|
on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Ramón Rey; Günther G. Schulze; Nikita Zakharov (Department of International Economic Policy, University of Freiburg) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effect of Venezuelan transit migration on crime rates in Colombia. We exploit the reopening of the VenezuelaColombia border in 2016, which has led to a surge in transit migration, and geospatial information about the distinct routes through which the migrants crossed Colombia. Employing a difference-in-differences approach and propensity score matching, we find that transit migration increased property crime rates in crossed municipalities, with both native Colombians and Venezuelan refugees seeing higher victimization rates. Violent crimes remained unaffected. This is the first study to document a link between transit migration and crime. |
| Keywords: | crime, transit migration, Venezuela |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fre:wpaper:44&r=ure |
| By: | Chatman, Daniel G. PhD; Barbour, Elisa PhD; Kerzhner, Tamara; Manville, Michael PhD; Reid, Carolina PhD |
| Abstract: | This report presents analytical review of empirical research on the interactions between housing availability and production, and travel behavior, accessibility, land use policies, and transportation policies. It identifies lessons from this review for California state legislative efforts to improve housing and transportation linkages, and to increase both transportation sustainability and housing affordability. Relevant California state efforts include legislation to influence parking standards; to require up-zoning near transit stations; to influence regional housing and transportation planning goals; and to change environmental review to focus on reducing vehicle miles traveled instead of accommodating road traffic. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Housing, travel behavior, accessibility, policy analysis, land use, incentives, regulation |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt03z7t8r1&r=ure |
| By: | Lavecchia, Adam; Oreopoulos, Philip; Spencer, Noah |
| Abstract: | This study finds substantial reductions to criminal activity from the introduction of a comprehensive high school support program for disadvantaged youth living in the largest public housing project in Toronto. The program, called Pathways to Education, bundles supports such as regular coaching, tutoring, group activities, free public transportation tickets and bursaries for postsecondary education. In this paper, we use a difference-in-differences approach that compares students living in public housing communities where the program was offered to those living in communities where the program was not offered over time. We find that eligibility for Pathways reduces the likelihood of being charged with a crime by 32 percent at its Regent Park location. This effect is driven by a reduction in charges for breaking and entering, theft, mischief, other traffic offenses and Youth Criminal Justice Act offenses. |
| Keywords: | At-risk youth, education and crime, youth programs |
| JEL: | I24 I26 I28 L31 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:clefwp:283010&r=ure |
| By: | Centuriao, Daniel; Boldrine Abrita, Mateus; Rondina Neto, Angelo; Camilo, Ana Paula; Stradiotto Vignandi, Rafaella; Espíndola Junior, Guilherme; Weber, Vanessa; Marques, Nelagley; Franco Maciel, Ruberval |
| Abstract: | Using structural impact analysis, this research investigates the economic implications of road transport infrastructure investments on the Latin American Integration Route (LAIR) in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. We aim to determine whether these investments can drive short-term local economic growth, identify sectors that benefit the most from the investments, and analyze the distribution of effects among MS municipalities. Based on three comparative scenario simulations, the findings indicate that infrastructure investments are likely to yield positive short-term impacts on MS's GDP. The intensity of these impacts varies across industries and municipalities, with Campo Grande (state capital) being a key beneficiary. Compared to other types of investments, those in transport infrastructure have a lower dispersion capacity in space. The main contribution lies in utilizing the S-curve to model the financial progress of each investment project, as this information is frequently unavailable. Additionally, adopting the spatial Location Quotient (LQ) estimates the spatial distribution of investments impacts. Lastly, the guided simulation of investments is a methodology to enhance the efficacy of formulating and executing public investment policies, considering the spatial consequences of these investments. |
| Keywords: | Input-output, Structural Analysis, Public Investment, Transportation, Regional Fiscal Policy. |
| JEL: | R12 R15 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120001&r=ure |
| By: | William W. Olney; Owen Thompson |
| Abstract: | Internal migration in the United States has declined substantially over the past several decades, which has important implications for individual welfare, macroeconomic adjustments, and other key outcomes. This paper studies the determinants of internal migration and how they have changed over time. We use administrative data from the IRS covering the universe of bilateral moves between every Commuting Zone (CZ) in the country over a 23 year period. This data is linked to information on local wage levels and home prices, and we estimate bilateral migration determinants in rich regression specifications that contain CZ-pair fixed effects. Consistent with theoretical predictions, results show that migration is decreasing with origin wages and destination home prices, and is increasing with destination wages and origin home prices. We then examine the contributions of earnings and home prices to the noted overall decline in internal migration. These analyses show that wages on their own would have led to an increase in migration rates, primarily because migrants are increasingly responsive to high earnings levels in potential destination CZs. However, these wage effects have been more than offset by housing related factors, which have increasingly impeded internal mobility. In particular, migration has become much less responsive to housing prices in the origin CZ, such that many households that would have left in response to high home prices several decades ago now choose to stay. |
| JEL: | J31 J61 R23 R31 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32123&r=ure |
| By: | McAvay, Haley; Vasilopoulos, Pavlos |
| Abstract: | Across national contexts, residents of ethnically diverse areas tend to be more supportive toward immigration. Yet the mechanism behind this trend is not fully understood. Do immigrant attitudes impact residential location or does residential location impact immigrant attitudes? In this paper we draw on panel data from the British Election Study to assess the extent to which the correlation between attitudes towards immigration and ethnic diversity is driven by residential sorting or contextual effects. First, to test residential sorting, we explore how patterns of mobility into and out of residential areas based on levels of ethnic diversity relate to prior attitudes towards immigration. Second, to test contextual effects, we run panel models to identify whether residential location influences tolerance towards immigration, net of individual unobservables. The findings suggest that while attitudes towards immigration have no impact on the likelihood of moving out of ethnically diverse areas, they do shape the likelihood of moving into such areas. Respondents with higher tolerance are more likely to enter areas with high ethnic diversity, in line with residential sorting. In contrast, we find little evidence that residential location exerts an effect on attitudes towards immigration. |
| Date: | 2024–02–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:jvdrz&r=ure |
| By: | Adam R. Swietek |
| Abstract: | Financial criteria in architectural design evaluation are limited to cost performance. Here, I introduce a method, Automated Design Appraisal (ADA), to predict the market price of a generated building design concept within a local urban context. Integrating ADA with 3D building performance simulations enables financial impact assessment that exceeds the spatial resolution of previous work. Within an integrated impact assessment, ADA measures the direct and localized effect of urban development. To demonstrate its practical utility, I study local devaluation risk due to nearby development associated with changes to visual landscape quality. The results shed light on the relationship between amenities and property value, identifying clusters of properties physically exposed or financially sensitive to local land-use change. Beyond its application as a financial sensitivity tool, ADA serves as a blueprint for architectural design optimization procedures, in which economic performance is evaluated based on learned preferences derived from financial market data. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.08645&r=ure |
| By: | Valant, Jon (Brookings Institution); Walker, Brigham (Tulane University) |
| Abstract: | Many cities with school choice programs employ algorithms to determine which applicants get seats in oversubscribed schools. This study explores whether the New Orleans placement algorithm favored students of certain races or socioeconomic classes via its use of priorities such as geographic and sibling priority. We find that when Black and White applicants submitted the same first-choice request for kindergarten, Black applicants were 9 percentage points less likely to receive it, while students in poverty were 6 percentage points less likely to receive a first-choice placement than their peers. We examine these priorities and simulate placements under alternate policies. |
| Keywords: | school choice, algorithm, equity, access |
| JEL: | I24 C78 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16776&r=ure |
| By: | Figlio, David N. (University of Rochester); Hart, Cassandra M. D. (University of California, Davis); Karbownik, Krzysztof (Emory University) |
| Abstract: | Using a rich dataset that merges student-level school records with birth records, and leveraging three alternative identification strategies, we explore how increase in access to charter schools in twelve districts in Florida affects students remaining in traditional public schools (TPS). We consistently find that competition stemming from the opening of new charter schools improves reading—but not math—performance and it also decreases absenteeism of students who remain in the TPS. Results are modest in magnitude. |
| Keywords: | school choice, charter schools, competitive effects, student achievement |
| JEL: | H75 I21 I22 I28 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16773&r=ure |
| By: | Barbour, Elisa; Jin, Janet; Goldsmith, Emma; Grover, Salvador; Martinez, Jacqueline; Handy, Susan |
| Abstract: | California has ambitious climate policy goals, while also facing an acute housing affordability crisis. Transit-oriented development—higher-density residential or mixed-use development centered around high-quality transit stations—has emerged as a strategy to reduce greenhouse gases while increasing housing supply. However, transit-oriented development is more complex and expensive to build than development in low-density, undeveloped areas. State and local governments have adopted numerous policies to encourage transit-oriented development, but little research has examined how various policies can be combined to produce on-the-ground success. Researchers at the University of California, Davis completed in-depth case studies of 11 California cities to understand their mix of strategies and how they have needed to reconcile sometimes competing policy goals in advancing transit-oriented development. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, case studies, policy making, surveys, transit oriented development |
| Date: | 2024–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt46c2v36q&r=ure |
| By: | Donner, Herman (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Even as increased demand and misallocation of housing are established consequences of rent controls, there is limited research on how household demand responds to rent subsidies. In a setting with heterogenous households and wide-spread rent controls, a likely consequence is overconsumption of housing that results in a less-than-optimal household-apartment matching. Data from Stockholm, Sweden, with both household and apartment characteristics is analyzed. There is considerable variation in how much apartments are subsidized, household size, and income. On average, regulated rents are 36.1% lower than estimated market rents. Apartment size is regressed on both household characteristics at the time of moving-in, and a measure of the rent subsidy. Controlling for household size, age(s), income, and location, it is found that the average difference between an estimated counterfactual market rent and the regulated rent results in an average household renting an apartment that is 15.9% larger compared to if paying market rent. When regressing the number of rooms, rather than apartment size, the results are consistent. The average annual subsidy per square meter will, on average, result in households renting an apartment with .28 additional rooms. The observed behavior is a consequence of ineffective targeting of rent subsidies. The shift in demand will amplify housing shortages and decrease access to housing and therefore contradict the policy goals. Estimates of housing consumption in a counterfactual setting with market rents, yields a 20.6% larger renter population housed in the existing housing stock. |
| Keywords: | rent control; housing supply; housing demand; housing misallocation |
| JEL: | D40 R21 R28 R31 |
| Date: | 2024–02–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2024_003&r=ure |
| By: | Clémence Berson; Pierre-Philippe Combes; Laurent Gobillon; Aurélie Sotura |
| Abstract: | We quantify the effects of city agglomeration economies on labour earnings in France over a forty-year period using individual wage panel data. We first delineate cities at every date to consider changes in their footprint over time. We then estimate a daily wage specification that includes time-varying city effects while controlling for observed and unobserved individual heterogeneity. We regress these city effects on agglomeration variables every year, and assess how changes in values and returns to agglomeration variables affect the evolution of daily wages. We find a negligible role for changes in values, but an important role for changes in returns. There is also significant heterogeneity across cities, even among large cities of similar sizes. We propose a theoretical model in which agglomeration economies affect both population and city area. A calibration exercise shows that changes in returns to agglomeration economies are not enough to generate variations in population and city area influencing significantly aggregate labour earnings. This result is consistent with the negligible role of changes in values found in our empirical investigation. |
| Keywords: | Agglomeration Economies, Growth, Wages |
| JEL: | R23 J31 J6 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:939&r=ure |
| By: | Lindlacher Valentin; Gustav Pirich |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the economic impact of China’s “stadium diplomacy” in Sub-Saharan Africa. Exploiting the staggered timing of the construction in a difference-in-differences framework, we analyze the effect of Chinese-built and financed stadiums on local economic development. Employing nighttime light satellite data, we provide both an aggregate and spatially disaggregated assessment of these investments. We find that a stadium’s city nighttime light intensity increases by 25 percent, on average, after stadium completion. The stadium’s direct surrounding increases by 34 percent, on average, in its nighttime light activity. The effects can be attributed to the stadiums but are not only visible close to the stadium’s location. The effect remains strong when controlling for other local Chinese investments. Thus, we find evidence for beneficial effects of Chinese-built and financed stadiums on local economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa, contrasting with the widely held notion that China’s development finance projects constitute “white elephants”. |
| Keywords: | stadium diplomacy, regional development, nighttime light, local public infrastructure, Sub-Saharan Africa |
| JEL: | O18 R11 O55 R53 Z20 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10893&r=ure |
| By: | Frank Y. Huang; Po-Chun Huang |
| Abstract: | In densely populated urban areas, where interactions between pedestrians, vehicles, and motorcycles are frequent and complex, traffic safety is a critical concern. This paper evaluates the Neighborhood Traffic Environment Improvement Program in Taipei, which involved painting green pedestrian paths, adjusting no-parking red/yellow lines, and painting speed limit and stop/slow signs on lanes and alleys. Exploiting staggered rollout of policy implementation and administrative traffic accident data, we found that the program reduced daytime traffic accidents by 5 percent and injuries by 8 percent, while having no significant impact on nighttime incidents. The effectiveness of the program during the day is mainly attributed to the painted green sidewalks, with adequate sunlight playing a part in the program's success. Our findings indicate that cost-effective strategies like green pedestrian lanes can be effective in areas with dense populations and high motorcycle traffic, as they improve safety by encouraging pedestrians to use marked areas and deterring vehicles from these zones. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.16752&r=ure |
| By: | Girstmair, Stefan |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the importance of including data on new housing supply in Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) models in forecasting the Great Financial Crisis (GFC), focusing on the U.S. While existing models have added a financial sector and real estate sector, they have largely overlooked housing supply. I develop an extended DSGE model that includes both the financial sector and endogenous housing supply and show that forecasting accuracy significantly improves when data on new houses is included. Robustness checks confirm the importance of these additions to the model. The findings highlight the necessity of combining model extension and housing supply data for accurate forecasting during economic crises. I identify negative housing demand shocks and escalating adjustment costs as primary drivers of the GFC, propagating into the real economy and accelerating through the financial sector. Additionally, this paper addresses the zero lower bound challenge in modeling forward guidance using a regime change approach. JEL Classification: E17, E32, E37, R21, R31 |
| Keywords: | Bayesian estimation, DSGE, housing, model projection |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20242895&r=ure |
| By: | Randazzo, Teresa; Piracha, Matloob |
| Abstract: | We study the role of immigrant children's ethnic identity in their educational performance and preferences/aspirations in Italy. We find that students with a weak sense of Italian belonging show a low performance in reading and mathematics and higher probability of grade retention. Moreover, children in middle secondary school with a weak sense of Italian identity have a low preference towards academically-oriented high secondary track which normally increases the likelihood of pursuing a university degree. We also find that the intention of immigrant children in high secondary schools to enrol at university decreases if they have a weak Italian identity. We exploit gender heterogeneity finding that females are more adversely affected in their educational aspirations when they have not built a strong sense of Italian identity. Immigrant children will soon form a very important component of the Italian labour force and shedding light on their educational outcomes will help us understand their performance in the Italian labour market better. |
| Keywords: | ethnic identity, educational performance, educational preferences |
| JEL: | F22 J15 I2 Z13 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1387&r=ure |
| By: | Bill Dupor |
| Abstract: | Federal fiscal assistance in the COVID-19 pandemic has increased states’ budget surplus and raised recent state and local government spending above trend. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; state governments; local governments; state budgets; local budgets; state government spending; local government spending |
| Date: | 2024–02–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:l00001:97741&r=ure |
| By: | Lu Han; Stephan Heblich; Christopher Timmins; Yanos Zylberberg |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the value of urban trees. The empirical strategy exploits an ecological catastrophe — the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) infestation in Toronto to isolate exogenous variation in neighborhood tree canopy changes. Adding one tree to a postcode increases property prices by 0.40%; the hardest-hit areas lost 7% tree cover, resulting in a 6% property price decline. The tree premium includes the value of tree services and aesthetics. Our results demonstrate a significant impact of trees on mitigating urban heat and generating energy savings. However, the total amenity value of trees exceeds the combined value of these services. |
| JEL: | Q4 Q51 Q54 R3 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32063&r=ure |
| By: | Autor, David; Patterson, Christina; Van Reenen, John |
| Abstract: | National U.S. industrial concentration rose between 1992-2017. Simultaneously, the Herfindhahl Index of local (six-digit-NAICS by county) employment concentration fell. This divergence between national and local employment concentration is due to structural transformation. Both sales and employment concentration rose within industry-by-county cells. But activity shifted from concentrated Manufacturing towards relatively un-concentrated Services. A stronger between-sector shift in employment relative to sales explains the fall in local employment concentration. Had sectoral employment shares remained at their 1992 levels, average local employment concentration would have risen by 9% by 2017 rather than falling by 7%. |
| Keywords: | employment concentration; sales concentration; local labor markets; structural transformation; POID |
| JEL: | L11 L60 O31 O34 P33 R3 |
| Date: | 2023–04–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121333&r=ure |
| By: | Marè, M.;; Porcelli, F.;; Vidoli, F.; |
| Abstract: | The provision of health services plays a central role in the promotion of public welfare and maintaining a healthy society. However, inequalities in access to health care persist between countries, regions, and communities, reflecting the complex interplay of many social, economic, and cultural factors. This article aims to explore the complex relationship between tax deductions and the spatial correlation between health demand and private supply. By using an original data set at an unprecedented municipal level and employing a spatial counterfactual empirical strategy, we contribute to the existing literature in two ways. First, we show a strong territorial heterogeneity of health tax expenditure at the municipal level, which persists even after controlling for explanatory factors, and essentially rewards northern Italian regions and penalizes southern ones. Second, we investigate whether greater proximity to a private health provider respects a public one produces a different spending behavior in citizens, highlighting once again the specificity of private healthcare provision in the Italian context. This behavior was analyzed with a geographically weighted analysis, which allowed us to assess the strong spatial non-stationarity by including local potential hidden confounders. |
| Keywords: | tax expenditures; health tax expenditures; spatial counterfactual approach; |
| JEL: | I14 H24 C21 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yor:hectdg:24/03&r=ure |
| By: | Sun, Yue; Zhao, Liqiu; Zhao, Zhong |
| Abstract: | Under China's household registration (hukou) system, children with rural hukou lack equal access to education in urban areas. This paper investigates the causal effect of hukou status on children's education by exploiting an exogenous change in hukou status induced by the hukou reform in 1998. Before the reform, children could only inherit their mother's hukou status. Post-1998, newborns and preschoolers gained the ability to inherit either their father's or mother's hukou status, creating a unique exogenous opportunity for children with urban fathers and rural mothers to obtain urban hukou. Using China's 2010 population census data, we employ a difference-in-differences strategy to examine the impact of hukou status on children's education. Our findings reveal that the younger cohorts exposed to the reform are 15.1 percentage points more likely to have urban hukou and 18.9 percentage points more likely to be at the appropriate grade level for their age. Moreover, the effect is more pronounced amongst girls and children from educated families or large cities. |
| Keywords: | Hukou reform, grade-for-age, education equality, rural-urban disparity |
| JEL: | I24 I28 O15 R28 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1386&r=ure |
| By: | Elad DeMalach; Analia Schlosser |
| Abstract: | We estimate the short- and long-term effects of universal preschool education by analyzing the impact of the Israeli Preschool Law, which mandated the provision of public preschool for ages 3 and 4 starting in September 1999. We focus on the Arab population, who were the main beneficiaries of the first phase of the implementation of the Law, and exploit exogenous variation in universal preschool provision across localities due to the Law’s gradual implementation. Our difference-in-differences research design compares cohorts of children in treatment localities before and after the Law’s introduction to equivalent cohorts in comparison localities. We find that individuals benefited from the provision of universal preschool along various dimensions: their academic performance in elementary, middle school, and high school improved significantly, and their postsecondary enrollment rates increased substantially. We also find beneficial effects of universal preschool on additional outcomes, such as a reduction in juvenile delinquency among males and a decline in early marriage among females. Results are not driven by changes in maternal income or labor supply. A potential mechanism impacting long-term outcomes was the creation of a better learning environment in elementary and middle school, with a greater sense of security and better relationships with teachers and classmates. |
| Keywords: | early childhood education, preschool |
| JEL: | I24 I25 J20 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10904&r=ure |
| By: | Vahidin Jeleskovic; Steffen Loeber |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we employ spatial econometric methods to analyze panel data from German NUTS 3 regions. Our goal is to gain a deeper understanding of the significance and interdependence of industry clusters in shaping the dynamics of GDP. To achieve a more nuanced spatial differentiation, we introduce indicator matrices for each industry sector which allows for extending the spatial Durbin model to a new version of it. This approach is essential due to both the economic importance of these sectors and the potential issue of omitted variables. Failing to account for industry sectors can lead to omitted variable bias and estimation problems. To assess the effects of the major industry sectors, we incorporate eight distinct branches of industry into our analysis. According to prevailing economic theory, these clusters should have a positive impact on the regions they are associated with. Our findings indeed reveal highly significant impacts, which can be either positive or negative, of specific sectors on local GDP growth. Spatially, we observe that direct and indirect effects can exhibit opposite signs, indicative of heightened competitiveness within and between industry sectors. Therefore, we recommend that industry sectors should be taken into consideration when conducting spatial analysis of GDP. Doing so allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the economic dynamics at play. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.10261&r=ure |
| By: | Ragui Assaad (University of Minnesota, Humphrey School of Public Affairs); Thomas Ginn (Center for Global Development); Mohamed Saleh (London School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | While labor market impacts of refugees in low- and middle-income countries are commonly studied, public services like education could also be affected by mass arrivals. This paper examines the impact of Syrian refugees on the educational outcomes of Jordanians. Combining detailed household surveys with school-level records on the density of Syrians, we study both the quantity and quality of education using a difference-in-differences design across refugee prevalence and schooling cohort. We find no evidence that Syrians significantly affected the educational outcomes of Jordanians. We show that the government's response of establishing second shifts in existing public schools and opening new schools in camps mitigated potential overcrowding. |
| Keywords: | Education; Refugees; Forced Migration; Middle East |
| JEL: | I21 J61 N35 R23 |
| Date: | 2024–02–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:wpaper:679&r=ure |
| By: | Sun, Yue (Renmin University of China); Zhao, Liqiu (Renmin University of China); Zhao, Zhong (Renmin University of China) |
| Abstract: | Under China's household registration (hukou) system, children with rural hukou do not have equal rights to access education in urban areas. This paper investigates the causal effect of hukou status on children's education by exploiting an exogenous change in hukou status induced by the hukou reform in 1998. Before the reform, children could only inherit their mother's hukou status. After 1998, newborns and preschoolers could inherit either their father's or mother's hukou status, which provided a unique exogenous opportunity for children with urban fathers and rural mothers to obtain urban hukou. Using China's 2010 population census data, we employ a difference-in-differences strategy to examine the impact of hukou status on children's education. We show that the younger cohorts exposed to the reform are 15.1 percentage points more likely to have urban hukou and are 18.9 percentage points more likely to be at the grade level appropriate for their age. Moreover, the effect is more pronounced amongst girls, and children from educated families or from large cities. |
| Keywords: | Hukou reform, grade-for-age, education equality, rural-urban disparity |
| JEL: | I24 I28 O15 R28 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16763&r=ure |
| By: | Cohen, Adam MS; Shaheen, Susan PhD |
| Abstract: | Advanced air mobility (AAM) is a broad concept that enables consumers access to air mobility, goods delivery, and emergency services through an integrated and connected multimodal transportation network. AAM can provide short-range urban, suburban, and rural flights of about 50-miles and mid-range regional flights up to a several hundred miles. State law delegates responsibility for oversight in aviation primarily to the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans). This white paper presents an overview of the state of the market, such as the aircraft under development and forecast market growth and discusses factors that could facilitate the development of AAM or pose risks to its deployment or to the public, including the safety and the regulatory environment, airspace and air traffic management, security, environmental impacts, weather, infrastructure and multimodal integration, workforce and economic development, social equity, and community engagement and social acceptance. It concludes by recommending actions that Caltrans and other state agencies can take to facilitate the development of AAM. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Air transportation, mobility, market assessment, risk analysis, airspace, multimodal transportation, regulation |
| Date: | 2024–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt0656t0dh&r=ure |
| By: | Berliant, Marcus; Tabuchi, Takatoshi |
| Abstract: | To investigate questions related to migration and trade, a model of regional or international development is created by altering Melitz and Ottaviano (2008) to include a labor market. The model is then applied to analyze poverty traps and the home market effect. We find that in the spatial economics context of migration but no trade, poverty can persist unless population in one region of many is pushed past a threshold. Then growth commences. In the context of trade but no migration, the home market effect holds for a range of parameters, similar to previous literature. However, unlike previous literature, we find that if populations in countries are highly asymmetric, the home market effect can be reversed. |
| Keywords: | Monopolistic competition; Poverty trap; Home market effect; Labor market clearing |
| JEL: | F12 R11 |
| Date: | 2024–01–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119993&r=ure |
| By: | Ron Boschma; ; |
| Abstract: | There is an ongoing dialogue that explores how the Global Production Network and Evolutionary Economic Geography (EEG) literatures can make promising crossovers. This paper aims to contribute to this debate by outlining a theoretical-analytical approach to regional studies on Global Value Chains (GVCs). Building on the EEG literature on relatedness, economic complexity and regional diversification, this approach aims to develop a better understanding of the ability of regions to develop new and upgrade existing GVCs, and why regions may experience the loss or downgrading of existing GVCs. We present the features of this relatedness/complexity approach to GVCs, and discuss potential fields of applications. |
| Keywords: | Evolutionary Economic Geography, Global Value Chains, Global Production Networks, regional diversification, relatedness, economic complexity |
| JEL: | B52 F23 O19 O33 R10 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2402&r=ure |
| By: | Maurer, Stephan Ernst; Schwerdt, Guido; Wiederhold, Simon |
| Abstract: | We study whether female students benefit from being taught by female professors, and whether such gender match effects differ by class size. We use administrative records of a German public university, covering all programs and courses between 2006 and 2018. We find that gender match effects on student performance are sizable in smaller classes, but do not exist in larger classes. This difference suggests that direct and frequent interactions between students and professors are important for the emergence of gender match effects. Instead, the mere fact that one's professor is female is not sufficient to increase performance of female students. |
| Keywords: | gender gap; role models; tertiary education; professors |
| JEL: | I21 I23 I20 J16 |
| Date: | 2023–01–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121336&r=ure |
| By: | Chinmay Maheshwari; Kshitij Kulkarni; Druv Pai; Jiarui Yang; Manxi Wu; Shankar Sastry |
| Abstract: | Congestion pricing, while adopted by many cities to alleviate traffic congestion, raises concerns about widening socioeconomic disparities due to its disproportionate impact on low-income travelers. In this study, we address this concern by proposing a new class of congestion pricing schemes that not only minimize congestion levels but also incorporate an equity objective to reduce cost disparities among travelers with different willingness-to-pay. Our analysis builds on a congestion game model with heterogeneous traveler populations. We present four pricing schemes that account for practical considerations, such as the ability to charge differentiated tolls to various traveler populations and the option to toll all or only a subset of edges in the network. We evaluate our pricing schemes in the calibrated freeway network of the San Francisco Bay Area. We demonstrate that the proposed congestion pricing schemes improve both efficiency (in terms of reduced average travel time) and equity (the disparities of travel costs experienced by different populations) compared to the current pricing scheme. Moreover, our pricing schemes also generate a total revenue comparable to the current pricing scheme. Our results further show that pricing schemes charging differentiated prices to traveler populations with varying willingness-to-pay lead to a more equitable distribution of travel costs compared to those that charge a homogeneous price to all. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.16844&r=ure |
| By: | Phillips, Willard; Thorne, Elizabeth; Chong Ling, Esther |
| Abstract: | Vehicle traffic congestion produces significant economic costs in most cities and metropolitan regions of the world. It is also a significant source of green house gas emissions as well as other air pollutants which in turn contribute to major health risks. Traffic congestion also generates additional impacts including stress, fatigue and depression among commuters, and is possibly linked to increased antisocial behaviour and diminished road safety. The problem has become a major challenge among Caribbean small island developing states (SIDS), especially in the context of the subregion’s growing urbanization and increasing levels of motorization over the past three decades. And while several studies have been undertaken for other countries and regions around the world, the phenomenon has not benefitted from such inquiry in Caribbean countries. The present study seeks to contribute to remedying this deficiency by assessing the economic costs of vehicle traffic congestion in one Caribbean case country – Trinidad and Tobago. Towards this end, a survey was conducted to glean insights into commuters’ traffic congestion experience in terms of location and time delays, and collected data were used to estimate a Value of Lost Time as a measure of direct economic costs. The assessment suggests that vehicle traffic congestion imposes a direct economic burden of roughly 1.37% of annual GDP on Trinidad and Tobago. This measure represents a lower bound estimate of economic costs, given that it does not include other social and environmental costs typically associated with the phenomenon. This estimate is likey to have important public policy implications for the country, as it seeks to implement strategies for mitigating the problem in the future. |
| Date: | 2024–01–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:68801&r=ure |
| By: | Donner, Herman (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology); Kulander, Maria (University of Gävle) |
| Abstract: | Utilizing a large-scale public health survey in Sweden, this paper analyzes the relationship between the fraction of elderly above the age of 80 who live in various tenure forms, and their social engagement. Social engagement is a measure of both social interaction with others, and overall engagement in society. This measure has an established relationship with mental and physical health, even as the causal mechanism are still understudied. Across 130 municipalities, we find that a higher fraction of elderly living in elderly housing is associated with a lower fraction of elderly classified as having a low level of social engagement. We also find that a higher fraction of elderly living in single-family houses is associated with a higher fraction of elderly classified as having a low level of social engagement. The results support that closer proximity to neighbors, and potentially the engagement offered through services in elderly care, increases overall social engagement among the elderly, thereby also assumably promoting better mental and physical health. The findings can inform housing policies towards elderly populations. |
| Keywords: | Elderly; Housing; Mental Health; Social Engagement; Social Interactions; Well-Being |
| JEL: | I31 J14 J26 |
| Date: | 2024–02–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2024_001&r=ure |
| By: | Dahis, Ricardo (Monash University); Szerman, Christiane (University College London) |
| Abstract: | Changes in political boundaries aimed at devolving power to local governments are common in many countries. We examine the economic consequences of redistricting through the creation of smaller government units. Exploiting reforms that led to sharp variations in the number of government units in Brazil, we show that voluntary redistricting increases the size of the public sector, public services delivery, and economic activity in new local governments over the long term. The gains in economic activity are not offset by losses elsewhere and are stronger in peripheral and remote backward areas neglected by their parent governments. We provide evidence that decentralizing decision-making power boosts local development in disadvantaged areas beyond simply gains in fiscal revenues. |
| Keywords: | local development, decentralization, public goods |
| JEL: | H11 H41 H75 O43 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16761&r=ure |
| By: | Jacopo Bassetto; Teresa Freitas Monteiro |
| Abstract: | Migration is often temporary, and the intended length of stay in the host country is an important determinant of immigrants’ labor market behavior, human capital investment, and socioeconomic integration. In this paper, we investigate whether safety conditions in the home country affect immigrants’ return intentions and job search behavior. We combine administrative and survey data with precise information on terrorist attacks worldwide. Our identification strategy exploits the quasi-random occurrence of terrorist attacks in the home country relative to the timing of interviews and job separations in Germany. We show that immigrants interviewed after a terrorist attack in their home country are 12 percentage points more likely to wish to remain in Germany permanently. Immigrants react more strongly if they are less integrated in Germany and have close family members in their home country. Consistent with the prediction that revisions to the intended length of stay affect immigrants’ labor market behavior, we show that immigrants who enter unemployment when a terrorist event hits their home country are 1.8 percentage points more likely to be employed within three months than immigrants who enter unemployment in quiet times. Among those who find employment within three months, immigrants who experience terror events receive lower hourly wages and are more likely to work part-time. These results suggest that immigrants who enter unemployment in a month with high levels of violence in the home country trade immediate job security for lower earnings and less-productive firms. |
| Keywords: | immigration, uncertainty, violence, return migration, unemployment |
| JEL: | J15 J61 J64 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10908&r=ure |
| By: | Yann Algan (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Clément Malgouyres (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Thierry Mayer (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR, CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique); Mathias Thoenig (UNIL - Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how economic incentives influence cultural transmission, using a crucial expression of cultural identity: Child naming decisions. Our focus is on Arabic versus Non-Arabic names given in France over the 2003-2007 period. Our model of cultural transmission features three determinants: (i) vertical (parental) cultural transmission culture; (ii) horizontal (neighborhood) influence; (iii) information on the economic penalty associated with Arabic names. We find that economic incentives largely influence naming choices: Would the parental expectation on the economic penalty be zero, the annual number of babies born with an Arabic name would be more than 50 percent larger. |
| Keywords: | Cultural Economics, Cultural Transmission, First Names, Social Interactions |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03342466&r=ure |
| By: | Suzane Bellue |
| Abstract: | In the United States, less-educated parents tend to choose lower levels of parental inputs, they reside in bad neighborhoods and allocate little time to parent-child activities. I propose a spatial overlapping generation model of parental decisions about time and neighborhood quality with imperfect information and social learning. Specifically, young agents learn about the relevance of parental inputs through observing their neighbors. Crucially, however, they are prone to misinferences as they may not be able to perfectly correct for selection induced by income segregation. I calibrate the model using several United States representative datasets. The calibrated model matches targeted and non-targeted parental behavior moments across socioeconomic groups. I find a relatively modest level of parental delusion that increases inequality by 3% (income Gini index) and social immobility by 12% (intergenerational rank-rank). A housing voucher policy improves the neighborhood quality of eligible families, raising children’s future earnings. When scaling up the policy, long-run and general equilibrium responses in parental beliefs amplify the policy effects. Inequality reduces, and intergenerational mobility improves. |
| Keywords: | neighborhood, education, human capital, learning, social mobility |
| JEL: | D13 D62 D83 E24 I2 J13 R2 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2023_472&r=ure |
| By: | Lister, Pen |
| Abstract: | This paper critically reflects on future-present learning in place situated in the context of postdigital learning at the scale of the city. Acknowledging a high level of uncertainty, it is argued here that we must re-imagine and investigate alternative visions of what might be possible or desirable to implement a smarter, more effective and efficient learning in place in near-future learning cities, to plan and adapt for how this future could play out, and mitigate challenges that may arise. A speculative vision is outlined for a civic learning network to provide seamless, low friction learning in a smart future city. Context is placed on the importance of the web of knowledge as the foundation of any system of civic learning implementation, the role of the open social web to support citizen participation, and the potential responsibilities of platform infrastructure as part of their relationship to future technosocial contracts and citizen digital epistemic rights. |
| Date: | 2024–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ruds4&r=ure |
| By: | Andre Groeger; Yanos Zylberberg |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how social networks (might fail to) shape agricultural practices. We exploit (i) a unique census of agricultural production nested within delineated land parcels and (ii) comprehensive social network data within four repopulated villages of rural Vietnam. In a first step, we extract exogenous variation in network formation from home locations within the few streets that compose each village (populated through staggered population resettlement), and we estimate the return to social links in the adoption of highly-productive crops. We find a large network multiplier, in apparent contradiction with lowadoption rates. In a second step, we study the structure of network formation to explain this puzzle: social networks display large homophily, and valuable links between heterogeneous households are rare. Due to the clustered nature of networks and the dynamic, endogenous propagation of agricultural practices, there are decreasing returns to social links, and policies targeting “inbetweeners” are most able to mitigate this issue. |
| Keywords: | technology adoption, social networks |
| JEL: | D85 O13 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1426&r=ure |
| By: | Thibault Rolland (ARAMIS - Algorithms, models and methods for images and signals of the human brain = Algorithmes, modèles et méthodes pour les images et les signaux du cerveau humain [ICM Paris] - Inria de Paris - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - ICM - Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute - AP-HP - Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP] - AP-HP - Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - SU - Sorbonne Université - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Fabrizio De Vico Fallani (ARAMIS - Algorithms, models and methods for images and signals of the human brain = Algorithmes, modèles et méthodes pour les images et les signaux du cerveau humain [ICM Paris] - Inria de Paris - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - ICM - Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute - AP-HP - Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP] - AP-HP - Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - SU - Sorbonne Université - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ICM - Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute - AP-HP - Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - INSERM - Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP] - AP-HP - Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - SU - Sorbonne Université - SU - Sorbonne Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In many fields of science and technology we are confronted with complex networks. Making sense of these networks often require the ability to visualize and explore their intermingled structure consisting of nodes and links. To facilitate the identification of significant connectivity patterns, many methods have been developed based on the rearrangement of the nodes so as to avoid link criss-cross. However, real networks are often embedded in a geometrical space and the nodes code for an intrinsic physical feature of the system that one might want to preserve. For these spatial networks, it is therefore crucial to find alternative strategies operating on the links and not on the nodes. Here, we introduce Vizaj a javascript web application to render spatial networks based on optimized geometrical criteria that reshape the link profiles. While optimized for 3D networks, Vizaj can also be used for 2D networks and offers the possibility to interactively customize the visualization via several controlling parameters, including network filtering and the effect of internode distance on the link trajectories. Vizaj is further equipped with additional options allowing to improve the final aesthetics, such as the color/size of both nodes and links, zooming/rotating/translating, and superimposing external objects. Vizaj is an open-source software which can be freely downloaded and updated via a github repository. Here, we provide a detailed description of its main features and algorithms together with a guide on how to use it. Finally, we validate its potential on several synthetic and real spatial networks from infrastructural to biological systems. We hope that Vizaj will help scientists and practitioners to make sense of complex networks and provide aesthetic while informative visualizations. |
| Keywords: | Complex systems, Physical networks, Dataviz, Software, Art |
| Date: | 2023–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03837671&r=ure |
| By: | L. Samková (Department of Trade, Tourism and Languages, Faculty of Economics, University of South Bohemia In České Budějovice) |
| Abstract: | This contribution aims to prepare theoretical background for a PhD thesis titled Integrated passenger transport management systems in the development of tourism. The aim of the paper is to explore the current knowledge in the field of the integrated passenger transport system (IPTS) in the context of the tourism development, identify the unanswered questions that require further research and assess some elements of the IPTS development potential. The areas of economic theory – consumer theory in transport, the management of the integrated transport system, and financial management, more specifically, investments in the integrated transport system – were chosen for elaborating the theoretical starting points. Integrated management of passenger transport in cooperation with all carriers and at least in a group of several municipalities, is a discussed intention of a number of municipalities. The integrated system has the potential to simplify transportation for passengers and also increase the volume of passenger transportation. High-quality transport service is one of the success factors of a tourism destination. Road passenger transport continues to expand as it offers fast transport at an affordable price. For this reason, the integrated transport system is also a frequently addressed topic, but it is not much explored in relation to tourism. An effective integrated passenger transport management system can contribute to the development of tourism in a given area and to the subsequent development of the area. In the South Bohemian Region, the integrated transport system is not fully functional, so there is a space for its innovation, and it provides research possibilities. This topic also shows publication and theoretical-research potential. |
| Keywords: | Integrated transport system (ITS), Consumer theory in transport, ITS management, Investments in ITS, Tourism development |
| JEL: | L91 O18 R40 R41 |
| Date: | 2023–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boh:wpaper:03_2023&r=ure |
| By: | van Oosterhout, Kars (RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, ROA / Human capital in the region); Bakens, Jessie (RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, ROA / Labour market and training); Cörvers, Frank (RS: GSBE MORSE, RS: FdR Research Group ITEM, RS: GSBE - MACIMIDE, ROA / Human capital in the region) |
| Abstract: | Distance can form a barrier to enrolment in a university programme, particularly when it requires a student to move out of the parental home. Many high-income countries offer an additional student grant to students living away from the parental home to partly compensate them for their higher financial costs. However, it is unclear whether such a financially oriented policy reduces the role of distance in university choice and how it compares to a similar but less costly policy offering student loans instead of grants. |
| JEL: | R23 I22 I23 I24 O15 |
| Date: | 2024–02–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:umagsb:2024002&r=ure |
| By: | Jaller, Miguel PhD; Xiao, Runhua Ivan |
| Abstract: | This project identifies factors that affect three truck-related parameters: idling, searching for parking, and parking demand. These parameters are examined in communities in Kern County California that have high air pollution levels and are located near transportation corridors, industrial facilities, and logistics centers. Daytime truck idling is concentrated in and around commercial and industrial hubs, and nighttime idling is concentrated around major roads and highway entrances and exits. Truck idling, searching for parking, and parking demand correlate with shorter distances from freight-related points-of-interest such as warehouses, increased size of nearby industrial or commercial land use, and proximity to areas of dense population or income inequality. Based onthese findings, policy recommendations include targeted anti-idling interventions, improved truck parking facilities, parking systems that provide real-time availability information to drivers, provision of alternate power sources in parkingfacilities to allow trucks to turn off, cleaner fuels and technologies, enhanced routing efficiency, stricter emission standards, and stronger land-use planning with buffer zones around residential areas. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Trucking, trucks, parking demand, engine idling, air pollution, industrial areas, underserved communities, environmental justice |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt9w28d01h&r=ure |
| By: | Fan, Ying (Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University); Fu, Yuqi (Department of Construction Management, Tsinghua University); Yang, Zan (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates how intermediaries with information advantages divert consumer search in rental markets and lead to inefficient outcomes. Using unique data on tenants’ initial preferences and property-visit records, we find that intermediaries deliberately prioritize the exhibition of properties distant from tenants’ preferences in their property-showing sequences and divert the visit route toward unsolicited properties. Moreover, such diversion patterns are dynamically adjusted according to the instantaneous feedback from tenants. By using diversion strategies to affect and project consumers’ preferences and willingness to pay, intermediaries can benefit from two channels, i.e., 1) distorting transaction outcomes and achieving higher commissions and 2) facilitating deals for less-favorable properties. We also provide evidence for the successive approximations of intermediaries’ diversion strategies and their implications for tenant discrimination. |
| Keywords: | search diversion; agent; property showing; rental markets |
| JEL: | D83 L85 R30 |
| Date: | 2024–02–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2024_002&r=ure |
| By: | Maarten van Rooij; Olivier Coibion; Dimitris Georgarakos; Bernardo Candia; Yuriy Gorodnichenko |
| Abstract: | How strong are peer effects on the beliefs and spending decisions of individuals? We use a randomized control study in which treated households are told about either average income or debt of individuals like them to assess how peer effects influence their beliefs and spending. The information treatments are successful at moving respondents’ beliefs about peers’ incomes and debt levels. We find that individuals with exogenously higher perceived relative income become more opposed to redistribution and increase the amount of time they spend socializing with peers. In addition, we find some evidence of reallocative “keeping up with the Joneses†on spending, as those who learn their peers earn more than they thought tend to reallocate their spending toward durable goods and away from non-durables. However, the quantitative magnitude of peer effects on spending is small in the months following the information experiment. Peer effects also matter for labor supply decisions and ex-post employment outcomes. Finally, believing that one earns more than peers causally leads to large positive effects on happiness, above and beyond effects coming from spending more time with peers, changing beliefs about redistribution, or changes in spending patterns. |
| Keywords: | Peer effects; surveys |
| JEL: | D3 D6 D1 E21 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dnb:dnbwpp:804&r=ure |
| By: | Akgündüz, Yusuf Emre (Sabanci University); Aydemir, Abdurrahman B. (Sabanci University); Cilasun, Seyit Mümin (TED University); Kirdar, Murat Güray (Bogazici University) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the degree to which immigration shock to a region propagates through supply chains. Using the unexpected arrival of Syrian refugees densely concentrated in border regions of Turkey, we estimate how firms throughout the country are affected in terms of their sales, employment, and wages. We also estimate the effect of the shock on interprovincial trade, focusing on trade volume and network formation. The results point to positive spillover effects of immigration for firms with pre-existing links to Syrian refugee-hosting regions through upstream and downstream linkages. We further find evidence for increased trade volume and network expansion through new trade linkages. |
| Keywords: | immigration, propagation, firm-to-firm trade, employment, production networks |
| JEL: | D22 J61 L14 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16770&r=ure |
| By: | Liu, Jing (University of Texas at Austin); Conrad, Cameron (University of Maryland); Blazar, David (University of Maryland) |
| Abstract: | This study provides the first causal analysis of the impact of expanding Computer Science (CS) education in U.S. K-12 schools on students' choice of college major and early career outcomes. Utilizing rich longitudinal data from Maryland, we exploit variation from the staggered rollout of CS course offerings across high schools. Our findings suggest that taking a CS course increases students' likelihood of declaring a CS major by 10 percentage points and receiving a CS BA degree by 5 percentage points. Additionally, access to CS coursework raises students' likelihood of being employed and early career earnings. Notably, students who are female, low socioeconomic status, or Black experience larger benefits in terms of CS degree attainment and earnings. However, the lower take-up rates of these groups in CS courses highlight a pressing need for targeted efforts to enhance their participation as policymakers continue to expand CS curricula in K-12 education. |
| Keywords: | computer science, STEM, high school curricula, college major choice, earnings |
| JEL: | I23 J24 H52 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16758&r=ure |
| By: | Contreras, Hugo Alejandro; Vallejos, Cristian Esteban Candia; Rodriguez-Sickert, Carlos; Ferres, Leo; Olchevskaia, Rodrigo Vladislav Troncoso |
| Abstract: | In this study, we conduct a detailed empirical analysis of the relationship between personal feelings of insecurity, fear of crime, and the way individuals move and travel in their daily lives, with a particular focus on differences between genders. Our methodology combines subjective data gathered from individuals' reported perceptions of insecurity with objective data derived from digital mobile phone tracking, providing a comprehensive view of how these fears affect people's daily routines and travel patterns. The results of our research highlight that perceived insecurity significantly limits the mobility of individuals from both genders. However, this effect is more acute in women, indicating notable gender-based differences in the impact of perceived insecurity on day-to-day movements. The findings, revealing higher levels of insecurity and fear of crime among women, necessitate urgent policy action. Public policy must prioritize making public spaces, such as bus stops, squares, parks, sports courts, and streets, safer and more welcoming for women. This approach is essential for creating an urban environment that is inclusive, secure, and conducive to the well-being of all its inhabitants. |
| Date: | 2024–02–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:y3fv5&r=ure |
| By: | Friedman-Sokuler, Naomi; Justman, Moshe |
| Abstract: | Even the most egalitarian education systems employ high-stakes tests to regulate the transition from universal secondary education to selective academic programs that open doors to skilled, well-paid professions. This gives parents a strong incentive to invest substantial resources in improving their children's' achievement on these tests, thus reinforcing dynastic socioeconomic advantage through "test-score transmission". Using longitudinal administrative data to follow Israeli students in Hebrew-language schools from eighth grade to age 29, we provide evidence that despite Israeli schools being publicly financed and tuition-free, test-score transmission is very much prevalent. Second-generation (SG) students with more educated and affluent parents do much better on the screening tests that regulate access to the most selective tertiary academic programs than first-generation (FG) students with similar eighth-grade test score ranks. Yet this advantage does not manifest itself in earnings differentials at age 29, controlling for eighth grade achievement, which are statistically insignificant or even reversed. This is consistent with eighth-grade test scores reflecting individual human capital; SG parents investing in their children's test-taking abilities and improving their access to selective tertiary programs; and employers not valuing these skills and compensating employees according to their observed productivity. Both men and women exhibit these patterns. |
| Keywords: | Intergenerational mobility, test-score transmission, human capital, parental education |
| JEL: | I24 I26 J24 J62 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1388&r=ure |
| By: | Mosleh, Mohsen; Eckles, Dean (MIT); Rand, David Gertler |
| Abstract: | Empirical social networks are characterized by a high degree of triadic closure (i.e. transitivity, clustering), whereby network neighbors of the same individual are also likely to be directly connected. It is unknown to what degree this results from dispositions to form such relationships (i.e. to close open triangles) per se or whether it reflects other processes, such as homophily and more opportunities for exposure. These are difficult to disentangle in many settings, but in social media not only can they be decomposed, but platforms frequently make decisions that can depend on these distinct processes. Here, using a field experiment on social media, we randomize the existing network structure that a user faces when followed by a target account that we control, and we examine whether they reciprocate this tie formation. Being randomly assigned to have an existing tie to an account that follows the target user increases tie formation by 35%. Through the use of multiple control conditions in which the relevant tie is absent (never existent or removed), we are able to attribute this effect specifically to a small variation in the stimulus that indicates the presence (or absence) of a potential mutual follower. Theory suggests that triadic closure should be especially likely in open triads of strong ties, and we find evidence of larger effects when the subject has interacted more with the existing follower. These results indicate a substantial role for dispositions toward triadic closure, which platforms and others can choose to leverage in encouraging tie formation, with implications for network structure and the diffusion of information in online networks. |
| Date: | 2024–01–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ys8zw&r=ure |
| By: | Cuevas Ruiz, Pilar; Borra, Cristina; Sevilla Sanz, Maria Almudena |
| Abstract: | We provide the first causal evidence of the returns to maternal educational curricula on offspring's health at birth. Educational programs that aim to deliver more general knowledge may potentially improve women's earning potential and maternal prenatal investment by increasing the portability of skills across occupations and improving women's ability to make informed decisions about fertility options and health behavior. We study the impacts of a comprehensive educational reform that postponed students' curriculum choices and integrated more general education into the high school system on infant health outcomes. Using a dose-response difference-in-differences (DiD) model research design applied to linked population registries, we find that the reform led to a significant reduction in the incidence of very low birth weight (less than 1, 500 grams) and very preterm birth (less than 33 gestation weeks). Overall, the reform's positive effects on infant health at birth seem to be driven by increased mothers' labor market opportunities and better family planning, rather than increased ability to avoid risky behaviours or increased women's earnings via different occupational choices or assortative mating. |
| Keywords: | health at birth; educational curricula; vocational education; academic education; comprehensive educational reform; Consolidator Grant (CoG); SH3; ERC-2017- COG |
| JEL: | I28 J13 J16 I20 |
| Date: | 2023–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121334&r=ure |
| By: | Antonio Rafael Ramos-Rodriguez; Jose Aurelio Medina-Garrido; Jose Daniel Lorenzo-Gomez; Jose Ruiz-Navarro |
| Abstract: | The recognition of business opportunities is the first stage in the entrepreneurial process. The current work analyzes the effects of individuals' possession of and access to knowledge on the probability of recognizing good business opportunities in their area of residence. The authors use an eclectic theoretical framework consisting of intellectual and social capital concepts. In particular, they analyze the role of individuals' educational level, their perception that they have the right knowledge and skills to start a business, whether they own and manage a firm, their contacts with other entrepreneurs, and whether they have been business angels. The hypotheses proposed here are tested using data collected for the GEM project in Spain in 2007. The results show that individuals' access to external knowledge through the social networks in which they participate is fundamental for developing the capacity to recognize new business opportunities. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.17448&r=ure |
| By: | Carycruz Bueno (Department of Economics, Wesleyan University); Lindsay Page (Brown University and NBER); Jonathan Smith (Georgia State University and IZA) |
| Abstract: | We investigate whether and how Achieve Atlanta’s college scholarship and associated services impact college enrollment, persistence, and graduation among Atlanta Public School graduates experiencing low household income. Qualifying for the scholarship of up to $5, 000/year does not meaningfully change college enrollment among those near the high school GPA eligibility thresholds. However, scholarship receipt does have large and statistically significant effects on early college persistence (i.e., 14%) that continue through BA degree completion within four years (22%), although scholarship receipt does not impact graduation from two-year colleges. We discuss how the selection criteria and processes of place-based programs intended for those from economically disadvantaged backgrounds may influence results for different types of students. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wes:weswpa:2024-002&r=ure |
| By: | Enriqueta Aragonès |
| Abstract: | There are many instances in which several elections are held at the same time. Different regional elections in a given country, different state elections in a federation, elections for the European Union parliament in each one of the countries. In addition, we can also observe that elections for different government levels take place simultaneously: elections for a central government and for regional governments in a given country, elections for a federal government and for state governments in a federation, and in some instances even the elections for the European Union parliament coincide with other elections, such as regional or municipal, in some countries (Callander 2005 and Fabre 2010). |
| Keywords: | simultaneous elections, state-wide parties, sub-national parties |
| JEL: | D72 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1425&r=ure |
| By: | French, Michael (University of Miami); Gumus, Gulcin (Florida Atlantic University) |
| Abstract: | Although they comprise a relatively small subset of all traffic deaths, hit-and-run fatalities are both contemptible and preventable. We analyze longitudinal data from 1982-2008 to examine the effects of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) laws on hit-and-run traffic fatalities. Our results suggest that lower BAC limits may have an unintended consequence of increasing hit-and-run fatalities, while a similar effect is absent for non-hit-and-run fatalities. Specifically, we find that adoption of a .08 BAC limit is associated with an 8.3% increase in hit-and-run fatalities. This unintended effect is more pronounced in urban areas and during weekends, which are typical settings for hit-and-run incidents. |
| Keywords: | traffic fatalities, hit-and-run, BAC, DUI, FARS |
| JEL: | H73 I12 I18 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16774&r=ure |
| By: | Hoang, Trung Xuan; Nguyen, Cuong Viet |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the long-term effect of the density of the elite - the highest educated - during the period 1075-1919 on today's educational attainment and economic performance in Vietnam. Using nearly 20, 000 elites, including 17, 061 junior bachelors and bachelors, and 2, 895 doctors who passed the imperial examination (1075-1919), and the distance to the nearest examination centers as an instrumental variable, we find that elite density has persistent effects on the present-day educational attainment, income, poverty, and night-time light intensity. The impact of the elite density on schooling years tends to be higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Our findings are robust to a variety of model specifications. |
| Keywords: | Human capital, historical legacy, economic growth, household income |
| JEL: | I25 O12 E24 N35 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1389&r=ure |
| By: | Amy Finkelstein; Matthew J. Notowidigdo; Frank Schilbach; Jonathan Zhang |
| Abstract: | We leverage spatial variation in the severity of the Great Recession across the United States to examine its impact on mortality and to explore implications for the welfare consequences of recessions. We estimate that an increase in the unemployment rate of the magnitude of the Great Recession reduces the average, annual age-adjusted mortality rate by 2.3 percent, with effects persisting for at least 10 years. Mortality reductions appear across causes of death and are concentrated in the half of the population with a high school degree or less. We estimate similar percentage reductions in mortality at all ages, with declines in elderly mortality thus responsible for about three-quarters of the total mortality reduction. Recession-induced mortality declines are driven primarily by external effects of reduced aggregate economic activity on mortality, and recession-induced reductions in air pollution appear to be a quantitatively important mechanism. Incorporating our estimates of pro-cyclical mortality into a standard macroeconomics framework substantially reduces the welfare costs of recessions, particularly for people with less education, and at older ages where they may even be welfare-improving. |
| JEL: | E3 I1 |
| Date: | 2024–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32110&r=ure |
| By: | Hertrich, Tobias Johannes; Brenner, Thomas |
| Abstract: | The concept of “left behind” places is complex and multidimensional. It encompasses economic factors, demographic aspects, infrastructure and connectivity criteria, social factors, political and cultural aspects. Previous studies on the concept have only described the feeling of left behind very superficially. We therefore focus on the feeling of left behind. We show how individual feelings can become a regional phenomenon of left behind. The feeling of left behind is primarily fed by two components that are felt by many people in left behind places: autonomy deficit and low appreciation. Causes and suitable political measures for left behind places are derived from our conception. |
| Abstract: | Das Konzept der left behind places ist komplex und multidimensional. Es umfasst wirtschaftliche Faktoren, demografische Aspekte, Infrastruktur- und Konnektivitätskriterien, soziale Faktoren, politische und kulturelle Aspekte. Frühere Studien zu diesem Konzept haben das Gefühl des Zurückgelassenwerdens nur sehr oberflächlich beschrieben. Wir konzentrieren uns daher auf das Gefühl des Zurückgelassenwerdens. Wir zeigen, wie individuelle Gefühle zu einem regionalen Phänomen des Zurückgelassenwerdens werden. Das Gefühl des Zurückgelassenwerdens speist sich vor allem aus zwei Komponenten gespeist, die von vielen Menschen an zurückgelassenen Orten empfunden werden: Autonomiedefizit und geringe Wertschätzung. Ursachen und geeignete politische Maßnahmen für zurückgebliebene Orte werden aus unserer Konzeption abgeleitet. |
| Keywords: | case study, feeling left behind, left behind place, lagging region, regional development, policy measures |
| JEL: | O18 O20 R11 R12 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:esprep:282312&r=ure |
| By: | Faia, Ester; Ottaviano, Gianmarco Ireo Paolo; Spinella, Saverio |
| Abstract: | Leveraging the geographic dimension of a large administrative panel on employer-employee contracts, we study the impact of robot adoption on wage inequality through changes in worker-firm assortativity. Using recently developed methods to correctly and robustly estimate worker and firm unobserved characteristics, we find that robot adoption increases wage inequality by fostering both horizontal and vertical task specialization across firms. In local economies where robot penetration has been more pronounced, workers performing similar tasks have disproportionately clustered in the same firms ('segregation'). Moreover, such clustering has been characterized by the concentration of higher earners performing more complex tasks in firms paying higher wages ('sorting'). These firms are more productive and poach more aggressively. We rationalize these findings through a simple extension of a well-established class of models with two-sided heterogeneity, on-the-job search, rent sharing and employee Bertrand poaching, where we allow robot adoption to strengthen the complementarities between firm and worker characteristics. |
| Keywords: | robot adoption; worker-firm sorting; wage inequality; technological change; finite mixture models; European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement n 789049-MIMAT-ERC2017-ADG) |
| JEL: | J22 J23 J31 J62 E21 D31 |
| Date: | 2023–02–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:121328&r=ure |
| By: | Libor Dušek; Christian Traxler |
| Abstract: | This paper studies how the swiftness and delay of punishment affect behavior. Using rich administrative data from automated speed cameras, we exploit two (quasi-)experimental sources of variation in the time between a speeding offense and the sending of a ticket. At the launch of the speed camera system, administrative challenges caused delays of up to three months. Later, we implemented a protocol that randomly assigned tickets to swift or delayed processing. We identify two different results. First, delays have a negative effect on payment compliance: the rate of timely paid fines diminishes by 7 to 9% when a ticket is sent with a delay of four or more weeks. We also find some evidence that very swift tickets – sent on the first or second day following the offense – increase timely payments. These results align with the predictions of expert scholars that we elicited in a survey. Second, speeding tickets cause a strong, immediate, and persistent decline in speeding. However, we do not detect any robust, differential effects of swiftness or delay on speeding. This challenges widely held beliefs, as reflected in our survey. Yet, we document large mechanical benefits of swift punishment and provide a theoretical framework of learning and updating that explains our findings. |
| Keywords: | law enforcement, celerity of punishment, swiftness, specific deterrence, speeding, payment compliance, expert survey |
| JEL: | K14 K42 D80 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10906&r=ure |
| By: | Momi Dahan |
| Abstract: | This study examines the voting patterns of Mizrahi and Ashkenazi in ten general elections held since the early 2000s in rural and urban areas in Israel, utilizing a new classification method of origin of immigrants and their descendants based on surnames alongside the traditional classification by continent of birth. The study reveals relatively sharp fluctuations across elections in the size of origin gap in voting for right-wing party bloc between Mizrahi and Ashkenazi. According to the empirical analysis, the origin voting gap in the general elections held in 2022 was five times the gap found in the elections held in 2006, and more than twice that of the elections held in 2009. Sharp fluctuations in the voting gap undermine the protest vote hypothesis that discrimination against immigrants of Mizrahi origin in the past is the main factor behind their current political behavior. In all ten elections examined, the gap in voting for the right-wing party bloc between Mizrahi and Ashkenazi voters disappears or decreases considerably when differences in the level of education and degree of religiosity are neutralized. This study also reveals an interesting trend in the political behavior of voters with high education level. They are more likely to vote for the center-left bloc in recent elections, in contrast to their similar support for both blocs recorded in previous elections. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10857&r=ure |
| By: | Weiss, Tim; Lounsbury, Mike; Bruton, Garry |
| Abstract: | Institutional scholarship on organizing in poverty contexts has focused on the constraining nature of extant institutions and the need for external actors to make transformative change interventions to alleviate poverty. Comparatively little attention has been paid to the potentially enabling nature of extant institutions in poverty contexts. We argue that more empirical work is needed to deepen our understanding of self-organizing processes that actors embedded in such contexts generate in their own efforts to survive. Drawing on the social worlds approach to institutional analysis, we shed light on how actors self-organize to produce enduring organizational arrangements to safeguard themselves against adverse poverty outcomes. Employing data from fieldwork and interviews collected in the urban neighborhood of Dagoretti Corner in Nairobi, Kenya, we examine the colocation of 105 largely identical auto repair businesses in close spatial proximity. We find that actors leverage an indigenous institution—the societal ethos of Harambee—to enable a process we identify as “survivalist organizing.” Based on our research, we argue that survivalist organizing incorporates four interlocking survival mechanisms: cultivating inter-business solidarity, maintaining precarious inter-business relationships, redistributing resources to prevent business deaths, and generating collective philanthropy to avoid personal destitution. We develop a new research agenda on the institutional study of self-organizing in poverty contexts focused on strengthening rather than supplanting urbanized indigenous institutions that catalyze collective self-organizing. |
| Date: | 2024–02–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3mecq&r=ure |
| By: | Kenneth R. Ahern; Lei Kong; Xinyan Yan |
| Abstract: | Concentration is a single summary statistic driven by two opposing forces: the number of firms in a market and the evenness of their market shares. This paper introduces a generalized measure of concentration that allows researchers to vary the relative importance of each force. Using the generalized measure, we show that the widely-cited evidence of increasing industrial employment concentration is driven by the Herfindahl Index's over-weighting of evenness and under-weighting of firm counts. We propose an alternative, equally-weighted measure that has an equivalent economic meaning as the Herfindahl Index, but possesses superior statistical attributes in typical firm size distributions. Using this balanced measure, we find that employment concentration decreased from 1990 to 2020. Finally, decomposing aggregate diversity into meaningful geographic and industry subdivisions reveals that concentration within regional markets has fallen, while concentration between markets has risen. |
| JEL: | C46 D40 L11 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32057&r=ure |
| By: | Mohammed Kharbouche (PACTE - Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Date: | 2023–02–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04362960&r=ure |
| By: | León, Daniel; Abdulkadri, Abdullahi |
| Abstract: | This study assesses international migration trends in 28 Caribbean countries from 2000 to 2020 and discusses the implications of these trends for different aspects of sustainable development in the subregion. It is well-documented that the Caribbean is a subregion that has exhibited net emigration, but this trend has intensified over the last two decades, with Global North regions representing the main destination of Caribbean emigrants. Although immigration to the Caribbean increased from 2000 to 2020, this increase was less substantial than that recorded for emigration from the subregion. By 2020, intra-Caribbean migration stocks accounted for just over half of all immigration stocks in the subregion, showing growing intra-Caribbean mobility of persons. International migration trends in the Caribbean, particularly emigration from the subregion, have implications for the subregion’s sustainable development, and these are reflected in indicators such as international financial flows, demographic dynamics, and labour productivity. In general, the high net emigrant stock of the Caribbean directly correlates with remittance inflows to the subregion. Furthermore, many countries of the subregion with ageing populations stand to gain from increased immigration as it rejuvenates their labour forces. However, with highly skilled labour constituting a large and growing proportion of the net emigrant stocks, the resulting brain drain in the Caribbean could have a more profound impact on the sustainable development of the subregion. Available data showed that most countries with net emigration during the period covered by this study experienced negative or stagnant labour productivity levels. Considering the importance of quality data in assessing international migration trends, it is pertinent to collect, analyse, and disseminate international migration data in the Caribbean following international standards and best practices to facilitate optimal use of the subregion’s international migration statistics. This study has revealed some advances and gaps among Caribbean countries in producing international migration data. Some Caribbean countries have included questions on international migration in their national censuses, household surveys, and labour force surveys. Nevertheless, gaps remain in collecting international migration indicators, especially those related to labour and international university student mobility. Leveraging administrative data, inter-agency coordination, and international cooperation can help countries improve the collection of international migration data, thereby enhancing national statistical capacity in the Caribbean. |
| Date: | 2024–01–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:68841&r=ure |
| By: | Benjamin Lahey; Rajashri Chakrabarti; Natalia Emanuel |
| Abstract: | Wealth is unevenly distributed across racial and ethnic groups in the United States. In this first post in a two-part series on wealth inequality, we use the Distributional Financial Accounts (DFA) to document these disparities between Black, Hispanic, and white households from the first quarter of 2019 to the third quarter of 2023 for wealth and a variety of asset and liability categories. We find that these disparities have been exacerbated since the pandemic, likely due to rapid growth in the financial assets more often held by white individuals. |
| Keywords: | inequality; race; wealth; COVID-19; COVID-19 pandemic |
| JEL: | D63 J00 G1 |
| Date: | 2024–02–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:97734&r=ure |
| By: | Félix Carreyre (VeDeCom - VEhicule DEcarboné et COmmuniquant et sa Mobilité); Nicolas Coulombel (LVMT - Laboratoire Ville, Mobilité, Transport - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Gustave Eiffel); Jaâfar Berrada (VeDeCom - VEhicule DEcarboné et COmmuniquant et sa Mobilité); Laurent Bouillaut (COSYS-GRETTIA - Génie des Réseaux de Transport Terrestres et Informatique Avancée - Université Gustave Eiffel) |
| Keywords: | autonomous vehicles, mobility services, transport modelling, economic evaluation, AV, SAV |
| Date: | 2022–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04418672&r=ure |
| By: | Portes, Jonathan (King's College London) |
| Abstract: | The end of free movement and the introduction of the post-Brexit migration system represent the most important changes to the UK migration system in half a century. Coinciding with the aftereffects of the pandemic, the result has been very large changes both to the numbers of those coming for work and study, and to their composition, both in terms of countries of origin and in the sectors and occupations of new migrants. It has also resulted in a political backlash, resulting in significant further changes to the system announced in December 2023. I discuss the evidence to date of the impact of recent migration trends on the UK economy and labour market, distinguishing between different sectors. |
| Keywords: | migration, productivity, labour markets, Brexit |
| JEL: | F22 J48 J61 J68 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16728&r=ure |
| By: | Serap Sagir (Middle East Technical University, Department of Economics, Ankara, Türkiye); Çağaçan Değer (Ege University, Department of Economics, İzmir, Türkiye); Durdane Sirin Saracoglu (Middle East Technical University, Department of Economics, Ankara, Türkiye) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we investigate the relationship between mother’s education level and the development of young children in Turkey using representative microdata from the 2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS). The data include detailed information about the developmental status of young children of 36-to-59 months old. We find that only when the mother has at least a high school level education, there is a positive impact on the child’s developmental status as summarized the Early Childhood Development (ECD) index, which is an index constructed based on the child’s four developmental domains. We also show that the household’s wealth is also positively associated with the child’s developmental status, particularly in the socio-emotional and the learning readiness domains. |
| Keywords: | early childhood development, human capital accumulation, overlapping generations modeling, general equilibrium, economic growth, policy simulation |
| JEL: | C61 J24 O11 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:met:wpaper:2304&r=ure |