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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Natalie Irmert; Jan Bietenbeck; Linn Mattisson; Felix Weinhardt |
| Abstract: | We study whether autonomous schools, which are publicly funded but can operate more independently than government-run schools, affect student achievement and school segregation across 15 countries over 16 years. Our triple-differences regressions exploit between-grade variation in the share of students attending autonomous schools within a given country and year. While autonomous schools do not affect overall achievement, effects are positive for high-socioeconomic status students and negative for immigrants. Impacts on segregation mirror these findings, with evidence of increased segregation by socioeconomic and immigrant status. Rather than creating “a rising tide that lifts all boats, ” autonomous schools increase inequality. |
| Keywords: | autonomous schools, student achievement, school segregation |
| JEL: | I21 I24 J15 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10831&r=ure |
| By: | Alessandra Fenizia; Raffaele Saggio |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the long-run economic impact of dismissing city councils infiltrated by organized crime. Applying a matched difference-in-differences design to the universe of Italian social security records, we find that city council dismissals (CCDs) increase employment, the number of firms, and industrial real estate prices. The effects are concentrated in Mafia-dominated sectors and in municipalities where fewer incumbents are re-elected. The dismissals generate large economic returns by weakening the Mafia and fostering trust in local institutions. The analysis suggests that CCDs represent an effective intervention for establishing legitimacy and spurring economic activity in areas dominated by organized crime. |
| JEL: | H5 J08 P0 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32002&r=ure |
| By: | Christian Ochsner |
| Abstract: | Does a short episode of conflict or exposure to hostile troops cause regional economic backwardness, and if so, why and how does it persist? I answer these questions by exploiting economic differences across the idiosyncratic and short-lived line of contact between the Red Army and the Western Allies in South Austria at the end of WWII. Spatial regression discontinuity estimates show that hostile presence of the Red Army for 74 days caused an immediate relative population decline of around 12%, amplified to 25% by today. Age-specific migration patterns and subsequent fertility differences explain the multiplying effects. Sector development and measures of local labor productivity in 2011 also lag behind in regions briefly seized by the Red Army, likely driven by skill-specific migration and hampered investment patterns after WWII. The findings provide novel insights into the long-run effects of wars and conflicts, and point to the isolated role of the Red Army’s hostile actions after WWII to understand the European economic East-West divide. |
| Keywords: | Conflict, Hostility, Population shock, Regional development, Red Army |
| JEL: | D74 J13 N44 O14 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cer:papers:wp768&r=ure |
| By: | Andersson, Jonatan (Department of Economic History, Uppsala University); Molinder, Jakob (Department of Economic History, Uppsala University) |
| Abstract: | The process of industrialization is typically associated with urbanization and a widening urban-rural skills gap. To what extent were these disparities driven by the direct impact on occupational attainment of living in an urban area or the result of the positive self-selection of more-skilled individuals into cities? In this paper, we leverage exceptional Swedish longitudinal data that allow us to estimate the impact of rural-urban migration on skill attainment during Sweden’s industrialization from the 1880s to the 1930s using a staggered treatment difference-in-difference estimator. We attribute roughly half of the gap in urban-rural skills to a direct impact of living in an urban area, whereas the other half is driven by self-selection into cities. A third of the direct impact of residing in cities is explained by a static effect, reflecting better initial matching, while the rest is the result of a dynamic effect as individuals upgrade their skills over time in urban areas. We conclude that cities had a substantial effect on skill development in Sweden around the turn of the nineteenth century that is likely to extend to other European and North American economies that were industrializing around the same time. |
| Keywords: | Rural-urban migration; skills; industrialization |
| JEL: | J62 N33 N34 R23 |
| Date: | 2024–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:uuehwp:2024_012&r=ure |
| By: | Cody Cook; Pearl Z. Li; Ariel J. Binder |
| Abstract: | How does the location of affordable housing affect tenant welfare, the distribution of assistance, and broader social objectives such as racial and economic integration? Using administrative data on households living in units funded by the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC), we first show that tenant characteristics such as income, race, education, and family structure vary widely across neighborhoods, despite common eligibility thresholds. To quantify the welfare implications, we develop and estimate a residential choice model in which households choose from both market-rate and affordable housing options, where the latter are priced below-market and must be rationed. Moving a new development to a neighborhood with less poverty and better access to good schools and jobs increases aggregate tenant welfare and reduces both racial and economic segregation. However, it is also more costly to provide and disproportionately benefits more moderate-need, non-Black/Hispanic households. This change in the distribution of assistance arises in part because of the rationing process: households that only apply for assistance in opportunity-rich neighborhoods crowd out other households willing to apply anywhere. Relative to the choice of where to build, policy levers available post-construction—such as lowering the eligibility thresholds—have only limited effects on outcomes. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:23-62&r=ure |
| By: | Ghinami, Francesca |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the impact of remote work adoption on the size and competitiveness of cities in the United States. As a contribution to the ongoing debate sparked by the Covid-19 pandemic, the research initially establishes city-specific upper-bound measures of potential remote work adoption, utilizing the share of employment in remotely-performable occupations for each city. Subsequently, it employs a Quantitative Spatial Economic model, incorporating shipping and commuting costs, to assess the counterfactual effects that these potential levels of remote work adoption would have on population distribution across US cities. Model predictions indicate that upon full remote-work adoption, only select highly productive cities would grow in size and productivity, tothe detriment of the majority of locations. Nevertheless, the emerging spatial equilibrium yields generalized welfare gains characterized by reduced markups in larger cities, extending even to shrinking cities through the pro-competitive effect of trade. The findings suggest a policy-relevant dual role of remote work, concurrently enhancing welfare while reinforcing agglomeration and inequality across cities. |
| Date: | 2023–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:krnzq&r=ure |
| By: | Nalini Prasad (UNSW Sydney); Christian Gillitzer (The University of Sydney) |
| Abstract: | Pandemic school closures were widespread but occurred together with COVID-19 health effects. Australia’s successful COVID-19 elimination policies provide a unique setting to studythe effect of school closures on learning loss absent significant health effects. We exploit variation in the duration of school closures across Australian regions of 9-157 school days and student-level test score data from a national standardized test with high participation to estimate learning loss. Learning loss was substantially smaller than comparable estimates from the literature, including for disadvantaged socioeconomic groups. |
| Keywords: | student test scores, COVID-19, NAPLAN, pandemic |
| JEL: | I20 I21 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:swe:wpaper:2023-13&r=ure |
| By: | Christopher Palmer |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a control-function methodology accounting for endogenous or mismeasured regressors in hazard models. I provide sufficient identifying assumptions and regularity conditions for the estimator to be consistent and asymptotically normal. Applying my estimator to the subprime mortgage crisis, I quantify what caused the foreclosure rate to triple across the 2003-2007 subprime cohorts. To identify the elasticity of default with respect to housing prices, I use various home-price instruments including historical variation in home-price cyclicality. Loose credit played a significant role in the crisis, but much of the increase in defaults across cohorts was caused by home-price declines unrelated to lending standards, with a 10% decline in home prices increasing subprime mortgage default rates by 50%. |
| JEL: | C26 C41 G01 G21 R31 R38 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32000&r=ure |
| By: | Leung, Charles Ka Yui |
| Abstract: | This short article provides a quick summary of the studies of real estate markets. Some new developments are also discussed. |
| Keywords: | centralized versus decentralized markets; search-theoretic models; match; policy |
| JEL: | D80 R20 R30 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119430&r=ure |
| By: | Elhan-Kayalar, Yesim (Asian Development Bank); Kucheryavyy, Konstantin (University of Tokyo); Nose, Manabu (International Monetary Fund); Sawada, Yasuyuki (University of Tokyo); Shangguan, Ruo (Jinan University) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides new evidence of the effects of road construction on both domestic and international trade flows in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) using customs data and information on transport investments in the region, including those supported by multilateral development banks. We find that road construction helped to reduce trade costs significantly from 2000 to 2011, supporting the catch-up of inland regions in the PRC to its coastal cities. The ad valorem rate of internal trade costs decreases by 20%, and the ad valorem rate of international trade costs decreases, on average, by 15.3%, with substantial heterogeneity of effects across sectors. Using satellite and customs data, we also document that the construction of the Kunming–Bangkok Expressway led to local economic growth and higher regional specialization in accordance with comparative advantage, suggesting the role of the road construction in facilitating market integration across borders in the Greater Mekong Subregion. |
| Keywords: | development impact; infrastructure; economic growth; trade; job creation; regional specialization; market integration |
| JEL: | F10 F13 R40 R41 |
| Date: | 2023–12–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0710&r=ure |
| By: | Finnemann, Adam; Huth, Karoline; van der Maas, Han; Borsboom, Denny; Epskamp, Sacha |
| Abstract: | As the majority of the global population resides in cities, it is imperative to understand urban well-being. While cities offer concentrated social and economic opportunities, the question arises whether these benefits translate to equitable levels of satisfaction in these domains. Utilizing a novel, robust, and objective measure of urbanicity on a sample of 156k UK residents, we find that urban living is associated with lower scores across seven dimensions of well-being, social satisfaction, and economic satisfaction. Additionally, these scores exhibit greater variability within urban areas, revealing increased inequality. Lastly, we identify optimal distances in the hinterlands of cities with the highest satisfaction and least variation. Our findings raise concern for the psychological well-being of urban residents and show the importance of non-linear methods in urban research. |
| Date: | 2023–12–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:3g2d8&r=ure |
| By: | Harter, Franziska |
| Abstract: | Does the promotion of public transport crowd out other modes of climate friendly mobility? During the summer of 2022, Germany introduced two policy measures to countervail the rising cost of living and energy. This paper demonstrates that these measures did not only affect individuals relying on motorized mobility but cyclists as well. Employing publicly available data from urban bike counters and data from city administrations, I find that the number of trips commuted by bicycle significantly decreased on average by 20 rides per hour and station. Moreover, I find lasting impacts after the withdrawal that indicate that the pre-intervention trend reverted. |
| Keywords: | mobility, bike counter, policy intervention, interrupted time-series |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:roswps:168&r=ure |
| By: | Berliant, Marcus |
| Abstract: | Workers generally commute on a daily basis, so we model commuting as a repeated game. The folk theorem implies that for sufficiently large discount factors, the repeated commuting game has as a Nash equilibrium any feasible strategy that is uniformly better than the minimax strategy payoff for a commuter in the one shot game, repeated over the infinite horizon. This includes the efficient equilibria. An example where the efficient payoffs strictly dominate the one shot Nash equilibrium payoffs is provided. Our conclusions pose a challenge to congestion pricing in that equilibrium selection could be at least as effective in improving welfare. We examine evidence from St. Louis to determine what equilibrium strategies are actually played in the repeated commuting game. |
| Keywords: | Repeated game; Nash equilibrium; Commuting; Folk theorem |
| JEL: | R41 |
| Date: | 2023–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119442&r=ure |
| By: | Dr. Indrani Manna (Director, Foreign Exchange Department of the Reserve Bank of India.); Dr. Martin Suster (Council Member, Council for Budget Responsibility, Bratislava, Slovakia.); Dr.Biswajit Banerjee (Expert Policy Advisor to the Governor, National Bank of Slovakia; and Professor of Economics, Ashoka University) |
| Abstract: | By incorporating a data generating process for house price expectations in a standard new keynesian DSGE model, this paper differentiates between the macroeconomic impact of endogenous and exogenous sources of expectation shocks and the role of fiscal and macroprudential policy (in the absence of monetary policy) in managing these shocks in the housing market. The paper concludes that endogenous shocks pre-dominate exogenous shocks to expectations in home prices in accelerating credit growth and household indebtedness. But endogenous shocks can still be accredited with ’good housing booms’ tag as they raise the ability to pay-off rising debt significantly. In terms of policy, the paper finds that loan-to-value ratios score over payment to income ratios as a potent macroprudential instrument to manage housing market dynamics as constraint switching is limited in case of LTV because of an expectations sensitive factor market. Macroprudential instruments set as a function of household debt to GDP ratio reinforce the transmission channels and turn out to be counterproductive in case of endogenous shocks but effective in managing exogenous shocks. The paper also finds that property tax can be potential instrument to arrest rising home prices but it works effectively in coordination with other policies. We also show that endogenous refinancing decisions of households can be effectively used as a channel for transmission of monetary and macroprudential policy through timely coordination of two policies. |
| Keywords: | Monetary policy; Expectations; Macroprudential Measures; Loan-tovalue; Payment-to-income; Housing tax; DSGE |
| Date: | 2022–10–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:88&r=ure |
| By: | Breno Braga; Gaurav Khanna; Sarah Turner |
| Abstract: | In the United States, rural and low-income communities have difficulty attracting and retaining physicians, potentially adversely impacting health outcomes. With a limited supply of physicians completing medical school at US universities, foreign-born and educated physicians provide a potential source of supply in underserved areas. For international medical school graduates (IMGs) the terms of the commonly used J-1 visa require a return to the home country for two years following employment in medical residency. Our analysis examines the extent to which the Conrad 30 Visa Waiver impacts the supply of physicians at state and local levels, particularly in areas designated as medically underserved. Changes in the federal limit on the number of waivers per state, combined with variation in the state-level restrictions on eligible specialties, and geographies in which physicians can work, provide evidence on the role of visa restrictions in limiting the supply of doctors. Expansion of the cap on visa waivers increased the supply of IMGs, particularly in states that did not limit waiver recipients to primary care physicians or particular places of employment. There is little evidence of reductions in US-trained doctors in states where IMG increases were the largest, suggesting little evidence for crowding out. |
| JEL: | I20 J6 J68 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32005&r=ure |
| By: | Juan Segundo Zapiola (Department of Economics, Universidad de San Andrés) |
| Abstract: | In this study, we investigate the effect drought has on school attendance in Tanzania. To do so, we exploit exogenous rainfall variability to explore its effect on the proportion of school attendance after they experienced a drought shock. We resulted in a positive and significant coefficient, indicating that those with a severe-extreme drought shock are likelier to increase school attendance. Notably, this finding holds across different model specifications, demonstrating the robustness and consistency of our results. |
| Keywords: | Drought, SPI, School Attendance, Tanzania, Education, Agriculture, Rainfall, Grid Cell, Severe-Extreme Drought Shock. |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sad:ypaper:12&r=ure |
| By: | Xudong An; Stuart A. Gabriel; Nitzan Tzur-Ilan |
| Abstract: | We link detailed wildfire burn, satellite smoke plume, and ground-level pollution data to estimate the effects of extreme wildfire and related smoke and air pollution events on housing and consumer financial outcomes. Findings provide novel evidence of elevated spending, indebtedness, and loan delinquencies among households distant from the burn perimeter but exposed to high levels of wildfire-attributed air pollution. Results also show higher levels of financial distress among renters in the burn zone, particularly those with lower credit scores. Financial distress among homeowners within the fire perimeter is less prevalent, likely owing to insurance payout. Findings also show out-migration and declines in house values in wildfire burn areas. The adverse smoke and pollution effects are salient to a substantial geographically dispersed population and add appreciably to the household financial impacts of extreme wildfires. |
| Keywords: | Wildfires; Air Pollution; Consumer Credit; Financial Distress; Spending |
| JEL: | R23 Q53 Q54 D12 |
| Date: | 2024–01–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:97535&r=ure |
| By: | Grimm Noh (Métis Lab EM Normandie - EM Normandie - École de Management de Normandie) |
| Abstract: | Creativity is becoming a necessary core competence in nearly all businesses today, and firms are striving to find ways to promote the creativity of employees. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between an individual actor's network characteristics and the actor's creativity. More specifically, this study assumed that actors qualitatively differentiate between their global and local networks depending on whether they perceive the other actors in the network as mere acquaintances or trusted persons to discuss life's important issues with. This study used large-scale survey data collected from South Korea to empirically analyze the hypothesized relationships between network characteristics and creativity. The empirical analysis of the survey data showed that the size and diversity of the global network were positively related to creativity. However, the positive effect of global network diversity decreased with an increase in the size of the network. In the local network, frequent interactions had a positive effect on creativity, while the diversity of the local network had a moderate negative effect on creativity. Implications for the creativity literature are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Creativity, Global network, Local network, Network size, Network diversity, Interaction frequency |
| Date: | 2022–04–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04316668&r=ure |
| By: | Natee Amornsiripanitch; Philip E. Strahan; Song Zhang; Xiang Zheng |
| Abstract: | In 2021, the U.S. Treasury reduced the exposure of government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) to speculative mortgages. As a result, GSE purchases of these loans fell by about 20 percentage points. The consequent decline in credit to speculators, however, was mitigated both by entry of corporate investors and because banks began holding more of these loans. By increasing bank exposure to local risk, this move reduced banks’ willingness to supply both jumbo mortgages and small business loans. Our empirical design fully accounts for risks at the balance sheet level. Banks thus manage credit not only in a macro sense — the focus of most research — but also market by market. |
| Keywords: | Housing; Speculation; GSE; Banking |
| JEL: | G21 R31 |
| Date: | 2024–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedpwp:97545&r=ure |
| By: | Capasso Salvatore (Università di Napoli Parthenope, ISMed-CNR, and CSEF.); Maria Kaisari (University of Patras.); Konstantinos Kounetas (University of Patras and ISMed CNR.); Elias Lainas (University of Patras.) |
| Abstract: | Improving educational outcomes is a global political imperative due to its favourable influence on a country’s economic prosperity. Although researchers have endeavoured to gauge school performance through diverse data resources and techniques, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the factors that enhance school effectiveness. Using the latest version of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA, 2018), this paper employs a bootstrapped data envelopment analysis (DEA) to investigate the factors underlying the performance of 8825 schools across 34 OECD countries in terms of their national and international technological capabilities. The central idea is that technological heterogeneity and the technology gap significantly influence the benchmarking process. The findings confirm the presence of substantial technology gaps, indicating that the examined schools are unable to fully harness their potential due to limitations in metatechnology. These gaps are influenced by student characteristics, school features and educational practices. |
| Keywords: | Bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis, School’s productive performance, Technology gap, PISA. |
| JEL: | D24 O13 O47 Q40 |
| Date: | 2023–11–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sef:csefwp:696&r=ure |
| By: | Philipp Otto; Osman Do\u{g}an; S\"uleyman Ta\c{s}p{\i}nar |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the estimation of a dynamic spatiotemporal autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) model. The log-volatility term in this model can depend on (i) the spatial lag of the log-squared outcome variable, (ii) the time-lag of the log-squared outcome variable, (iii) the spatiotemporal lag of the log-squared outcome variable, (iv) exogenous variables, and (v) the unobserved heterogeneity across regions and time, i.e., the regional and time fixed effects. We examine the small and large sample properties of two quasi-maximum likelihood estimators and a generalized method of moments estimator for this model. We first summarize the theoretical properties of these estimators and then compare their finite sample properties through Monte Carlo simulations. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2312.05898&r=ure |
| By: | Jiong Liu; Hamed Farahani; R. A. Serota |
| Abstract: | We use house prices (HP) and house price indices (HPI) as a proxy to income distribution. Specifically, we analyze sale prices in the 1970-2010 window of over 116, 000 single-family homes in Hamilton County, Ohio, including Cincinnati metro area of about 2.2 million people. We also analyze HPI, published by Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), for nearly 18, 000 US ZIP codes that cover a period of over 40 years starting in 1980's. If HP can be viewed as a first derivative of income, HPI can be viewed as its second derivative. We use generalized beta (GB) family of functions to fit distributions of HP and HPI since GB naturally arises from the models of economic exchange described by stochastic differential equations. Our main finding is that HP and multi-year HPI exhibit a negative Dragon King (nDK) behavior, wherein power-law distribution tail gives way to an abrupt decay to a finite upper limit value, which is similar to our recent findings for realized volatility of S\&P500 index in the US stock market. This type of tail behavior is best fitted by a modified GB (mGB) distribution. Tails of single-year HPI appear to show more consistency with power-law behavior, which is better described by a GB Prime (GB2) distribution. We supplement full distribution fits by mGB and GB2 with direct linear fits (LF) of the tails. Our numerical procedure relies on evaluation of confidence intervals (CI) of the fits, as well as of p-values that give the likelihood that data come from the fitted distributions. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2312.14325&r=ure |
| By: | Aaron Chalfin; Felipe M. Gonçalves |
| Abstract: | We study how public sector workers balance their professional motivations with private economic concerns, focusing on police arrests. Arrests made near the end of an officer's shift typically require overtime work, and officers respond by reducing arrest frequency but increasing arrest quality. Days in which an officer works a second job after their police shift have higher opportunity cost, also reducing late-shift arrests. Combining our estimates in a dynamic model identifies officer preferences over workplace activity and overtime work. Our results indicate that officers' private costs of arrests have a first-order impact on the quantity and quality of enforcement. |
| JEL: | J33 J45 K42 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:31985&r=ure |
| By: | Sabyasachi Das (Ashoka University); Souvik Dutta (Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the consequence of decentralization in the management of canal irrigation for spatial allocation of water and agricultural performance. Under centralized management, farmers closer to the canal tend to over-extract water, resulting in spatial mis-allocation. We test whether decentralization can improve spatial allocation of water by exploiting the staggered constitution of locally elected canal management bodies (“Pani Panchayats†) in the state of Orissa, India, that decentralized its canal management. Using survey data and a heterogeneous treatment effect estimation strategy using farmer level fixed effects, we show that farming plots farther away from the canal received less water under centralized system, but longer exposure to decentralization significantly reduces spatial mis-allocation. Consequently, agricultural revenue and wealth (landholding) improve more for those farmers. We find suggestive evidence that distant farmers’ ability to complain to local representatives is an important mechanism explaining our results. |
| Keywords: | Pani Panchayats; local governance; natural resource management |
| Date: | 2023–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:91&r=ure |
| By: | B. F. Oliveira; A. V. M Oliveira |
| Abstract: | This paper describes an econometric model of the Brazilian domestic carrier Azul Airlines' network construction. We employed a discrete-choice framework of airline route entry to examine the effects of the merger of another regional carrier, Trip Airlines, with Azul in 2012, especially on its entry decisions. We contrasted the estimated entry determinants before and after the merger with the benchmarks of the US carriers JetBlue Airways and Southwest Airlines obtained from the literature, and proposed a methodology for comparing different airline entry patterns by utilizing the kappa statistic for interrater agreement. Our empirical results indicate a statistically significant agreement between raters of Azul and JetBlue, but not Southwest, and only for entries on previously existing routes during the pre-merger period. The results suggest that post-merger, Azul has adopted a more idiosyncratic entry pattern, focusing on the regional flights segment to conquer many monopoly positions across the country, and strengthening its profitability without compromising its distinguished expansion pace in the industry. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2312.05630&r=ure |
| By: | Fumitaka Nakamura |
| Abstract: | We analyze the effects of borrower-based macroprudential tools in Finland. To evaluate the efficiency of the tools, we construct a heterogeneous agent model in which households endogenously determine their housing size and liquid asset levels under two types of borrowing constraints: (i) a loan-to-value (LTV) limit and (ii) a debt-to-income (DTI) limit. When an unexpected negative income shock hits the economy, we find that a larger and more persistent drop in consumption is observed under the LTV limit compared to the DTI limit. Our results indicate that although DTI caps tend to be unpopular with lower income households because they limit the amount they can borrow, DTI caps are beneficial even on distributional grounds in stabilizing consumption. Specifically, DTI caps mitigate the consumption decline in recessions by restricting high leverage, and thus, they can usefully complement LTV caps. |
| Keywords: | Household indebtedness; loan-to-value ratio; debt-to-income ratio; macroprudential policy. |
| Date: | 2023–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/262&r=ure |
| By: | Sania Ashraf (University of Pennsylvania); Cristina Bicchieri (University of Pennsylvania); Upasak Das (University of Manchester); Tanu Gupta (Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi); Alex Shpenev (University of Pennsylvania) |
| Abstract: | Prevalence of open defecation is associated with adverse health effects, detrimental not only for the individual but also the community. Therefore, neighborhood characteristics can influence collective progressive behavior such as improved sanitation practices. This paper uses primary data collected from rural and urban areas of Bihar to study the relationship between ‘jati’ (sub- castes) level fractionalization within the community and toilet ownership and its usage for defecation. The findings indicate a diversity dividend wherein jati fractionalization is found to improve toilet ownership and usage significantly. While exploring the channels, we find social expectations to play an important role, where individuals from diverse communities tend to believe that there is a higher prevalence of toilet usage within the community. To assess the reasons for the existence of these social expectations, we use data from an egocentric network survey on a sub-sample of the households. The findings reveal that in fractionalized communities, the neighbors with whom our respondents interacted are more likely to be from different jatis. They are also more likely to use toilets and approve of its usage due to health reasons. Discussions about toilets are more common among neighbors from fractionalized communities, which underscore the discernible role of social learning. The inferences drawn from the paper have significant implications for community level behavioral change interventions that aim at reducing open defecation. |
| JEL: | I15 O2 H42 Z13 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:alo:isipdp:24-01&r=ure |
| By: | SHUALI TRACHTENBERG Tamar; TENREIRO RODRÍGUEZ Victoria; CARMONA RODRÍGUEZ Carmen; SIMÓ SÁNCHEZ Marta; ANEAS Assumpta; BEKERMAN Zvi; BAR CENDÓN Antonio; NEUBAUER Adrián; CASINO Ana |
| Abstract: | The acquisition of intercultural competence is a crucial need for teachers to deal with diversity and to achieve quality and inclusive education. In this context, in 2019 the JRC launched the INNO4DIV project with the aim to support education policy development in the field of teachers’ intercultural competence. The project has defined a conceptual framework, performed a literature review, developed assessment guidelines and applied them to the selection and analysis of and 21 innovative cases for the development of intercultural and democratic competences in teacher education. This fifth and final report, builds on the previous research steps and on the cross-case analysis of the innovative cases. The research findings emphasize the importance of teachers’ intercultural and democratic competence in achieving quality and inclusive education and promoting social cohesion and inclusive societies. The analysis identified key enabling components for teachers’ intercultural and democratic competence development and innovative practices such as: the work towards a common understanding of IDC, the cooperation across multiple stakeholders, curriculum development, teaching methodologies, supportive tools and mentoring for teachers, and the implementation of the whole-school approach. These have inspired a set of for EU and national policy makers included in the report. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135644&r=ure |
| By: | Jose Garcia-Louzao; Alessandro Ruggieri |
| Abstract: | Does competition in the labor market affect wage inequality? Standard textbook monopsony models predict that lower employer labor market power reduces wage dispersion. We test this hypothesis using Social Security data from Lithuania. We first fit a two-way fixed effects model to quantify the contribution of worker and firm heterogeneity to wage dispersion and document that the compression of dispersion in firm fixed effects has been the main source of the decline in inequality over the past 20 years. Using a theory-based relationship, we then leverage variation across sectors and over time to show that a 10 percentage point increase in labor market competition leads to a 0.7 percentage point reduction in the variance of firm-specific wage components. A counterfactual exercise using our preferred estimates suggests that the increase in labor market competition can explain at least 15 percent of the observed decline in overall wage inequality. |
| Keywords: | wage inequality, firm heterogeneity, monopsony, labor supply elasticity |
| JEL: | J31 J42 O15 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10829&r=ure |
| By: | Son, Daisy |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities, Women, Berkeley, City planning, History, University of California, 150 Years of Women |
| Date: | 2023–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt58g4n8vt&r=ure |
| By: | G. Pino; M. Nieto Garcia; A. Peluso; G. Viglia; R. Filieri (Audencia Business School) |
| Abstract: | Peer-to-peer (P2P) rental service platforms-i.e., platforms where owners of private possessions (e.g., houses) lend them to other people-often deliver appeals that encourage platform users to contribute to prosocial causes (e.g., through charitable donations). Although many users are skeptical about such appeals, this research argues that exposing users to "virtuous" lenders-i.e., lenders who convey ethicality and unselfishness through their profile descriptions-elicits positive reactions to the above-mentioned appeals. Three experimental studies demonstrate that this occurs because users' perception of a lender's virtuousness extends to the platform and facilitates a belief that it is genuinely committed to prosocial causes. This perception, in turn, enhances users' willingness to engage in charitable giving. However, the beneficial effect of virtuous lenders vanishes when users exhibit high moral disengagement. P2P platforms are, therefore, advised to rely on virtuous lenders and strengthen users' moral principles to increase the persuasiveness of their prosocial appeals. |
| Abstract: | Peer-to-peer (P2P) rental service platforms—i.e., platforms where owners of private possessions (e.g., houses) lend them to other people—often deliver appeals that encourage platform users to contribute to prosocial causes (e.g., through charitable donations). Although many users are skeptical about such appeals, this research argues that exposing users to "virtuous" lenders—i.e., lenders who convey ethicality and unselfishness through their profile descriptions—elicits positive reactions to the above-mentioned appeals. Three experimental studies demonstrate that this occurs because users' perception of a lender's virtuousness extends to the platform and facilitates a belief that it is genuinely committed to prosocial causes. This perception, in turn, enhances users' willingness to engage in charitable giving. However, the beneficial effect of virtuous lenders vanishes when users exhibit high moral disengagement. P2P platforms are, therefore, advised to rely on virtuous lenders and strengthen users' moral principles to increase the persuasiveness of their prosocial appeals. |
| Keywords: | Peer-to-peer platforms prosocial behavior donation efficacy charitable giving virtuous lenders, Peer-to-peer platforms, prosocial behavior, donation efficacy, charitable giving, virtuous lenders, Prosocial behavior, Donation efficacy, Charitable giving, Virtuous lenders |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04248928&r=ure |
| By: | GIANNOUTSOU Nikoleta (European Commission - JRC); DIMITRIADIS Yannis; VILLAGRÁ- SOBRINO Sara; IOANNOU Andri; TIMOTHEOU Stella; MCKENNEY Susan; VAN DER LINDEN Sara; JORRÍN- ABELLÁN Ivan; MARTÍNEZ-MONÉS Alejandra; ADAMOU Maria; CACHIA Romina (European Commission - JRC); HOGENKAMP Lois; GALLEGO-LEMA Vanesa; COCA JIMÉNEZ Pablo; GARCÍA-SASTRE Sara |
| Abstract: | Integration and use of digital technologies in schools is not a new topic for research and policy but it remains a challenge to be addressed. Schools can play a pivotal role to the digital transformation in education but they need to be appropriately supported. In this science for policy brief we present findings from an evaluation study on the role of the SELFIE tool in the digital transformation of schools. Our analysis showed that SELFIE can be a useful tool to support the digital transformation in schools assisting them in organizational and strategic decisions. Furthermore, SELFIE appears that can function as well as an instrument to addressing the distance between digital education policies and the school reality |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135407&r=ure |
| By: | Eiji Yamamura |
| Abstract: | In Japanese primary and secondary schools, an alphabetical name list is used in various situations. Generally, students are called on by the teacher during class and in the cer-emony if their family name is early on the list. Therefore, students whose surname ini-tials are earlier in the Japanese alphabet acquire more experience. Surname advantages are considered to have a long-term positive effect on life in adulthood. This study ex-amines the surname effect. The data set is constructed by gathering lists of representative figures from various fields. Based on the list, we calculate the proportion of surname groups according to Japanese alphabetical column lists. The major findings are as follows: (1) people whose surnames are in the A-column (the first column among 10 Japanese name col-umns) are 20% more likely to appear among the ruling elite but are less likely to ap-pear in entertainment and sports lists. (2) This tendency is rarely observed in the Uni-versity of Tokyo entrance examination pass rate. Consequently, the A-column sur-names are advantageous in helping students succeed as part of the elite after graduating from universities but not when gaining entry into universities. The surname helps form non-cognitive skills that help students become part of the ruling elite instead of specif-ic cognitive skills that help students enter elite universities. Keywords: Surname, Education, Name order, Hidden curriculum, Cognitive skill, Non-cognitive skill, Elite, Vice Minister, Academic, Prestigious university, Enter-tainment, Sports. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2312.14120&r=ure |
| By: | Helen Dempster (Center for Global Development); Jenniffer Dew (International Organization for Migration); Sam Huckstep (Center for Global Development); Martina Castiglioni (International Organization for Migration); Cassandra Zimmer (Center for Global Development) |
| Abstract: | The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration (GCM) calls on countries of destination to both expand regular migration pathways and take steps to increase the development impact of these pathways. Migration can have a positive impact on the economic development of migrants themselves, their families, their countries of origin, and their country of destination, if aspects such as integration, remittances, and skill transfers are prioritized. This paper, produced by the Center for Global Development (CGD) and the UK office of the International Organization for Migration (IOM), outlines lessons for the UK Government to implement if they are to increase the development potential of both their existing and new immigration pathways, particularly in the agriculture, nursing, and green technology sectors |
| Date: | 2022–04–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:ppaper:258&r=ure |
| By: | Bennett, Robert J; Smith, Harry; Montebruno, Piero; Van Lieshout, Carry |
| Abstract: | New data on profit heterogeneity of small- and medium-sized firms for 1861–81 in England and Wales are used to reinterpret Marshall's contemporary insights. Profit level differences are chiefly explained by location, mainly urbanisation effects. But profitability (profit per worker) is mainly explained by sectors, at both 1-digit and 5-digit level. Sector market opportunities reflected barriers to market entry which limited substitutability for the services of the professions, some manufacturing and maker-dealing industries. Localisation mainly reflected urban/rural differences, accessibility to railways and to a lesser extent waterways. Differences in firm-level organisation (measured by portfolio diversification and partnerships) were less significant for explaining profit heterogeneity than sector or localisation. Demographic effects such as an entrepreneur's age had little significance. Marshall's insight of convergence to mean industry-sector profitability, with localisation as a secondary influence, is confirmed, but there remain unexplained elements of heterogeneity indicating important roles of entrepreneurial agency. |
| JEL: | L11 L22 L25 L29 |
| Date: | 2022–01–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113883&r=ure |
| By: | Antona, Laura |
| Abstract: | It is widely acknowledged that Singapore’s labour-migration regime is unequal and bifurcated, with migrants that are categorised as foreign professionals afforded many more rights than those categorised as migrant workers. While migrant construction, process, and shipyard workers are expected to reside in dormitories or other shared accommodation, migrant domestic workers are mandated to live in their employers’ homes, where their gendered bodies are confined and disciplined. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, in this article I demonstrate that Singapore’s labour-migration regime is underpinned with a carceral logic that imposes bodily controls on domestic workers through policy, legal regulations, and practices which, I argue, constitute gendered disciplinary apparatuses. Moreover, by examining migrant domestic workers’ everyday experiences, I suggest that different dwelling spaces – namely, employers’ homes and shelters – can be conceptualised as carceral domesticities. Utilised by the state as carceral infrastructure, I show the ways in which these dwelling spaces become geographies of detainment and punishment, in/through which different actors become involved in disciplining intimacy, morality, and maintaining socio-racial order in the nation. Simultaneously, the carceral nature of the labour-migration regime produces forms of domesticity which relies on the containment of migrant workers. |
| Keywords: | carcerality; confinement; domesticity; home; labour-migration; Singapore; Sage deal |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2023–12–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120688&r=ure |
| By: | Ashwini Deshpande (Ashoka University); Rajesh Ramachandran (Monash University) |
| Abstract: | India is home to nearly a third of all world’s stunted children with a prevalence rate of 38.6 percent. A comparison by social groups reveals sharp intergroup disparities, with the upper caste (UC) Hindu children being 57 percent less likely to be stunted compared to Dalit or Scheduled Caste (SC) children. We explore the role of discrimination in shaping disparities in stunting rates between the socioeconomically dominant UCs and the stigmatized SCs. We show that districts with high prevalence of the illegal but widely pervasive stigmatising practice of untouchability have higher rates of stunting among SC children. To show how discriminatory social norms adversely affect early childhood development for stigmatised and marginalised groups, we exploit the fact that the historical geographical span of Hinduism was bounded to the south by the Vindhya mountain range. We compare how the heights and stunting rates of the UC-Hindu and SC children vary within the same state between those living within 100km to the north and south of the Vindhya range using a difference-in-differences (DID) estimator. The DID estimator shows that there are no differences in child height and stunting rates for UC-Hindu children living to the north and south of the Vindhya range. In contrast, the SC children living to the south of the Vindhya range are seen to have 40 percent lower levels of stunting. To illustrate channels, we document disparities across the north and south of the Vindhya range in provision of prenatal and antenatal services for SC mothers, education and health outcomes of SC mothers, as well as disparities in the rates of vaccinations of SC children. |
| Keywords: | India; Discrimination; caste; stunting; untouchability |
| Date: | 2022–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ash:wpaper:87&r=ure |
| By: | Helen Dempster (Center for Global Development); Ismael Gálvez Iniesta (Universitat de les Illes Balears); Reva Resstack (Center for Global Development); Cassandra Zimmer (Center for Global Development) |
| Abstract: | Interest among high-income countries in using bespoke legal labor migration pathways to offset the negative impacts of aging populations and skills shortages has increased in the last decade. Even when migration is beneficial in the long-run, like all investments, these pathways incur up-font costs. Yet there is little information as to the costs involved in these pathways; how they were covered by government funding, the private sector, and the migrants themselves; and how these costs could be covered in an ethical and sustainable way to enable these bespoke pathways to scale. Based on analysis of a Center for Global Development database of 57 legal labor migration pathways, this paper seeks to answer these questions. It therefore aims to provide support to high-income countries interested in designing, implementing, and scaling legal labor migration pathways. |
| Date: | 2022–06–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:ppaper:261&r=ure |
| By: | Davide Rizzo (UniLaSalle, INTERACT - Innovation, Territoire, Agriculture et Agro-industrie, Connaissance et Technologie - UniLaSalle); Fatma Fourati-Jamoussi (UniLaSalle, INTERACT - Innovation, Territoire, Agriculture et Agro-industrie, Connaissance et Technologie - UniLaSalle); Lucian Ceapraz (UniLaSalle, INTERACT - Innovation, Territoire, Agriculture et Agro-industrie, Connaissance et Technologie - UniLaSalle); Mariia Ostapchuk (UniLaSalle, INTERACT - Innovation, Territoire, Agriculture et Agro-industrie, Connaissance et Technologie - UniLaSalle); Hanitra Randrianasolo (UniLaSalle, INTERACT - Innovation, Territoire, Agriculture et Agro-industrie, Connaissance et Technologie - UniLaSalle); Anne Combaud (UniLaSalle, INTERACT - Innovation, Territoire, Agriculture et Agro-industrie, Connaissance et Technologie - UniLaSalle); Michel J.-F. Dubois (UniLaSalle, INTERACT - Innovation, Territoire, Agriculture et Agro-industrie, Connaissance et Technologie - UniLaSalle) |
| Abstract: | The paper explores novel connections between human and technology-driven innovation in a French agritech cluster. It focuses on the whole system innovation and addresses specifically the impact of digitalisation related to precision agriculture deployment. The cluster under investigation has been settled by the Beauvaisis municipalities' agglomeration. It comprises interactions between local authorities, firms and knowledge institutions. The analysis covers various perspectives of the stakeholders' interactions and the role of intermediary actors and introduces the concept of the floating prescriber. The early results and the following analyses will contribute to highlighting the way an ecosystem (a cluster) is developed around the issue of digital technologies and sustainable agriculture. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture, Technologie, Innovations soutenables |
| Date: | 2023–05–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04295987&r=ure |
| By: | Ivan Guitart (EM - emlyon business school); Manfred Schwaiger; Johanna Eberhardt |
| Abstract: | "In this study, we investigate whether corporate reputation reduces or amplifies mass media news' impact on market value. We conceptualize reputation as comprising a prior knowledge, prominence, and favorability component. Additionally, we theorize about its role in moderating news' effect on market value. Using 11 semesters' data from 38 publicly listed German companies, we offer evidence of corporate reputation amplifying both negative and positive mass media news' impact on market value. We further find that positive media mentions could reduce negative mentions' negative impact up to the point that it loses its significance. Finally, our empirical analysis suggests that reputation's moderating effect is mostly due to the favorability mechanism. Our results contribute to the literature by empirically assessing the role that reputation's multiple dimensions play in shaping investors' response to positive and negative mass media news. Our results also show that ensuring the media's positive coverage of the company is an effective strategy to mitigate bursts of negative news' negative consequences." |
| Keywords: | mass media news, corporate reputation, market value, news valence |
| Date: | 2023–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04346339&r=ure |
| By: | Andrea Bellucci (University of Insubria and MoFiR); Alexander Borisov (University of Cincinnati and MoFiR); Alberto Zazzaro (University of Naples Federico II, CSEF and MoFiR.) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the interplay between allocation of decision-making authority and information production within a bank in the context of small business lending. Using a sample of credit lines to small businesses and changes in the overlap between decision-making authority and information production following an organizational restructuring of the bank, we show that an increase in the authority of the information-producing loan officer leads to a reduction in the use of collateral but leaves interest rates broadly unchanged. The reduction of collateral requirements is more pronounced when loan officers have tacit local knowledge or soft information or when their real authority is limited pre-restructuring. Our results highlight the effect of alignment of information production and decision-making authority on the contract terms of bank credit. |
| Keywords: | Soft and hard information, Collateral, Interest rate, Organizational hierarchies, SMEs financing. |
| JEL: | D83 D21 G21 G30 L11 |
| Date: | 2023–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sef:csefwp:697&r=ure |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | The Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS)1 are highly vulnerable to environmental and climate-related hazards due to their geographic location and socioeconomic conditions. Hydrological, climatological, geophysical and biological events have increased in frequency, intensity and occurrences (ECLAC, 2023a). The high concentration of population and economic activities in low-lying coastal zones amplify the exposure and vulnerabilities of these countries. Effective and sustained management of the environment, natural resources and climate-related hazards requires both time-based and location-specific information, also known as geospatial information.2 Governments and other developmental partners use geospatial information management systems to support evidence-based decision-making for sustainable development. |
| Date: | 2023–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col095:68796&r=ure |
| By: | Keith Head (UBC - University of British Columbia, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Thierry Mayer (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Marc Melitz (Department of Economics, Harvard University - Harvard University, NBER - National Bureau of Economic Research [New York] - NBER - The National Bureau of Economic Research, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR) |
| Abstract: | Rules of origin (RoOs) are a common feature of regional trade agreements that fall short of full custom unions. Two of the most important trade agreements, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the European Union (EU), recently enacted major changes to those rules. The 2020 USMCA agreement replacing NAFTA made those rules much stricter. Meanwhile, following its exit from the EU customs union, Britain and the remaining EU27 had to draw up new rules of origin for the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA). This chapter quantifies the main trade-offs involved in setting the strictness of RoOs in the context of the automobile industry. A more stringent agreement can raise or lower regional parts production, but it inevitably raises prices. Fitting our model to data on the use of NAFTA-origin parts in cars assembled within the region, we calibrate the key parameters that govern the responses to stricter RoOs. We then apply the calibrated model to evaluate the switch from NAFTA to the USMCA as well as other counterfactuals of interest. |
| Date: | 2023–11–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04345742&r=ure |
| By: | Helen Dempster (Center for Global Development); Beza Tesfaye (Mercy Corps) |
| Abstract: | Development agencies in high-income countries spend a large amount of both official development assistance (ODA) and other forms of financing on migration programming. While most of this spending is aimed at deterring migration, increasingly more is being focused on facilitating migration: to the high-income country itself; within and between low- and middle-income countries; and supporting people on the move and the diaspora. This paper, written by the Center for Global Development and Mercy Corps, aims to explore why and how development agencies in high-income countries facilitate labor, or economic, migration, and how they have been able to justify and expand their mandate in this area. Based on interviews with nine development agencies, we find that development agencies use a range of arguments to justify their work in this area, including supporting economic development and poverty reduction in partner countries while also meeting labor market demands at home or other countries. Yet expanding a mandate in this area requires substantial cross-government coordination and political buy-in, both of which are difficult to achieve. It also requires the ability to be able to use ODA to facilitate labor migration, which is currently up for debate. As development agencies seek to expand their work on labor migration, it will be necessary to define shared goals and start with pilot projects that focus on low-hanging fruit, while maintaining a focus on development and poverty reduction. |
| Date: | 2022–08–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgd:ppaper:265&r=ure |
| By: | Jeroen Struben (EM - emlyon business school); Florian Kapmeier (Reutlingen University) |
| Abstract: | "Why are organizations and markets slow to transform toward sustainability despite the abundant well-recognized opportunities it provides? An important subset of the phenomena this question addresses involves decision-makers recognizing the existence of opportunities but failing to undertake ambitious, effective, sufficient, or timely action. Building on existing research on capability traps, market formation, and managing sustainability, we focus on the forces constraining organizations from developing the capabilities and market infrastructures required for sustainability transformations. We characterize types of sustainability initiatives and, using causal loop diagramming, visualize structures that enable and constrain how organizations can navigate individually and collectively worse-before-better dynamics resulting from uncertain, nonlinear, and delayed returns. Being under day-to-day pressures and deeply intertwined within their environment, organizational actors find it difficult to recognize, undertake, maintain, and coordinate necessary efforts internally and externally. We discuss research implications and directions for future research on avoiding these traps and accelerating sustainability transformations." |
| Keywords: | Sustainability transformations, corporate environmental sustainability, capability traps, collective action problems, market infrastructure |
| Date: | 2023–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04325733&r=ure |
| By: | P. Ballester (GSF - TTS - Grand Sud - Toulouse Tourism School, VFT-RLC - Visa For Tourism - Research Lab. Creative, IEFT - Institut Européenne de Formation au Tourisme - School of Tourism & Hospitality, Euridis - Euridis Business School) |
| Abstract: | The study of tourist behavior allows us to take another look at the changes in port cities in the Mediterranean, such as Barcelona and Marseille. For two centuries, tourists have increasingly contributed to building the identity of port cities. But if tourist activities and tourists can make these seaside areas attractive, they also contribute to making fishing districts repulsive, such as the old Barceloneta – a historic district of the Catalan capital – which has become a gigantic open-air nightclub. It is legitimate to ask whether tourism is a factor of rediscovered or altered port identity. Our study is based on research in the archives of the city of Barcelona and its tourist service, as well as on a survey of tourism professionals working for the Catalan capital and the Marseille metropolis. If tourist capitals like Barcelona and Marseille are counting on the benefits of tourism in a period of economic crisis, the damage caused by mass tourism is pointed out by artists and neighborhood associations, revealing the difficult reconciliation between the desires of holidaymakers and daily life. of the inhabitants and challenging the actors of these cities who are often confronted with contradictory representations of these spaces. |
| Abstract: | L'étude des comportements touristiques permet de porter un autre regard sur les mutations des villes-ports en Méditerranée, comme à Barcelone et Marseille. Depuis deux siècles, les touristes contribuent d'une manière de plus en plus évidente à bâtir l'identité des villes portuaires. Mais si les activités touristiques et les touristes peuvent rendre attractifs ces bords de mer, ils contribuent aussi à rendre répulsifs des quartiers de pêcheurs comme l'ancienne Barceloneta – quartier historique de la capitale catalane – devenue une gigantesque boîte de nuit à ciel ouvert. Il est légitime de se demander si le tourisme est un facteur d'identité portuaire retrouvée ou altérée. Notre étude repose sur une recherche dans les archives de la ville de Barcelone et son service touristique, ainsi que sur une enquête auprès des professionnels du tourisme travaillant pour la capitale catalane et la métropole marseillaise. Si des capitales touristiques comme Barcelone et Marseille comptent sur les retombées du tourisme dans une période de crise économique, les dégâts du tourisme de masse sont pointés par des artistes et des associations de voisinage, révélant la difficile conciliation entre les désirs des vacanciers et le quotidien des habitants et mettant au défi les acteurs de ces villes bien souvent confrontés à des représentations contradictoires de ces espaces. |
| Keywords: | Barcelona, Marseille, port, fishermen, tourism, economy, waterfront, town planning, inhabitant, crisis, overtourism, landscape, sea, museum, identity, heritage, Olympic Games, tourisme, économie, urbanisme, habitant, crise, surtourisme, paysage, mer, musée, identité, patrimoine, Jeux olympiques, Barcelone, Marseille, pêcheurs |
| Date: | 2022–10–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03834443&r=ure |
| By: | ROMERO Verónica; CACHIA Romina (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This newsletter provides updates related to the digital education and skills project, its tools, events and information related to the use of digital technologies for teaching and learning in schools. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc133848&r=ure |
| By: | Franck, Raphaël; Gay, Victor |
| Abstract: | This study argues that urbanization changed the relationship between the occupation of candidates running in parliamentary elections and their electoral success. To identify local-level variation in urbanization, we leverage exogenous changes to the boundaries of electoral constituencies in the 1928, 1932, and 1936 French parliamentary elections. The results suggest that urbanization was detrimental to the electoral success of lawyers but beneficial to that of employees and workers. This electoral effect of urbanization was especially felt on the left of the political spectrum, whereby left-wing employees and workers crowded out left-wing lawyers. |
| Keywords: | Elections, Political Representation, Urbanization |
| JEL: | D72 K16 N44 N94 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1366&r=ure |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | A technical assistance (TA) mission was conducted from June 5 to June 9, 2023, to assist the Kosovo Agency of Statistics (KAS) with the initial stages of the development of a Residential Property Price Index (RPPI). This was the first mission to Kosovo dedicated to the RPPI. The mission completed the following tasks: (i) examined all potential data sources (ii) contributed to capacity building by providing training on RPPI compilation (iii) agreed next steps for the development of the RPPI and (iv) assessed the required resources for RPPI development. |
| Keywords: | RPPI; residential property price index; prices; price index; housing; residential property; financial stability. |
| Date: | 2023–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/398&r=ure |
| By: | Christian Bongiorno (MICS - Mathématiques et Informatique pour la Complexité et les Systèmes - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Salvatore Miccichè (DiFC - Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica [Palermo] - Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo); Rosario N Mantegna (DiFC - Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica [Palermo] - Università degli studi di Palermo - University of Palermo, CSHV - Complexity Science Hub Vienna, UCL-CS - Department of Computer science [University College of London] - UCL - University College of London [London]) |
| Abstract: | We develop a greedy algorithm that is fast and scalable in the detection of a nested partition extracted from a dendrogram obtained from hierarchical clustering of a multivariate series. Our algorithm provides a p-value for each clade observed in the hierarchical tree. The p-value is obtained by computing a number of bootstrap replicas of the dissimilarity matrix and by performing a statistical test on each difference between the dissimilarity associated with a given clade and the dissimilarity of the clade of its parent node. We prove the efficacy of our algorithm with a set of benchmarks generated by using a hierarchical factor model. We compare the results obtained by our algorithm with those of Pvclust. Pvclust is a widely used algorithm developed with a global approach originally motivated by phylogenetic studies. In our numerical experiments we focus on the role of multiple hypothesis test correction and on the robustness of the algorithms to inaccuracy and errors of datasets. We also apply our algorithm to a reference empirical dataset. We verify that our algorithm is much faster than Pvclust algorithm and has a better scalability both in the number of elements and in the number of records of the investigated multivariate set. Our algorithm provides a hierarchically nested partition in much shorter time than currently widely used algorithms allowing to perform a statistically validated cluster analysis detection in very large systems. |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02157744&r=ure |
| By: | Chiswick, Barry R. |
| Abstract: | This paper is a review of the literature in economics up to the early 1980s on the issue of estimating the earnings return to schooling and labor market experience. It begins with a presentation of Adam Smith's (1776) analysis of wage determination, with the second of his five points on compensating wage differentials being "the easiness or cheapness, or the difficulty and expense" of acquiring skills. It then proceeds to the analysis by Walsh (1935) estimating the net present value of investments at various levels of educational attainment. Friedman and Kuznets (1945) also used the net present value method to study the earnings in five independent professional practices. Based on the net present value technique, Becker (1964) estimates internal rates of return from high school and college/university schooling, primarily for native-born white men, but also for other demographic groups. The first regression-based approach is the development of the schooling-earnings function by Becker and Chiswick (1966), which relates the logarithm of earnings, as a linear function of years invested in human capital, with the application to years of schooling. This was expanded by Mincer (1974) to the "human capital earnings function" (HCEF), which added years of post-school labor market experience. Attractive features of the HCEF are discussed. Extensions of the HCEF in the 1970s and early 1980s account for interrupted labor marker experience, geographic mobility, and self-employment and unpaid family workers. |
| Keywords: | Human Capital, Schooling Earnings Function, Human Capital Earnings Function, Schooling, Labor Market Experience, Women, Immigrants, Less Developed Countries, Self-Employed, Unpaid Workers |
| JEL: | I24 I26 J3 J46 J61 O15 B29 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1365&r=ure |
| By: | Alexander Ahammer; Analisa Packham; Jonathan Smith |
| Abstract: | We estimate the role of firms in worker health care utilization. Using linked administrative data on Austrian workers from 1998-2018, we exploit mobility between firms to estimate how much a firm contributes to worker-level differences in utilization in a setting with non-employer provided universal health care. We find that firms are responsible for nearly 30 percent of the variation in across-worker health care expenditures. Effects are not driven by changes in geography or industry. We then estimate a measure of relative firm-specific utilization and explore existing correlates to help explain these effects. |
| JEL: | H51 I1 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32011&r=ure |
| By: | Marie Delaplace (UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée, LAB'URBA - LAB'URBA - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - Université Gustave Eiffel); Patrice Ballester (M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, Euridis - Euridis Business School) |
| Abstract: | Events in the city: between attractiveness and negative externalities. Through events, it is the staging, storytelling and production of a renewed tourist offer that is in question. The commercial, cultural and sports city questions in more ways than one. What are the lasting effects of the ephemeral in urban areas and for whom? Citizens, consumers, elected officials and national and international tourists show and think differently about the mega-event according to their interests and practices. The instrumentalization of events also involves pre and post-event assessments and support processes for infrastructures (convention and fair grounds or Olympic village) and public spaces bequeathed (seafront urban leisure facilities ) .The renewed attractiveness to attract more and more tourists comes up against the Sustainable Development Goals. The negative externalities mentioned in the various articles in this special issue of City & Tourism show that it is necessary to reflect upstream on the meaning that the actors wish to give to their event, its societal repercussions, and the limits, beliefs conveyed to this subject. |
| Abstract: | À travers l'évènementiel, c'est de la mise en scène, en récit et production d'une offre touristique renouvelée dont il est question. La ville marchande, culturelle et sportive interroge à plus d'un titre. Quels effets durables de l'éphémère en milieu urbain et pour qui ? Citoyens, consommateurs, élus et touristes nationaux et internationaux donnent à voir et à penser différemment le méga-événement suivant leurs intérêts et leurs pratiques. L'instrumentalisation de l'évènementiel passe aussi par des bilans pré et post évènement et des processus d'accompagnement des infrastructures (parc de congrès, de foire ou village olympique) et des espaces publics légués (front de mer équipement de loisirs urbain). L'attractivité renouvelée permettant d'attirer toujours plus de touristes se heurte aux Objectifs du Développement durable. Les externalités négatives mentionnées dans les différents articles de ce numéro spécial de City & Tourism montrent qu'il est nécessaire de réfléchir en amont sur le sens que les acteurs souhaitent donner à leur évènement, à ses répercussions sociétales, et aux limites, croyances véhiculées à ce sujet. |
| Keywords: | event, Olympic Games, world expo, sustainable, ephemeral, évaluation, negative externality, évènement, Jeux olympiques, exposition universelle, durable, éphémère, Evaluation, externalité négative |
| Date: | 2023–02–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04049773&r=ure |
| By: | Donal Bissainte (UF - University of Florida [Gainesville]) |
| Abstract: | This research delves into the significant role immigrant-owned businesses play in the U.S. economy, focusing on Florida's diverse food system. It explores the strategies, challenges, and relationships of Table 1. Main Challenges of small food businesses immigrant food entrepreneurs. These entrepreneurs exhibit determination, adaptability, and diverse aspirations, aiming for success through strategic product ordering and financial goals. Challenges faced include city requirements, inventory issues, and financial constraints. Despite these hurdles, they display resilience, continuously improving their businesses by diversifying offerings and engaging with the community. Family involvement is pivotal, providing support in operations and finance. Immigrant entrepreneurs prioritize community relationships, fostering connections with customers and supporting local causes. The research underscores their resilience and emphasizes the need for support systems to empower these entrepreneurs and integrate them into the local food economy. |
| Date: | 2023–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04339252&r=ure |
| By: | MARQUES SANTOS Anabela (European Commission - JRC); CONTE Andrea (European Commission - JRC); MOLICA Francesco (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | Using data from the execution of 2014-2020 cohesion policy, the paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the speed of absorption capacity of European funds by introducing novel metrics. It evaluates absorption capacity considering time performance and distinguishing between national and regional governance models. The study employs a Tobit model to explain the overall speed of absorption and a multinomial regression model to describe the drivers of the thematic area with the highest absorption capacity. Programmes and territorial characteristics are both relevant factors explaining the level of absorption of funds. However, when explaining the thematic area with the highest absorption capacity, programme characteristics are more relevant than territorial ones. |
| Keywords: | Cohesion policy; Absorption capacity; European Union |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:termod:202314&r=ure |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Despite a series of shocks in the recent past, the Belgian financial sector has remained resilient and firm evidence for sustained credit or real estate price booms is limited. The profitability, capital adequacy and liquidity of banks have surpassed their pre-pandemic levels, remaining comfortably above regulatory thresholds. Notwithstanding the blows to the economy inflicted by the pandemic, spillovers from Russia’s war in Ukraine, and the energy crisis, bankruptcies have not materialized, and the quality of loan portfolios has stayed strong as automatic wage indexation and government support have helped households and firms. The credit gap turning positive in late 2017 did not herald the beginning of a prolonged period of further widening, with private sector borrowing expanding at a robust pace until the rapid tightening of financial conditions since 2022 triggered an ebbing of lending growth. Prices for residential and commercial dwellings have steadily increased since 2014, yet market dynamism over this period has been generally below developments seen in other euro area countries, keeping valuations in check. |
| Date: | 2023–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/392&r=ure |
| By: | Anna Alberini (AREC, University of Maryland, College Park); Levan Bezhanishvili (Institute of Economic Studies at Faculty of Social Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.); Milan Scasny (Charles University, Environment Center, and Institute of Economic Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.) |
| Abstract: | During the Covid-19 pandemic, the governments of many countries adopted measures to support the population during the lockdowns and periods of reduced economic activity. In the Republic of Georgia, in April 2020 the government announced that it would pay the electricity bills of residential customers in April and May 2020, effectively making electricity free, as long as usage would not exceed 200 kWh/month. In August 2020, the government announced that the policy would be in force again in November and December 2020, and January and February 2021. We examine meter readings from the entire country outside of the Tbilisi city limits, finding that the average household increased usage by some 5% above and beyond their normal. This figure however masks considerable heterogeneity in the effects of the policy across urban, rural, and "high mountain" status areas. We examine the possibility that awareness of the policy might decrease with the distance from the capital Tbilisi, but find little evidence of "distance decay" effect. We find that, as suggested by economic theory, in the months when the policy is in place low-volume consumers increase their electricity usage and high-volume consumers decrease it in an effort to make the 200 kWh mark. Assuming that the increase in electricity demand was met with imports and domestic generation by gas-fired power plants, our models predict that in our sample CO2 emissions increased by 2, 028 tons during the "free electricity months, " despite an actual reduction among the residents of large cities. |
| Keywords: | residential electricity consumption; increasing block rate (IBR) tariffs; salience; free electricity |
| JEL: | D12 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fau:wpaper:wp2023_37&r=ure |
| By: | Leung, Charles Ka Yui |
| Abstract: | This short article provides a quick summary of the hedonic pricing theory. Some new developments are also discussed. |
| Keywords: | hedonic price, portfolio of attributes, valuation, unobservable, non-tradeable |
| JEL: | C10 D10 R20 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119429&r=ure |
| By: | BOSCH CHECA Clara; COLL ALIAGA Eloina; GALLEGO GARCÍA Fernando; PERPINA Carolina; DE LA TORRE FORNÉS Pilar; LERMA ARCE Victoria; LORENZO SÁEZ Edgar; OLIVEROS AMORÓS Antonio; PORRES DE LA HAZA Joaquina; VILLANUEVA DURBAN Néstor |
| Abstract: | This report summaries the studies developed under the collaboration agreement nº 35930 between the Joint Research Centre, the Valencia City Council and the Universitat Politècnica de València during the second part of the agreement period (2021 and 2022). These studies look for innovative solutions for different problems in the city. The solutions of the studies are characterised by using Geographic Information System (GIS) or remote sensing technologies and using, improving and generating open data related to the city of València. The conclusions and results derived from the agreement are helpful for the Valencia City Council to solve some problems of the city and for the JRC, as these solutions developed in Valencia as a city lab can be applied to other European cities. This report contains the same projects summarised in the second deliverable, but this time the length of each project is longer, especially in the methodology section. In this case, it goes into more detail on the process followed by every project. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc135800&r=ure |
| By: | Nikki Shure; Larissa Zierow |
| Abstract: | First-generation university graduates have been found to face a series of disadvantages on their pathway to higher education and the labor market. We use unique, national level data on high achieving university graduates to attempt to disentangle the importance of lower prior attainment from parental educational background on a series of higher education and labor market outcomes. We compare first-generation and non-first-generation graduates who are recipients of a prestigious national scholarship program targeted at the top percentile of the student distribution in Germany. We find the first-generation high achievers are more likely to study at less prestigious institutions and at institutions that are closer to home even though they have the prior attainment to go further afield. They are also less likely to study subjects with high labor market returns and are more likely to work in jobs with high job security. We furthermore find evidence that especially female first-generation high achievers are less likely to see the value of the networking opportunities the scholarship provides. |
| Keywords: | socio-economic gaps, first-generation, higher education |
| JEL: | I24 J24 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10832&r=ure |
| By: | Pierre Pelletier; Kevin Wirtz |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationship between scientists' cognitive profile and their ability to generate innovative ideas and gain scientific recognition. We propose a novel author-level metric based on the semantic representation of researchers' past publications to measure cognitive diversity both at individual and team levels. Using PubMed Knowledge Graph (PKG), we analyze the impact of cognitive diversity on novelty, as measured by combinatorial novelty indicators and peer labels on Faculty Opinion. We assessed scientific impact through citations and disruption indicators. We show that the presence of exploratory individuals (i.e., cognitively diverse) is beneficial in generating distant knowledge combinations, but only when balanced by a significant proportion of exploitative individuals (i.e., cognitively specialized). Furthermore, teams with a high proportion of exploitative profiles tend to consolidate science, whereas those with a significant share of both profiles tend to disrupt it. Cognitive diversity between team members appears to be always beneficial to combining more distant knowledge. However, to maximize the relevance of these distant combinations of knowledge, maintaining a limited number of exploratory individuals is essential, as exploitative individuals must question and debate their novel perspectives. These specialized individuals are the most qualified to extract the full potential of novel ideas and integrate them within the existing scientific paradigm. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2312.10476&r=ure |
| By: | Vu Le Tran (Nord University [Bodø]); Guillaume Coqueret (EM - emlyon business school) |
| Abstract: | "We document the impact of ESG shocks on the stock returns of suppliers and clients of affected firms. Our empirical analysis of US stocks, along with their global clients and suppliers, reveals that ESG shocks are integrated into prices intradaily and that the cross-effect between shocks and ESG levels is statistically significant. The indirect diffusion of ESG shocks to customers' and suppliers' returns is also significant, but takes more time (a few days) and is less pronounced. Finally, the impact is stronger for small firms and for corporations that benefit from less media coverage. In addition, effects are more pronounced in the recent period (posterior to 2017), possibly due to increased investor attention toward sustainability." |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04325746&r=ure |
| By: | Novat Pugo Sambodo (Lecturer of Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada); Riswanti Budi Sekaringsih (Lecturer of Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business, State Islamic University (UIN) Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, and Research Associate at Pusat Kajian Ekonomika dan Bisnis Syariah (PKEBS/Center for Islamic Economics and Business Studies) of Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada); Meikha Azzani (Research Associate at Pusat Kajian Ekonomika dan Bisnis Syariah (PKEBS/Center for Islamic Economics and Business Studies) of Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada); Esa Azali Asyahid (Academic Assistant of Department of Economics and General Assistant at Pusat Kajian Ekonomika dan Bisnis Syariah (PKEBS/Center for Islamic Economics and Business Studies) of Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada); Maulana Ryan Nurfahdhila (Student of Department of Economics and Research Assistant at Pusat Kajian Ekonomika dan Bisnis Syariah (PKEBS/Center for Islamic Economics and Business Studies) of Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada) |
| Abstract: | This study empirically examines the determinants of financial inclusion among Indonesian Muslims using individual-level panel data. We investigated financial inclusion indicators such as borrowing from financial institutions, bank account ownership, the borrowed amount, and savings in financial services. We analysed data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) fourth (2007) and fifth (2014) waves, offering a comprehensive dataset with unique socio-economic variables. We used Ordinary Least Squares and Logit estimations to identify factors influencing individuals' access to financial services and the average borrowed amount. Our findings indicate that urban residents with higher wealth, predominantly males, have better access to financial services. Banks remain the primary source for loans among Indonesian Muslims. Access to commercial banks significantly impacts loan accessibility. Notably, Baitul Maal WatTamwil (BMT), an Islamic microfinance institution, enhances the probability of Indonesian Muslims accessing formal loans. |
| Keywords: | Financial Inclusion, Islamic Finance, Household, Muslim, Indonesia |
| JEL: | G51 Z12 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gme:wpaper:202312013&r=ure |
| By: | Martina Pocchiari; Jason M.T. Roos |
| Abstract: | As social and business activities undergo significant digital transformation, the allure of digitized versus traditional in-person events remains a critical question. This study quantifies the heterogeneous effect of digitization on community participation across communities catering to different interests, such as business, technology, and socialization. Leveraging comprehensive panel data from a leading community-building platform, our analyses reveal that prospective participation in digitized events is lower compared to their in-person counterparts. However, this overarching effect masks a more complex reality. We uncover significant heterogeneity in participation intentions, with outcomes closely tied to specific event characteristics and interest topics. For example, prospective engagement in digitized networking meetings varies substantially depending on whether the meetings are business- or leisure-oriented. Similarly, the context in which goal-oriented meetings occur plays a decisive role: prospective participation in digitized events decreases by 2.95% for writing clubs, but increases by 2.72% for language clubs. These findings suggest that approaches to community-building through digitization must be tailored to the unique attributes of the community and its events. A one-size-fits-all strategy to digital transformation may fall short of fostering meaningful engagement. As the digital landscape evolves, our research offers quantitative benchmarks and managerial guidelines for community engagement in the digital age. |
| JEL: | M31 M10 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10841&r=ure |
| By: | Jennifer Feichtmayer; Regina T. Riphahn |
| Abstract: | We study the intergenerational transmission of welfare benefit receipt in Germany. We first describe the correlation between welfare receipt experienced in the parental household and subsequent own welfare receipt of young adults. In a second step, we investigate whether the observed correlations reflect causal effects of past welfare experience. We use family fixed effects estimations and Gottschalk’s (1996) approach and take advantage of the long-running German Socio-Economic Panel Survey to contribute to a sparse literature. We find strong positive correlations between parental and own welfare receipt. These patterns do, however, not persist after controlling for unobserved heterogeneities. Therefore, our results suggest that the strong intergenerational correlation of welfare benefit receipt is determined by family background rather than by the experience of parental welfare benefit receipt. |
| Keywords: | welfare, social assistance, intergenerational mobility, causal effect, family fixed effects, Gottschalk estimator |
| JEL: | I32 I38 J62 C36 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10835&r=ure |
| By: | DE NIGRIS Sarah (European Commission - JRC); KALPAKA Annita (European Commission - JRC); NEPELSKI Daniel (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The European Digital Innovation Hubs (EDIHs), established under the Digital Europe Programme, play a pivotal role in bolstering digitalisation across European businesses. There are 227 hubs, of which 151 are funded directly by the Digital Europe Programme. The EDIHs are widely distributed across 85% of European regions, covering almost 90% of the EU's working population. The EDIHs are formed of a diverse array of organisations, including private companies, research organisations, universities, and public sector entities. The services provided by EDIHs to SMEs and public sector organisations encompass a broad spectrum of technologies and sectors showcasing diversity in strategies and designs. The hubs demonstrate strong competencies in key technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Cybersecurity, and High-Performance Computing. |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc134620&r=ure |
| By: | Giacomo Gabbuti (Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa); Salvatore Morelli (CSEF, University of Naples and INET Oxford, University of Oxford) |
| Abstract: | Despite its relevance in 19th-century economics, wealth – its accumulation, composition, and distribution – has largely been neglected in Italian economic history. Filling this gap, we show that between the late 19th and mid-20th centuries, Italy presented a historically high value of total private wealth but had relatively small relevance in total bequests flows in proportion to national income. Then, we present novel estimates of wealth concentration between 1863 and 1914, combining national tabulations of inheritance tax records and microdata archives for Milan and Naples. During this period, wealth concentration in Italy was in line with the highest levels ever recorded since the late Middle Ages. Contrary to the evidence of declining income inequality in the period – traditionally considered the industrial ‘take-off’ phase of Italy – we find no clear signs of trends in wealth concentration or structural changes in wealth composition. This picture is confirmed and enriched by novel findings about wealth concentration at provincial and regional levels in the early 20th century. We show a great deal of heterogeneity beyond national aggregates but find no evidence of the classic North-South divide when looking at concentration. Likewise, we find no clear link between concentration levels and asset composition or economic development. Although contemporary inequality is much lower than early 20th-century figures, the ‘real’ wealth of present ‘millionaires’ seems much higher than that of historically rich individuals. Overall, the paper lays the basis for a very long-run view of wealth in Italy and reconsiders the impact of its industrialization at the end of the Liberal period. |
| Keywords: | inequality; inheritance; wealth; Liberal Italy; Southern Question. |
| JEL: | D31 D63 E21 H24 N33 |
| Date: | 2023–11–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sef:csefwp:695&r=ure |