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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Borbely, Daniel (University of Dundee); Gehrsitz, Markus (University of Strathclyde); McIntyre, Stuart (University of Strathclyde); Rossi, Gennaro (University of Strathclyde) |
| Abstract: | In this article we study the effects of permanent school closures on crime. We leverage the closure of over 300 schools in Scotland between the school years 2006/07 and 2018/19, and employ a staggered difference-in-differences design on a matched sample. We find that neighbourhoods affected by school closures experience a reduction in crime of about 9% of a standard deviation, relative to areas where schools remained open. This effect is mainly driven by a reduction in violent and property crimes. We provide evidence on several mechanisms explaining the negative crime effect, such as changes in neighbourhood composition and reductions in school-level segregation. |
| Keywords: | crime, school closures, neighbourhoods |
| JEL: | I38 R20 K42 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16523&r=ure |
| By: | Daniel Suryadarma; Rima Prama Artha; Asep Suryahadi; Sudarno Sumarto; F. Halsey Rogers |
| Keywords: | absenteeism, primary school, achievement |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:367&r=ure |
| By: | Alcaíno, Manuel; Jaimovich, Analia; Méndez, Carolina; Vásquez, Diana |
| Abstract: | We explore how government fragmentation affects public education provision by examining the case of Chile, which created 11 municipalities between 1994 and 2004. Using territories that sought, but failed to, achieve independence as controls, we find that schools in newly created municipalities, on average, experienced a standard deviation decline of 0.2 in elementary school mathematics performance. In addition, fragmentation led to a high turnover and increased job insecurity of classroom teachers and school management teams in newly created municipalities. In contrast, we found that reducing the size of the original municipalities school networks does not impact student outcomes or school personnel. Overall, our findings point to specific unintended educational effects of policies that seek to enhance horizontal decentralization. |
| Keywords: | Municipalities;Education;Chile |
| JEL: | I21 I28 H83 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11987&r=ure |
| By: | Stephen Machin; Sandra McNally; Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela |
| Abstract: | Youth custody has severe long-term consequences for detained young people. Stephen Machin, Sandra McNally and Jenifer Ruiz-Valenzuela investigate the relationship between GCSE qualifications and youth custody, and find that underlying problems become evident in early adolescence. |
| Keywords: | Schools, UK Economy, youth custody, school qualifications, crime, educational attainment, special needs |
| Date: | 2023–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepcnp:659&r=ure |
| By: | Davide Fiaschi; Cristiano Ricci |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the spatial agglomeration of workers and income in a continuous space and time framework. Production and consumption are decided in local markets, characterized by the presence of spatial spillovers and amenities. Workers move across locations maximizing their instantaneous utility, subject to mobility costs. We prove the existence of a short-run Cournot-Nash equilibrium, and that, in the limit of an infinite number of workers, the sequence of short-run equilibria can be expressed by a partial differential equation. We characterize the conditions under which the long-run equilibrium displays spatial agglomerations. Social welfare is non-decreasing over time, and in the long-run equilibrium the expected utility of a representative worker is equalized over space and, therefore, the spatial allocation is efficient. The model can reproduce several stylized effects, such as the emergence of spatial agglomerations (cities) with different sizes and shapes; the dependence by history of spatial pattern of economic activities; a non-linear out-of-equilibrium dynamics; and finally, the phenomenon of metastability, where a long period of apparent stability in the spatial distribution is followed by a sharp transition to a new equilibrium. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2310.07883&r=ure |
| By: | Cardullo, Gabriele (University of Genova); Sechi, Agnese (University of Genoa) |
| Abstract: | We study the effects on employment, costs of living, and income inequality of local shocks in the housing market or in the productivity of a tradable good. We construct a two-region search and matching model in which housing is considered a necessity good. Mobility of labor implies that any change in one region propagates into the other. The model is analytically tractable and provides some intuitive comparative statics results. We then calibrate the model on the basis of German data. Our simulations indicate that both types of shock produce limited employment gains but have a significant impact on housing prices and real income inequality: poorer, unemployed workers experience a larger increase in their cost of living index. This depends on the assumption of a non-homothetic utility function that generates a specific nominal wage to housing price positive relationship, partially safeguarding employed individuals against the rising cost of living. |
| Keywords: | local labor markets, income inequality, costs of living, housing expenditures, housing prices |
| JEL: | R23 R21 R31 J31 J61 J64 D31 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16533&r=ure |
| By: | Navid Sabet |
| Abstract: | I exploit the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), which legalized millions of Hispanic migrants in the USA, to study the impact of immigrant legalization on schooling outcomes. Although undocumented migrants are entitled to public education, I find significant post-legalization increases in student enrollment and student-to-teacher ratios in public schools with greater exposure to IRCA migrants. This effect is driven by increased Hispanic enrollment, while whites sort out of public education and into private schooling. The IRCA differentially increases Hispanic school board members and school expenditure, highlighting legal status as a driver of Hispanic human capital accumulation and representation. |
| Keywords: | schooling, human capital, minority representation, legal status |
| JEL: | I21 J15 H52 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10677&r=ure |
| By: | Vivek Jadhav ((Corresponding Author)Ph.D. Scholar, Madras School of Economics, Chennai); Brinda Viswanathan (Professor & Dean Research, Madras School of Economics, Chennai) |
| Abstract: | Most regional income studies in India examine only the convergence of regional per capita incomes with a limited number of studies analyzing the relative role of its determinants. Spatial Durbin model of regional income and growth based on the augmented Mankiw-Romer-Weil (MRW) -with public, private, household and human capitals as the determinants - is estimated using the 2015 Indicus data on per worker incomes for 103 regions (clusters of districts) of India. The results of the spatial model support spillover effect of public, human and private capital from neighbouring regions on per worker Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) as found in several studies for European regions. We additionally find that public capital, which is not accounted for separately in the developed country regional models, is a relatively more important determinant for a developing country like India than private capital or human capital for this data. In the spatial growth model of per worker GRDP, none of the determinants except the state capital dummy variable have significant impact on the regional growth rate between 2001 and 2015. This may be a data limitation and perhaps a panel data model may be more suited for such an analysis. |
| Keywords: | Public capital, Regional Income, Spatial Durbin Model, Augmented MRW model |
| JEL: | O47 R12 R53 C21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2023-243&r=ure |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | In the north-western corner of Germany, the Ems-Achse, a rural region, has witnessed a decade of economic growth. This growth has exacerbated labour shortages, primarily due to an aging population and the outmigration of youth. Acknowledging the potential of teleworking, regional stakeholders aim to explore its capacity to address labour gaps and attract a broader talent pool. This paper delves into three main dimensions for harnessing teleworking's potential: activating individuals who are not currently seeking employment, expanding the talent pool to include surrounding areas, and attracting workers from congested urban areas or overseas. To facilitate successful teleworking, the region can bolster its high-speed internet infrastructure, promote a culture of flexibility in management and nurture digital skills. Additionally, increasing opportunities for higher education, improving public transportation and enhancing international accessibility could help profile the Ems-Achse as an attractive hub for teleworkers. |
| Keywords: | Ems-Achse, Germany, labour shortage, local development, place-based policy, teleworking |
| JEL: | J68 O33 R11 R40 R58 R23 |
| Date: | 2023–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2023/18-en&r=ure |
| By: | Mirela Sorina Miescu; Giorgio Motta; Dario Pontiggia; Raffaele Rossi |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the macroeconomic effects of exogenous changes in housing credit supply. We identify the credit supply shock with a narrative dataset within a Factor-Augmented VAR. We find that a housing credit supply shock is expansionary in the housing sector, the financial markets as well as on main macroeconomic indicators. A one percent increase in the housing credit supply expands Industrial Production up to 1.4 percent and reduces the unemployment rate by 0.4 percentage points.We show that controlling for missing information and anticipation effects is crucial for evaluating the transmission mechanism of housing credit supply shocks on the macroeconomy. |
| Keywords: | Credit Supply Shocks, Mortgage Markets, Factor Augmented VAR |
| JEL: | E44 E52 G28 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lan:wpaper:399832231&r=ure |
| By: | Daniel Suryadarma; Wenefrida Dwi Widyanti; Asep Suryahadi; Sudarno Sumarto |
| Keywords: | health, education, income, voice, inequality, ethnic, regional, urban, Indonesia |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:356&r=ure |
| By: | Dorn, David; Kircher, Philipp; Salzmann, Oliver |
| Abstract: | We analyse the effect of national industry shocks on local employment. By providing a novel structural view on the Bartik framework, we show that the difference in national and regional employment growth trends can be attributed to within-region spillovers. These spillovers can be quantified in a simple regression of regional employment change predictions versus actual regional employment changes, where regional employment change predictions are based on national shocks. We find consistent evidence that a predicted change in employment by 1% is associated with a 1.3% change in actual employment in a region. We hypothesize that agglomeration plays a key role in explaining the difference between the predicted and the actual employment growth. When we allow for non-linearities in a variety of setups, we find that the main driver of agglomeration effects are regions with particularly strong growth in employment which outperform their predictions. Taking the employment weighted mean as inflection point, regions with below mean predicted employment growth show a roughly 1:1 translation of predicted job creation to actual job creation. For regions with above mean predictions this ratio increases to 1:1.7. |
| Date: | 2023–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cor:louvco:2023025&r=ure |
| By: | Vassiliki Koutsogeorgopoulou |
| Abstract: | Immigration has increased rapidly since the late 1990s, driven largely by strong economic growth and high standards of living. By mid-2023, foreign citizens made up around 18% of the population. This has brought important economic benefits to Iceland, including by boosting the working age population and helping the country to meet labour demands in fast-growing sectors. However, there are important challenges regarding the integration of immigrants and their children that need to be addressed through a comprehensive approach, helping to make the most of immigration. Successful labour market integration of immigrants requires more effective language training for adults and an improvement in skills recognition procedures. At the same time, immigrants need more opportunities to work in the public sector and the adult learning system should be adjusted to better encompass their training needs. Strengthening language skills is key to improving the weak educational outcomes of immigrant students. Enhancing teachers’ preparedness to accommodate students’ diverse educational needs is another pre-requisite. Strengthening integration further hinges upon meeting the housing needs of the immigrant population, including through an increase in the supply of social and affordable housing. |
| Keywords: | education, housing, immigration, integration, labour market, language training, skills |
| JEL: | F22 J24 J61 |
| Date: | 2023–11–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1772-en&r=ure |
| By: | Johannes Gessner; Wolfgang Habla; Ulrich J. Wagner |
| Abstract: | To reduce CO2 emissions, some companies have introduced mobility budgets that employees can spend on leisure and commuting trips, as an alternative to subsidized company cars. Given their novelty, little is known about how mobility budgets should be designed to encourage sustainable transportation choices. Since prices play a limited role in this subsidized setting, our study focuses on behavioral interventions. In a field experiment with 341 employees of a large German company, we test whether social comparisons, either in isolation or in combination with a climate-related moral appeal, can change the use of different means of transportation. We find strong evidence for a reduction in car-related mobility in response to the combined treatment, which is driven by changes in taxi and ride-sharing services. This is accompanied by substitution towards micromobility, i.e., transport modes such as shared e-scooters or bikes, but not towards public transport. We do not find robust evidence for effects of the social comparison alone. Furthermore, survey evidence suggests that effects may be driven by a climate-aware minority and that participants indeed felt a moral obligation to comply with the social norm. Our results demonstrate that small, norm-based nudges can change transportation behavior, albeit for a limited time. |
| Keywords: | mobility behavior, randomized experiment, nudging, descriptive norm, injunctive norm, social norms, moral appeal, habit formation |
| JEL: | C93 D04 D91 L91 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2023_451v2&r=ure |
| By: | Diemer, Andreas |
| Abstract: | What happens to local communities when manufacturing disappears? I examine changes in associational density over nearly two decades as a proxy for social capital in US labor markets. Exploiting plausibly exogenous trade‐induced shocks to local manufacturing activity, I test whether deindustrialization is associated with greater or lower organizational membership. I uncover a robust negative relationship between the two variables, particularly acute in rural and mostly‐White areas. My findings, however, are sensitive to measurement: There are no clearly discernible effects of deindustrialization on social capital when I consider alternative proxies for the outcome. To reconcile these results, I present evidence suggesting that economic adversity may induce a qualitative, rather than quantitative, change in social capital. |
| Keywords: | deindustrialization; regional labor markets; social capital |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:120355&r=ure |
| By: | K. R. Shanmugam ((Corresponding Author)Director and Professor, Madras School of Economics); K. Shanmugam (Chief Secretary of Government of Tamil Nadu and Senior Research Fellow of Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This study is an attempt to empirically analyze the effect of fiscal transfers on growth and regional growth convergence during 2005-2019, using the standard growth convergence model for panel data. Results indicate the growth convergence across Indian States. The regional income gaps reduced at a rate of 17.7-31.9 percent per annum. The fiscal transfers contribute to the growth of 22 out of 29 States and also contribute significantly to the convergence. Moreover, there is strong evidence for convergence across General Category States and across Special Category States, indicating club convergence. The average income growth is higher in Special Category States and higher in post global crisis period. It is our hope that these results will be useful to policymakers and other stakeholders to take appropriate strategies to design fiscal transfer policy such that it will speed up the convergence process. |
| Keywords: | Growth Convergence, Fiscal Transfers, Indian States, Panel Data Methods |
| JEL: | E22 E62 R11 R12 R23 C23 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2022-236&r=ure |
| By: | Benos, Nikos; Karagiannis, Stelios; Tsitou, Sofia |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of land ownership on literacy rates in a cross-section of Greek provinces around 1900. Consistent with our theoretical framework (Galor et al., 2009), we find that the dominance of large properties has a substantial adverse effect on human capital accumulation. Thus, our evidence explains a substantial part of provincial differences in terms of human capital in early 20th century Greece for the first time. This differs from much of the literature, because Greece was at the early stages of the transition to the industrial era during the period examined. |
| Keywords: | Landownership - Human capital - Geography - Regional analysis |
| JEL: | C21 I20 N34 Q15 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118748&r=ure |
| By: | Goya, Daniel |
| Abstract: | Marshallian externalities are the benefits obtained by a sector due to geographical agglomeration, and Jacobian effects are spillovers related to the novel combinations that can occur in cities with diversified economic activities. This paper argues that most of the quantitative literature on creative industries is asking whether they are a source of Marshallian or Jacobian effects, inasmuch as a stronger creative sector is a direction of diversification that is likely to have positive spillovers to the rest of the economy. Exploring both questions under a common framework, the results are consistent with the existence of Marshallian but not of Jacobian effects, which calls to caution when making policy suggestions regarding the sector. The degree of specialization in creative sectors is associated with higher sales and a higher number of rms in those sectors, albeit at a decreasing rate. A similar relationship is found for specialization in creative occupations and the incomes of those workers. Though there is no evidence of spillovers from creative industries in general to the rest of the economy, analyses at a more disaggregated level could produce different results and useful insights for policy. |
| Keywords: | creative economy;Marshallian externalities;Jacobian externalities;agglomeration effects |
| JEL: | R12 Z19 R58 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:11962&r=ure |
| By: | Hassan, Hashibul (Jagannath University); Islam, Asad (Monash University); Siddique, Abu (King's College London); Choon Wang, Liang (Monash University) |
| Abstract: | Using a randomized experiment in 200 Bangladeshi villages, we evaluate the impact of an over-the-phone learning support intervention (telementoring) among primary school children and their mothers during Covid-19 school closures. Post-intervention, treated children scored 35% higher on a standardized test, and the homeschooling involvement of treated mothers increased by 22 minutes per day (26%). We also found that the intervention forestalled treated children's learning losses. When we returned to the participants one year later, after schools briefly reopened, we found that the treatment effects had persisted. Academically weaker children benefited the most from the intervention that only cost USD 20 per child. |
| Keywords: | randomized experiment, primary education, school closure, COVID-19, homeschooling, telementoring, rural Bangladesh |
| JEL: | C93 I21 I24 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16525&r=ure |
| By: | Blimpo, Moussa (University of Toronto); Pugatch, Todd (Oregon State University) |
| Abstract: | The persistently high employment share of the informal sector makes entrepreneurship a necessity for youth in many developing countries. We exploit exogenous variation in the implementation of Rwanda's entrepreneurship education reform in secondary schools to evaluate its effect on student economic outcomes up to three years after graduation. Using a randomized controlled trial, we evaluated a three-year intensive training for entrepreneurship teachers, finding pedagogical changes as intended and increased entrepreneurial activity among students. In this paper, we tracked students following graduation and found that increased entrepreneurship persisted one year later, in 2019. Students from treated schools were six percentage points more likely to be entrepreneurs, an increase of 19 percent over the control mean. However, gains in entrepreneurship faded after three years, in 2021. Employment was six percentage points lower in the treatment group. By some measures, income and profits were lower in the treatment group, with no robust differences in these outcomes overall. Lower incomes and profits were concentrated among marginal students induced into entrepreneurship by the program. Youth entrepreneurship programs may therefore steer some participants away from their comparative advantage. Nonetheless, the program increased university enrollment, suggesting the potential for higher long run returns. |
| Keywords: | entrepreneurship education, youth employment, secondary school, pedagogy, randomized controlled trials, Rwanda |
| JEL: | I25 I26 I28 J24 O12 O15 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16489&r=ure |
| By: | Douglas Kazibwe (Deakin University) |
| Abstract: | I investigate the consequences of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) insurgency on the educational outcomes of individuals in Northern Uganda. I employ an identification strategy that exploits variations in conflict intensity across birth cohorts and geographic locations using a Difference-in-Differences (DiD) model. Empirical results show that individuals exposed to the conflict experience a decline in completed years of schooling and literacy. There are differential effects between gender and place of residence, but not between duration of exposure. Additionally, we examine the possible supply and demand transmission mechanisms explaining the main result. Evidence suggests that conflict-induced degradation of school infrastructures, increases in school size, and the teacher-student ratio due to displacement, as well as the reduction in household education expenditure due to direct exposure to violent events, exacerbate educational outcomes. These key mechanisms are vital in formulating effective policy interventions that address the critical supply and demand barriers to education and improve access to education during and in the post-conflict period. |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hic:wpaper:401&r=ure |
| By: | Basile Michel (PLACES - EA 4113 - PLACES - Laboratoire de géographie et d'aménagement - CY - CY Cergy Paris Université, ESO - Espaces et Sociétés - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UR2 - Université de Rennes 2 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Nantes Univ - IGARUN - Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes - Nantes Université - pôle Humanités - Nantes Univ - Nantes Université - Institut Agro Rennes Angers - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement) |
| Abstract: | Cultural and creative quarters are a hub of artistic, cultural, and creative dynamics, networks, places, and activities in cities. Born spontaneously, these quarters are now used by public authorities as a tool for urban change and tourism promotion of urban spaces. There are many issues at stake: first, artistic creation, access to culture for all, and social cohesion; second, atmosphere, image, and attractiveness of cities; third, gentrification, inequalities, and social fragmentation. Through a resolutely synthetic and illustrated scientific analysis, the author sheds light on the realities, tensions, and ambivalences of these quarters thanks to an immersion in the cities of Paris, Nantes, Shanghai, Montreal, and many others around the world. This book is intended for researchers, teachers, students, cultural players, urban planners, public decision-makers and, more broadly, anyone interested in urban issues, the future of cities and the role of artistic and creative activities in the development of urban spaces. |
| Abstract: | Les quartiers culturels et créatifs sont un concentré de dynamiques, de réseaux, de lieux et d'activités artistiques, culturelles et créatives dans les villes. Nés de façon spontanée, ces quartiers sont aujourd'hui un outil de transformation urbaine et de développement touristique des territoires mobilisé par les pouvoirs publics. Les enjeux sont multiples : création artistique, accès à la culture pour tous et cohésion sociale d'abord, ambiances urbaines, rayonnement et attractivité territoriale ensuite, gentrification, inégalités et fragmentation sociale enfin. Au fil d'une analyse scientifique résolument synthétique et illustrée, l'auteur éclaire les réalités, les tensions et les ambivalences de ces quartiers grâce à une immersion dans les villes de Paris, Nantes, Shanghai, Montréal et bien d'autres à travers le monde. Ce livre s'adresse aux chercheurs, enseignants, étudiants, acteurs culturels, professionnels de l'aménagement, décideurs publics et plus largement à toutes les personnes intéressées par les questions urbaines, l'avenir des villes et le rôle des activités artistiques et créatives dans le développement des territoires urbains. |
| Keywords: | cultural and creative quarters, art, culture, creativity, city, quartiers culturels et créatifs, créativité, ville |
| Date: | 2022–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03897030&r=ure |
| By: | Fausto Galli (University of Salerno); Simone Manzavino (University of Salerno); Giuseppe Russo (University of Salerno, CSEF, and GLO) |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of an immigration ban on the self-selection of immigrants along cultural traits, and the transmission of these traits to the second generation. We show theoretically that restricting immigration incentivizes to settle abroad individuals with higher attachment to their origin culture, who, under free mobility, would rather choose circular migration. Once abroad, these individuals tend to convey their cultural traits to their children. As a consequence, restrictive immigration policies can foster the diffusion of cultural traits across boundaries and generations. We focus on religiosity, which is one of the most persistent and distinctive cultural traits, and exploit the 1973 immigration ban in West Germany (Anwerbestopp) as a natural experiment. Through a diff-in-diff analysis, we find that second generations born to parents treated by the Anwerbestopp show higher religiosity. |
| Keywords: | second-generation immigrants, religiosity, immigration policy, cultural transmission. |
| JEL: | D91 F22 J15 K37 Z13 |
| Date: | 2023–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sef:csefwp:683&r=ure |
| By: | Benny Kleinman; Ernest Liu; Stephen J. Redding |
| Abstract: | We provide sufficient statistics for nominal and real wage exposure to productivity shocks in a constant elasticity economic geography model. These exposure measures summarize the first-order general equilibrium elasticity of nominal and real wages in each location with respect to productivity shocks in all locations. They are readily computed using commonly available trade data and the values of trade and migration elasticities. They have an intuitive interpretation in terms of underlying economic mechanisms. Computing these measures for all bilateral pairs of locations involves a single matrix inversion and therefore remains computational efficient even with an extremely high-dimensional state space. These sufficient statistics provide theory-consistent measures of locations' exposure to productivity shocks for use in further economic and statistical analysis. |
| Keywords: | economic geography, trade, migration |
| Date: | 2023–07–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepops:58&r=ure |
| By: | R. Srinivasan (Full-Time Member, State Planning Commission, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai - 600005); S. Raja Sethu Durai (Professor, School of Economics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad - 500046) |
| Abstract: | In an ideal federation, each level of government should have its own revenue resources to sufficiently finance its own expenditures. In most of the federal countries, due to overlapping revenue and expenditure assignments warranted by their constitution, the fiscal balance is elusive. Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI) arises when the own revenue potential of regional governments is inadequate to meet their own expenditure. As noted in the literature, VFI adversely affects the fiscal performance of the regional government. This study examines the VFI for India from 2005 to 2021 and provides evidence that it is raising over the period, and a feasible solution rests in the reassignment of commodity taxation powers to the states. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal Federalism, Vertical Fiscal Imbalance, Tax Reassignment |
| JEL: | H10 H77 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2022-230&r=ure |
| By: | Jan Frankowski; Tomasz Œwietlik; Aleksandra Prusak; Jakub Sokolowski; Joanna Mazurkiewicz; Wojciech Be³ch; Nicol Staòková |
| Abstract: | This study constitutes preliminary analytical material concerning the adaptative capacity of housing cooperatives to accommodate energy transition in Poland and Czechia. This report comprehensively utilises administrative data from Polish and Czech national registers for the first time. These data have been employed to (1) compare Polish and Czech housing cooperatives based on their type, age, and size, as well as (2) to provide an initial assessment of the support offered to housing cooperatives in the field of energy efficiency (3) and an initial evaluation of their susceptibility to energy crises. The results indicate that Polish and Czech housing cooperatives are at different stages of institutional transformations, which may influence their flexibility in response to crises and capacity to implement solutions related to energy transition. |
| Keywords: | housing cooperatives, energy transition, energy crisis, Poland, Czechia |
| JEL: | J21 L71 Q43 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ibt:report:rr032023&r=ure |
| By: | Dungan, Peter (University of Toronto); Fang, Tony (Memorial University of Newfoundland); Gunderson, Morley (University of Toronto); Murphy, Steve (University of Toronto) |
| Abstract: | We simulate the impact of an increase in immigration into the Atlantic provinces based on the FOCUS macro-econometric model at the University of Toronto. That national model was adapted to reflect the regional dimensions of the Atlantic provinces. We find robust evidence of positive outcomes for the Atlantic region so long as it is part of a broader increase in immigration for the country as a whole. The positive outcome encompasses higher GDP and GDP per capita, higher consumption, and improved government fiscal balances at both the federal and provincial levels that could in turn be used for tax reductions or the enhancement of government services. These benefits could be enhanced further by carefully targeting new immigrants for needed skills and for their likelihood of remaining in the Atlantic region. |
| Keywords: | immigration, macroeconomic impacts, Atlantic Canada, FOCUS Model |
| JEL: | J11 J15 J18 J24 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16527&r=ure |
| By: | Nam, Hoseung (King's College London); Portes, Jonathan (King's College London) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the impact of immigration on productivity in the UK, using newly published ONS data on employees of non-UK origin by region and sector. Consistent with earlier research, we find some evidence of a positive association between non-EU migration and productivity, and some weaker evidence of a negative association between EU migration and productivity, although results are sensitive to the specifications used. |
| Keywords: | migration, productivity, labour markets, Brexit |
| JEL: | F22 J48 J61 J68 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16472&r=ure |
| By: | Germà Bel (Department of Econometrics, Statistics and Applied Economics. Universitat of Barcelona. John Keynes, 1-11, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.); Thomas Elston (Blavatnik School of Government. University of Oxford. Radcliffe Observatory Quarter. Woodstock Road. Oxford. OX2 6GG. United Kingdom.) |
| Abstract: | Inter-municipal cooperation is often regarded as an alternative to privatizing local public services. But cooperation and privatization can also be combined into a composite reform package, where several municipalities jointly issue contracts relating to multiple jurisdictions. Evaluating these ‘hybrid’ reforms rests on disentangling the separate and combined effects of cooperation and privatization. This we undertake for the case of solid waste collection in the Spanish region of Catalonia, using environmental protection as our focal performance metric. Drawing on two waves of data (for 2000 and 2019) for a sample of 186 municipalities that mix public and private with cooperative and autonomous service delivery, we show that superior performance among reformed municipalities is initially confined to those cooperations involving public production. But latterly, any form of cooperation, using public or private production, resulted in significant gains. This reinforces the need for evaluators to isolate the (changing) ‘active ingredient’ in hybrid reforms. |
| Keywords: | Collaboration, Privatization, Inter-municipal cooperation, Shared services local government. JEL classification: L33, H44, H76, H83 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ira:wpaper:202311&r=ure |
| By: | Schnepf, Sylke V. (European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre); Granato, Silvia (European Commission, Joint Research Centre) |
| Abstract: | This study uses the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) data, the only cross-national data having measured educational achievement during the COVID-19 pandemic, to investigate educational achievement decline of fourth graders across 21 European countries between 2016 and 2021. Learning decline estimated with PIRLS data is not only composed of learning loss due to COVID-19 but also European performance trends and national policy changes. The study illustrates the education performance decline in Europe by providing information on 20 year reading achievement trends, average performance declines and increasing number of the share of low performing students across European countries. Results of previous national counterfactual impact evaluation studies measuring learning decline in languages due to COVID-19 are compared to PIRLS reading achievement declines between 2016 and 2021. Furthermore, the study examines recent developments of educational inequalities within Europe by first comparing countries' education distributions between 2016 and 2021 and second by investigating changes in the share of children lacking important reading skills by socio-economic background. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, pandemic, educational inequalities, school, PIRLS, Europe |
| JEL: | I21 I24 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16531&r=ure |
| By: | Bruno Conte |
| Abstract: | How will future climate change affect rural economies like sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in terms of migration and welfare losses? How can policy enhance SSA’s capacity to adapt to this process? I answer these questions with a quantitative framework that, coupled with rich spatial data and forecasts for the future, estimates millions of climate migrants and sizeable and unequal welfare losses in SSA. Investigating migration and trade policies as mitigating tools, I find a tradeoff associated with the former: reducing SSA migration barriers to the European Union (EU) standards eliminates aggregate welfare losses at the cost of more climate migration and high regional inequality. Reducing tariffs to the EU levels attenuates this cost. |
| Keywords: | climate change, migration, economic geography |
| JEL: | O15 Q54 R12 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1411&r=ure |
| By: | Ahimbisibwe, Frank; Nkiko, Cedric M. |
| Abstract: | The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) has taken a role of responding to forced migration in the Horn of Africa where wars, conflicts and disasters have generated refugees, asylum seekers, Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and returnees. This role is within the context of the 2016 United Nations (UN) New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants (NYD), the Comprehensive Refugee Response Forum (CRRF) and the 2018 Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) that call for a multi-stakeholder comprehensive approach to forced displacement. The paper argues that IGAD’s emerging policy frameworks and mechanisms like the 2019 Kampala Declaration on Jobs, Livelihoods, and Self-Reliance for Refugees, Returnees, and Host Communities, the 2017 Nairobi Declaration on Durable Solutions for Somali Refugees and the Djibouti Declaration of the Regional Ministerial Conference on Refugee Education show the potential and prospects of an authority willing to play an active role in responding to forced migration. Moreover, IGAD can tap into its regional diplomacy, political leverage and ability to mobilize support from member states. Also, IGAD was recognized at the Global Refugee Forum (GRF) organized by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and other stakeholders in 2019 for its role in supporting the NYD, CRRF and GCR. However, a number of obstacles pose a danger to undermining the organization’s efforts, including the nature of the refugee problem, constraints of member states and the authority’s limitations like declarations not legally binding, capacity gaps, the authority being more of a convener than an implementer and limited consultations of member states. IGAD is likely to fail if these obstacles are not addressed. |
| Keywords: | IGAD, UNHCR, Horn of Africa, forced migration, displacement, refugees, host communities |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iob:wpaper:2023.05&r=ure |
| By: | Bradshaw, Aaron |
| Abstract: | More-than-human, multispecies, and animals’ geographic accounts of the city have tended to focus on large, charismatic, and wild organisms, to the detriment of spatially invisible other-than-humans central to urban reproduction. At the same time, urban microbial geographies have foregrounded embodied interactions between humans and microorganisms, whether they are symbiotic or pathogenic, often marginalising the material contributions of extracorporeal microbiomes to the urban fabric. Building from these two blindspots, this article focuses on microbial ecologies that live constitutively outside of (other-than-)human bodies and which are intimately caught up in the metabolic intensities and infrastructural environments of the urban realm. There are two key aims: 1) to explore different forms of urban microbial ecologies and 2) to examine their relationships with urban infrastructures and reproduction. My disciplinary lenses are animals’ geographies and urban ecology and my case study focuses on urban water metabolism. Thus, based on empirical fieldwork on the urban river Lea in East London, and supplemented by scientific literature and technical documents, I analyse three urban microbial ecologies that correspond to the urban realms ‘extended microbiomes’: those involved in slow sand filtration for the treatment of drinkable water, those involved in sewage treatment via the activated sludge process, and those emerging and evolving in disused urban canal infrastructure. These processes spatially manage microbial growth and modulate the distribution of different forms of microbial agency with important effects for the smooth functioning of urban water metabolism. Yet, considering the specific materiality and ecological agency of microbes points to a more-than-human contingency and indeterminacy at the centre of urban reproduction. Urban human-microbial co-evolution and is mired with uncertainties, ‘black boxes’, and unintended consequences. |
| Date: | 2023–10–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:drcuw&r=ure |
| By: | Christian Alemán (NYU Abu Dhabi); Christopher Busch (LMU Munich); Alexander Ludwig (Goethe University Frankfurt); Raül Santaeulà lia-Llopis (NYU Abu Dhabi) |
| Abstract: | We develop a method that identifies the effects of nationwide policy, i.e., policy implemented across all regions at the same time. The core idea is to track outcome paths in terms of stages rather than time, where a stage of a regional outcome at time t is its location on the support of a reference path. The method proceeds in two steps. First, a normalization maps the time paths of regional outcomes onto the reference path—using only pre-policy data. This uncovers cross-regional heterogeneity of the stage at which policy is implemented. Second, this stage variation identifies policy effects inside a window of stages where a stage-leading region provides the no-policy counterfactual path for non-leading regions that are subject to policy inside that window. We assess our method’s performance with Monte-Carlo experiments, illustrate it with empirical applications, and show that it captures heterogeneous policy effects across stages. |
| Keywords: | stages, identification, policy effects, nationwide policy, macroeconomics |
| JEL: | C01 E00 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hka:wpaper:2023-026&r=ure |
| By: | Rui Yao; Kenan Zhang |
| Abstract: | Mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) provides seamless door-to-door trips by integrating different transport modes. Although many MaaS platforms have emerged in recent years, most of them remain at a limited integration level. This study investigates the assignment and pricing problem for a MaaS platform as an intermediary in a multi-modal transportation network, which purchases capacity from service operators and sells multi-modal trips to travelers. The analysis framework of many-to-many stable matching is adopted to decompose the joint design problem and to derive the stability condition such that both operators and travelers are willing to participate in the MaaS system. To maximize the flexibility in route choice and remove boundaries between modes, we design an origin-destination pricing scheme for MaaS trips. On the supply side, we propose a wholesale purchase price for service capacity. Accordingly, the assignment problem is reformulated and solved as a bi-level program, where MaaS travelers make multi-modal trips to minimize their travel costs meanwhile interacting with non-MaaS travelers in the multi-modal transport system. We prove that, under the proposed pricing scheme, there always exists a stable outcome to the overall many-to-many matching problem. Further, given an optimal assignment and under some mild conditions, a unique optimal pricing scheme is ensured. Numerical experiments conducted on the extended Sioux Falls network also demonstrate that the proposed MaaS system could create a win-win-win situation -- the MaaS platform is profitable and both traveler welfare and transit operator revenues increase from a baseline scenario without MaaS. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2310.08285&r=ure |
| By: | Marc Hallin; Dimitri Konen |
| Abstract: | Quantiles are a fundamental concept in probability and theoretical statistics and and a daily tool in their applications.While the univariate concept of a quantile is quite clear and well understood, its multivariate extension is more problematic. After a half-of-a-century of continued efforts and many proposals, two concepts, essentially, are emerging: the so-called reindexed spatial or geometric quantiles, based on an extension of the univariate L1 characterization involving the check functions, and themore recent center-outward quantiles based onmeasure transportation ideas.These two concepts yield distinct families of quantile regions and quantile contours. Our objective here is a comparison of their theoretical properties and a numerical investigation of their differences. |
| Keywords: | distribution-freeness, vector independence, rank tests, multivariate ranks |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eca:wpaper:2013/363935&r=ure |
| By: | Yusuf Emre Akgunduz; Abdurrahman B. Aydemir; Halil Ibrahim Aydin |
| Abstract: | We estimate the causal effects of entrepreneur education on credit outcomes. We link credit and business registries and identify the effects of education on access to credit, loan terms and default using a compulsory schooling reform implemented in Türkiye. More educated cohorts have higher access to credit, receive 3.3 percent larger loans and pay 0.23 percentage points lower interest rates compared to less educated cohorts despite no differences in borrowers' creditworthiness. We test alternative explanations for our findings and conclude that education reduces credit search costs and enables borrowers to shop around banks for better loan terms. |
| Keywords: | Compulsory schooling, Entrepreneurship, Bank loans |
| JEL: | G21 I25 O16 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcb:wpaper:2301&r=ure |
| By: | Green, David A.; Liu, Huju; Ostrovsky, Yuri; Picot, Garnett |
| Abstract: | Firm ownership is a defining feature of immigrant adaptation with 41% of immigrants owning a firm at some point in their first 10 years after arrival. We use rich Canadian administrative data linking immigrant arrival records with individual and firm tax data to examine the process by which immigrants enter firm ownership. We find that higher immigrant firm ownership rates are almost entirely associated with nonincorporated firm ownership, which looks like a state of last resort. Human capital plays no role in the opening of preferable incorporated firms. On balance, immigrants are not more entrepreneurial in terms of opening incorporated firms with employees and standard policy levers appear to have limited effect on this. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:clefwp:61&r=ure |
| By: | Sylvain Barde; Rowan Cherodian; Guy Tchuente |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a Lasso-based estimator which uses information embedded in the Moran statistic to develop a selection procedure called Moran's I Lasso (Mi-Lasso) to solve the Eigenvector Spatial Filtering (ESF) eigenvector selection problem. ESF uses a subset of eigenvectors from a spatial weights matrix to efficiently account for any omitted cross-sectional correlation terms in a classical linear regression framework, thus does not require the researcher to explicitly specify the spatial part of the underlying structural model. We derive performance bounds and show the necessary conditions for consistent eigenvector selection. The key advantages of the proposed estimator are that it is intuitive, theoretically grounded, and substantially faster than Lasso based on cross-validation or any proposed forward stepwise procedure. Our main simulation results show the proposed selection procedure performs well in finite samples. Compared to existing selection procedures, we find Mi-Lasso has one of the smallest biases and mean squared errors across a range of sample sizes and levels of spatial correlation. An application on house prices further demonstrates Mi-Lasso performs well compared to existing procedures. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2310.02773&r=ure |
| By: | Tessa Hall; Alan Manning; Madeleine Sumption |
| Abstract: | Predicting migration is notoriously difficult but unavoidable if, for example, we want projections of future population. We present a new 'bottom-up' approach to projecting net migration, whereby emigration is estimated separately for each migrant category as a function of past immigration levels and the length of stay of migrants. This approach is applied to the UK context to project net migration to 2030. Based on the assumptions that (i) roughly current immigration levels continue, where this is plausible; and (ii) migrants stay in the UK at the same rate that Migrant Journey data has suggested they have done in the past, the model suggests that net migration will fall over the coming years. The largest part of this fall is due to emigration rising: high immigration today leads to higher emigration in future and hence a mechanical decline in net migration. |
| Keywords: | migration, demographics, UK policy |
| Date: | 2023–10–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepops:60&r=ure |
| By: | Martin Chegere; Paolo Falco; Andreas Menzel |
| Abstract: | Many firms hire workers via social networks. Whether workers who are socially connected to their employers exert more effort on the job is an unsettled debate. We address this question through a novel experiment with small-business owners in Tanzania. Participants are paired with a worker who conducts a real-effort task, and receive a payoff that depends on the worker’s effort. Some business owners are randomly paired with workers they are socially connected with, while others are paired with strangers. With a design that is sufficiently powered to detect economically meaningful effects, we find that being socially connected to one’s employer does not affect workers’ effort. |
| Keywords: | firms, hiring, productivity, social ties, kinship networks |
| JEL: | O17 M51 L2 |
| Date: | 2023–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cer:papers:wp763&r=ure |
| By: | Áureo de Paula (Institute for Fiscal Studies); Imran Rasul (Institute for Fiscal Studies); Pedro CL Souza (Institute for Fiscal Studies) |
| Date: | 2023–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ifs:ifsewp:cwp21/23&r=ure |
| By: | Barinova, Vera (Баринова, Вера) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Demidova, Ksenia (Демидова, Ксения) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Levakov, Pavel (Леваков, Павел) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Petrosyan, Filipp (Петросян, Филипп) (The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The current frequency of crises and the increasing risks to the sustainable development of regions around the world create a need for significant research on this issue. The relevance of the proposed work lies in the high degree of importance of the concept of sustainable development for Russia and the entire world community. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the presentation of the most detailed analysis of current foreign studies on the impact of crisis phenomena on the sustainable development of regions - at the same time, various crises are considered, including the global financial crisis of 2008, the COVID19 pandemic, as well as natural disasters, humanitarian disasters, etc. In addition, a wide range of aspects of sustainable development are presented, which are subject to the influence of crisis phenomena. The purpose of this literature review is to present a wide range of approaches to managing risks to the sustainable development of regions caused by crisis phenomena. At the same time, the tasks set are to study the very concept of a crisis, analyze the theoretical approaches of schools of regional development, study aspects of sustainable development, as well as identify the impact of crisis phenomena on the sustainable development of regions and present sustainable regional strategies to combat crisis phenomena. The main research method is literature analysis. Based on the results of the work, it was concluded that in foreign literature the impact of crises on regional sustainable development is considered from different perspectives. When analyzing one specific case, it is important to take into account the following variables: the scale of the crisis (local, global), the nature of the crisis (economic, political, environmental, social), the resilience of the region to the crisis, cultural and historical factors, social capital. Sustainable regional development is one of the processes that are affected by the crisis associated with the environmental, social, economic and even political component. |
| Keywords: | crisis, sustainable development, regional development, foreign experience, literature review |
| JEL: | J78 Q01 Q56 R11 R58 |
| Date: | 2023–07–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:w20220240&r=ure |
| By: | Jeong, Deokjae |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of a reduction in low-skilled Temporary Foreign Workers (TFWs) on the vacancies in the manufacturing sectors in South Korea. Using a quasi-experimental event, the initiation of a quarantine policy due to COVID-19 in January 2020, the study aims to isolate the causal effect of TFWs on labor shortages. The paper employs vacancies as a proxy measure for labor shortages and focuses on E9 visa holders, who constitute the majority of TFWs in the South Korean manufacturing sector. Through Difference-in-Difference (DD) regressions, the study finds that sectors heavily reliant on TFWs experienced a significant increase in vacancies a year after the COVID-19 outbreak. The results suggest that firms faced challenges in finding full-time workers, leading to a higher ratio of part-time to full-time employees. The paper also utilizes Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) and Local Projection (LP) methods to reinforce these findings. Our results contribute to the existing literature by confirming that a reduction in TFWs results in an immediate increase in vacancies, and by challenging the claim that native workers can readily fill the positions left vacant by TFWs, especially in terms of full-time employment. |
| Keywords: | labor shortage, vacancy rate, immigration, temporary foreign workers |
| JEL: | J18 J21 J22 J23 J61 J63 |
| Date: | 2022–07–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118731&r=ure |
| By: | Valdivia Coria, Joab Dan |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to find the effects of public investment in the education sector (infrastructure) on economic activity. It is evident from the stylized facts that economic activity and public resources show a pro-cyclical and lagged relationship. The positive effect found through a general equilibrium model is 0.8%, which shows that public financing has favorable effects on GDP performance. This result is explained by the fact that an improvement in educational infrastructure has a positive impact on the teaching and learning process, and since it is considered an investment in human capital, it has a positive return in the long run. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous growth, Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model, public investment in education. |
| JEL: | H52 I28 O4 O40 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:118770&r=ure |
| By: | Kailai Wang |
| Abstract: | The debate on whether young Americans are becoming less reliant on automobiles is still ongoing. This research compares driver's license acquisition patterns between Millennials and their succeeding Generation Z during late adolescence. It also examines factors influencing teenagers' decisions to obtain driver's licenses. The findings suggest that the decline in licensing rates may be attributed in part to generational shifts in attitudes and cultural changes, such as Generation Z's inclination toward educational trips and their digital upbringing. This research underscores the implications for planners, practitioners, and policymakers in adapting to potential shifts in American car culture. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2310.04906&r=ure |
| By: | Liliana Cuccu (University of Barcelona); Vicente Royuela (University of Barcelona); Sergio Scicchitano (John Cabot University, INAPP National Institute for Public Policy Analysis and Global Labor Organization (GLO).) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the surge in Involuntary Part-Time (IPT) employment in Italy from 2004 to 2019, exploring its impact on various socio-economic groups and adopting a spatial perspective. Our study tests the hypothesis that technological shifts, specifically routine biased technological change (RBTC), and the expansion of household substitution services contribute to IPT growth. We uncover a widening negative gap in IPT prevalence among marginalized groups- women, young, and less skilled workers. After controlling for sector and occupation, the higher IPT propensity diminishes but remains significant, hinting at persistent discrimination. Additionally, segregation into more exposed occupations and sectors intensifies over time. Leveraging province-level indicators, and using a Partial Adjustment model, we find support for RBTC’s correlation with IPT, especially among women. The impact of household substitution services is notably pronounced for women, highlighting sector segregation and gender norms’ influence. |
| Keywords: | Involuntary part-time, Precarisation of labour, Automation. JEL classification: J21, J24, O33. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ira:wpaper:202314&r=ure |
| By: | Jyotsna Rosario (UGC Senior Research Fellow at Madras School of Economics, Gandhi Mandapam Road, Kotturpuram, Chennai - 600025, India); K. R. Shanmugam ((Corresponding Author)Director and Professor, Madras School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of Central transfers on elementary education expenditure and determines fiscal equalization transfers using the data for 28 Indian States from 2009-10 to 2020-21, the Australia’s expenditure equalization framework and the static panel data methodology. Based on the estimated values from the expenditure model and two benchmarks: all States’ average and top three States’ average per student expenditure on elementary education, it computes the State specific finance gap and total transfers needs. Results indicate that States with larger fiscal capacity tend to spend more on elementary education and the existing transfers mechanism has failed to compensate the lagging States. Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh have a large expenditure gap. Given the magnitude of the Centre's budget, the estimated additional transfers seem to be feasible. The findings of the study will be useful for policymakers and researchers to create appropriate strategies and design equalization transfers that can enable all Indian Sates to provide a standard level of elementary education. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal equalization, Australian transfer mechanism, elementary education, public education expenditure, Indian States, panel data |
| JEL: | I22 H52 H72 H77 J18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2023-241&r=ure |
| By: | Nakamura, Akihiro; Takao, Misuzu; Nakamura, Tomoaki; Goto, Takao |
| Keywords: | Telework, Peak shift, Tourism |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse23:278004&r=ure |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the innovation dynamics of the EU Outermost Regions (EU ORs) through patenting behaviour. It emphasises the potential for international collaborations with a wide range of partners, and recommends to mobilise the resources and strategies provided by the EU to strengthen research and innovation in the private sector; enhance the impact of public research centres and universities; and foster intra-regional co-operation. It also calls for stronger ties with African countries, the Latin American and Caribbean region, as well as Small Island Developing States (SIDS), to foster innovation-based collaborations, particularly around sustainable agriculture, renewable energy and the ocean economy. The paper is developed within the framework of the EU-OECD project on Global Outermost Regions. |
| Keywords: | EU Outermost Regions, Global Value Chains, Intellectual Property Rights, Research and Development, Technological Innovation |
| JEL: | O33 O34 O52 O55 R11 R58 O54 |
| Date: | 2023–10–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:dcdaab:50-en&r=ure |
| By: | Jacopo Ponticelli; Qiping Xu; Stefan Zeume |
| Abstract: | We use plant-level data from the US Census of Manufacturers to study the short and long run effects of temperature on manufacturing activity. We document that temperature shocks significantly increase energy costs and lower the productivity of small manufacturing plants, while large plants are mostly unaffected. In US counties that experienced higher increases in average temperatures between the 1980s and the 2010s, these heterogeneous effects have led to higher concentration of manufacturing activity within large plants, and a reallocation of labor from small to large manufacturing establishments. We offer a preliminary discussion of potential mechanisms explaining why large manufacturing firms might be better equipped for long-run adaptation to climate change, including their ability to hedge across locations, easier access to finance, and higher managerial skills. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change, Manufacturing, US, Local Industry Concentration |
| JEL: | Q54 O14 G3 L11 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:wpaper:23-51&r=ure |
| By: | Budy P. Resosudarmo; Asep Suryahadi; M.P. Purnagunawan; Athia Yumna; Asri Yusrina |
| Keywords: | rural–urban migration, Indonesia, socioeconomic status, health, education |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agg:wpaper:333&r=ure |
| By: | Sasiwooth Wongmonta |
| Abstract: | This paper uses household panel data from the Thai Socio-Economic Surveys of 2012 and 2017 to examine the effects of parental health shocks on child education and labor. Three measures of parental health are analyzed: chronic illness, hospitalization, and self-reported health problem. The results show that illness of the parents decreases school enrollment and leads to fewer years of education completed. Additionally, it finds that paternal illness has a relatively more detrimental effect on children’s educational outcomes than maternal illness, especially for the educational attainment. Girls are less likely to have attended school if any parent self-reported having any health problems. Parents’ chronic illness increases the probability of entering the labor force for youths aged 15 and over; however, only maternal illness increases their time spent at work. Households having both parents hospitalized are most likely associated with the significant decrease in household income and education expenditures. The results suggest that targeted government support to low-income families affected by major illnesses of parents could help them to maintain their children in school. |
| Keywords: | education; child labor; human capital; health shocks; Thailand |
| JEL: | I14 I24 O15 |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pui:dpaper:209&r=ure |
| By: | Yikai Zhao; Jun Nagayasu |
| Abstract: | While privatizing state-owned enterprises (SOE) has been a global trend, its success as an economic policy remains controversial. Focusing on agglomeration and selection effects in firms with different types of ownership, we examine the impact of SOE privatization on firm productivity and how these effects alter during the SOE privatization process. We first show that both Always-private-owned enterprises, or Always-POEs, and Always-SOEs benefit from marked agglomeration effects, highlighting the extensive influence of urban concentration. However, the positive selection effects are present only among Always-POEs; privatized firms only marginally benefited from selection effects after SOE privatization. Moreover, while proximity to the government may be advantageous for improving productivity during their state-owned tenure, it can become an inhibitor after privatization. |
| Date: | 2023–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:dssraa:137&r=ure |