|
on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Ellen Sahlström; Mikko Silliman |
| Abstract: | We study the extent and consequences of biases against immigrants exhibited by high school teachers in Finland. Compared to native students, immigrant students receive 0.06 standard deviation units lower scores from teachers than from blind graders. This effect is almost entirely driven by grading penalties incurred by high-performing immigrant students and is largest in subjects where teachers have more discretion in grading. While teacher-assigned grades on the matriculation exam are not used for tertiary enrollment decisions, we show that immigrant students who attend schools with biased teachers are less likely to continue to higher education. |
| Keywords: | immigrants, discrimination, teachers, education policy |
| JEL: | I24 J15 J68 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11050&r=ure |
| By: | Kohei Takeda; Atsushi Yamagishi |
| Abstract: | We provide new theory and evidence on the resilience of internal city structure after a large shock, analyzing the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. Exploiting newly digitized data, we document that the city structure recovered within five years after the bombing. Our new dynamic quantitative model of internal city structure incorporates commuting, forward-looking location choices, migration frictions, agglomeration forces, and heterogeneous location fundamentals. Strong agglomeration forces in our estimated model explain Hiroshima's recovery, and we find an alternative equilibrium where the city center did not recover. These results highlight the role of agglomeration forces, multiple equilibria, and expectations in urban dynamics. |
| Keywords: | agglomeration, history, expectations, atomic bombing, spatial dynamics |
| Date: | 2024–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1988&r=ure |
| By: | Vanda Almeida (OECD); Claire Hoffmann (OECD); Sebastian Königs (OECD and IZA); Ana Moreno-Monroy (OECD); Mauricio Salazar-Lozada (OECD); Javier Terrero-Dávila (OECD) |
| Abstract: | People’s ability to access essential services is key to their labour market and social inclusion. An important dimension of accessibility is physical accessibility, but little cross-country evidence exists on how close people live to the services facilities they need. This paper helps to address this gap, focusing on three types of essential services: Public Employment Services, primary schools and Early Childhood Education and Care. It collects and maps data on the location of these services for a selection of OECD countries and links them with data on population and transport infrastructure. This allows to compute travel times to the nearest service facility and to quantify disparities in accessibility at the regional level. The results highlight substantial inequalities in accessibility of essential services across and within countries. Although large parts of the population can easily reach these services in most countries, some people are relatively underserved. This is particularly the case in non-metropolitan and low-income regions. At the same time, accessibility seems to be associated with the potential demand for these services once accounting for other regional economic and demographic characteristics. |
| Keywords: | geographic inequalities, geospatial disparities, service accessibility, social services, employment services |
| JEL: | H00 I24 J01 O18 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inq:inqwps:ecineq2024-670&r=ure |
| By: | Tobias Herbst (University of Bonn & Bundesbank); Moritz Kuhn (University of Mannheim & CEPR); Farzad Saidi (University of Bonn & CEPR) |
| Abstract: | Houses are the most important asset on American households' balance sheets, rendering the U.S. economy sensitive to house prices. There is a consensus that credit conditions affect house prices, but to what extent remains controversial, as an expansion in credit supply often coincides with changes in house price expectations. To address this long-standing question, we rely on novel microdata on the universe of mortgages guaranteed under the Veterans Administration (VA) loan program. We use the expansion of eligibility of veterans for the VA loan program following the Gulf War to estimate a long-lived effect of credit supply on house prices. We then exploit the segmentation of the conventional mortgage market from program eligibility to link this sustained house price growth to developments in the initially unaffected segment of the credit market. We uncover a net increase in credit for all other residential mortgage applicants that aligns closely with the evolution of house price growth, which supports the view that credit-induced house price shocks are amplified by beliefs. |
| Keywords: | credit supply, mortgages, beliefs, house prices, veterans |
| JEL: | E21 G20 G21 G28 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:293&r=ure |
| By: | Michael Ball; Paul Cheshire; Christian A. L. Hilber; Xiaolun Yu |
| Abstract: | We explore the determinants of the speed of residential development after dwelling construction starts. Using a sample of over 140, 000 residential developments in England from 1996 to 2015 and employing an instrumental variable- and fixed effects-strategy, we find that positive local demand shocks reduce the construction duration in a location with average supply constraints and developer local market power. However, this reduction is less pronounced in areas (i) where local planning is more restrictive, (ii) that are more built-up, and (iii) where competition in the local development sector is lower. We provide a model that rationalises these results. Our findings imply that the slow build out rate in England is the consequence of both market and policy failures. |
| Keywords: | construction lag, land use regulation, market power, housing supply, housing demand, housing market dynamics |
| Date: | 2024–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1990&r=ure |
| By: | Ruben Tarne (University of Groningen); Dirk Bezemer (University of Groningen) |
| Abstract: | This paper is motivated by the global housing affordability crisis. Housing shortages in monetary economies are defined by affordability, which is the balance between money (income and borrowing) to access housing and the price (purchase prices and rents) that provides access. This balance is governed by real variables (demography and housing supply) and by monetary and financial variables (interest rates, mortgage debt subsidies, and loan-to-value norms). We study the trade-offs between policies addressing real and financial causes of affordability dynamics. We use a heterogeneous-agent housing market model calibrated to the Netherlands. We find that a 10% reduction in the peak house price level is achieved by reducing the bank's loan-to-value cap from 96.9% to 93.3%, or by increasing the interest rate from 4.0% to 5.4%, or by increasing the ratio of private properties to households from 69% to 74%. This corresponds to building 420, 000 housing units, an effort that faces substantial political, regulatory, and capacity constraints. Higher income inequality weakens the benefits of more construction for first-time buyers, as more of the housing stock is bought as a second home or by buy-to-let investors. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imk:wpaper:222-2023&r=ure |
| By: | Maria Tsouri; Ron Boschma; ; |
| Abstract: | Studies show that local capabilities contribute to the green transition, yet little attention has been devoted to the role of scientific capabilities. The paper assesses the importance of local scientific capabilities and the inflow of scientific knowledge from elsewhere for the ability of regions in Europe to diversify into photovoltaic (PV) segments during the period 1998 to 2015, employing a combined dataset on patents and scientific publications. We find that local scientific capabilities matter, but not so much the inflow of relevant scientific knowledge from other regions, as proxied by scientific citations of patents in PV segments. Regions are also likely to diversify into a PV segment when they have technological capabilities related to other PV segments. Finally, we found that European regions are less likely to lose an existing PV segment specialization when they have intra-regional and extra-regional scientific capabilities in this PV segment. |
| Keywords: | relatedness, photovoltaic technologies, green diversification, regional diversification, scientific capabilities, related scientific capabilities, inter-regional linkages, Europe |
| JEL: | O25 O38 R11 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2410&r=ure |
| By: | De Groote, Olivier; Gazmuri, Ana |
| Abstract: | We propose a novel method to estimate education production functions on observational data in a context of school choice. We exploit panel data of schools and estimate heteroge-neous effects, while allowing for unobserved school, student, and teacher characteristics to be correlated with observed inputs. We then use this model to study the channels behind changes in observed test scores following a voucher reform in Chile. After the reform, many students left public schools, leading to a passive decrease in class size. We show that this can explain part of the policy effects as we find large class size effects for several schools, especially those that saw a decrease after the policy change. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:129301&r=ure |
| By: | KONDO Keisuke |
| Abstract: | As Japan is facing a declining population, there are fears that rural population centers may disappear in the future due to decreases in the resident populations through outmigration. On the other hand, there are still many regions in rural areas that are attractive to many people from outside the region or overseas, and it is necessary to re-evaluate regional values and sustainability from a different perspective. This study attempts to develop a novel indicator to quantify regional attractiveness as a destination in a way that is not dependent on the size of the local resident population. This index provides insight in developing populations related to regional revitalization that could be seen as more substantial than tourism and less so than true immigration. The regional attractiveness index proposed by this study quantifies the attractiveness of trip destinations as a force that draws people to the destination from further away, using big human flow data. The data was obtained from "Mobile Spatial Statistics" (NTT Docomo) through the RESAS API, from September 2015 to August 2016. In addition, a regional attractiveness index visualization system was developed as a web application to facilitate the public implementation of academic research. The possibility of using this system for agile policy formation and evaluation in regional revitalization will also be discussed. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rpdpjp:24005&r=ure |
| By: | Blazar, David (University of Maryland); Anthenelli, Max (University of Maryland at College Park); Gao, Wenjing (University of Maryland at College Park); Goings, Ramon (University of Maryland, Baltimore County); Gershenson, Seth (American University) |
| Abstract: | Mounting evidence supporting the advantages of a diverse teacher workforce prompts policymakers to scrutinize existing recruitment pathways. Following four cohorts of Maryland public high-school students over 12 years reveals several insights. Early barriers require timely interventions, aiding students of color in achieving educational milestones that are prerequisites for teacher candidacy (high school graduation, college enrollment). While alternative pathways that bypass traditional undergraduate teacher preparation may help, current approaches still show persistent racial disparities. Data simulations underscore the need for race-conscious policies specifically targeting or differentially benefiting students of color, as race-neutral strategies have minimal impact. Ultimately, multiple race-conscious policy solutions addressing various educational milestones must demonstrate significant effects—approximately 30% increases—to reshape the teacher workforce to align with student body demographics. |
| Keywords: | teacher diversity, teacher labor markets |
| JEL: | I2 J2 J4 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16928&r=ure |
| By: | Raphael Brade |
| Abstract: | Many organizations use onboarding programs to assist newcomers with the transition process. Are brief social interactions during such programs sufficient to create lasting performance spillovers? Exploiting quasi-random assignment to groups of a two-day freshman orientation program for university students, I find that higher ability peers generate positive effects even three years later. A one SD increase in peer ability improves the academic performance of business administration students by 0.05 to 0.08 SD. I provide evidence that the effects result from the formation of lasting social ties, and that performance spillovers are moderated by the broader social environment of the organization. |
| Keywords: | peer effects, peer ability, academic performance, higher education, Freshman orientation, quasi-experiment |
| JEL: | I21 I23 J24 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11046&r=ure |
| By: | Jason Deegan; Tom Broekel; Silje Haus-Reve; Rune Dahl Fitjar |
| Abstract: | This paper adds a multidimensional perspective to the study of related diversification. We examine how regions diversify into new jobs – defined as unique industry-occupation combinations – asking whether they do so from related industries or related occupations. We use linked employer-employee data for all labour market regions in Norway, covering the time period 2009 –2014. Diversification into new jobs is more likely in the presence of related occupations and industries in a region. Furthermore, occupational and industrial relatedness have complementary effects on diversification. Occupational relatedness and its interaction with industrial relatedness are particularly important for diversification into more complex activities. |
| Keywords: | Regional capabilities, jobs, occupations, relatedness, diversification |
| JEL: | O18 R11 J62 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2409&r=ure |
| By: | Soga, Kenichi PhD; Comfort, Louise PhD; Li, Pengshun; Zhao, Bingyu PhD; Lorusso, Paola |
| Abstract: | In the event of a wildfire, government agencies need to make quick, well-informed decisions to safely evacuate people. Small communities, such as in Marin County, with a mix of residences and flammable vegetation in Wildland-Urban Interface zones tend to lack resources to conduct evacuation studies. Consequently, this study uses a framework of wildfire and traffic simulations to test the performance of potential evacuation strategies, including reducing the volume of evacuating vehicles through car-pooling, phasing evacuations by staggering evacuation times by zone, and prohibiting street parking in four representative areas of Marin County. Results show that reducing vehicle numbers lowers the average travel time by 20%-70% and average exposure time to wildfire by 27%-60% from the baseline. Phased evacuations with suitable time intervals lower the average travel time by 13.5%-70%, but may expose more vehicles to fire in some situations. Prohibiting street parking yields varying results due to different numbers of exits and evacuees. In some cases, prohibiting street parking reduces the average travel time by over 50%, while in other cases it only reduces the average travel time by 9%, contributing little to evacuation efficiency. Altogether, Marin County may want to consider developing a communication and parking plan to reduce the number of evacuating vehicles in wildfire situations. Phased evacuation is also highly recommended, but the suitable phasing interval depends on the speed of fire spread and number of evacuees. Further, whether to establish street parking prohibition policies for a certain area depends on the number of exits and the number of vehicles on the streets. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Wildfires, evacuation, urban areas, greenways, traffic simulation, advanced traveler information systems, street parking |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt78n6n8rf&r=ure |
| By: | Hideo Akabayashi (Faculty of Economics, Keio University); Shimpei Taguchi (Graduate School of Economics, Keio University (Graduate student)); Mirka Zvedelikova (Institute of Social and Economic Research, Osaka University) |
| Abstract: | During the COVID-19 pandemic, schools switched to online education. Using Japan' s nationwide administrative data, we examine the impact of schools' ICT equipment and teachers' IT skills on the provision of online classes, communication with students' families, and teachers' working hours in early 2020. To isolate supply-side effects, we exploit differences in ICT resources between public elementary and junior high schools at a municipality level, the level at which ICT resources are decided. We find that basic ICT equipment was critical to implementing online classes, but IT skills were not. However, IT skills were associated with teachers f working hours. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, remote education, teachers' skills, school resources |
| JEL: | I20 J22 H75 |
| Date: | 2024–04–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:keo:dpaper:2024-010&r=ure |
| By: | Pineda-Hernández, Kevin; Rycx, François; Volral, Mélanie |
| Abstract: | A large body of literature shows that first-generation immigrants born in developing countries experience a higher likelihood of being overeducated than natives (i.e. immigrant overeducation). However, evidence is remarkably scarce when it comes to the overeducation of second-generation immigrants. Using a matched employer-employee database for Belgium over the period 1999-2016 and generalized ordered logit regressions, we contribute to the literature with one of the first studies on the intergenerational nexus between overeducation and origin among tertiary-educated workers. We show that immigrant overeducation disappears across two generations when workers work full-time. However, immigrant overeducation is a persistent intergenerational phenomenon when workers work part-time. Our gender-interacted estimates endorse these findings for female and male immigrants. |
| Keywords: | immigrants, intergenerational studies, labour market integration, overeducation, generalized ordered logit, moderating factors |
| JEL: | I21 I22 J15 J24 J61 J62 J71 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1427&r=ure |
| By: | Arcak, Murat; Kurzhanskiy, Alexander |
| Abstract: | The increasing reliance on transportation network companies (TNCs) and delivery services has transformed the use of curb space. The curb space is also an important interface for bikeways, bus lanes, street vendors, and paratransit stops for passengers with disabilities. These various demands are contributing to a lack of parking, resulting in illegal and double-parking and excessive cruising for spaces and causing traffic disturbance, congestion, andhazardous situations. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt8gh33630&r=ure |
| By: | Suzanne Peters (Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester); Jonatan Pinkse (Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester); Graham Winch (Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester) |
| Keywords: | productivity, housing, construction, investment |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:anj:ppaper:017&r=ure |
| By: | Yu Liu (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Shenle Pan (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pauline Folz (Orange Innovation); Fano Ramparany (Orange Innovation); Sébastien Bolle (Orange Innovation); Eric Ballot (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Thierry Coupaye (Orange Innovation) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the Freight Parking Management Problem (FPMP) of last-mile delivery within the context of Smart Cities where objects are managed by Digital Twins. Specifically, we investigate how Cognitive Digital Twins - Digital Twins with augmented semantic capabilities - can enhance real-time knowledge of parking connectivity to optimize logistics operations planning and urban resource allocation. We present a four-layer architectural framework to integrate individual logistics objects and systems into Smart Cities at a semantic level, with underlying enabling technologies and standards including Property Graph, Web Ontology Language (OWL), and Web of Things. Next, we conduct a case study of parcel delivery in Paris using a real-life Digital Twins platform called Thing in the future (Thing'in) by Orange France, coupled with an agent-based simulation model on AnyLogic, to demonstrate a real-world application of our approach. The results suggest that semantics-enabled Digital Twins connectivity can increase the comprehensive understanding of the delivery environment and enhance cooperation between heterogeneous systems, ultimately resulting in improved logistics efficiency, reduced negative externalities, and better utilization of resources. Furthermore, this work showcases potential new business services for logistics service providers and provides managerial insights for city planners and municipal policymakers. An actual mobile application prototype is presented to showcase the applicability of the work. |
| Keywords: | Last Mile Delivery, Freight Parking Management, Sustainability, Smart Cities, Cognitive Digital Twins, Ontology and Semantics. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04223860&r=ure |
| By: | Andrea Batch; Benjamin R. Bridgman; Abe C. Dunn; Mahsa Gholizadeh (Bureau of Economic Analysis) |
| Abstract: | Local area data are important to many economic questions, but most local area data are reported using political units, such as counties, which often do not match economic units, such as product markets. Commuting zones (CZs) group counties into local labor markets. However, CZs are not the most appropriate grouping for other economic activities. We introduce consumption zones (ConZs), groupings of counties appropriate for the analysis of household consumption. We apply the CZ methodology to payment card data, which report spending flows across U.S. counties for 15 retail and service industries. We find that different industries have different market sizes. Grocery stores have more than five times the number of ConZs as live entertainment. Industries with more frequent purchases are more local than those with infrequent purchases. We apply ConZs to measuring industry concentration. ConZs give lower concentration levels than counties, with the largest gap for infrequent purchase industries. The difference is economically important. Some industries are below the antitrust enforcement thresholds with ConZs but above them for counties. We further demonstrate the importance of ConZs by analyzing the proposed merger of Albertsons and Kroger. |
| JEL: | R12 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bea:papers:0114&r=ure |
| By: | Karun Adusumilli; Francesco Agostinelli; Emilio Borghesan |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the scalability of the results from the Tennessee Student-Teacher Achievement Ratio (STAR) Project, a prominent educational experiment. We explore how the misalignment between the experimental design and the econometric model affects researchers' ability to learn about the intervention's scalability. We document heterogeneity in compliance with class-size reduction that is more extensive than previously acknowledged and discuss its consequences for the evaluation of the experiment. Guided by this finding, we implement a new econometric framework incorporating heterogeneous treatment effects and endogenous class size determination. We find that the effect of class size on test scores differs considerably across schools, with only a small fraction of schools having significant benefits from reduced class sizes. We discuss the challenges this poses for the intervention's scalability and conclude by analyzing targeted class-size interventions. |
| JEL: | C51 H52 I2 J13 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32338&r=ure |
| By: | KIKUCHI Shinnosuke |
| Abstract: | I document trends of concentration in national and local markets in Japan since 1980. First, national market concentration within industries or product categories has increased since the mid-1990s regardless of sectors, data sources, or measurements. This is consistent with the findings in other developed countries, including the US. Second, local market concentration has also increased since the late 1990s, which contrasts with the findings in the US that local market concentration has been decreasing recently. The increase in local market concentration is associated with the decline in the number of establishments and is concentrated in areas outside large cities. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:24049&r=ure |
| By: | David P. Glancy; Robert J. Kurtzman; Lara Loewenstein |
| Abstract: | We use microdata on the phases of commercial construction projects to document three facts regarding time-to-plan lags: (1) plan times are long--about 1.5 years on average--and highly variable, (2) roughly one-third of projects are abandoned in planning, (3) property price appreciation reduces the likelihood of abandonment. We construct a model with endogenous planning starts and abandonment that matches these facts. Endogenous abandonment makes short-term building supply more elastic, as price shocks immediately affect the exercise of construction options rather than just planning starts. The model has the testable implicationthat supply is more elastic when there are more “shovel ready†projects available to advance to construction. We use local projections to validate that this prediction holds in the cross-section for U.S. cities. |
| Keywords: | Commercial real estate; Construction; Time to plan |
| JEL: | R33 E22 E32 L74 |
| Date: | 2024–04–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2024-16&r=ure |
| By: | Setman-Shachar, Shai; Billig, P.C.; Stein, A.; Kaplan, S. |
| Abstract: | The long-term effects of the Vision-Zero (VZ) approach in Scandinavia are well documented. In contrast, information regarding the immediate effects of VZ at the starting phase upon gradual implementation is scarce. Taking New York City as the case study, we analyzed both the local and global effects of the Vision-Zero gradual implementation on pedestrian crashes in the early stage of implementation starting from 2014. The data analysis comprised 8, 165 pedestrian injury crashes. Using location data, the crashes were matched to VZ infrastructure improvement location, start and completion dates. The experimental design included a treatment and two types of control conditions, and we controlled for well-known covariates including traffic exposure, land use, and risk-prone areas. We estimated a Geyer Saturation model and kernel density function for modeling the effect of Vision-Zero on crash intensity and dispersion two years before and after the implementation of Vision-Zero. The results reveal a significant global decrease of 6.1% (p=0.004) in pedestrian crash incidence in the treated sections compared with the control group two years after the treatment, and a greater dispersion of pedestrian injuries following the policy implementation. |
| Date: | 2024–03–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:j62qx&r=ure |
| By: | Eric A. Hanushek; Patricia Saenz-Armstrong; Alejandra Salazar |
| Abstract: | Education policy, while primarily the responsibility of the state governments, involves complicated decision making at the local, state, and federal levels. The federal involvement dramatically increased with the introduction of test-based accountability under the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. But, reflecting resistance to various parts of this law, the involvement of federal policy making was substantially reduced when Congress passed the Every Student Succeeds Act in 2015. This change in policy allows estimation of the impact of altered federalism. By looking at how states reacted to their enhanced decision-making role, we see a retreat from the use of output-based policy toward teachers, and this retreat was associated with significantly lower student achievement growth. As a result, this readjustment of federalism to decision making by lower levels appeared to lower national achievement. The snapshot of federalism impacts here is a lower bound on the effects as more states will very likely react to the flexibility of ESSA and as more school districts change their teacher force. |
| JEL: | H1 H7 I20 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32351&r=ure |
| By: | Kristoffersson, Ida (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Pyddoke, Roger (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Kristofersson, Filip (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Algers, Staffan (TPmod) |
| Abstract: | The policies for supplying charging infrastructure will be an important issue for the accel-eration of electrification of cars. In Sweden most early adopters of chargeable vehicles have been residents in detached houses. Residents in apartment buildings will be more dependent on public charging. This paper therefore examines how access to public charg-ing can affect the probability of buyers of new cars to choose a chargeable car. The main results indicate that the density of public charging stations close to home and work has a small but significant effect for buyers of private cars, as well as for buyers of other com-pany cars. We cannot however show any effect for the acquisition of Benefit In-Kind (BIK) company cars, but this could be due to incomplete data on charging access at the workplace. The socio-economic control variables are household income, having more than one car in the household, residence in a detached house, and that the owners of the apart-ment building received a grant for installing charging infrastructure close to the apartment building. These variables all have strong effects in the model. In the models of company cars, type of industry has strong effects for some industries. |
| Keywords: | Car type choice; Discrete choice modelling; Electric vehicle adoption; Electrification and decarbonization of transport; Revealed preference; Charging infrastructure |
| JEL: | H54 R42 |
| Date: | 2024–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2024_004&r=ure |
| By: | Janine Albiez; Maurizio Strazzeri; Stefan C. Wolter |
| Abstract: | We examine the association between the personality trait grit and post-compulsory educational choices and trajectories using a large survey linked to administrative student register data. Exploiting cross sectional variation in students' self-reported grit in the last year of compulsory school, we find that an increase in students' grit is associated with a higher likelihood to start a vocational education instead of a general education. This association is robust to the inclusion of cognitive skill measures and a comprehensive set of other students' background characteristics. Moreover, using novel data on skill requirements of around 240 vocational training occupations, we find that grittier vocational education students sort into math-intensive training occupations. Similarly, students in general education with more grit select themselves more often into the math-intensive track. Finally, we do not find evidence that students with a higher grit have lower dropout rates in post-compulsory education. |
| Keywords: | Non-cognitive skills, Personality traits, Grit, Educational choices |
| JEL: | D01 I20 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iso:educat:0215&r=ure |
| By: | Daiji Kawaguchi (Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo); Keisuke Kawata (Institute of Social Sciences, and also Center for Social Research and Data Archives, The University of Tokyo); Chigusa Okamoto (Faculty of Economics, Chuo University and Center for Research and Education in Program Evaluation (CREPE), Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo) |
| Abstract: | Demand externality generated by the agglomeration of commercial activities is a poten- tial source of city formation. We study the impact of a large-scale urban redevelopment program involving the construction of a shopping complex at the center of Tokyo. The redevelopment program increased the land price and commercial building use in its neighborhood. It also increased the total sales of neighborhood rms but not their pro ts. We argue that the redevelopment program generated substantial demand ex- ternality but the bene t fell on the landlord. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tky:fseres:2024cf1227&r=ure |
| By: | Soga, Kenichi PhD; Comfort, Louise PhD; Li, Pengshun MSc; Zhao, Bingyu PhD; Lorusso, Paola MSc |
| Abstract: | Many small, resource-strapped communities located in areas vulnerable to wildfire don’t have resources to conduct dedicated evacuation studies and many do not consider the impact of background traffic (i.e., normal traffic rather than evacuating traffic) on evacuation. In response, we explored the performance of several generalizable evacuation strategies with background traffic for representative communities in Marin County, including the Ross Valley, Woodacre Bowl, Tamalpais Valley, and an area near Highway 101 and Ignacio Boulevard in Novato (hereafter referred to as ‘Novato Neighborhood’). The strategies we explored include vehicle reduction (i.e., evacuees share a vehicle), phased evacuation (i.e., evacuees in different zones have different departure times), and off-street parking (i.e., street parking is prohibited on a high-fire Red Flag Day to increase overall road capacity in the event of an evacuation). We then tested each strategy using a wildfire-traffic simulation framework. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt2kq661m0&r=ure |
| By: | Hazans, Mihails; Holmen, Rasmus Bøgh; Upenieks, Jānis; Žabko, Oksana |
| Abstract: | Education scholars and human geographers have extensively studied spatial disparities in access to secondary education, both in developing countries and in advanced economies. However, very few studies have analysed access to specific types of secondary education, particularly programs oriented toward Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM-oriented programs). This paper aims to fill this gap using rich geodata and administrative data on Latvia. An overview of the supply of STEM-related skills in the Nordic-Baltic region suggests that in this regard Latvia performs the worst in terms of both recent university graduates and working-age population in general. We show that 43 percent of youth aged 15 to 18 cannot reach a STEM program within 30 minutes by walking. Furthermore, estimates of earnings differentials by access time, between program types, and between two modes of travel suggest that children from wealthier families have better access to STEM programs. More densely populated settlements feature better access to STEM programs, as well as better exam results in STEM disciplines, while language exam results do not show such a pattern. |
| Keywords: | Access to secondary education, STEM-oriented programs, regional disparities, geographic information system |
| JEL: | I24 I28 R53 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120646&r=ure |
| By: | Benjamin Friedrich; Martin B. Hackmann; Adam Kapor; Sofia J. Moroni; Anne Brink Nandrup |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the first empirical evidence of interdependent values and strategic responses by market participants in a two-sided matching market. We consider the market for medical school programs in Denmark, which uses a centralized assignment mechanism. Leveraging unique administrative data and an information experiment, we show that students and rival programs hold payoff-relevant information that each program could use to admit students with higher persistence rates. Programs respond to these two sources of interdependent values, student self-selection and interdependent program values, by exhibiting ”home bias” towards local applicants. We construct and estimate a novel equilibrium model reflecting this evidence, and find that fully sharing information could significantly increase student persistence and program payoffs, but enabling students to communicate first preferences would leave outcomes unchanged. An alternative model assuming independent private values contradicts the empirical evidence, highlighting the importance of accounting for interdependent values in understanding and designing matching markets. |
| JEL: | D82 I21 L0 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32325&r=ure |
| By: | Ericsson, Johan (Department of Economic History, Uppsala University) |
| Abstract: | Prevailing narratives in the historical literature often paint a picture of Sweden having some of the poorest housing conditions in Europe during the early 20th century. This article challenges this widely accepted view by presenting a first-of-its-kind systematic and comparative study of European housing conditions, with a focus on Sweden. By constructing a new database and critically examining existing data, this study seeks to reassess the common assertions about Swedish housing standards. This study shows that there is no empirical evidence to support the notion that Sweden had among the worst housing conditions in Europe in this period. |
| Keywords: | housing conditions; overcrowding; amenities |
| JEL: | N00 N30 N34 O18 |
| Date: | 2024–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:uuehwp:2024_016&r=ure |
| By: | Lucie Letrouit (Université Gustave Eiffel); Harris Selod (World Bank Group) |
| Abstract: | We present an urban land use model with land tenure insecurity and information asymmetry regarding risks of contested land ownership, a very common issue in West African cities. A market failure emerges as sellers do not internalize the impact of their market participation decision on the average quality of traded plots, which in turn affects other sellers and buyers' decisions. The equilibrium is suboptimal and has too many transactions of insecure plots and too few transactions of secure plots. This market failure can be addressed when agents trade along trusted kinship lines that discourage undisclosed sales of insecure plots. Such kinship matching is an important feature of West African societies, including on the market for informal land, as illustrated by a unique survey administered in Bamako, Mali. In the model, the extent to which the market failure is addressed increases with the intensity of kinship ties. When sellers also have the possibility of registering their property right in a cadastre, this not only further attenuates information asymmetry but also helps reduce risk. We find complementarity between kinship matching and registration: As transactions along trusted kinship lines tend to involve plots that are more secure on average, kinship matching makes registration better targeted at insecure plots traded outside kinship ties. In this context, a partial registration fee subsidy can bring the economy to the social optimum. |
| Keywords: | Land markets, Property rights, Information asymmetry, Informal land use, Land registration, Ethnic kinship, Marchés fonciers, Droits de propriété, Asymétrie d'information, Enregistrement des terrains, Cousinage ethnique |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04525074&r=ure |
| By: | Wadim Strielkowski; Oxana Mukhoryanova; Oxana Kuznetsova; Yury Syrov |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes sustainable regional economic development and land use employing a case study of Russia. The economics of land management in Russia which is shaped by both historical legacies and contemporary policies represents an interesting conundrum. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia embarked on a thorny and complex path towards the economic reforms and transformation characterized, among all, by the privatization and decentralization of land ownership. This transition was aimed at improving agricultural productivity and fostering sustainable regional economic development but also led to new challenges such as uneven distribution of land resources, unclear property rights, and underinvestment in rural infrastructure. However, managing all of that effectively poses significant challenges and opportunities. With the help of the comprehensive bibliographic network analysis, this study sheds some light on the current state of sustainable regional economic development and land use management in Russia. Its results and outcomes might be helpful for the researchers and stakeholders alike in devising effective strategies aimed at maximizing resources for sustainable land use, particularly within their respective regional economies. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.12477&r=ure |
| By: | Leogrande, Angelo |
| Abstract: | in the following article I analyze the trend of cultural and creative employment in the Italian regions between 2004 and 2022 through the use of ISTAT-BES data. After presenting a static analysis, I also present the results of the clustering analysis aimed at identifying groupings between Italian regions. Subsequently, an econometric model is proposed for estimating the value of cultural and creative employment in the Italian regions. Finally, I compare various machine learning models for predicting the value of cultural and creative employment. The results are critically discussed through an economic policy analysis. |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:h5nq4&r=ure |
| By: | Bergemann, Annette (University of Groningen); Brunow, Stephan; Stockton, Isabel (Institute for Fiscal Studies, London) |
| Abstract: | We estimate female and male workers' marginal willingness to pay to reduce commuting distance in Germany, using a partial-equilibrium model of job search with non-wage job attributes. Commuting costs have implications not just for congestion policy, spatial planning and transport infrastructure provision, but are also relevant to our understanding of gender differences in labour market biographies. For estimation, we use a stratified partial likelihood model on a large administrative dataset for West Germany to flexibly account for both unobserved individual heterogeneity and changes dependent on wages and children. We find that an average female childless worker is willing to give up daily €0.27 per kilometre (0.4% of the daily wage) to reduce commuting distance at the margin. The average men's marginal willingness to pay is similar to childless women's over a large range of wages. However, women's marginal willingness to pay more than doubles after the birth of a child contributing substantially to the motherhood wage gap. A married mixed-sex couple's sample indicates that husbands try to avoid commuting shorter distances than their wives. |
| Keywords: | commuting, marginal willingness to pay for job attributes, on-the-job search, Cox relative risk model, partial likelihood estimation, gender and parenthood in job search models, heterogeneity in job mobility, gender wage gap |
| JEL: | C41 J13 J16 J31 J62 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16890&r=ure |
| By: | Naser Amanzadeh; Amir Kermani; Timothy McQuade |
| Abstract: | We bring to bear a novel dataset covering the employment history of about 450 million individuals from 180 countries to study return migration and the impact of skilled international migration on human capital stocks across countries. Return migration is a common phenomenon, with 38% of skilled migrants returning to their origin countries within 10 years. Return migration is significantly correlated with industry growth in the origin and destination countries, and is asymmetrically exposed to negative firm employment growth. Using an AKM-style model, we identify worker and country-firm fixed effects, as well as the returns to experience and education by location and current workplace. For workers in emerging economies, the returns to a year of experience in the United States are 59-204% higher than a year of experience in the origin country. Migrants to advanced economies are positively selected on ability relative to stayers, while within this migrant population, returnees exhibit lower ability. Simulations suggest that eliminating skilled international migration would have highly heterogeneous effects across countries, adjusting total (average) human capital stocks within a range of -60% to 40% (-3% to 4%). |
| JEL: | F22 J61 O15 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32352&r=ure |
| By: | Shaheen, Susan PhD; Martin, Elliot PhD; Cohen, Adam |
| Abstract: | Shared micromobility (bikesharing and scooter sharing) experienced market growth since 2021, rebounding from the pandemic across markets in the US, Mexico, and Canada. In partnership with the North American Bikeshare and Scootershare Association (NABSA) and Toole Design, researchers at the Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC) at UC Berkeley have collaborated on the data collection and analysis of the shared micromobility industry metrics through a series of annual reports beginning in 2019. This includes a series of operator and agency surveys.1 Most recently, TSRC researchers collaborated on an Operator Survey (n=29) and an Agency Survey (n=52), distributed between January 2023 and June 2023, of all known shared micromobility operators and agencies as part of the 2022 state-of-the-industry report. Similar surveys were deployed in January 2022 and May 2022. These surveys include questions about shared micromobility systems2 operating within those agency jurisdictions and operator markets. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt6xp3h69x&r=ure |
| By: | Lamuela Orta, Carlos (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland) |
| Abstract: | Increasing the modal share of cycling is a common urban transport policy goal and expanding cycling infrastructure is its key policy instrument. During COVID-19, temporal bike lanes raised in prominence globally, as many cities adopted top-down versions of tactical urbanism (e.g., “coronapistes” in Paris). Yet in Helsinki, a Nordic capital recognized otherwise for its urban policy innovations, cycling policy remained unchanged despite the city lagging in its ambitious goals for modal shift. To explain this lack of policy transfer, the article explores stakeholders’ discourses and reveals a political contradiction and a technical double standard within the municipal organization. Together with a visual in-situ analysis of temporal street arrangements, these discourses reveal the paradoxical role of temporal street construction in Helsinki. The article concludes that in Helsinki the mainstreamed version of tactical urbanism did not yet represent a real opportunity to reorient cycling policy, despite the pandemic shock. On the contrary, in a policy context based on conflict avoidance and a non-zero-sum political space, temporal street arrangements are a fundamental part of maintaining the status quo of automobility. The study suggests that a way to break policy path dependency could be the reframing of existing expertise in institutions and stakeholders to give it new political meaning. |
| Date: | 2024–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:rwgu6&r=ure |
| By: | Levai, Adam (LISER); Turati, Riccardo (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) |
| Abstract: | The existing literature investigating the labor market impact of immigration assumes, implicitly or explicitly, that the law or labor regulation is exogenous to immigration. To test this assumption, we build a novel workers' protection measure based on 36 labor law variables that capture labor regulation over a sample of 70 developed and developing countries from 1970 to 2010. Exploiting a dynamic panel setting using both internal and external instruments, we establish a new result: immigrants' norms and experience of labor regulation influence the evolution of host countries labor law regulation. This effect is particularly strong for two components of workers' protection: worker representation laws and employment forms laws. Our main results are consistent with suggestive evidence on the transmission of preferences from migrants to their offspring (vertical transmission), and from migrants to natives or local political parties (horizontal transmission). Finally, we find that the size of the immigrant population per se has a small and negligible impact on host country labor market regulation. |
| Keywords: | international migration, labor market institutions, labor regulation, legal transplants |
| JEL: | J61 K31 F22 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16929&r=ure |
| By: | Agostina Brinatti; Mingyu Chen; Parag Mahajan; Nicolas Morales; Kevin Shih |
| Abstract: | We study how random variation in the availability of highly educated, foreign-born workers impacts firm performance and recruitment behavior. We combine two rich data sources: 1) administrative employer-employee matched data from the US Census Bureau; and 2) firm-level information on the first large-scale H-1B visa lottery in 2007. Using an event-study approach, we find that lottery wins lead to increases in firm hiring of college-educated, immigrant labor along with increases in scale and survival. These effects are stronger for small, skill-intensive, and high-productivity firms that participate in the lottery. We do not find evidence for displacement of native-born, college-educated workers at the firm level, on net. However, this result masks dynamics among more specific subgroups of incumbents that we further elucidate. |
| Keywords: | Immigration; Firm Dynamics; productivity; H-1B visas; High-skill immigration |
| JEL: | F22 J61 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedrwp:98171&r=ure |
| By: | Maria De Paola (University of Calabria, INPS Direzione Centrale Studi e Ricerche, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)); Roberto Nisticò (Università di Napoli Federico II, CSEF and IZA); Vincenzo Scoppa (University of Calabria, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effects on individuals’ fertility of the fertility behavior of their co-workers. Using matched employer-employee data from the Italian Social Security Institute (INPS) for the years 2016-2020, we estimate how the fertility rate among co-workers of the same age group and in the same occupation affects a worker’s likelihood of having a child. We exploit the variation in workplace peer fertility induced by the Jobs Act reform, which weakened employment protection – and therefore reduced the fertility rate – for the employees affected, i.e. those in larger firms hired on open-ended contracts after 7 March 2015. Our analysis focuses on similar workers hired before the Jobs Act and uses the fraction of co-workers hired after 7 March 2015 as an instrumental variable for average peer fertility. We find that a 1-percentage-point reduction in the average peer fertility at year t-1 leads to a reduction in the individual probability of having a child at year t by 0.3 to 0.4 percentage points, or a 10% reduction in average fertility. Heterogeneity analysis suggests that while workplace peer effects may operate primarily through social influence and social norms, information sharing and career concerns tend to attenuate individuals’ responses to the fertility of their co-workers, especially among women. Our findings also help to understand the potential spillovers that employment protection reforms may have on fertility rates through social interactions. |
| Keywords: | Fertility; Peer Effects; Instrumental Variables; Employment Protection Legislation. |
| JEL: | C3 J13 J65 J41 M51 |
| Date: | 2024–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sef:csefwp:714&r=ure |
| By: | M. Magnani |
| Abstract: | In this paper we study the process of self-selections undertaken by asylum seekers hosted in temporary reception center in Italy, in the Province of Parma. In particular, by differentiating migrants on the basis of their countries of origin and of their countries of destination we identify different groups in the sample population: refugees and illegal migrants, people directed to Europe and people directed outside Europe. Leveraging on the randomness of the sample with regard to both the dimensions previously mentioned, we compare these groups to identify their specific characteristics. The relevance of this distinction introduced in the population of asylum seekers is then tested with respect to integration outcomes. In particular, we consider the proficiency in the Italian language and the effort exerted by migrants for labour market integration. In both areas, refugees obtain performances which are worse than those of illegal migrants. This result has potentially sizable policy implications as the country of origin of asylum seekers is an information which is recorded soon after arrival. This knowledge can be used to design integration policies which are different for refugees and illegal migrants. |
| Keywords: | migrant self-selection; asylum seekers; integration policies |
| JEL: | F22 J61 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:par:dipeco:2024-ep01&r=ure |
| By: | Lisa Capretti (CEIS, University of Rome "Tor Vergata"); Joanna A. Kopinska (University of Rome La Sapienza); Rama Dasi Mariani (University of Roma Tre); Furio Camillo Rosati (CEIS & DEF, University of Rome "Tor Vergata") |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of migrant-provided home-based care on elderly health in Italy, analysing hospitalisation frequency, duration, and mortality. Using an instrumental variable approach to mitigate endogeneity between local health status and migratory flows, we show that migrant-provided home-based care reduces the frequency of hospital admissions (extensive margin) and their duration (intensive margin). Regarding the former, a one percentage point increase in the immigrant-to-elderly population ratio leads to a 4% decrease in long-term and rehabilitation (LR) stays, with no effect on acute stays. Concerning the latter, we find that a similar change in the migrant inflows translates to a 1.5% reduction in admission duration, with LR admissions reaching a 3.3% decline. These effects primarily stem from traumatic injuries, musculoskeletal disease, and genitourinary disorders, particularly linked to home-based mobility and treatment management. Our back-of-the-envelope calculations suggests that a 1.3 percentage point increase in the migrant-to-elderly population ratio registered in our analysis period could potentially reduce LR elderly hospitalisation costs by approximately 8% and yield annual public budget savings equivalent to around 0.59% of total hospitalisation expenditures |
| Date: | 2024–04–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rtv:ceisrp:573&r=ure |
| By: | Philipp Ager; Marc Goni; Kjell G. Salvanes |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how gender-biased technological change in agriculture affected women’s work in 20th-century Norway. After WWII, dairy farms began widely adopting milking machines to replace the hand milking of cows, a task typically performed by young women. We show that the adoption of milking machines pushed young rural women out of farming in dairy-intensive municipalities. The displaced women moved to cities where they acquired more education and found better-paid employment. Our results suggest that the adoption of milking machines broke up allocative inefficiencies across sectors, which improved the economic status of women relative to men. |
| Keywords: | Technological change, rural-to-urban migration, gender effects |
| JEL: | J16 J24 J43 J61 N34 O14 O33 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2024_535&r=ure |
| By: | Leogrande, Angelo |
| Abstract: | The following article analyzes Italian companies with more than 10 employees that use online sales tools. The data used were acquired from the ISTAT-BES database. The article first presents a static analysis of the data aimed at framing the phenomenon in the context of Italian regional disparities. Subsequently, a clustering with k-Means algorithm is proposed by comparing the Silhouette coefficient and the Elbow method. The investigation of the innovative and technological determinants of the observed variable is carried out through the application of a panel econometric model. Finally, different machine learning algorithms for prediction are compared. The results are critically discussed with economic policy suggestions. |
| Keywords: | Innovation, Innovation and Invention, Management of Technological Innovation and R&D, Technological Change, Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital. |
| JEL: | O30 O31 O32 O33 O34 |
| Date: | 2024–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120637&r=ure |
| By: | Samuel Ligonnière; Salima Ouerk |
| Abstract: | Is current monetary policy making the distribution of credit more unequal? Using french householdlevel data, we document credit volumes along the income distribution. Our analysis centers on assessing the impact of surprises in monetary policy on credit volumes at different income levels. Expansionary monetary policy surprises lead to a surge in mortgage credit exclusively for households within the top 20% income bracket. Monetary policy then does not impact mortgage credit volume for 80% of households, whereas its effect on consumer credit exists and remains consistent across the income distribution. This result is notably associated with the engagement of this particular income group in rental investments. Controlling for bank decision factors and city dynamics, we attribute these results to individual demand factors. Mechanisms related to intertemporal substitution and affordability drive the impact of monetary policy surprises. They manifest through the policy’s influence on collaterals and a larger down payment. |
| Keywords: | monetary policy, credit distribution, inequality. |
| JEL: | E41 E52 G21 G23 G28 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2024-19&r=ure |
| By: | Ryo Takahashi (Waseda University, Graduate School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the long-term effects of media exposure on economic growth by examining quasi-experimental variations in media exposure, facilitated by anime broadcasts featuring Japan’s “anime holy lands”—real-world locations depicted in anime. I aim to evaluate the economic growth of municipalities featured in these anime broadcasts using average income and night-time luminosity as indicators. The featured municipalities experience significant economic growth 5 and 13 years after the broadcasts. Population increase, resulting from the influx of new residents following anime broadcasts, is identified as the primary mechanism driving this growth. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wap:wpaper:2402&r=ure |
| By: | Amory Gethin; Vincent Pons |
| Abstract: | Recent social movements stand out by their spontaneous nature and lack of stable leadership, raising doubts on their ability to generate political change. This article provides systematic evidence on the effects of protests on public opinion and political attitudes. Drawing on a database covering the quasi-universe of protests held in the United States, we identify 14 social movements that took place from 2017 to 2022, covering topics related to environmental protection, gender equality, gun control, immigration, national and international politics, and racial issues. We use Twitter data, Google search volumes, and high-frequency surveys to track the evolution of online interest, policy views, and vote intentions before and after the outset of each movement. Combining national-level event studies with difference-in-differences designs exploiting variation in local protest intensity, we find that protests generate substantial internet activity but have limited effects on political attitudes. Except for the Black Lives Matter protests following the death of George Floyd, which shifted views on racial discrimination and increased votes for the Democrats, we estimate precise null effects of protests on public opinion and electoral behavior. |
| JEL: | D72 P0 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32342&r=ure |
| By: | Shami, Mahvish |
| Abstract: | Rapid urbanisation in developing countries has often resulted in slums with minimal public goods provision, where the poor rely on clientelist networks to provide for their basic needs. Using household-level data, this paper is the first to empirically document how political clientelism operates in Pakistani slums. It finds that urban brokers, unlike their rural counterparts, are unable to claim credit for public goods provision. Instead, they provide personalised and highly targeted services – such as dispute resolution and assistance with documentation. Moreover, unlike traditional clientelism, urban networks are found to be problem-solving and welfare-enhancing for slum dwellers. |
| Keywords: | brokers; clientelism; Pakistan; patronage politics; slums; International Growth Centre; Pakistan Office (project reference CPR-PAK-STA-2013-CPP-37107).; Wiley deal |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2024–04–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:122419&r=ure |
| By: | Congregado, Emilio (University of Huelva); Fossen, Frank M. (University of Nevada, Reno); Rubino, Nicola (University of Rome Tor Vergata); Troncoso, David (University of Seville) |
| Abstract: | The dynamics of startup activity are crucial for job creation, innovation, and a competitive economy. Does regional firm formation exhibit hysteresis, such that shocks, including those induced by temporary policy interventions, have permanent effects? Due to the pronounced heterogeneity among new entrepreneurs, it is important to distinguish between those pulled by opportunity and those pushed by necessity. This distinction allows evaluating the long-term effects of policies aimed at stimulating opportunity entrepreneurship versus active labor-market policies supporting self-employment as a way out of unemployment. Based on 84 waves of quarterly microdata from the Spanish Labor Force Survey, we create time series of new opportunity and new necessity entrepreneurship for the 17 Spanish regions. To test whether exogenous shocks have long-run effects on firm formation, we apply a battery of panel data and time series unit root tests accounting for deterministic breaks. We also present results for the different Spanish regions and industrial sectors. We find that hysteresis is more widespread in new opportunity than in new necessity entrepreneurship, implying that shocks and temporary policies are more likely to shift opportunity than necessity entrepreneurship in the long run. Moreover, we document that the global Financial Crisis of 2008 changed the technology of firm formation out of opportunity, but not out of necessity. Our analysis opens the door to further research on the long-term effectiveness of a regional and sectoral policy mix of entrepreneurship promotion and active labor market policies. |
| Keywords: | self-employment, opportunity entrepreneurship, necessity entrepreneurship, firm formation, hysteresis, stationarity, regions |
| JEL: | C32 E23 J24 L26 M13 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16930&r=ure |
| By: | Joshua S. Graff Zivin; Benjamin Krebs; Matthew J. Neidell |
| Abstract: | We study the private adoption and diffusion of a technology that provides a local public good – PurpleAir (PA) pollution monitors. From a purely informational perspective, the ideal spacing of these monitors should reflect the degree of spatial correlation in pollution. In stark contrast, we find that monitor adoption is spatially highly clustered in less polluted areas, suggesting the marginal monitor adopted provides minimal additional public information. Moreover, monitor adoption mainly occurs in affluent, predominantly white neighborhoods, underscoring the potential environmental justice concerns associated with the private provision of this public good. |
| JEL: | H41 Q53 Q55 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32356&r=ure |
| By: | Ole Hexel (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Diego Alburez-Gutierrez (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Emilio Zagheni (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Keywords: | USA, inequality, wealth |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2024-008&r=ure |
| By: | Chee, Liberty (Ca' Foscari University of Venice) |
| Abstract: | This draft contains parts of the conclusion of the book manuscript with the same title as above. The book unpacks the “market logic” of private recruitment and employment agencies as actors in migration governance. It looks into why these actors play such an outsized role in domestic worker migration, and examines their relations with employers, workers and state apparatuses. The book argues that these relations comprise neoliberal migration governance – a governmental rationality that cedes authority to the market. |
| Date: | 2024–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:qsyn3&r=ure |
| By: | Andrew F. Haughwout |
| Abstract: | Presentation on the economic overview delivered by Andrew F. Haughwout, Director of Household and Public Policy Research at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. This presentation was delivered at the 2024 New York Fed Regional and Community Banking Conference. |
| Keywords: | economic conditions; economic conditions - United States; regional economy |
| Date: | 2024–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsp:98148&r=ure |
| By: | Gustavo Heringer (UFLA - Universidade Federal de Lavras = Federal University of Lavras); Romina D Fernandez (UNT - Universidad Nacional de Tucumán); Alok Bang (Azim Premji University); Marion Cordonnier (University of Regensburg); Ana Novoa (IB / CAS - Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences - CAS - Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague]); Bernd Lenzner (University of Vienna [Vienna]); César Capinha (ULISBOA - Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon); D Renault (ECOBIO - Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution [Rennes] - UR - Université de Rennes - INEE-CNRS - Institut Ecologie et Environnement - CNRS Ecologie et Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - OSUR - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes - UR - Université de Rennes - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IUF - Institut Universitaire de France - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche); David A Roiz (MIVEGEC - Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Desika Moodley (IB / CAS - Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences - CAS - Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague]); Elena Tricarico (UniFI - Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence); Kathrin Holenstein (CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UPVM - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - EPHE - École Pratique des Hautes Études - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Melina Kourantidou (SDU - University of Southern Denmark, AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Natalia Kirichenko (SibFU - Siberian Federal University); José Ricardo Pires Adelino (State University of Londrina = Universidade Estadual de Londrina); Romina D Dimarco (University of Houston); Thomas W. Bodey (University of Aberdeen); Yuya Watari (FFPRI - Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Urbanization is an important driver of global change associated with a set of environmental modifications that affect the introduction and distribution of invasive non-native species (species with populations transported by humans beyond their natural biogeographic range that established and are spreading in their introduced range; hereafter, invasive species). These species are recognized as a cause of large ecological and economic losses. Nevertheless, the economic impacts of these species in urban areas are still poorly understood. Here we present a synthesis of the reported economic costs of invasive species in urban areas using the global InvaCost database, and demonstrate that costs are likely underestimated. Sixty-one invasive species have been reported to cause a cumulative cost of USD 326.7 billion in urban areas between 1965 and 2021 globally (average annual cost of US$ 5.7 billion). Class Insecta was responsible for >99 % of reported costs (USD 324.4 billion), followed by Aves (USD 1.4 billion), and Magnoliopsida (US$ 494 million). The reported costs were highly uneven with the sum of the five costliest species representing 80 %. Most reported costs were a result of damage (77.3 %), principally impacting public and social welfare (77.9 %) and authorities-stakeholders (20.7 %), and were almost entirely recorded in terrestrial environments (99.9 %). We found costs reported to 24 countries, yet there were 73 countries with records of species that cause urban costs elsewhere but with no urban costs reported themselves. Although covering a relatively small area of the earth surface, urban areas represent about 15 % of the total reported costs attributed to invasive species. These results highlight the conservative nature of the estimates and impacts, revealing important biases present in the evaluation and publication of reported data on costs. Thus, we emphasize the urgent need for more focused assessments of invasive species economic impacts in urban areas. |
| Keywords: | Anthropogenic activity, Biological invasion, Economic impact, InvaCost, Urban ecosystem, Urbanization |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04429893&r=ure |
| By: | Jacob H. Bor; David M. Cutler; Edward L. Glaeser; Ljubica Ristovska |
| Abstract: | Equally educated people are healthier if they live in more educated places. Every 10 percent point increase in an area’s share of adults with a college degree is associated with a decline in all-cause mortality by 7%, controlling for individual education, demographics, and area characteristics. Area human capital is also associated with lower disease prevalence and improvements in self-reported health. The association between area education and health increased greatly between 1990 and 2010. Spatial sorting does not drive these externalities; there is little evidence that sicker people move disproportionately into less educated areas. Differences in health-related amenities, ranging from hospital quality to pollution, explain no more than 17% of the area human capital spillovers on health. Over half of the correlation between area human capital and health is a result of the correlation between area human capital and smoking and obesity. More educated areas have stricter regulations regarding smoking and more negative beliefs about smoking. These have translated over time into a population that smokes noticeably less and that is less obese, leading to increasing divergence in health outcomes by area education. |
| JEL: | I12 I18 I24 I26 R10 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32346&r=ure |
| By: | Selim Gulesci (Department of Economics, Trinity College Dublin); Marinella Leone (Department of Economics, University of Pavia); Sameen Zafar (Lahore University of Management Sciences) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effects of Domestic Violence (DV) laws in Pakistan on violence against women. Using both survey data and crime reports, and exploiting the staggered introduction of the laws across different provinces over time, we show that the new laws had little to no effect on DV or femicides in Punjab and Sindh, while they led to an increase in both in Balochistan. The effect in Balochistan is driven by ethnic groups with more conservative attitudes towards DV and divorce. Our findings show that introduction of laws that conflict with prevailing social norms may risk backfiring. |
| Keywords: | Domestic violence laws; social norms; violence against women |
| JEL: | J12 J16 K42 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcd:tcduee:tep0324&r=ure |
| By: | Leogrande, Angelo |
| Abstract: | In the following article I analyze the determinants of regular internet users in the Italian regions. The data is analyzed both in terms of static analysis and also through the application of the k-Means algorithm optimized with the Elbow method. Subsequently, an econometric model is presented for estimating regular internet users in the Italian regions based on variables that reflect the state of technological innovation and digital culture. The results are analyzed and discussed in light of the implications that digitalisation has for triggering economic growth. |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:86yb7&r=ure |
| By: | Benjamin L. Collier; Sabrina T. Howell; Lea Rendell |
| Abstract: | Does emergency credit prevent long-term financial distress? We study the causal effects of government-provided recovery loans to small businesses following natural disasters. The rapid financial injection might enable viable firms to survive and grow or might hobble precarious firms with more risk and interest obligations. We show that the loans reduce exit and bankruptcy, increase employment and revenue, unlock private credit, and reduce delinquency. These effects, especially the crowding-in of private credit, appear to reflect resolving uncertainty about repair. We do not find capital reallocation away from neighboring firms and see some evidence of positive spillovers on local entry. |
| JEL: | G21 G32 H81 Q54 R33 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32326&r=ure |
| By: | Alessandro Gasparini (Red Door Analytics AB) |
| Abstract: | In the medical Keld, for instance, patients are often nested within hospitals and regions, while in education, students are nested within schools. In these settings, the outcome is typically measured at the individual level, with covariates recorded at any level of the hierarchy. This hierarchical structure poses unique challenges and necessitates appropriate analytical approaches. Traditional methods, like the widely used Cox model, assume the independence of study subjects, disregarding the inherent correlations among subjects nested within the same higher-level unit (such as a hospital). Consequently, failing to account for the multilevel structure and within-cluster correlation can yield biased and ineQcient results. To address these issues, one can use mixed-effects models, which incorporate both population-level Kxed effects and cluster-speciKc random effects at various levels of the hierarchy. Stata users can leverage several powerful commands to Kt hierarchical survival models, such as mestreg and stmixed. With this presentation, I introduce and demonstrate the use of these commands, including a range of postestimation predictions. Moreover, I delve into measures that quantify the impact of the hierarchical structure, commonly referred to as contextual effects in the literature, and discuss the interpretation of model-based predictions, focusing on the difference between conditional and marginal effects. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:neur23:08&r=ure |
| By: | Martina Zanella (Department of Economics, Trinity College Dublin) |
| Abstract: | Women are still under-represented and struggling to establish careers in traditionally male-dominated fields. Does minority status in and of itself create a barrier to women's success? Experiments suggest that under-representation exacerbates the detrimental effect of the negative stereotypes that often characterize women's ability in these fields. However, in real-world environments, these results might not hold. While lab experiments typically shut down the selection channel altogether, the choice to enter male-dominated fields is endogenous, and may in part be motivated by challenging these stereotypes. This paper assesses how minority status affects performance when selection is endogenous by studying the performance of 14, 000 students at an elite university across 16 departments, in a real-world setting that combines a choice with well-defined stereotypes - university major - with exogenous variation in peer identity - quasi-random allocation of students across class groups within the same course. The evidence indicates that those who go against stereotypes (e.g. women in math) do not suffer from being in the minority, but they impose negative externalities on those who select on stereotypes (e.g. men in math). In line with social identity considerations being incorporated into educational choices, the evidence points towards ex-ante "sensitivity" to social norms and preferences to engage with same-gender peers inducing students to select different majors and then reacting to the composition of the environment in a self-fulfilling way. |
| Keywords: | Occupational choices; gender stereotypes; minority status; peer effects in education |
| JEL: | D91 I24 J15 J16 J24 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcd:tcduee:tep0224&r=ure |
| By: | Manish Gupta (Nottingham University Business School); Steven Ongena (University of Zurich - Department Finance; Swiss Finance Institute; KU Leuven; NTNU Business School; Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)) |
| Abstract: | We examine the redistributive impact of 30-year mortgage and federal funds rates on mortgage lending between 1995 and 2021. Between 2008 and 2014, the Fed deployed Quantitative Easing (QE) by purchasing mortgage-backed securities, intendedly lowering mortgage rates. We find that lending is regressive pre-QE, becomes progressive during the QE era, and then reverts to being regressive following the QE's conclusion until 2019. Nonbank lending becomes regressive when the federal funds rate increases between 2015 and 2019, and this pattern persists during the pandemic. In contrast, while banks lend regressively until 2019, they refinance progressively during the pandemic. |
| Keywords: | Inequality, Mortgage, Financial Crisis, Quantitative Easing (QE), COVID-19, Nonbanks |
| JEL: | E52 G01 G21 G23 G51 H23 R23 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2428&r=ure |
| By: | Knut Are Aastveit; Ragnar Enger Juelsrud; Ella Getz Wold |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the impact of loan-to-value restrictions on household financial vulnerability. Using Norwegian tax data, we first document a beneficial leverage effect, in which households respond to the regulation by reducing house purchase probabilities, debt and interest expenses. Second, we document a detrimental and persistent liquidity effect working through higher downpayment requirements. We further show that households which, due to the regulation, hold less liquid assets also have larger consumption falls upon unemployment. Finally, we provide back of the envelope calculations on the net impact of lower leverage and lower liquidity on household consumption volatility. We find that the beneficial impact of lower leverage is outweighed by the detrimental impact of lower liquidity, suggesting that LTV restrictions are not successful in reducing consumption volatility at the household level. |
| Keywords: | Household leverage, Financial regulation, Macroprudential policy, Mortgage markets |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bbq:wpaper:0004&r=ure |
| By: | Davide Bosco (University of Milan-Bicocca and Center for European Studies); Luca Portoghese (University of Pavia) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how private information about health states affects social distancing behaviour in epidemics. We propose a social-interaction game where agents are rational and demographically heterogeneous, and the risk of death post-infection depends on demography. Self-tests and public screening campaigns jointly determine the available information. We find that private information determines how the spatial characteristics of the social environment affect agents’ strategic interplay: if private information is not available, social distancing decisions are strategic substitutes in any environment; if private information is available, complementarity arises in congestionable environments, and substitutability prevails otherwise. Policy implications ensue: if self-tests that detect illness are freely available, mass screening campaigns with tests that detect recoveries are beneficial in congestionable environments, but increase the death toll in the absence of congestion. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Contagion, Social distancing, Collective action, Strategic complements and substitutes |
| JEL: | C72 D71 H41 I13 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0218&r=ure |
| By: | Honorati, Maddalena; Testaverde, Mauro; Totino, Elisa |
| Abstract: | Forced displacement has become more frequent in the last decades, with refugees often spending many years abroad. While international responses often focus on immediate needs, investment in refugees’ longer-term integration is increasingly important to support their transition to self-sufficiency. This paper documents the key features of German integration system and its adaptations following the Ukrainian crisis. The emerging evidence suggests that while refugees’ labor market integration in Germany is at first slower than in other EU countries, early investment in refugees’ human capital, especially in language skills, allows access to better jobs in the medium-term. Years of investment in a strong integration eco-system was key to quickly start a process that turns short-term integration costs into long-term economic opportunities. |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:hdnspu:189759&r=ure |
| By: | Nurul Afiqah Azmi (Studies of Real Estate, School of Real Estate and Building Surveying, College of Built Environment, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Author-2-Name: Ahmad Tajjudin Rozman Author-2-Workplace-Name: Department of Real Estate, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - This paper aims to investigate the relationship between smart city elements and performance from the community's perspective in Petaling Jaya City. Methodology - This paper adopted PLS-SEM techniques, and 128 respondents were collected through questionnaire surveys. PLS-SEM is required to determine the reliability and validity of the model in terms of measurement and structural model. Findings - The results found that our model is reliable and valid regarding measurement and structural model. Our R-square values achieve satisfactory results, where two of the three dependent variables acquire a moderate benchmark. The hypotheses results show that only a few of the Smart City Elements significantly affect Smart City Performance. Novelty - Novelty in this research is identified when we can refer to the understanding of the needs of the Smart City model from the community's perspective. The Smart City concept created by the government undoubtedly sustains the city towards a better and more progressive life. In this study, we have evaluated the value of the Smart City concept from the community. Type of Paper - Empirical" |
| Keywords: | Smart City; Elements; Performances; Perspective; Community; Petaling Jaya. |
| JEL: | R11 R58 |
| Date: | 2024–03–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber244&r=ure |
| By: | Yuan S. Zhang; Elizabeth Frankenberg; Duncan Thomas |
| Abstract: | The relationship between completed education and adult cognition is investigated using data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey. We compare adult siblings to account for shared, difficult-to-measure characteristics that likely affect this relationship, including genetics and parental preferences and investments. After establishing the importance of shared family background factors, we document substantively large, significant impacts of education on cognition in models with sibling fixed effects. In contrast, the strong positive correlation between education and adult height is reduced to zero in models with sibling fixed effects, suggesting little contamination in the education-height association beyond factors common to siblings. |
| JEL: | C33 I21 O12 |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32362&r=ure |
| By: | Yang, Dongkyu |
| Abstract: | Economic adjustments through trade and migration can mitigate environmental shocks but may also propagate them to other parts of the economy. Using a dynamic spatial general equilibrium model, I quantify the transmission of environmental shocks by capitalizing on the 1930s American Dust Bowl. The counterfactual analysis shows that the Dust Bowl decreased aggregate U.S. welfare by 3.80% per capita by 1940. The local shock in agriculture more than proportionally transmitted to consumer services, while the tradable goods-producing sec-tor mitigated the shock. Such a disparity hindered structural change to services in the Dust Bowl region. Instead, economy-wide adjustments relied on the spatial reallocation of workers. Moreover, the Dust Bowl region exported price increases in agricultural goods, leading to a sizeable welfare loss in the non-Dust Bowl region despite the relative increases in real income. |
| Date: | 2024–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:jxz2b&r=ure |
| By: | Sangwan, Nikita; Sharma, Swati |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the vulnerabilities women encounter in labor markets worldwide. We investigate the potential of social protection measures in mitigating declines in women's labor market participation. Specifically, we look at the Indian context, where lockdowns spurred a reverse migration of male workers from urban to rural areas, exerting pressure on rural labor markets. Despite a 6% rise in reliance on India's largest demand driven employment guarantee scheme, our analysis reveals a 0.4% decrease in women's participation during the pandemic, equivalent to a loss of 11, 500 person-days of work. However, a gender quota provision helped sustain women's employment status. In districts where the reservation quotas had not been exhausted pre pandemic, women's share in public works increased by 2.7%. Our findings underscore the need for mandated provisions and targeted programs for women to counteract labor market withdrawals and bolster overall labor market participation in times of crisis. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19, Rural labor market, Gender, Reverse migration, MGNREGA, GKRA |
| JEL: | J08 J16 O15 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:qmsrps:202404&r=ure |
| By: | Rana, Sohel; Faye, Amy; Qaim, Matin |
| Abstract: | Temporary migration is a widely observed phenomenon among poor rural households, mostly related to agricultural seasonality. However, household preferences for temporary migration in comparison to longer-term migration, and the differential effects of these migrations on household livelihoods are not yet well understood. Here, we use survey data collected in northern rural Bangladesh to analyze determinants of households’ choice between temporary and longer-term migration, and their comparative effects on various livelihood indicators, with a particular focus on agricultural lean periods. Issues of selection bias and endogeneity are addressed with Heckman selection models and instrumental variables. We show that temporary migration is more common than longer-term migration, partly determined by family demographic and farm-labor constraints. Although longer-term migration has larger positive effects on household income, temporary migration has larger positive effects on food consumption and dietary quality during lean periods. These results suggest that temporary migration is an important mechanism for the rural poor to smooth consumption and deserves more attention by researchers and policy-makers. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Security and Poverty, Labor and Human Capital |
| Date: | 2024–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:342297&r=ure |
| By: | Fulton, Lewis; UC Davis ITS Hydrogen Study Team |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt97s439v1&r=ure |
| By: | WANG Liya; KAWATA Yuji; TAKAHASHI Kohei |
| Abstract: | In recent years, as workers' career aspirations have become increasingly diverse, it is essential to encourage them to invest autonomously in their human capital. Coworkers (peers) play important roles in affecting attitudes in a real workplace with social interactions. This study examines the influence of coworkers' human capital accumulation on employees' willingness to invest (as a peer effect). We focus on overseas assignment, which is one aspect of job assignments, as an indicator of autonomous human capital investment decision-making. Specifically, utilizing unique personnel data from a large trading firm, we investigate the effect of peers’ overseas experiences on focal workers’ willingness to work overseas and whether the effect differs by gender. A peer group is defined as the cohort of workers who enter the firm in the same year and which feel a strong sense of membership and a have competitive relationship with other members. In order to mitigate potential endogeneity problems, we employ a model in which the overseas work experience of bosses of peers at different workplaces from focal workers is an instrument variable . Our results show that overseas experience of male peers has significantly positive effects on human capital investment decisions of male employees: the more male peers experienced working overseas, the more willing male workers became to undertake similar assignments. On the other hand, we do not detect the peer effects on female workers. This implies that the underlying mechanism of peer effects may be competitive rivalry. The findings of this study have managerial implications for designing competition in firms. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:24055&r=ure |