and unemployment rate (both highly correlated with the cycle); (ii) local level economic resilience; and (iii) the likelihood of different states of regional vulnerability. Benefit generosity, unit labour costs and state dependence (hysteresis) are key drivers of local labour market performance. |
| Keywords: | business cycle dating, local labour markets, resilience, regional vulnerability |
| JEL: | E24 E32 J20 R10 R23 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17153 |
| By: | Jauregui, Carlota; Trinidad, Alexander (University of Cologne); vozmediano, laura |
| Abstract: | This study addresses the heightened fear of crime experienced by women, which often leads to the adoption of self-protective behaviors that can negatively impact their quality of life. Focusing on a hot-spot in the city of Donostia-San Sebastián undergoing redesign, the research is conducted in two phases: pre-intervention and post-intervention. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study employs systematic observation using the SUE tool, surveys, and Safety Walks to gather data. Findings indicate a high prevalence and frequency of fear of crime among female participants, with a significant reduction in fear observed post-intervention. Consistent with the Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) framework, factors such as physical design, area activity, and user profiles are identified as key determinants of women's insecurity. Notable improvements in both the physical and social characteristics of the urban environment are evident between the two phases. The consistency of results across the three methodological tools reinforces the validity and reliability of the findings, highlighting the potential of mixed methodologies. Overall, the study suggests that urban redesign effectively reduces fear of crime among women, offering insights for urban planning and policy-making to create safer, more inclusive public spaces. |
| Date: | 2024–07–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ztrkj |
| By: | Dang, Hai-Anh H.; Do, Minh N. N.; Cuong Viet Nguyen |
| Abstract: | Very few studies have examined the impacts of both climate change and air pollution on student education outcomes, particularly in a developing country setting. Analyzing a rich database consisting of household and school surveys, test scores, and temperature and air pollution data over the past decade for Viet Nam, we find that a 1 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration in the month preceding exams leads to 0.015 and 0.010 standard deviation decreases in math and reading scores, respectively. We also find some indicative evidence of stronger impacts of air pollution for younger, primary school students who reside in urban areas and in districts with higher temperatures. While we find some mixed effects of temperature, we do not find significant effects on students' test scores for temperature extremes and air pollution over the past 12 months. Our findings offer policy-relevant inputs for the country's ongoing efforts to fight air pollution. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, climate change, weather extremes, education, Viet Nam |
| JEL: | O12 I10 Q53 Q54 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1464 |
| By: | Christophe Muller (Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques); Marc Vothknecht (European Commission) |
| Abstract: | We investigate how ethnic solidarities and rivalries contribute to |
| Date: | 2024–06–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:fsug24:15 |
| By: | Hepburn, Cameron; Stern, Nicholas; Xie, Chunping; Zenghelis, Dimitri |
| Abstract: | China's economy has seen rapid development ever since its reform and opening-up strategy was launched in 1978. Strong economic expansion over the past four decades has taken China from low-income to upper-middle-income status. Looking back at the transformation that China has made, however, we must recognise that the old growth story is coming to an end. The phase of development driven by investment in physical capital will be increasingly supplanted by investment in assets such as knowledge and social capital as well as investment in preservation of natural capital. Recognising the challenges that China is facing, with this paper we aim to offer an approach to growth and development that could spell out a new development strategy for the country as the 21st century progresses. China will focus on the technologies with high-quality growth prospects: modern service sectors, including health, education, transport, communications and IT, artificial intelligence, finance, logistics, sustainable urban infrastructure and new food and land-use systems. With today's technologies, China can help the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) countries embark on a much more sustainable, more efficient and greener form of development, avoiding historical problems of pollution and congestion, with China itself moving up the value chain at the same time. |
| Keywords: | 14th Five-Year Plan; China's economy; climate change; global governance |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2023–02–11 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:124057 |
| By: | Akira Kawamura (Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the causal impact of the local unemployment rate on child death cases due to unintentional drowning – a common consequence of child neglect – using vital statistics from Japan. We use predicted overall and gender-specific local unemployment rates derived from a shift-share research design, rather than the raw local unemployment rates. Our estimation results reveal that a one-percent increase in the overall local unemployment rate correlates with a 7.13% rise in child death cases due to unintentional drowning. When analyzing gender-specific unemployment rates, we find that only increases in female unemployment rates are associated with an uptick in tragic cases. Heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact of female local unemployment rate is more pronounced in regions characterized by lower socioeconomic status, higher proportions of younger parents, a greater prevalence of single-parent households, and fewer public resources. Furthermore, our findings suggest that younger single parents are particularly susceptible to the mental health impacts of increases in female local unemployment rates. |
| Keywords: | child neglect; child death cases; unemployment rate; shift-share research design |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wap:wpaper:2405 |
| By: | Epstein, Lucas; Muehlegger, Erich |
| Abstract: | In 2018, California voters rejected Proposition 6, a ballot initiative that sought to repeal state gasoline taxes and vehicle fees enacted as part of the 2017 Road Repair and Accountability Act. This paper examines the relationship between support for the proposition, political ideology and the economic burdens imposed by the Act. For every hundred dollars of annual per-household costs imposed by the Road Repair and Accountability Act, support for proposition rose by 3–5 percentage points, roughly comparable to a commensurate increase in the share of ”liberal” voters. Notably, the relationship between voting and the economic burden of the policy is seven times strong in the most conservative tracts relative to the most liberal tracts. This heterogeneity has important implications for the popular support for environmental taxes, as conservative areas in California and elsewhere tend to bear a higher burden from transportation and energy taxes than liberal areas. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Transportation taxes, Political economy, Voting |
| Date: | 2024–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6k58771s |
| By: | Herath Bandara, Saman J. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Labor And Human Capital, Production Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343638 |
| By: | Matteo Ficarra (IHEID, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva) |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates local fiscal multipliers for green and non-green public works in Italian provinces, and disentangles the geographic and institutional heterogeneities behind them. I construct a fiscal shock by taking the variation of the difference between actual and budgeted spending, and I show that it is exogenous to provincial institutional and macroeconomic conditions. Using local projections, I find that a €1 increase in government spending generates negligible GDP losses in the first two years for overall and non-green projects, while it increases output by €0.98 after 3 years for green projects. These results are smaller than the prevailing estimates in the literature. A triple interaction approach reveals that overall and non-green multipliers are driven by southern provinces, while the green multiplier is driven by the rest of the country, despite the contemporaneous green multiplier being equal to 1.43 in the south. I link the heterogeneity to governance characteristics: higher government effectiveness and institutional quality decrease the overall and non-green multiplier, while they increase the green multiplier. Interestingly, corruption positively affects all multipliers. I show that the effect of corruption can be explained by its role in easing bureaucratic and regulatory burdens. These results suggest that taking national fiscal multipliers at face value can lead to an overestimation of the impact of fiscal expansions. |
| Keywords: | fiscal policy; local multiplier; green multiplier; climate policy; institutional quality; local projections; triple interactions |
| JEL: | C33 D73 E62 H50 H72 Q43 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–07–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:giihei:heidwp11-2024 |
| By: | Sylvain Leduc; Daniel J. Wilson |
| Abstract: | Internal migration has been cited as a key channel by which societies will adapt to climate change. We show in this paper that this process has already been happening in the United States. Over the course of the past 50 years, the tendency of Americans to move from the coldest places (“snow belt”), which have become warmer, to the hottest places (“sun belt”), which have become hotter, has steadily declined. In the latest full decade, 2010-2020, both county population growth and county net migration rates were essentially uncorrelated with the historical means of either extreme heat days or extreme cold days. The decline in these correlations over the past 50 years is true across counties, across commuting zones, and across states. It holds for urban and suburban counties; for rural counties the correlations have even reversed. It holds for all educational groups, with the sharpest decline in correlations for those with four or more years of college. Among age groups, the pattern is strongest for age groups 20-29 and 60-69, suggestive of climate being an especially important factor for those in life stages involving long-term location choices. Given climate change projections for coming decades of increasing extreme heat in the hottest U.S. counties and decreasing extreme cold in the coldest counties, our findings suggest the “pivoting” in the U.S. climate-migration correlation over the past 50 years is likely to continue, leading to a reversal of the 20th century snow belt to sun belt migration pattern. |
| Keywords: | internal migration; climate change; population growth |
| Date: | 2024–07–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedfwp:98566 |
| By: | Akhundjanov, Sherzod B.; Jakus, Paul M. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Resource/Energy Economics And Policy, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343710 |
| By: | Yasutaka Ogawa (Director and Senior Economist, Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies (currently, Financial System and Bank Examination Department), Bank of Japan (E-mail: yasutaka.ogawa@boj.or.jp)); Jiro Yoshida (Pennsylvania State University and the University of Tokyo (E-mail: jiro@psu.edu)) |
| Abstract: | This study quantifies the macroeconomic impact of population aging with a focus on large houses owned by elderly households for bequest motives, although younger generations may leave the inherited houses vacant. A quantitative overlapping generations model incorporates age-specific mortality rates and bequest motives to generate a hump- shaped age profile for consumption and an upward-sloping age profile for housing and savings. When calibrated to the Japanese economy, the model suggests that bequest-driven housing demand raises the output level but reduces consumption, the natural rate of interest, capital allocation to the goods sector, and housing affordability. These effects are more pronounced when households intend to bequeath housing rather than financial assets and when more houses become vacant upon inheritance. |
| Keywords: | Aging, Natural Rate of Interest, Overlapping Generations Model, Bequest Motives, Intergenerational Transfer of Housing, Japan |
| JEL: | D15 E22 J11 R21 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ime:imedps:24-e-04 |
| By: | Trinath Sai Subhash Reddy Pittala; Uma Maheswara R Meleti; Hemanth Vasireddy |
| Abstract: | In the burgeoning market of short-term rentals, understanding pricing dynamics is crucial for a range of stake-holders. This study delves into the factors influencing Airbnb pricing in major European cities, employing a comprehensive dataset sourced from Kaggle. We utilize advanced regression techniques, including linear, polynomial, and random forest models, to analyze a diverse array of determinants, such as location characteristics, property types, and host-related factors. Our findings reveal nuanced insights into the variables most significantly impacting pricing, highlighting the varying roles of geographical, structural, and host-specific attributes. This research not only sheds light on the complex pricing landscape of Airbnb accommodations in Europe but also offers valuable implications for hosts seeking to optimize pricing strategies and for travelers aiming to understand pricing trends. Furthermore, the study contributes to the broader discourse on pricing mechanisms in the shared economy, suggesting avenues for future research in this rapidly evolving sector. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.01555 |
| By: | Yuta Kuroda; Takaki Sato; Yasumasa Matsuda |
| Abstract: | This study examines the role of local social capital, individual personality, and their interaction on changes in subjective well-being (SWB) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our estimations use tracking panel data based on a unique survey of approximately 25, 000 people in Japan from 2019 to 2022. The results show that before the pandemic, individuals with high prosociality had higher SWB, whereas individuals with low and moderate levels of prosociality had no significant difference in SWB. Additionally, the relationship between individual prosociality and local social capital did not affect SWB. However, after the pandemic, the SWB of non-prosocial individuals changed heterogeneously depending on the level of local social capital. Non-prosocial individuals in areas with high social capital showed little change in SWB, whereas non-prosocial individuals in areas with low social capital showed significantly decreased SWB. These results may be caused by the possibility of free-riding on the reduced risk of infection due to the preventive actions of others in areas with high social capital. |
| Date: | 2024–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:dssraa:142 |
| By: | Campbell, Malcolm |
| Abstract: | This commentary primarily discusses new data sources featuring fine grained spatio-temporal data that have emerged in recent years from a variety of sources that previously did not exist or that were not easily accessible either from public or commercial entities. The focus here is on mobile phone location data (MPLD) as one avenue for potential new directions that have emerged and become increasingly relevant to a constellation of thematic areas across population research. I also discuss how new data sources, principally MPLD, aid in addressing some of the longstanding challenges and limitations of existing secondary data sources, while simultaneously creating both opportunities and limitations for researchers. Furthermore, a discussion of some salient potential applications and pitfalls of big geospatial data are articulated when these are applied to population research internationally, but also in Aotearoa New Zealand. It could be argued that there is an explicit challenge to the longstanding conceptualisation of static residence-based measures applied to a range of thematic areas across population research, such as understanding movement or migration. We further posit that it is timely to (re)consider the role that big geospatial data, specifically MPLD, plays in understanding central questions in both geography and demography, such as where, when and why do people move? It can be demonstrated that there is a wealth of big geospatial data that now can be exploited leading to opportunities for better understanding of the dynamic processes related to people and places. It could be argued that it is time for a more fulsome engagement with MPLD and other big geospatial data sets and techniques to grapple with both the opportunities and challenges for understanding population dynamics, as well as the patterns and processes that give rise to inequalities and inequities between people and places in Aotearoa New Zealand and further afield. |
| Date: | 2024–07–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:x6c2z |
| By: | Zhang, Michael PhD; Gao, Hang PhD; Chen, Di; Qi, Yanlin |
| Abstract: | Managing traffic flow in high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes is a tough balancing act and current tolling schemes often lead to either under- or over-utilization of HOT lane capacity. The inherent linear/nonlinear relationship between flow and tolls in HOT lanes suggest that recent advances in machine learning and the use of a data-driven model may help set toll rates for optimal flow and lane use. In this research project, a data-driven model was developed, using long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks to capture the underlying flow-toll pattern on both HOT and general-purpose lanes. Then, a dynamic control strategy, using linear quadratic regulator (LQR) feedback controller was implemented to fully utilize the HOT lane capacity while maintaining congestion-free conditions. A case study of the I-580 freeway in Alameda County, California was carried out. The control system was evaluated in terms of vehicle hours traveled and person hours traveled for solo drivers and carpoolers. Results show that the tolling strategy helps to mitigate congestion in HOT and general-purpose lanes, benefiting every traveler on I-580. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, High occupancy toll lanes, traffic flow, traffic models, highway traffic control systems |
| Date: | 2024–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt71d0h6hz |
| By: | Robert Calvert Jump; Adam Scavette |
| Abstract: | Using synthetic differences-in-differences models, we study whether U.S. counties containing state flagship universities experienced resiliency via lower unemployment rates during the past three U.S. recessions. We find an insignificant effect for the 2001 recession and a large resiliency effect for the 2008-2009 recession. However, counties with flagship universities faced higher unemployment rates during the 2020 recession, and were therefore less resilient to the Covid-19 recession than other counties. These results support the hypothesis that stable consumption demand for non-tradables drives resiliency, which was absent during the 2020 recession when most university campuses were closed to students due to Covid-19 restrictions. |
| Keywords: | Regional Business Cycles; Unemployment; Research Universities; Regional Resilience |
| JEL: | R11 R23 R53 |
| Date: | 2024–06–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedrwp:98523 |
| By: | Evans, Alecia; Sesmero, Juan Pablo |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Agricultural And Food Policy, Industrial Organization |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343956 |
| By: | SULIS Patrizia (European Commission - JRC); VAN HEERDEN Sjoerdje (European Commission - JRC); AYDIN Nazli; GONCALVES Juliana; VERMA Trivik; VAN HAM Rosemarie; DAVIDS Luke |
| Abstract: | In a time defined by high urbanisation rates and looming or existing crises, it is critical to understand how cities can turn into places of resilience and strength, rather than become centres of vulnerabilities. Cities face several challenges today, starting from the unpredictability of climate change. The COVID-19 pandemic showed how the magnitude and duration of disruptions are difficult to predict, challenging traditional risk-based management approaches to cope with crises. In this respect, resilience science has been taken up as it highlights the intricate, complex, and interdependent nature of urban systems. While a strict universal definition of resilience is lacking, it generally refers to the capacity to anticipate, withstand, adapt to and recover from shocks and stresses, such as natural disasters, economic downturns, public health crises, and social turmoil. Very often, novel crises and emergencies tend to highlight and reveal long-existing, underlying problems. To increase resilience in an all-encompassing way, cities should focus on the deep-seated structural issues that hinder their capacity to adapt and thrive, such as inequality. In many urban areas, socioeconomic disparities are ingrained, with marginalised communities suffering most from crises. This policy brief is aimed at urban/local policymakers and stresses the need to consider inclusiveness in urban resilience. It discusses two (of the many) urban challenges that are periodically highlighted and exacerbated by new crises, such as energy poverty and service accessibility. The brief also offers some practical suggestions to develop an inclusive approach to a wider array of challenges derived from the programme Inclusive Climate Action Rotterdam. |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc137806 |
| By: | MOLICA Francesco (European Commission - JRC); MARQUES SANTOS Anabela (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The EU operates at least three major instruments supporting R&I across its regions: cohesion policy, Horizon Europe, and the Recovery and Resilience Facility. Cohesion policy and Horizon 2020 combined contribute critically to the R&D expenditure in most regions of Eastern Europe (often to the extent of 20% or higher) as well as many Mediterranean regions. R&I cohesion policy and Horizon 2020 funds exhibit very different regional concentration levels along North-South and East-West lines. However, Horizon 2020 funds are much more territorially concentrated than cohesion policy ones, with the bulk going to few areas leading in R&I, which may heighten the risk of regional disparities. In Eastern Europe and some parts of the Mediterranean even middle-income and more developed regions in Eastern European countries fail to attract higher amounts of Horizon 2020 than their cohesion policy allocation. RRF Third, the RRF provide substantial support to R&I in both countries with a weak and good innovation performance, placing it in-between cohesion policy and Horizon in terms of concentration. |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136780 |
| By: | Maxime Liégey (Université de Strasbourg) |
| Abstract: | How do middle-skilled workers trade off wages against commuting time, as compared with high- and low-skilled ones? In this presentation, we leverage a quasi-exhaustive panel of jobs in France to explore how unobserved heterogeneity can help characterize workers' trade-off at the metropolitan area level. We use estimated worker- and employer- |
| Date: | 2024–06–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:fsug24:32 |
| By: | Congressional Budget Office |
| Abstract: | The number of people entering the United States has increased sharply in recent years. Most of the increase comes from a surge in people whom CBO categorizes as other foreign nationals. On the basis of pre-2020 trends, CBO would have expected the net immigration of people in that category to average around 200, 000 per year. In the agency’s projections, the net immigration of other foreign nationals exceeds that rate by a total of 8.7 million people over the 2021–2026 period. |
| JEL: | F22 F66 J11 J15 J61 |
| Date: | 2024–07–23 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cbo:report:60165 |
| By: | Jonas Feld (Trier University) |
| Abstract: | The EU boasts the largest single labor market globally; EU citizens enjoy the freedom to take up work anywhere within the common market. Despite considerably diverse labor market regimes across the EU, little is known about how local labor market settings in |
| Date: | 2024–06–29 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:fsug24:04 |
| By: | Victoria Gregory |
| Abstract: | St. Louis Fed economist Victoria Gregory discusses her research on wealth, homeownership and location patterns for young adults from the baby boom to Gen Z. |
| Keywords: | wealth; homeownership; baby boomers; Generation X; millennials; Generation Z |
| Date: | 2024–07–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:l00001:98550 |
| By: | Alessandra Drigo (Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | This study is the first to examine the relationship between PM2.5 concentration and per capita income at the municipality level for Italy. The novelty of this work is also to explore the role of agglomerations and morphological factors in influencing the income-pollution correlation in the year 2013, and to assess its persistence to 2019. While there is not an unconditional environmental justice gap in Italy, controlling for land morphology and agglomerations variables weakens the positive correlation between PM2.5 and per capita income to the point of disappearance. Notably, being located in the Padana Valley ecoregion serves as a key indicator of environmental injustice nation-wide. The excess of PM2.5 exposure in the region increased mortality risk by 13.8% in 2013 and 10.88% in 2019 with respect to the WHO threshold (5 mg/m³ annual average). The largest environmental justice gap in relative measures shows a difference in mortality risk of 9.31% in 2013 and 7.04% in 2019 between the populations of the most polluted ecoregion (Padana Valley) and the least polluted one (Apennines). When attempting to disentangle the pollution variation among municipalities within the same province, the per capita income level of municipalities emerges as a significant indicator. An increase of 10, 000 euros in the average per capita income of the municipality corresponds to a decrease of 2.01 mg/m³ in PM2.5 annual average exposure level (-1.6% in mortality risk) in 2013 and 1.05 mg/m³ (-0.7% in mortality risk) in 2019. |
| Keywords: | Environmental inequality, Environmental justice, Air pollution |
| JEL: | Q53 Q56 I14 C21 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.12 |
| By: | Christopher D. Cotton |
| Abstract: | The gap between market rent and the price of shelter was 6.6 percent larger in December 2023 relative to December 2019. Because shelter prices comprise 36 percent of the Consumer Price Index and therefore influence monetary policy decisions, it is vital to understand the pass‐ through of this difference, or “market‐shelter gap.” I use MSA‐level variation to answer this question. When there is a positive market–shelter gap, the price of shelter grows faster and market rent grows slower until the gap closes, which takes about five years. Faster shelter‐price growth and slower market‐rent growth each explain about half of the convergence. |
| Keywords: | CPI; housing; rental markets; market-shelter gap |
| JEL: | E37 E31 E17 |
| Date: | 2024–06–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedbwp:98560 |
| By: | Carvajal, Daniel (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | As society becomes increasingly diverse, will changes in an individual’s exposure to diversity influence their interactions with others? I study prosocial behavior in a large-scale U.S. sample, where participants are exogenously exposed to social contexts with varying levels of nationality diversity. I find that diverse contexts amplify participants’ ingroup bias—the tendency to favor one’s own group—driven by increased allocations towards fellow nationals and decreased allocations to foreigners, relative to giving in homogeneous contexts where such bias is not present. A change in perceptions of social proximity corresponds to a driver of the effect of diversity in allocations. The findings are consistent across subgroups of the population, which suggests that the study identifies a general heuristic through which individuals identify with groups, where social context—and not only individual characteristics—is key for the emergence of ingroup bias. |
| Keywords: | social context; diversity; prosocial behavior; ingroup biasM social proximity |
| JEL: | D64 D91 |
| Date: | 2024–07–30 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2024_014 |
| By: | Zhu, Kunxin; Zhu, Yunan |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics And Policy, Political Economy |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343994 |
| By: | Vinish Shrestha (Department of Economics, Towson University) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates geographical disparities in the implementation and effectiveness of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) by linking them to the historical legacy of racial oppression in the American South. Using a cross-border regression discontinuity design that leverages variations in racial oppression intensity, we find that bordering counties in states with less oppressive regime experienced significantly greater benefits from the ACA compared to neighboring counties in more oppressive states. This divergence in insurance outcomes, which did not exist before the ACA, underscores the influence of historical racial regimes on contemporary policy efficacy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that political preferences from the Jim Crow era are correlated with the observed variations in ACA effectiveness. Our findings suggest that the racialization of the ACA is deeply rooted in the historical context of racial oppression in the American South. |
| Keywords: | ACA, Oppressive racial regime, Disparity, American South. |
| JEL: | I10 I14 D02 B15 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tow:wpaper:2024-09 |
| By: | Smith, Cory B.; Kulka, Amrita |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Political Economy, Public Economics |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343859 |
| By: | Nate Vernon |
| Abstract: | France has taken a leadership role in global mitigation and made significant progress towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but further efforts will be needed to meet domestic mitigation targets. Accelerating emissions reductions from road transportation will be a key part of this strategy, as they account for nearly one-third of national emissions. At the same time, with the shift to more lightly taxed electric vehicles over the next decade, fiscal revenue from the sector is projected to decline and externalities, such as congestion, to worsen. Building on existing policies, a comprehensive reform that combines revenue-neutral continuous feebate schemes with a gradual introduction of road user and congestion charges could support mitigation targets, while maintaining revenue and regulating externalities. This paper discusses administratively feasible options to introduce such policies as well as key welfare and distributional considerations. |
| Keywords: | France; efficient fuel prices; climate change; road transportation economics; congestion; fiscal; environmental policy |
| Date: | 2024–07–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/145 |
| By: | Jeremy Kirk |
| Abstract: | I study the impact of parents’ financial resources during adolescence on postsecondary human capital investment and labor market outcomes, using house value changes during the Great Recession of 2007-2009 as a natural experiment. I use several restricted-access datasets from the U.S. Census Bureau to create a novel dataset that includes intergenerational linkages between children and their parents. This data allows me to exploit house value variation within labor markets, addressing the identification concern that local house values are related to local economic conditions. I find that the average decrease to parents’ home values lead to persistent decreases in bachelor’s degree attainment of 1.26%, earnings of 1.96%, and full-time employment of 1.32%. Children of parents suffering larger house value shocks are more likely to substitute into two-year degree programs, drop out of college, or be enrolled in a college program in their late 20s. |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:24-34 |
| By: | Kropp, Jaclyn D. |
| Keywords: | Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343601 |
| By: | Bietenbeck, Jan (Lund University); Irmert, Natalie (Lund University); Nilsson, Therese (IFN - Research Institute of Industrial Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the role of individualism in explaining cross-country differences in working from home (WFH). Using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS) of the United States and the European Social Survey (ESS), we isolate the influence of individualism by comparing immigrants from different cultural backgrounds residing in the same location. We find that a 10-point increase in country-of-origin individualism, measured on a 0-100 scale, is associated with a 3.9 percentage point (pp) higher likelihood of WFH and 1.12 more weekly WFH hours in the CPS, and a 2 pp higher likelihood of frequent WFH in the ESS. Our analysis of potential mechanisms suggests that individualism influences WFH through higher educational attainment and occupational selection. |
| Keywords: | working from home, individualism, culture, epidemiological approach |
| JEL: | J0 |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17102 |
| By: | Mr. JaeBin Ahn; Chan Kim; Ms. Nan Li; Andrea Manera |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on knowledge diffusion by analyzing the effect of firm-level FDI activities on cross-border patent citations. We construct a novel firm-level panel dataset that combines worldwide utility patent and citations data with project-level greenfield FDI and crossborder mergers and acquisitions (M&A) data over the past two decades, covering firms across 60 countries. Applying a new local projection difference-indifferences methodology, our analysis reveals that FDI significantly enhances knowledge flows both from and to the investing firms. Citation flows between investing firms and host countries increase by up to around 10.6% to 13% in five years after the initial investment. These effects are stronger when host countries have higher innovation capacities or are technologically more similar to the investing firm. We also uncover knowledge spillovers beyond targeted firms and industries in host countries, which are particularly more pronounced for sectors closely connected in the technology space. |
| Keywords: | Greenfield FDI; Brownfield FDI; cross-border M&A; Inward FDI; Outward FDI; Knowledge spillover; Patent citation; LP-DiD |
| Date: | 2024–07–12 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2024/152 |
| By: | LARANJA Manuel; REIMERIS Ramojus (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This study reveals that five regions in Europe are embracing a new form of "discovery-oriented" industrial and innovation policy thinking and planning, characterized by open discovery processes that involve extended collaboration between regional authorities and external stakeholders. The study identifies two distinct types of "discovery" in the context of industrial and innovation policy-domain. First, "problem-discovery" involves the process of moving from global directives to regional-specific agendas, resulting in the definition of transformational goals that serve as an intermediary layer for concrete action roadmaps. Second, "system-discovery" focuses on understanding and sensing the system, identifying key actors and existing efforts in the territory aligned with the defined agenda. These processes also involve identifying barriers to change, with the creation of platforms that enable diverse stakeholders to collaborate, define shared goals, and develop actions with transformative potential. The regions are driven by the need to adapt and improve previous practices, but also to break the traditional approaches. However, the implementation of these new approaches remains an emerging experimental practice, very much dependent on the capacities of the owners of the processes. |
| Date: | 2024–06 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc138135 |
| By: | Stefano Castriota; Paolo Frumento; Francesco Suppressa |
| Abstract: | In competitive markets, reputation building is considered an important tool to reduce price competition and increase profits. However, from an empirical point of view, identifying the contribution of collective reputation on price net of other confounding variables such as quality, firm reputation and horizontal differentiation, is not trivial. In this work, using an extensive database on Italian geolocalized wineries, we exploit spatial discontinuity at the borders of the wine appellation areas in Piedmont and Tuscany to investigate the impact of collective reputation on price. Results show that collective reputation carries an important price premium for well-known appellations, while the effect is not significant or even negative for weaker ones. This suggests that an excessive proliferation of collective brands might not be useful and could even turn out being harmful as it can confuse buyers. |
| Keywords: | Reputation, collective reputation, asymmetric information, quality standards, institutional signals, wine |
| JEL: | L14 L15 |
| Date: | 2024–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pie:dsedps:2024/310 |
| By: | Isabelle Sin (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research); Isabelle Sin (Motu Economic and Public Policy Research) |
| Abstract: | This paper is an economic analysis of pathways through education leading to strong outcomes for Maori students, and how these differ by gender and for students with different interests and aptitudes (‘specialties’) in high school. The authors focus on labour market outcomes and also consider some non-labour market outcomes. This paper will help inform policy development and career advice to both school-aged Maori students and older Maori people considering returning to education. Key findings in the research: • Level 2 NCEA certificate subjects do not define careers. • Women gain more education, but men save more money. • Bachelor’s degrees benefit women more than men. • Vocational training yields strong outcomes for men and sometimes for women. • Some popular fields of tertiary study for Maori yield little financial benefit. • Not all STEM study leads to strong job prospects, but higher study in some fields is financially beneficial. • Connection to Maori culture is valuable. • Educational pathways to desirable outcomes for Maori may change in the future. |
| Keywords: | Maori; education; school; tertiary education; vocational training; qualifications; returns to education; New Zealand |
| JEL: | I20 I21 I23 I26 J15 J16 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mtu:wpaper:23_01 |
| By: | Kim, Euijun; Fannin, James Matthew |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics And Policy, Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea22:343807 |
| By: | Jeong, Junyoung; Cultice, Brian; Chun, Soomin; Shaffer-Morrison, C. Dale; Gong, Ziqian; Bielicki, Jeffrey; Cai, Yongyang; Irwin, Elena; Jackson-Smith, Douglas; Martin, Jay; Wilson, Robyn |
| Abstract: | Changes in the global economy and climate system have large and wide-ranging repercus- sions for local and regional economies and ecosystems. Here we focus on global-to-local linkages that are hypothesized to impact water quality outcomes within a five-state Great Lakes-Corn Belt region, which includes some of the most intensive agricultural region of the Midwest. We develop a dynamic integrated assessment model (IAM) that links the regional economy to global conditions, local land use change, and water quality outcomes and use a sce- narios framework to assess the likelihood that phosphorus reduction targets for Lake Erie are met by 2050 under a range of plausible global and regional conditions. We examine the relative role that global economic and climate conditions play in regional land use and water quality outcomes and the extent to which local land stewardship incentives and best management prac- tices (BMPs) can offset the potential negative effects of global economic and environmental changes. By integrating a regional-level forward-looking dynamic model, a state-level static computable general equilibrium model, and a local-level land use change model, this IAM en- ables a comprehensive and theoretically consistent integration from global conditions through regional and local decision-making. The model simulates five scenarios defined by distinctly different combinations of global commodity prices, CO2 prices, climate conditions, produc- tivity, population, and economic growth. Our results reveal that success in attaining the policy target is relatively uncertain and highly dependent on future economic, environmental, and policy conditions. We find that only two of the scenarios are projected to attain the 40 per- cent spring DRP and TP reduction targets nine out of ten years by the 2030’s. Other results confirm that lower commodity prices generally lead to reduced cropland acres and are mostly associated with better water quality outcomes. However greater intensification of cropland use is not associated with greater water pollution, a result that may be driven by the relatively high adoption rates for subsurface placement that are reached in later years across scenarios. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential for local policies to incentivize BMP adoption at levels that can act as a buffer to uncertain, changing global conditions. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety |
| Date: | 2024–01–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:assa24:344218 |