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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Rowley, Steven; Brierty, Ryan; Perugia, Francesca; Rahman, Habib; Singh, Ranjodh; Swapan, Mohammad; Taylor, Elizabeth |
| Abstract: | This research assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patterns of housing supply and demand and how the Australian housing market has changed over recent time (including between the 2016 and 2021 Censuses). The pandemic showed just how quickly demand for housing can change and how prices and rents can rise rapidly as a result. The COVID-19 period, defined as mid-2020 to mid-2022 for the purposes of this study, saw robust price growth within Australian capital cities and even stronger growth in regional areas. In the rental market, vacancy rates fell across the country and rents rose sharply. COVID changed what households want from their dwelling: predominantly it was about having more space, both inside and out, and that was linked with the ability to work more from home. Overall, consumers continue to prefer houses over units in metropolitan areas. COVID-19 also created significant and distinct changes to population dynamics with low or negative growth within inner urban areas; growth in regional towns and cities, particularly those associated with sea and tree changes; and strong growth in traditional first home buyer areas, primarily on the urban periphery. Property sales in high-growth regions came significantly from investors who sold stock from the rental market (generally to first home buyers and second home buyers). This, in turn, reduced rental availability and vacancy rates and displaced private renters. Where investors did buy into the regional areas studied, these were at higher prices which were in turn reflected in higher rents. The research reiterates that increases in housing supply need to be carefully managed by governments, including the supply of social and affordable housing in regional areas. |
| Date: | 2023–05–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:t85rj&r=ure |
| By: | Federica Daniele (Bank of Italy); Elena Romito (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | An increase in land values is often considered the touchstone of the positive impact of the development of new public transport infrastructure on well-being in cities. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of the construction of "Metro C" – Rome's third metro line – on the housing market and on local economic activity. To overcome the potential threat posed by the non-random placement of transport infrastructure, we rely on the multiple synthetic control method approach. We detect a negative and statistically significant impact of the new infrastructure on average house prices in the treated areas located in the suburbs, reaching minus 137 EUR per square metre three years after the treatment, roughly equal to 5% of the pre-treatment level, driven by properties belonging to the higher end of the price distribution. We also find that the share of foreign-born population in the treated areas displayed a statistically significant increase post-treatment. According to the evidence available, the metro might have thus been perceived as an amenity by poorer households and as a disamenity by richer ones. Such disamenity, in turn, can either be a first-order effect of the development of the new metro line (e.g., due to noise or to diminished safety) or a second-order one, via the inflow of foreign-born population. |
| Keywords: | cities, transport infrastructure development, housing market |
| JEL: | D12 L81 L83 R2 R4 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wptemi:td_1394_22&r=ure |
| By: | Melanie Krause; Sebastian Kripfganz |
| Abstract: | A region’s growth trajectory is influenced by the economic circumstances of other regions in its proximity. While proximity is often understood in a geographic sense, we consider commuting as a channel for cross-regional economic dependencies. In contrast to geographic measures, commuter flows are inherently asymmetric and heterogeneous. Estimating a time-space dynamic panel model with German county-level data, we demonstrate a considerable variation in the distribution of shock responses, which is hidden by the traditional focus on average marginal effects. We advocate for a more in-depth analysis of the spatial-effects distribution and highlight that local spatial multipliers differ depending on the nature of the shock and the assumed network structure |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:tupdaa:40&r=ure |
| By: | Di Liberto, Adriana (University of Cagliari); Giua, Ludovica (University of Cagliari); Schivardi, Fabiano (LUISS Guido Carli University); Sideri, Marco (University of Cagliari); Sulis, Giovanni (University of Cagliari) |
| Abstract: | We study how managerial practices of school principals affect student performance and aspirations. We link administrative data on secondary Italian students to the management scores of their school principals in 2011 and 2015 based on the World Management Survey methodology. The frequent turnover of school principals over this period allows us to causally interpret school-fixed-effect estimates. We find that management quality positively and substantially impacts standardized math and language tests and student desire to attend college. The comparison to pooled-OLS suggests that fixed effects correct for the downward bias arising from selection of better school principals into more difficult schools. |
| Keywords: | management, productivity, school principals, student outcomes |
| JEL: | L2 I2 M1 O32 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16203&r=ure |
| By: | Douglas Coate |
| Abstract: | New Jersey has the highest property taxes in the US and the largest number of municipalities per square mile. Two hundred ninety seven of the 565 municipalities are smaller than 5 square miles and 172 of these are smaller than two square miles. Yet there has been only one significant merger of New Jersey municipalities in the past half century despite a number of state programs to subsidize or otherwise encourage consolidations. Either residents of smaller municipalities question the potential for cost savings and property tax reductions from consolidations and/or value close-to-home rule over any efficiencies that might be realized. In this research I have found that there is a premium in residential real estate as exemplified by three bedroom home values in smaller New Jersey municipalities as measured by population. These findings are from regression models that explain three bedroom home sales values in the spring of 2022 in New Jersey places, taken from Zillow public use data files I conclude from these results that sentiment towards consolidation among New Jersey residents of smaller municipalities is not likely to emerge anytime soon. |
| Keywords: | municipal consolidation, New Jersey, home values |
| JEL: | R50 R21 H70 H73 |
| Date: | 2022–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:run:wpaper:2022-002&r=ure |
| By: | Duc A. Nguyen; Steven Brakman; Harry Garretsen; Tristan Kohl |
| Abstract: | Place names, or toponyms, provide insight into the initial geographical characteristics of settlements. We present a unique dataset of 3, 705 German toponyms that includes the date of the first historical record mentioning the settlement and the date it was granted city rights. We show that the frequency of geographical toponyms as well as a novel proxy for local geographical advantage lead to a city-size distribution that adheres to Zipf’s law. In addition, we use the toponymical information to identify 168 geographical characteristics and empirically examine their importance for modern urban growth. Our results show that settlements with names referring to rivers, fords, churches, hills and historical clearing activities are associated with higher levels of 1910 population compared to places without named geographical characteristics. In addition, we show that the role of some of these characteristics in explaining urban development changes over time. We find for instance that proximity to castles matters more for initial settlement growth than trade capabilities, and highlight the evolving significance of shifting from defensive geography towards water-based trade over time. |
| Keywords: | toponyms, first-nature geography, Zipf’s law, path dependence, initial conditions, German urban development |
| JEL: | R11 R12 N90 N93 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10435&r=ure |
| By: | Hendrik Hansmeier; Sebastian Losacker; |
| Abstract: | Given that eco-innovations and the associated renewal of economic structures are pivotal in addressing environmental problems, economic geography research is increasingly focusing on their spatio-temporal dynamics. While green technological and industrial path developments in specific regions have received considerable attention, little effort has been made to derive general patterns of environmental inventive activities across regions. Drawing on unique data capturing both green incumbent and green start-up activities in the 401 German NUTS-3 regions over the period 1997-2018, this article aims to trace and compare the long-term green regional development. For this purpose, we introduce social sequence analysis methods to economic geography that allow us to understand the constitution of regional eco-innovation trajectories. The findings suggest that regions mainly display distinct trajectories. Yet, structural similarities emerge in the sense that regions of the same type occur in spatial proximity to each other and show persistent specialization patterns. These range from the simultaneous presence or absence of green incumbents and green start-ups to the dominance of just one of the two groups of actors. Only some regions manage to establish an above-average eco-innovation specialization over time. Since this greening originates from either green incumbent or green start-up specialization, green regional trajectories can be assumed to unfold mainly in a path dependent and less radical manner. In summary, this study provides important empirical and methodological impulses for further in-depth analyses to disentangle spatio-temporal phenomena in economic geography. |
| Keywords: | eco-innovation, green regional development, path dependency, regional transitions, social sequence analysis |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2313&r=ure |
| By: | Adi Weidenfeld (University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Nick Clifton (Department of Accounting, Economics and Finance, Cardiff Metropolitan University) |
| Abstract: | The recent growth of transnational networks of cities requires a better understanding of their role as knowledge networks. For some actors, this growth has resulted in arbitrary or top-down decisions on network membership followed by low commitment and inefficient use of time and financial resources. By reinterpreting secondary data, this paper argues that not only the nature of their institutional settings and actors’ composition but also some specific qualities and the nature of collaborative mechanisms shape the networks’ overall systemic nature. Based on the network perspective the paper advances our understanding of transnational knowledge networks’ growth and the maximising of their effectiveness. Using exemplars, it develops a research agenda for the evolution of transnational networks of regions. |
| Keywords: | transnational knowledge networks, interregional knowledge transfer, regional innovation systems, city networks |
| JEL: | P25 P48 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2023-14&r=ure |
| By: | Ong, Rachel; Graham, James; Cigdem, Melek; Phelps, Christopher (Curtin University); Whelan, Stephen |
| Abstract: | This research conducted modelling experiments to examine the relationship between different housing finance conditions and people’s ability to buy a first home. The first simulated the housing market’s response to decreases in interest rates, while the second simulated the market’s response to variations in borrowing standards such as changes in financial regulations or allowing households to borrow more or less against the value of their homes. When interest rates decline, the cost of financing housing declines. The opportunity cost of investing in housing also declines due to the reduction in interest that can be earned in savings accounts. Thus, the demand for housing increases, which tends to lead to increases in house prices. The research model predicts that house prices rise by 33 per cent when interest rates decline by the magnitude observed between 1994 and 2017. The actual rise in house prices was 109 per cent, suggesting that the decline in interest rates is associated with approximately one-third of the rise in house prices over the last 25 years. The research also modelled first homebuyer assistance programs. Of the 1.6 million households who are renting in Australia that are aspiring first home buyers, 266, 500 households or 16 per cent are eligible for a mortgage guarantee scheme, while 496, 800 or 31 per cent are eligible for a shared equity scheme. Of those households who were found to be eligible, the modelling shows 22 per cent of would be assisted into home ownership by the mortgage guarantee scheme, and 41 per cent would be assisted by the shared equity scheme. |
| Date: | 2023–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:p59te&r=ure |
| By: | Georgios Tsiachtsiras (AQR-IREA University of Barcelona and University of Bath); Deyun Yin (School of Economics and Management, Harbin Institute of Technology); Ernest Miguelez (Univ. Bordeaux and AQR-IREA University of Barcelona); Rosina Moreno (AQR-IREA University of Barcelona) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the effect of the High Speed Rail (HSR) network expansion on local innovation in China during the period 2008-2016. Using exogenous variation arising from a novel instrument - courier’s stations during the Ming dynasty, we find solid evidence that the opening of a HSR station increases cities’ innovation activity. We also explore the role of inter-city technology diffusion as being behind the surge of local innovation. To do it, we compute least-cost paths between city-pairs, over time, based on the opening and speed of each HSR line, and obtain that an increase in a city’s connectivity to other cities specialized in a specific technological field, through the HSR network, increases the probability for the city to specialize in that same technological field. We interpret it as evidence of knowledge diffusion. |
| Keywords: | High speed rail, Innovation, Technology Diffusion, Patents, Specialization. JEL classification: R40, O18, O30, O33. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aqr:wpaper:202210&r=ure |
| By: | Breidenbach, Philipp; Thiel, Patrick |
| Abstract: | To evaluate the causal impact of noise exposure on housing prices, we exploit a sudden and massive reduction in flight traffic that occurred with the onset of the Covid-19 measures in Germany. Comparing locations differently exposed to pre-pandemic noise with a differencein-difference approach, we detect a 2.3% increase in prices for apartments that experienced a noise reduction. Disentangling temporal dynamics, we find a peak effect in mid-2021 (up to 6%), which does not yet allow a statement on whether effects remain persistently. In contrast to most evaluations showing that the erection of a disamenity affects prices negatively, we show that lifting the burden enables neighborhoods to catch up again immediately. The immediate catch-up contradicts a stickiness of housing prices regarding (temporal) local factors. The temporal pattern shows a clear peak of the effects during the pandemic, which potentially hints at information asymmetries since buyers may not know the non-pandemic noise level during the pandemic. |
| Keywords: | Covid pandemic, aircraft noise, housing prices, hedonic function |
| JEL: | O18 Q53 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:1020&r=ure |
| By: | Jingting Fan; Lei Li |
| Abstract: | Imported capital goods, which embody skill-complementary technologies, can increase the supply of skills in developing countries. Focusing on China and using a shift-share design, we show that city-level capital goods import growth increases the local skill share and that both skill acquisition and migration play a role. We develop and quantify a spatial equilibrium model with these two mechanisms to examine the aggregate effects of capital goods imports, accounting for trade and migration linkages between cities. Counterfactual experiments suggest that the growth in capital goods imports in China between 2000 and 2010 led to a 3.7-8.9 million increase in the stock of college graduates, representing 5.7-13% of the total increase over this period. However, this growth disproportionately favored coastal regions, exacerbating existing spatial disparities. |
| Keywords: | Imported capital goods, capital-skill complementarity, skill acquisition, migration |
| JEL: | F14 F16 F66 J24 J61 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2023_189v2&r=ure |
| By: | Tamás Keller (KRTK KTI; Computational Social Science - Research Center for Educational and Network Studies, Centre for Social Sciences; and TÁRKI Social Research Institute); Jinho Kim (Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University and Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University); Felix Elwert (Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison and Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics) |
| Abstract: | Social theories posit that peers affect students’ academic self-concept (ASC). Most prominently, Big-Fish-Little-Pond, invidious comparison, and relative deprivation theories predict that exposure to academically stronger peers decreases students’ ASC, and exposure to academically weaker peers increases students’ ASC. These propositions have not yet been tested experimentally. We executed a large and pre-registered field experiment that randomized students to deskmates within 195 classrooms of 41 schools (N = 3, 022). Our primary experimental analysis found no evidence of an effect of peer achievement on ASC in either direction. Exploratory analyses hinted at a subject-specific deskmate effect on ASC in verbal skills, and that sitting next to a lower-achieving boy increased girls’ ASC (but not that sitting next to a higher-achieving boy decreased girls’ ASC). Critically, however, none of these group-specific results held up to even modest corrections for multiple hypothesis testing. Contrary to theory, our randomized field experiment thus provides no evidence for an effect of peer achievement on students’ ASC. |
| Keywords: | Academic self-concept, peer effects, social comparison, Big-Fish-Little-Pond, invidious comparison, relative deprivation, randomized field experiment, deskmates, Hungary |
| JEL: | C93 I21 I24 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:has:discpr:2225&r=ure |
| By: | Rafee Musabbir, Sarder; Zhang, Michael PhD |
| Abstract: | This project estimates the safety and mobility impact of changing speed limits on California highways. The safety impact is estimated using statistical models to predict the change in the frequency of all crashes and fatal-or-severe crashes that would result by varying the design speed (85th percentile speed). Statewide crash and traffic data (from the Statewide Integrated Traffic Records System, the Highway Safety Information System, and the Performance Measurement System) were combined to develop a balanced and sampled dataset for the statistical models. Three different increases in differential speed limits (DSLs; whereby trucks and cars have different speed limits) lead to increases in the frequency of all crashes, including fatal and severe crashes, for all of the classified segments (urban, rural, and different design speed segments). The operational condition (speed, travel time, delay) is tested using seven simulation segments with urban-rural classification. Four different DSL scenarios and four uniform speed limit (USL) scenarios are tested for each of the simulation segments. The results show a decrease of travel time but an increase of fuel consumption as the speed limits get higher. The safety cost of crashes and operational costs were also estimated based on the simulation models. In general, as the speed limits are increased, the safety costs increase with the predicted increases in crashes, particularly severe and fatal crashes. The operational costs, on the other hand, generally decrease as the speed limits are increased. However, the amount of operational cost decreases are subject to greater uncertainty than the safety cost estimates are, due to uncertainties in sampling and demand estimation and in negligence of construction costs of roadway and signage changes to accommodate the new speed limits. From the economic perspective in this study, raising speed limits on rural California highways could reduce monetary costs, as savings in operational costs would exceed losses from more crashes. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Traffic safety, variable speed limits, crash data, mathematical models, operating costs, economic analysis |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7r94h26c&r=ure |
| By: | Poulad Moradi; Joachim Arts; Josu\'e Vel\'azquez-Mart\'inez |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of using high-resolution elevation data on the selection of the most fuel-efficient (greenest) path for different trucks in various urban environments. We adapt a variant of the Comprehensive Modal Emission Model (CMEM) to show that the optimal speed and the greenest path are slope dependent (dynamic). When there are no elevation changes in a road network, the most fuel-efficient path is the shortest path with a constant (static) optimal speed throughout. However, if the network is not flat, then the shortest path is not necessarily the greenest path, and the optimal driving speed is dynamic. We prove that the greenest path converges to an asymptotic greenest path as the payload approaches infinity and that this limiting path is attained for a finite load. In a set of extensive numerical experiments, we benchmark the CO2 emissions reduction of our dynamic speed and the greenest path policies against policies that ignore elevation data. We use the geo-spatial data of 25 major cities across 6 continents, such as Los Angeles, Mexico City, Johannesburg, Athens, Ankara, and Canberra. Our results show that, on average, traversing the greenest path with a dynamic optimal speed policy can reduce the CO2 emissions by 1.19% to 10.15% depending on the city and truck type for a moderate payload. They also demonstrate that the average CO2 reduction of the optimal dynamic speed policy is between 2% to 4% for most of the cities, regardless of the truck type. We confirm that disregarding elevation data yields sub-optimal paths that are significantly less CO2 efficient than the greenest paths. |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2306.01687&r=ure |
| By: | Sergio Destefanis (University of Salerno); Valter Di Giacinto (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the impact of EU structural funds (SFs) on the GDP per capita of 183 European NUTS2 regions from 1990 to 2016. To allow for the endogeneity of funds allocation to regions, we estimate a bivariate structural panel VAR model, controlling for unobserved heterogeneity through a broad array of deterministic variables. Our main identifying restriction is rooted in the widely documented long lags affecting the implementation of the EU’s Cohesion Policy. Through a spatial VAR specification, we also estimate spillovers from local SF expenditure on other areas. We find significant multipliers measuring the local response of GDP to an exogenous shock in local SF expenditure, with a long-run value settling at 2.6. Spillovers for GDP from an exogenous shock to SFs are also positive and significant, but much smaller (about one fifth of within-region responses). When partitioning our sample according to features suggested by the literature (stage of development, EU funding regimes, size), we find that within-region multipliers are higher in lagging regions, especially in recipient countries of the Cohesion Fund, and in regions with a larger population. Spillovers are also heterogeneous across different groups of regions, turning out to be negative in regions in countries that are not recipients of the Cohesion Fund. All this evidence is validated in qualitative terms by robustness checks on model specification and the choice of spatial weights. |
| Keywords: | cohesion policy, spatial structural VAR model, fiscal multipliers, spillovers, EU NUTS-2 regions |
| JEL: | C33 E62 H50 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:wptemi:td_1409_23&r=ure |
| By: | Ugo M. Gragnolati; Alessandro Nuvolari |
| Abstract: | We study the determinants of the spatial distribution of patent inventors at the county level for Great Britain between 1700-1850. Our empirical analysis rests on the localization model by Bottazzi et al. (2007) and on the related estimation procedure by Bottazzi and Gragnolati (2015). Such an approach helps in particular to discriminate the role of localized externalities against other descriptors of county attractiveness. Our results show that, while the underlying geography of production remained a strong determinant of inventor location all throughout the industrial revolution, the effect of localized externalities among patent inventors went from being nearly absent in the early phases of industrialization to becoming a major driver of inventor location. In particular, local interactions among the ''mass'' of generic inventors turn out to be at least as important as interactions with ''elite'' inventors. |
| Keywords: | Inventor location; Patents; Localized externalities; Industrial Revolution. |
| Date: | 2023–06–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssa:lemwps:2023/26&r=ure |
| By: | Despina Gavresi (University of Ioannina); Anastasia Litina (University of Macedonia); Georgios Tsiachtsiras (AQR-IREA University of Barcelona and University of Bath) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the interplay between the extent of transportation infrastructure and various aspects of trust (interpersonal and political trust). We test our hypothesis by exploiting cross regional variation during the period 2002-2019. We focus on two measures of infrastructure, i.e., the length of railroads and railways in European regions. Interpersonal and political trust variables are derived from individual level data available in nine consecutive rounds of the European Social Survey. We document that individuals who live in regions with extended infrastructure network manifest higher trust both in people and political institutions. To mitigate endogeneity concerns, we extend our analysis to a sample of international and inter-regional immigrants. We further adopt an IV approach, where we use as an instrument the pre-existing Roman roads networks. The results from all three specifications are aligned to those of the benchmark analysis. We explore access to differential levels of trust as one of the underlying mechanisms behind our results. Relying on an expanding literature we hypothesize that the effect of infrastructure on trust operates directly via the degree of exposure to new people and ideas, as well as indirectly, via the effect of infrastructure on the structure of the economy. |
| Keywords: | Motorways, Railroads, Political trust, Interpersonal trust JEL classification: Z10, P48, R10, R40. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aqr:wpaper:202208&r=ure |
| By: | Ismael Gálvez-Iniesta (Universitat de les Illes Balears); José L. Groizard (Universitat de les Illes Balears); Ferran Portella-Carbó (Universitat de les Illes Balears) |
| Abstract: | The emergence of new digital business models, often called peer-to-peer (P2P) marketplaces, is transforming the accommodation industry. While its implications go beyond the industry, our knowledge of its aggregate impact is limited. This paper examines the effects of the P2P irruption on the local labor markets in Spain between 2016 and 2020. We exploit exogenous regulatory changes in short-term rentals (STRs) across different municipalities and periods to investigate the employment outcomes and job reallocation patterns in response to the P2P technology shock. We find that the growing penetration of P2P platforms has a significant positive effect on local job creation and reduction of unemployment, while also promoting long-term labor contracts. Notably, the magnitude of these employment gains varies based on specific municipality characteristics. For instance, smaller localities and those with less tourism activity experience more substantial employment gains, highlighting the relative strength of the creative destruction mechanisms at play. The P2P technology shock also produced a reallocation of resources across industries being complementary to other services, construction, and manufacturing, and substitute to agriculture. |
| Keywords: | employment, local labor markets, digital economy, technology adoption, regulation, rental markets. |
| JEL: | D5 E2 L5 L8 O3 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ubi:deawps:97&r=ure |
| By: | Hudde, Ansgar |
| Abstract: | In German cities, higher levels of education increase people’s propensity to cycle. However, it remains unknown whether this effect is restricted to certain contexts, such as cities with low or medium cycling rates, or whether it is a more universal occurrence. This paper develops and tests competing hypotheses on how the effect of education on cycling might depend on the overall cycling level: (a) educational inequalities in cycling could increase proportionally with the overall cycling level or (b) such inequalities might diminish in high-cycling cities because their advanced pro-cycling mobility cultures encourage cycling among all social groups. I analyse about 150, 000 trips made by about 50, 000 residents from 143 cities in the Netherlands and Germany using multilevel regression models. Results fall in between the competing hypotheses, meaning that the effect of education is similarly large in cities with low, medium, or high overall levels of cycling. Hence, there is no automatism in the sense that higher cycling shares in general will also imply greater cycling equity. |
| Date: | 2023–02–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:7c6d2&r=ure |
| By: | Eckert, Fabian; Juneau, John; Peters, Michael |
| Abstract: | We study the joint process of urbanization and industrialization in the US economy between 1880 and 1940. We show that only a small share of aggregate industrialization is accounted for by the relocation of workers from remote rural areas to industrial hubs like Chicago or New York City. Instead, most sectoral shifts occurred within rural counties, dramatically transforming their sectoral structure. Most within-county industrialization occurred through the emergence of new “factory” cities with notably higher manufacturing shares rather than the expansion of incumbent cities. In contrast, today's shift toward services seems to benefit large incumbent cities the most. |
| Keywords: | Rural Health, Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure |
| Date: | 2023–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ucsdec:qt16n3j5rh&r=ure |
| By: | Bjerre-Nielsen, Andreas (University of Copenhagen); Christensen, Lykke Sterll (University of Copenhagen); Gandil, Mikkel (University of Oslo); Sievertsen, Hans Henrik (University of Bristol) |
| Abstract: | Strategic incentives may lead to inefficient and unequal provision of public services. A prominent example is school admissions. Existing research shows that applicants "play the system" by submitting school rankings strategically. We investigate whether applicants also play the system by manipulating their eligibility at schools. We analyze this applicant deception in a theoretical model and provide testable predictions for commonly-used admission procedures. We confirm these model predictions empirically by analyzing the implementation of two reforms. First, we find that the introduction of a residence-based school-admission criterion in Denmark caused address changes to increase by more than 100% before the high-school application deadline. This increase occurred only in areas where the incentive to manipulate is high-powered. Second, to assess whether this behavior reflects actual address changes, we study a second reform that required applicants to provide additional proof of place of residence to approve an address change. The second reform significantly reduced address changes around the school application deadline, suggesting that the observed increase in address changes mainly reflects manipulation. The manipulation is driven by applicants from more affluent households and their behavior affects non-manipulating applicants. Counter-factual simulations show that among students not enrolling in their first listed school, more than 25% would have been offered a place in the absence of address manipulation and their peer GPA is 0.2SD lower due to the manipulative behavior of other applicants. Our findings show that popular school choice systems give applicants the incentive to play the system with real implications for non-strategic applicants. |
| Keywords: | education, human capital, inequality |
| JEL: | I20 I24 C78 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16197&r=ure |
| By: | Kreppmeier, Julia (University of Regesburg, Germany); Laschinger, Ralf (University of Regensburg, Germany); Steininger, Bertram (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology); Dorfleitner, Gregor (University of Regensburg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Tokens, the digital form of assets, are an innovation that has the potential to disrupt how to transfer and own financial instruments. We hand-collected data on 173 real estate tokens in the USA between 2019 and 2021 and trace back 238, 433 blockchain transactions. We find that tokens provide broad real estate ownership to many small investors through digital fractional ownership and low entry barriers, while investors do not yet hold well-diversified real estate token portfolios. We analyze the determinants of the success of security token offerings (STOs), secondary market trading, and daily aggregated capital flows. In addition to some property-specific determinants, we find that crypto-market-specific determinants, such as transaction costs and the related sentiment, are relevant both to the STO and capital flows. |
| Keywords: | digital asset; security token offering (STO); real estate token; blockchain; distributed ledger technology (DLT); decentralized finance |
| JEL: | G24 G32 K22 L26 M13 |
| Date: | 2023–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2023_006&r=ure |
| By: | NDUWAYO Justin; Sikubwabo Cyprien |
| Abstract: | This study sought to analyze the effect of teacher’s professional development practices on English learning outcomes of primary schools in Musanze district. This had focused on the following specific objectives which are: To find out how teacher in-service training affects English learning outcomes of primary schools in Musanze district, To assess how teacher peer learning platforms affects English learning outcomes of primary schools in Musanze district. The researcher use descriptive research design quantitative approaches was used in this research. Quantitative approach were used to analyses quantitative data from questionnaire. The used 3686 people as target population and 107 as simple size to represent others. Data were collected using structured questions with 5-point Likert scales. Quantitative data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, standard deviation, means, and regression analysis. The finding from study concluded that there significant relationship teacher’s professional development practices on English learning outcomes of primary schools in Musanze district. SPSS. The study outlines the recommendation which should go to the education partners and government which are: Government should provide frequent in service training to the teachers so that they should be continual update of knowledge and skills, Government should deploy sufficient instructional facilities to different primary schools because some do not have them while others have many which are packed in the stores. Because the study was not able to study everything and reach to every corner as explained in the scope of study that is the research why research left other topic which can help other writers to investigate in different areas. Further suggestions are the following: the effect of teachers’ continuous professional development on learners’ academic performance in secondary schools, contribution professional development to teachers’ motivation. Key words: teacher in-service training, teacher peer learning platforms and learning outcomes. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2022-43-01&r=ure |
| By: | Ning Zhang |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effect of the U.S. Housing Choice Voucher Program Section 8 on low-income people’s labor supply and family formation. I analyze this effect using data from the 2014 Panel and 2018 Panel of the restricted-use Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). My economic approach is to explore the policy which assigns housing vouchers based on an income cutoff as an instrument to study the effect of housing vouchers on low-income people’s employment and family formation. The assignment policy states that households with income lower than 50% of the median income for the MSA area are eligible for housing vouchers. With household eligibility status, I compare the households whose income is slightly below the income cutoff (eligible households) with the households whose income is slightly above the income cutoff (ineligible household) to identify the effect of housing vouchers on employment and family formation. I find that housing vouchers have a negative impact on individual labor supply through both extensive and intensive margins. In addition, housing vouchers have a negative impact on family formation by decreasing marriage and increasing divorce rates. This project will contribute to our understanding of the effect of Section 8 Housing Vouchers on low-income households’ labor supply and family formation. |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cen:tnotes:23-06&r=ure |
| By: | Ortega, Josué; Klein, Thilo |
| Abstract: | How should students be assigned to schools? Two mechanisms have been suggested and implemented around the world: deferred acceptance (DA) and top trading cycles (TTC). These two mechanisms are widely considered excellent choices owing to their outstanding stability and incentive properties. We show theoretically and empirically that both mechanisms perform poorly with regard to two key desiderata such as efficiency and equality, even in large markets. In contrast, the rank-minimizing mechanism is significantly more efficient and egalitarian. It is also Pareto optimal for the students, unlike DA, and generates less justified envy than TTC |
| JEL: | C78 D73 C78 D73 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:qmsrps:202202&r=ure |
| By: | Lenka Dražanová; Jérôme Gonnot |
| Abstract: | This article investigates how European public opinion has responded to short-term variations inregional foreign-born immigration over the past decade (2010-2019). Combining data from theEuropean Social Survey and the European Union Labour Force Survey, we test how natives’opinions over migration policy and the contribution of immigrants to society have changed with thenet rate of international migrants in 183 EU regions from 21 countries. We find that while EuropeanUnion natives living in regions with a higher share of foreign-born populations are generally less antiimmigrant, a short-term increase in the number of immigrants within a given region is associated withmore negative attitudes in Western Europe only. Moreover, our gender and origin decompositionindicate that male immigrants and those born outside of the European Union are driving most ofthe negative association between public opinion and changes in the level of immigration in WesternEuropean countries, while the educational attainment of migrants makes little difference. The scopeof our analysis for Central and Eastern Europe is more limited due to the smaller share of foreignbornimmigrants living in those regions. Despite this caveat, our analysis suggests that inflows ofEuropean migrants in Central and Eastern Europe are generally associated with more positiveviews towards immigration, regardless of their skill level. Our findings demonstrate the importanceof temporal dynamics for attitudes to immigration. They also point to the need to analyse not onlycross-country differences but also regional differences in those attitudes. |
| Keywords: | Attitudes to immigration, migration flows, public opinion, regions |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rsc:rsceui:2023/18&r=ure |
| By: | Gernot Sieg (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster) |
| Abstract: | Gössling et al. (2023) claim to calculate the welfare effect of a 130 kph speed limit in Germany. By ignoring tax revenues from gasoline and diesel, they overestimate the welfare gain by about 378 million Euros. A speed limit raises travel times. Gössling et al. (2023) calculate travel time increases with a simplistic approach that underestimates the costs with a magnitude of their complete (tax adjusted) welfare effect. A speed limit induces some traffic to switch mode or not to travel at all. The reduced costs of less car travel are decisive for their calculation, but the losses of consumer rent associated with reduced travel are ignored. Gössling et al. (2023) do not calculate a value that is related to the welfare changes of a highway speed limit of 130 kph for Germany. |
| Keywords: | Highways, Speed limit, CBA |
| JEL: | L92 |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mut:wpaper:38&r=ure |
| By: | Solomon, Guy; Wilson, Alan |
| Abstract: | This paper is offered as a contribution to facilitating the integration of qualitative and quantitative analysis in historical study. The method of input-output modelling is applied to the study of the evolution of the cities of England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. The construction of input-output accounts for each city (or city region) is based on ‘heroic’ data assumptions, which enable the construction of a demonstration model illustrating a new iterative approach to historical analysis. In its current application, the model enables estimates to be made of meso-level trade between cities, which enhances our analysis of urban evolution in this period. |
| Date: | 2023–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:r2f4u&r=ure |
| By: | António Afonso; João Tovar Jalles; Ana Venâncio |
| Abstract: | We assess notably how do extreme events affect the public sector efficiency of decentralized governance. Hence, we empirically link the public sector efficiency scores, to tax revenue and spending decentralization. First, we compute government spending efficiency scores via data envelopment analysis. Second, relying on panel data and impulse response approaches, we estimate the effect of decentralization on public sector efficiency and how extreme natural disasters mediate this relationship. The sample covers 36 OECD countries between 2006 and 2019. Our results show that tax revenue decentralization decreases public sector efficiency, while spending decentralization and a regional authority index are positively related to public sector efficiency, both for local projections and panel analysis. For instance, efficiency rises by 10 percent following a spending decentralization shock (reaching over 20 percent after 4 years). Nevertheless, in cases of natural disasters, spending decentralization reduces public sector efficiency. Specifically, in the presence of most extreme natural disasters, the improvement in public sector efficiency after a spending decentralization shock is smaller than in their absence. Moreover, extreme natural disasters also deteriorate the negative effect of tax revenue decentralization on public sector efficiency. These results suggest that sub-national discretionary spending and tax revenue responses might be less fruitful when such extreme events occur. |
| Keywords: | public sector efficiency, data envelopment analysis, local projections, revenue decentralization, spending decentralization, natural disasters, OECD |
| JEL: | C14 C23 E62 H11 H50 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10424&r=ure |
| By: | Hermes, Henning; Lergetporer, Philipp; Mierisch, Fabian; Peter, Frauke; Wiederhold, Simon |
| Abstract: | We provide the first causal evidence of discrimination against migrants seeking child care. We send emails from fictitious parents to > 18, 000 early child care centers across Germany, asking if there is a slot available and how to apply. Randomly varying names to signal migration background, we find that migrants receive 4.4 percentage points fewer responses. Responses to migrants also contain substantially fewer slot offers, are shorter, and less encouraging. Exploring channels, discrimination against migrants does not differ by the perceived educational background of the email sender. However, it does differ by regional characteristics, being stronger in areas with lower shares of migrants in child care, higher right-wing vote shares, and lower financial resources. Discrimination on the child care market likely perpetuates existing inequalities of opportunities for disadvantaged children. |
| Keywords: | child care, discrimination, field experiment, inequality, informationprovision |
| JEL: | C93 J13 J18 J22 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwhdps:122023&r=ure |
| By: | Jose Garcia-Louzao; Marta Silva |
| Abstract: | The use of social contacts in the labor market is widespread. This paper investigates the impact of personal connections on hiring probabilities and re-employment outcomes of displaced workers in Portugal. We rely on rich matched employer-employee data to define personal connections that arise from interactions at the workplace. Our empirical strategy exploits firm closures to select workers who are exogenously forced to search for a new job and leverages variation across displaced workers with direct connections to prospective employers. The hiring analysis indicates that displaced workers with a direct link to a firm through a former coworker are three times more likely to be hired compared to workers displaced from the same closing event who lack such a tie. However, we find that the effect varies according to the type of connection as well as firms’ similarity. Finally, we show that successful displaced workers with a connection in the hiring firm have higher entry-level wages and enjoy greater job security although these advantages disappear over time. |
| Keywords: | job displacement, coworker networks, re-employment |
| JEL: | J23 J63 L14 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10442&r=ure |
| By: | Hermes, Henning; Lergetporer, Philipp; Mierisch, Fabian; Peter, Frauke |
| Abstract: | We provide the first causal evidence of discrimination against migrants seeking child care. We send emails from fictitious parents to > 18, 000 early child care centers across Germany, asking if there is a slot available and how to apply. Randomly varying names to signal migration background, we find that migrants receive 4.4 percentage points fewer responses. Responses to migrants also contain substantially fewer slot offers, are shorter, and less encouraging. Exploring channels, discrimination against migrants does not differ by the perceived educational background of the email sender. However, it does differ by regional characteristics, being stronger in areas with lower shares of migrants in child care, higher right-wing vote shares, and lower financial resources. Discrimination on the child care market likely perpetuates existing inequalities of opportunities for disadvantaged children. |
| Keywords: | child care, discrimination, information provision, inequality, field experiment |
| JEL: | J13 J18 J22 C93 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:dicedp:398&r=ure |
| By: | Su Yeon Jang (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Anna Oksuzyan (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Mikko Myrskylä (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany); Frank J. van Lenthe; Silvia Loi (Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Immigrants face a particularly high risk of unhealthy ageing. It is well-known that the probability of having multiple chronic conditions simultaneously, or multimorbidity, tends to increase with age. This study investigates the immigrant-native disparities in age-related health decline, focusing on the number of chronic health conditions; and considers the heterogeneity of this decline within immigrant populations by origin and receiving country. We use data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe on adults aged 50 to 79 from 28 European countries, and employ fixed-effects regression models to account for the unobserved heterogeneity related to individual characteristics, including migration background. Our results indicate that immigrants have a higher number of chronic conditions at all ages relative to their native-born peers, but also that the immigrant-native differential in the number of chronic conditions decreases from age 65 onwards. When considering differences by origin country, we find that the speed of chronic disease accumulation is slower among immigrants from the Americas and the Asia and Oceania country groups than it among natives. When looking at differences by receiving country group, we observe that the speed of health decline is slower among immigrants in Eastern Europe than among natives, particularly at older ages. Our findings suggest that age-related trajectories of health vary substantially among immigrant populations by origin and destination country, which underscore that individual migration histories play a persistent role in shaping the health of ageing immigrant populations throughout the life course. |
| JEL: | J1 Z0 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dem:wpaper:wp-2023-024&r=ure |
| By: | HOSHI, Kisho |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effects of the medical school and the associated university hospital constructions in the 1970s on access to doctors and mortality, using the prefecture-level panel data of Japan and an event study design that exploits an exogenous variation in the pre-war location of medical schools. We find the long-term effect of an increase in doctors, and the effect closes the gap in the access to doctors that existed between treated and control prefectures before the policy intervention. We also find a decline in mortality for acute and intractable diseases after the establishment of the university hospital. Our results suggest that opening medical schools in rural areas are a potential policy to mitigate geographical disparities in access to doctors. Our results also indicate that the university hospital and the new medical graduates played an important role in decreasing mortality rates. |
| JEL: | I10 I14 I18 I19 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hit:hitcei:2023-05&r=ure |
| By: | Chiara Zisler; Damiano Pregaldini; Uschi Backes-Gellner |
| Abstract: | Young immigrants who often lack country-specific human capital face greater challenges in the transition from education to the labor market (e.g., lower employment probabilities, longer unemployment spells) than native adolescents. This paper analyzes the importance, for a successful transition, of occupational skills and workplace-based cultural skills that workers can acquire only at the work. We exploit the Swiss vocational education and training (VET) setting, in which students acquire occupational skills in one of two different types of vocational education programs: either dual programs with training in firms based on employment contracts and complemented by vocational schooling, or school-based programs without employment contracts. While well-defined curricula ensure identical occupational skills in both programs, the training of workplace-based cultural skills differs systematically. As young immigrants lack these essential workplace-related cultural skills compared to natives, we expect that additional workplace-based cultural skills training in dual VET improves immigrants' transition into the labor market and thereby their longer-term employment prospects. Using administrative data, we compare how both programs affect the labor market entry of immigrant groups with pronounced cultural disadvantages. To estimate causal effects on employment outcomes, we use differences in VET traditions across Swiss language regions as an instrument. Results show that completing dual VET leads to significantly reduced unemployment probabilities for young immigrants compared to natives in the first year after graduation, suggesting that beyond well-defined curricula for occupational skills, workplace-based cultural skills are crucial for immigrants' transitions from education into the labor market. |
| Keywords: | Age of arrival, Assimilation, Cultural distance, Immigrants, Labor market integration, Skills |
| JEL: | J24 J61 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iso:educat:0204&r=ure |
| By: | Mpinganzima Sonia; Sikubwabo Cyprien |
| Abstract: | In Rwanda, ministry of education is putting more effort to develop education system so that the citizens can be competent at the market that the reason why there was the introduction of competence based curriculum from knowledge based curriculum but to achieve this teaching and administrative staff should do their tasks as are the implementers of policies. The study intended to investigate the effect of teacher’s time management, preparation, and program completion on learner’s academic achievement in Rwandan primary schools and it had the following specific objectives: To examine the effect of teacher preparation on learners’ academic performance in Nyakibanda sector, to analyze the effect of teacher time management on learners’ academic performance in the Nyakabanda sector. It basically used the descriptive research design in carrying out the study and in selecting the respondents, random sampling were undertaken to 70 teachers and for selecting 5 administrative staff, the researcher use census method as their number was sufficient to be in sample. Data were analyzed using statistical tools such as frequencies, percentages, weighted mean, standard deviation, regression and correlation. Findings of the study revealed that there is significant relationship between teacher’s time management, preparation on learner’s academic achievement in Rwandan primary schools. This results was reached after using regression analysis using soft called SPSS. Therefore, it was revealed that all variables have significant effect on leaners academic performance which are preparation of pedagogical documents, time management. And finally, the researcher confirmed that there is significant relationship between teacher’s time management, preparation on learner’s academic achievement in Rwandan primary schools Key words: teachers’ preparation, teachers’ time management, and learners’ academic performance. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2022-43-02&r=ure |
| By: | Fetzer, Thiemo (University of Warwick, CAGE, NIESR and CEPR) |
| Abstract: | The invasion of Ukraine has led to an unprecedented increase in energy prices in much of Western Europe with policy makers actively intervening in energy markets to cushion the shock. The UK’s policy response stands out: the energy price guarantee (EPG) was entirely untargeted and is, in real terms, much less generous to those living in properties with low energy efficiency. Using granular data and following a documented research approach this paper documents that areas more exposed to the energy price shock saw a notable increase in burglaries and anti-social behaviour: the energy price shock is responsible for a 6 to 10 percent increase in burglaries and a 9 to 24 percent increase in police reported anti-social behaviour between October 2022 to March 2023 inclusive. A quantification of policy alternatives suggests that a more targeted energy support package and/or a more energy efficient housing stock could have resulted in a drastically less pronounced uptick in crime. |
| Keywords: | crime ; welfare ; instability ; climate crisis ; cost-of-living JEL codes: Q40 ; Q48 ; K42 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1459&r=ure |
| By: | Kofoed, Michael S. (U.S. Military Academy, West Point); Jones, Todd R. (Mississippi State University) |
| Abstract: | Higher education policymakers are concerned about the success of first-generation college students. In this study, we investigate one potential factor that may influence outcomes: first-generation students' peers. To mitigate common biases that may arise when estimating peer effects, we leverage the assignment of roommates at The United States Military Academy (West Point). We do not find evidence that being exposed to a roommate(s) with a one standard deviation higher English SAT score impacts first-semester English grades for first-generation students. Our findings for math are inconclusive, with at best suggestive evidence of a small, positive effect. |
| Keywords: | peer effects, roommates, first generation college students |
| JEL: | I21 I26 H41 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16198&r=ure |
| By: | Horan, Aoife; Jarmulska, Barbara; Ryan, Ellen |
| Abstract: | Our paper uses credit registry data for the euro area to examine how the banking system transmits asset price shocks to credit via revaluation of collateral and subsequent lending decisions. Specifically we examine banks’ treatment of real estate collateral during the Covid-19 crisis. First we find evidence of significant frictions in the trans-mission of asset price dynamics to collateral values. Despite this we find that lending relationships reliant on real estate collateral received one third less credit following the outbreak of the pandemic and that firms experiencing downward revaluations of their collateral were significantly less likely to be given new loans. Our findings confirm that the collateral channel does create an economically significant link between real estate values and credit but suggest that the banking system’s role in transmission may be more complex than traditional economic theory would imply. JEL Classification: G21, R3, C55 |
| Keywords: | banking, collateral channel, financial accelerator, microdata, real estate |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecb:ecbwps:20232823&r=ure |
| By: | Gonzalez, Felipe; Straub, Stéphane; Miquel-Florensa, Josepa; Prem, Mounu |
| Abstract: | Transportation infrastructure is associated with economic development, but it can also be used for social control and to benefit the governing elite. We explore the connection between the construction of road networks, state-led repression, and land allocations in the longest dictatorship in South America: Alfredo Stroessner military regime in Paraguay. Using novel panel data from the truth and reconciliation commission, we show that proximity to roads facilitated state-led repression and the illegal allocation of agricultural plots to dictatorship allies. These results suggest that infrastructure projects can also hinder economic development. |
| Keywords: | roads, repression, land allocations, dictatorship, Paraguay, Alfredo Stroessner. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:128127&r=ure |
| By: | Martina Ferracane; Veronica Ballerini; Adriano De Falco |
| Abstract: | In this study, we randomly expose Italian high school students from different majors to creative activities taught by FabLabs and assess the impact of this exposition on students’ career aspirations, university choice, interest and confidence in STEM university courses, attitude towards STEM subjects, creativity, and grit. We find that giving students the possibility to join FabLab activities hasoverall a positive impact on all the variables assessed, except for career aspirations and creativity. This working paper represents a preliminary assessment and is limited to estimating the effect ofhaving the possibility to join FabLab activities. A refined analysis will also investigate the effect on students who have participated in the activities, for whom we expect to find a stronger positive effect. |
| Keywords: | Causal inference, Creativity, FabLab, Grit, STEM, digital skills |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rsc:rsceui:2022/65&r=ure |
| By: | Esther Vaya (AQR-IREA University of Barcelona); Rosina Moreno (AQR-IREA University of Barcelona) |
| Abstract: | This paper pursues a deep insight in the evolution of the spatial distribution of the pandemic in the Spanish provinces along the six waves. Through the use of spatial exploratory techniques, we observe that the geographical spread of the COVID-19 has been changing considerably so that the conclusions obtained for specific points in time are not transferable to other moments of the pandemic. We also take into consideration the changes in the determinants of the spread of the pandemic across waves while considering the possibility of external effects across provinces through the estimation of spatial regressions. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Pandemic, Spatial analysis, Temperature, Non-climate factors, Spanish provinces. JEL classification: H75, R58. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aqr:wpaper:202301&r=ure |
| By: | Hasan, Sacha; Yuan, Yingfang |
| Abstract: | Despite the accelerated digitalisation of social housing services, there has been a lack of focused attention to the harms that are likely to arise through the systemic inequalities encountered by minoritised ethnic (ME) communities in the UK. Within this context, we are employing an intersectional framework to underline the centrality of age to ME vulnerabilities including lack of digital literacy and proficiency in English in the access, use and outcomes of digitalised social housing services. We draw our findings from an interdisciplinary sentimental analysis of 100 interviews with ME individuals in Glasgow, Bradford, Manchester and Tower Hamlets for extracting vulnerabilities and assessing their intensities across different ME age groups, and a subsample of qualitative analysis of 21 interviews. This is to illustrate similarities and differences of sentimental analysis of these vulnerabilities between machine learning (ML) and inductive coding, offering an example for future ML supported qualitative data analysis approach in housing studies. |
| Date: | 2023–06–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:jtc8k&r=ure |
| By: | Michaela Šedovič; Lenka Dražanová |
| Abstract: | Attitudes toward immigration are usually investigated from the non-migrant residents’ perspective. Much less is known about how perceptions of immigration policy and immigrants vary across immigration background lines, especially in the wider European context, and whether migrants´ attitudes toward immigration are affected by the same factors and in the same way as those of the nonmigrant population. With still-growing populations of migrants and their descendants in Europe, it is, however, crucial to study interethnic relations not only between migrant and non-migrant populations but also among different immigrant groups. Firstly, we investigate whether immigration attitudes among European migrants are based on intergroup solidarity or, rather, an intergroup threat toward new immigrants and whether minority-specific characteristics have differential effects across the (non-)migrant populations. Employing nine rounds of the European Social Survey from 20 European countries and by estimating multilevel regression models of individual factors affecting (non-)migrants’ attitudes we uncover that first- and second-generation immigrants’ attitudes toward immigration are mostly guided by intergroup solidarity with other immigrants. We further show that minority-specific characteristics work differently across our three sub-samples and that first-generation immigrants’ attitudes become more negative the longer they stay in the host country. The findings contribute to our broader understanding of social cohesion, social inclusion, and intergroup conflict. |
| Keywords: | attitudes toward immigration, interethnic relations, group membership, diversity, immigrants’ integration |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rsc:rsceui:2023/04&r=ure |
| By: | Agrawal, Ashwini; Kim, Daniel |
| Abstract: | We show that the collapse of the municipal bond insurance industry plays an important, but previously overlooked, role in driving regional variation in U.S. drinking water pollution. Public water infrastructure has traditionally been financed using municipal debt partly backed by a small number of monoline insurers. Starting in the 1990's, some - but not all - of these insurers began insuring structured financial products unrelated to water infrastructure. After these products crashed in value in 2007, several bond insurers ceased to insure new debt issues. We show that municipalities that were previously more reliant on relationships with adversely affected insurers subsequently face higher borrowing costs. These municipalities then reduce their borrowing and scale back investments in water infrastructure, leading to increased water pollution. The data suggest that market failures in the municipal bond insurance industry explain 32% of the relative rise in U.S. drinking water pollution since 2007. |
| JEL: | G22 H41 H74 Q53 |
| Date: | 2021–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:118888&r=ure |
| By: | Pramila Gupta |
| Abstract: | We know intuitively that the role of faculty can have an enriching effect on the daily lives of students and their lifelong educational and career aspirations. These effective faculties also have a direct influence in enhancing student learning. Years of research on teacher quality support the fact that role of faculty make students feel good about Alma matter and student achievement. Studies have substantiated that a whole range of personal and professional qualities are associated with higher levels of student achievement. Key words: education, higher education, teacher, faculty, research |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2022-43-03&r=ure |
| By: | Hanushek, Eric Alan; Jacobs, Babs; Schwerdt, Guido; van der Velden, Rolf; Vermeulen, Stan; Wiederhold, Simon |
| Abstract: | The standard economic model of occupational choice following a basic Roy model emphasizes individual selection and comparative advantage, but the sources of comparative advantage are not well understood. We employ a unique combination of Dutch survey and registry data that links math and language skills across generations and permits analysis of the intergenerational transmission of comparative skill advantages. Exploiting within-family between-subject variation in skills, we show that comparative advantages in math of parents are significantly linked to those of their children. A causal interpretation follows from a novel IV estimation that isolates variation in parent skill advantages due to their teacher and classroom peer quality. Finally, we show the strong influence of family skill transmission on children's choices of STEM fields. |
| Keywords: | causality, intergenerational mobility, parent-child skill transmission, STEM |
| JEL: | I24 I26 J12 J24 J62 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwhdps:132023&r=ure |
| By: | Mutesi Olive; Amini Ngabonziza Jean de Dieu |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study was the assessment of parents’ literacy and the academic performance of learners at Musanze District-Rwanda. The specific objectives were: to explore the strategies used by illiterate parents to help their learners to perform academically in Musanze district. To examine the strategies adopted by learners with illiterate parents to perform academically in Musanze District, to analyze the ways learners develop performance strategies to copy with the problem of illiterate parents. The population under this study consisted learners and parents. Totaling 10 potential respondents which took purposive sampling. The instrument of the study was structure interview questionnaire with recorder. Data were collected using recorder. The findings indicated that students with illiterate parents faces many challenges and they have even coping strategies of mitigating the challenges as indicated by respondents that parents who are illiterate helps their learners in terms of feeding them and paying a little amount of schools fees. The researcher used purposive sampling of five parents and five learners selected from Musanze District, the total number of respondents were ten individual six females and four males. The researchers recommend that the schools are encouraged to host events which enable parents to interact with the school on monthly basis such as consultation days, visiting days and sports day whereby parents are invited to cement the relationship between the school and the parents for the benefit of the child academically. There is need for increased sensitization of the public about parental literacy and its impact to the children's performance. Strengthening the bond between parents-children relationship through academic and social interaction should he paramount. Key words: literacy, illiteracy, parents, academic performance and strategy |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2022-44-02&r=ure |
| By: | Gronen, Maria Elisabeth; Sudermann, Yannick |
| Abstract: | In the past, both researchers and policymakers have often underlined the important role cities have to play in reaching the objectives of the Paris Agreement and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Meanwhile, city networks have become increasingly active in approaching international institutions and getting their voices heard. Among them are the Urban7 Group - a recently founded group of city associations from G7 countries advocating for a stronger involvement of cities in G7 policymaking. The discussion about who has a voice in the G7 and what role cities can potentially play in it is significant. The G7, despite being somewhat contentious, remains a highly relevant forum both in terms of the negative contribution of its members to global sustainability crises (such as climate change) and their collective economic capability to address the crises. In the past, references to the role of cities were largely absent from G7 official documents; this changed during Germany's G7 presidency in 2022. Based on a document analysis and semi-structured interviews with ministry officials and city network representatives, this paper investigates how, in 2022, the Urban7 Group was involved in the G7 process, and which actors and contextual factors had an impact on the width and depth of this involvement. While the German presidency opted not to directly involve the Urban7 Group as an official G7 engagement group, the group nevertheless gained access to ministerial negotiations, in particular those of the new G7 track on urban development. The paper finds that this engagement was facilitated by pre-existing contacts with ministerial officials as well as changes in the delineation of ministries following the German federal election in late 2021 that led to changes in political leadership and the formation of a new ministry to take responsibility for urban development. The paper closes with critical reflections on the 2022 process, recommendations and potential avenues for future research. |
| Keywords: | sustainable urban development, urban sustainability, urban development policy, G7, Urban 7, city governance, club governance, multi-level governance, city diplomacy, city networks, Sustainable development goals |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:42023&r=ure |
| By: | Alexandra de Gendre; Jan Feld; Nicolás Salamanca; Ulf Zölitz |
| Abstract: | We study same-sex role model effects of teachers with a meta-analysis and our own study of three million students in 90 countries. Both approaches show that role model effects on performance are, on average, small: 0.030 SD in the meta-analysis and 0.015 SD in our multi-country study. Going beyond test scores, our multi-country study documents larger average role model effects on job preferences (0.063 SD). To understand the universality of these effects, we estimate the distributions of country-level same-sex role model effects. Although role model effects on test scores appear universally small, we find substantial cross-country variation for job preferences, with larger effects in countries with larger gender gaps. These results are consistent with role models inspiring students to overcome gender stereotypes and pursue a STEM career. However, in countries with negligible gender gaps, role models do not seem to have this equalizing function. |
| Keywords: | Same-sex role models, STEM, teachers, external validity, multi-country study, gender role models, standardized test scores, grades, job preferences, science, math, reading, meta-analysis, meta-science |
| JEL: | I21 I24 J24 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zur:econwp:438&r=ure |
| By: | Pascal Sebazungu; Theogene Ntwari; Vivens Niyotugira |
| Abstract: | There have been different studies about teaching and learning Swahili challenges. As a result, the research studies showed that secondary teachers and students face various problems related to teaching and learning Swahili language challenges. The study was carried out to investigate various teaching and learning Swahili challenges in Nyarugenge Secondary Schools. The linguistic abstracts from various academic works across the world, were analyzed using behavioral learning theoretical framework. Thus, the abstracts written by different scholars from various countries all over the world, were collected to show those challenges, that prevent teachers and students from teaching as well as learning Swahili language. Therefore, teaching and learning Swahili challenges were found. The use of linguistic teaching techniques was identified from the previous studies. As a result, the findings provided different effective teaching strategies to overcome, those challenges pertaining to teaching and learning Swahili language. This will enhance teaching and learning Swahili language across the country and worldwide. Key words: teaching, learning, Swahili, challenges |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2023-45-02&r=ure |
| By: | Sarah Bui; Timothy Freeman; Farah Kaddah (Growth Lab); Lucas Lamby (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Yang Li; Tim O'Brien (Center for International Development at Harvard University); Eric S. M. Protzer (Center for Global Development); Alejandro Rueda-Sanz; Ricardo Villasmil; Ricardo Hausmann (Center for International Development at Harvard University) |
| Abstract: | This report sets out to understand if the economy of the State of Wyoming is positioned to grow into the future. To do this, the report begins by investigating the past. To know where the state economy could be headed, and how that direction may be improved, it is critical to understand how the state developed the economic structure and drivers that it has today. Thus, Wyoming’s economic trajectory is explored over the long, medium, and short term. From this investigation, we find that Wyoming faces an overall growth problem, but we also find a high degree of variation in economic engines and growth prospects across the state. The problem that this report identifies is that the composition of economic activities is not positioned to sustain a high quality of life across all parts of the state. “Across all parts of the state” is an essential part of the problem statement for Wyoming. While some local and regional economies in the state are growing and bumping up against identifiable constraints, other local and regional economies are experiencing sustained contractions and will require new sources of growth in order to retain (or expand) population and high quality of life. Since economic dynamics vary significantly across the state, analysis is conducted in as much geographic detail as possible. By combining historical and geographic dimensions of growth, this report aims to inform pathways for sustained and inclusive prosperity across the of Wyoming. |
| Keywords: | Wyoming, Green Growth, Remoteness, Telework |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cid:wpfacu:432&r=ure |
| By: | Ilias Kostarakos (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | The level and growth rates of Total Factor Productivity estimates have been extensively used as a means of assessing the level of efficiency in production across regions as well as a source of the observed differences in economic performance. This paper, focusing on a sample of 242 EU NUTS2 regions spanning the 2000-2020 period provides a time series of TFP estimates, based on a new dataset of regional level capital stocks, and documents significant heterogeneity in terms of TFP developments across regions and groups of regions. The evidence suggest that TFP can account for up to 80% of the observed income differences, while it is made evident that during the period covered by the sample convergence in terms of TFP was weakened. |
| Keywords: | production function; total factor productivity; development accounting; convergence |
| JEL: | E01 E10 O47 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:termod:202305&r=ure |
| By: | Maddalena Davoli |
| Abstract: | Financial literacy surveys, composed primarily of multiple-choice questions, consistently show women having lower financial knowledge than men. The education science literature finds that gender bias is inherent in multiple-choice testing. Using data from PISA 2015, this paper investigates the differential gender effect of question formats on students' financial literacy assessments. This paper, employing data from PISA 2015, analyzes the differential gender effect of question formats on students' financial literacy assessment. Having answers to both multiple-choice and open-response questions for each student, we employ a panel specification and use within-student variation while controlling for students' fixed characteristics. Findings show female students performing worse when answering multiple-choice questions with no observable difference for the open-response format. Robustness tests indicate that the question characteristics underlying the multiple-choice format partly drive the results. I show how school policies aimed at training students for the multiple-choice format may help close the gender gap. |
| Keywords: | gender gaps, financial literacy, PISA, question format, within-student estimate |
| JEL: | I21 I24 J16 G53 D91 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iso:educat:0206&r=ure |
| By: | Dr. Joanne Marie Igoy – Escalona |
| Abstract: | This study investigated the current status of leadership in kindergarten education with an end-in-view of proposing a Leadership Framework in Kindergarten Education. The performance of leadership roles and responsibilities in the six key components by school heads from public and private schools and the traits and leadership styles they exemplified was looked into. This study made use of quantitative and qualitative research. The perceptions of the school heads and the kindergarten teachers were obtained through questionnaires and interviews. The number of participants in the study was 265. The difference in the perceptions of the participants was computed using the z-test. Results showed that the school heads were guided by RA No. 10157 (Kindergarten Education Act) in the performance of their roles and responsibilities. The professional traits exemplified by the school heads include: having a clear understanding of the vision, mission and goals of the program, maintaining one’s integrity, treating others with respect and supports staff and their professional development. The personal traits include: committed, dedicated, nurturing, kind, trustworthy, honest, and being a visionary. The leadership styles employed were: Distributive, Pedagogical, Contextual, Principle-centered and Transformational. The challenges encountered by school heads from public schools were: the lack of funds for the improvement of physical environment and for the purchase of instructional materials, the insufficient supply of resources and the shortage of qualified kindergarten teachers while in private schools these were the negative reactions of parents towards a play-based execution of the lessons; and the confusion in the use of the Mother Tongue as medium of instruction. Based on the results, it is recommended that teachers should qualify themselves in the field, leadership responsibilities should be shared with other stakeholders, linkages with them must be established and a playground for kindergarten pupils should be present in the program. Key words: Kindergarten Education, Leadership Roles, curriculum, school heads, kindergarten teachers, challenges |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2022-44-05&r=ure |
| By: | Maurer, Stephan; Schwerdt, Guido; Wiederhold, Simon |
| Abstract: | It is well established that female students perform better when taught by female professors. However, little is known about the mechanisms explaining these gender match effects. Using administrative records from a German public university, which cover all programs and courses between 2006 and 2018, we show that gender match effects are sizable in smaller classes, but are absent in larger classes. These results suggest that direct and frequent interactions between students and professors are crucial for gender match effects to emerge. In contrast, the mere fact that one's professor is female is not sufficient to increase performance of female students. |
| Keywords: | gender gap, professors, role models, tertiary education |
| JEL: | I21 I23 I24 J16 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwhdps:142023&r=ure |
| By: | Marta Cignetti; Marc Fuster Rabella |
| Abstract: | Creative thinking matters. It is consistently ranked among the top skills employers value and, when students think creatively, their motivation to learn increases and their learning becomes deeper and more transferable. As more education systems formally recognise the key role that education can play in nurturing creative thinking skills, the question is: what policies are needed to ensure that, systematically, all young people have the opportunity to develop these skills as part of their formal education? To what extent are education systems supporting their students and teachers in promoting the kinds of learning environments where creative thinking can flourish? This brief addresses these questions by reporting and analysing responses to an online policy survey from 90 national and sub-national education jurisdictions participating in PISA 2022. |
| Keywords: | Creative thinking, Creativity, Education, Learning |
| Date: | 2023–06–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:eduddd:122-en&r=ure |
| By: | Vivens Niyotugira; Theogene Ntwari; Pascal Sebazungu |
| Abstract: | Previous studies investigated the influence of mother tongue on teaching and learning second language. Influence of L1 to L2 can be similarity, interlanguage and interference. This study was conducted in secondary schools in Gakenke District to investigate the influence of Kinyarwanda on teaching and learning Kiswahili. This study was guided by Sociocultural Theory by Vygotsky (1978), and the theory of first language (L1) and second language (L2) learning by Weineich (1953). Therefore, Kiswahili has been introduced in Rwanda since 1979 after signing agreement between Government of Rwanda and the United Republic of Tanzania. The aim of this paper was to establish to what extent does the first language influence negatively while teaching and learning a second language. In this study, different tools were used to gather information, whereby purposive sampling for interviews was used to select groups of respondents to be interviewed and classroom observation was used too. The obtained results showed that most of the time second language teachers interact with students, using first language in order to help learners as well as saving time. This study also found out that, students tend to confuse Kiswahili and Kinyarwanda because, both of them have some similarities. As a result, we noticed that, there was a serious problem of limited exposure to foreign languages. Despite all the challenges mentioned above, teachers claimed that, they are trying to cope with the demands of the new language policy, whereby new strategies have been put in place so as to encourage students to make their efforts in linguistic learning activities to attain educational objectives. Key words: first language, second language, teaching and learning, interlanguage, interference. |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2023-45-04&r=ure |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | After coping with another year of large COVID-related disruptions, economic activity is normalizing with the re-opening of the border, including with Mainland China. Strong fiscal policy support has helped the economy navigate through multiple shocks over the last few years, while strong institutional frameworks and financial buffers have allowed the financial system to remain resilient and continue to operate smoothly, including the Linked Exchange Rate System. The economy is facing macro-financial challenges amid rising interest rates, spillovers from strains in Mainland China’s real estate sector, adjustment in the local property market, and global economic slowdown. |
| Date: | 2023–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/186&r=ure |
| By: | Emilio Guaman; Juan Pablo Torres-Martinez |
| Abstract: | We study the non-monetary exchange of indivisible goods when agents may not know how to compare some of them. Adding incomplete preferences to the Shapley-Scarf housing market model, we introduce two concepts of coalitional stability—the core and the strong core—that differ by the conditions required by a group of agents to block a housing allocation. The core is the set of allocations immune to blocking coalitions that improve the well-being of house-switching members, while the strong core is the set of allocations immune to blocking coalitions that may leave some members with a house incomparable to the original. We show that the core coincides with the set of allocations obtained by applying the Top Trading Cycles algorithm to the transitive completions of agents’ preferences. This result allows us to find a family of core-selecting and group strategy-proof mechanisms. Although the strong core may be an empty set, in the preference domain in which it is non-empty and the incompleteness of preferences is transitive, we show that there are strong-core-selecting and weakly group strategy-proof mechanisms. We also extend these results to housing allocation problems in which existing tenants and newcomers may coexist. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:udc:wpaper:wp547&r=ure |
| By: | Cathrin Mohr (University of Bonn, Niebuhrstr. 5, 53113 Bonn, Germany) |
| Abstract: | Autocratic regimes can use carrots and/or sticks to prevent being overthrown by protests. Carrots, i.e. resource allocation, reduce the probability of protests, but cannot help to end them. Sticks, i.e. repression, reduce the probability that protests overthrow the regime, but also decrease its popularity. Using a difference-in-differences approach, I show that residential construction and military presence increase in protest municipalities after an uprising in 1953 in former East Germany. This cannot be explained by pre-existing differences, demand for housing, or external warfare considerations. Carrots were furthermore used to counteract sticks' negative effect on popularity. More construction is associated with more regime support. |
| Keywords: | Political Economy, autocracy, Protests |
| JEL: | D72 D74 N44 P26 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:236&r=ure |
| By: | Assylbekova Marziya (L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan); Atemova Kalipa (L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan); Baltabayeva Zhaniyat (L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan); Muhambek Dilnur (L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan) |
| Abstract: | Bullying often involves harm to others, especially adolescents. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of bullying, identify risk factors, and assess the relationship between bullying and the psychological status of adolescents who face this problem in the region of Kazakhstan. The research was conducted on 224 students between the ages of 11 and 16 using an online survey in a validated Google Form to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of bullying, as well as questionnaires to assess the psychological consequences of bullying. In response to the question, Where is bullying most common?, 42.8% of the participants answered “on social networks, †33.5% answered “in the yard, on the street, †and 23.7% answered “at school.†About 20% of the participants spent more than 12 hours on the Internet every day, and the overall estimated prevalence of bullying and cyberbullying was 42.8%. In addition, 26.3% of the participants had a significant deterioration in academic performance due to cyberbullying. Approximately 20% of all participants considered dropping out of school, 19.7% considered stopping Internet use, and 21.1% considered harming themselves as a result of bullying. Furthermore, 75% of schoolchildren were victims of bullying. Unfortunately, schools are not entirely safe environments for children. Schoolchildren talked about the negative effects of bullying, negative childhood experiences, and trauma. Currently, researchers focus on "bullying" and its psychological consequences. Some researchers have identified characteristics of bullying victims, such as low self-esteem, poor social connection, aggression, anxiety, and complicated family relationships. |
| Keywords: | Bullying, cyberbullying, adolescents, psychological consequences, public health, Kazakhstan |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0251&r=ure |
| By: | Georg Graetz |
| Abstract: | A pre-condition for employer learning is that signals at labor market entry do not fully reveal graduates’ productivity. I model various distinct sources of signal imperfection—such as noise and multi-dimensional types—and characterize their implications for the private return to skill acquisition. Structural estimates using NLSY data suggest an important role for noise, pushing the private return below the social return. This induces substantial under-investment and causes output losses of up to 22 percent. Value-added-based evidence from Swedish high school graduates also points to noise and under-investment. Highlighting the distinction between schooling duration and skills acquired, I conclude that individuals likely spend too much time in school, but learn too little. |
| Keywords: | human capital, signalling, employer learning, returns to schooling |
| JEL: | D82 I26 J24 J31 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10403&r=ure |
| By: | Circella, Giovanni; Iogansen, Xiatian; Makino, Keita; Compostella, Junia; Young, Mischa; Malik, Jai K |
| Abstract: | This study investigates how the COVID-19 pandemic has transformed people’s activity-travel patterns, using datasets collected through three waves of surveys in spring 2020, fall 2020, and summer 2021. With this dataset, it was possible to investigate evolving behavioral choices and preferences among respondents at different timepoints: fall 2019 (recollection of the past), spring 2020, fall 2020, summer 2021, and summer 2022 (future expectations). The study highlighted a large shift among California workers from physical commuting to working remotely in 2020, which was followed by a transition towards hybrid work by summer 2021. The shift to remote work and hybrid work varied considerably across population subgroups, and was most popular among higher-income, better-educated individuals, and urban residents. In terms of household vehicle ownership change, those tech-savvy and variety-seeking individuals were more likely to increase or replace household vehicles, while those who are pro-environment and pro-active are less likely to do so. COVID health concerns show concurrent effects of encouraging the adoption of a more pro-active lifestyle during the pandemic, but also leading to an increased desire to own vehicles in the future. Regarding shopping patterns, the number of respondents who shop online at least once per week increased nearly five-fold between fall 2019 and spring 2020, but such magnitude somewhat diminished by fall 2020. In general, the pandemic has generated a mix of short-lived temporary changes and potential longer-term impacts. The study provides various strategies to help increase transportation and social equity among various population groups as the communities recover from the pandemic. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, COVID-19 pandemic, travel behavior, remote work, hybrid work, vehicle ownership, shopping behavior, survey method, longitudinal data, cross-sectional data |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0xm768km&r=ure |
| By: | Tracy Lee Heavner (University of South Alabama, United States) |
| Abstract: | With recent advances in technology, it is essential that music educators become knowledgeable of various software programs that could assist in the teaching of students with special needs in applied music lessons. Computer software music programs can be categorized into six areas: listening, transcribing, tuning, developing a steady tempo, accompanying and recording. When listening to music to be learned in the applied lesson, two applications that could assist special needs students are Spotify and YouTube. When transcribing music, Anytune and Tempo SlowMo are two programs that could assist students with transcription. Before beginning a lesson, it is necessary that students tune their instrument. InsTuner is an application that allows performers to chromatically tune any instrument. During a performance, it is essential that students keep a steady tempo. Pro Metronome is a software program that assists in developing this skill. When special needs students are learning their repertoire, Smart Music and Band in a Box are two popular software programs that will accompany them. When recording a performance, Audacity and Garageband are two software programs that will allow students to make a quality recording. Incorporating computer technology into the teaching of applied lessons allows students with special needs to progress at a faster rate and makes learning more exciting and enjoyable. With so many advances in technology occurring every day, applied music teachers should take full advantage of new software applications when teaching students with special needs so maximum learning can take place. |
| Keywords: | Music Education, Music Technology, Applied Music, Special Needs |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:smo:raiswp:0250&r=ure |
| By: | Douglas Coate |
| Abstract: | In this paper I use data from the American Community Survey, 2015-2020, and from Zillow public use data files to investigate two-bedroom home sale prices in US zip codes. I find that two-bedroom home sale prices are not adversely impacted by income inequality in favor of the well off in the community. In fact, the results show these prices may be slightly higher in communities where high quintile households receive a greater share of community income. |
| Keywords: | home values, distribution of income |
| JEL: | R23 O15 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:run:wpaper:2022-001&r=ure |
| By: | Judit Krekó (Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest Institute for Policy Analysis); Balázs Munkácsy (Budapest Institute for Policy Analysis); Márton Csillag (Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, Budapest Institute for Policy Analysis); Ágota Scharle (Budapest Institute for Policy Analysis) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates a 90-day hiring subsidy designed for young jobseekers aged below 25, introduced in Hungary in 2015 as part of the Youth Guarantee programme. The subsidy covers the total wage cost with no obligation to retain the new hire when the subsidy expires. The analysis is based on linked administrative data taken from the unemployment register, cognitive skills measured at age 15, health and social security records. The causal impact of the subsidy on subsequent employment is identified in comparison to participants of a large-scale public works programme, using propensity score matching with exceptionally rich controls. The estimates indicate significant positive effects: participants spent 14-20 days more in employment within six months after the programme ended on the whole sample. The impact is weaker on the 12-month horizon. We find that the subsidy works well as a screening device: the programme has the highest impact on those workers who have very low levels of schooling (eight years of primary school or less), but demonstrated high skill levels on standardised competence tests. One potential explanation is that employers tend to retain those with better cognitive skills, irrespective of their formal qualifications. We also find some indication that the subsidy is (mis)used by some employers to hire short term, seasonal workers. |
| Keywords: | youth unemployment, ALMP, Youth Guarantee, wage subsidy, public works, propensity score matching |
| JEL: | J08 J64 J68 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:has:discpr:2222&r=ure |
| By: | de Callatay, Pierre (Université catholique de Louvain, LIDAM/CORE, Belgium); Mauleon, Ana (Université catholique de Louvain, LIDAM/CORE, Belgium); Vannetelbosch, Vincent (Université catholique de Louvain, LIDAM/CORE, Belgium) |
| Abstract: | We propose the concept of local-k farsighted consistent network for analysing network formation games where players only consider a limited number of feasible networks. A network g is said to be local-k farsightedly consistent if, for any network g' within the distance-k neighbourhood of g, either g is not defeated by g' , or g defeats g' . We show that if the utility function is (componentwise) egalitarian or satisfies reversibility or excludes externalities across components, then local-k farsightedness is more likely to be a good proxy for what would happen when players have full knowledge of all feasible networks. |
| Keywords: | Networks ; local farsightedness ; stability |
| JEL: | A14 C70 D20 |
| Date: | 2023–01–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cor:louvco:2023003&r=ure |
| By: | Ferry Syarifuddin (Bank Indonesia) |
| Abstract: | This research aims to examine how uncertainty affects the banks stability of Islamic and conventional banks in OIC countries. Furthermore, this study investigates spillover effects of bank stability among OIC countries. A sample set of 201 banks from 16 OIC countries between 2013-2020 in yearly-basis data and spatial data panel econometrics methodology are used to accomplish these purposes. For robustness checks, spatial weighting comparison will be used, enriched with the marginal effect measurement and expert opinion questionnaires. Inverse distance will be used as the weighting of the main estimation, while trade volume and GDP are used for robustness checks. This study finds that that Islamic bank has more resiliency than conventional banks in term of stability in time of uncertainty. Meanwhile, there is strong evidence of spatial relationship of bank stability between host and neighboring OIC countries. The increment of uncertainty is significantly followed by the rising conventional bank stability, while on the contrary, Islamic bank doesn’t shows any significant instability. The same goes on spillover effect, the reduction of bank stability in host country is followed by the reduction of neighboring bank stability. These results are robust due to the consistent outcome throughout two different weighting matrices, marginal effect measurement, and expert opinion. |
| Keywords: | Uncertainty, Islamic bank, Bank stability, Bank performance, Spatial econometrics |
| JEL: | G01 G21 G32 R12 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idn:wpaper:wp062022&r=ure |
| By: | Hamard Bruno; Pascal Habihirwe |
| Abstract: | The research study focused on the contribution of ICT and distance education on the learning of university students: the practical case University of Rwanda (UR), (2019 - 2022). The provision of ICT and distance education to university students learning in Rwanda has various contributions in addressing recurring issues such as the student enrollment trend of high school leavers who wish to join university at the first cycle (including various marginalized students), in the reduction of financial expenses (including various educational consumables), and in the administrative aspect (communication, registration, etc.). It is from this situation that the ICT appear as a possible solution to properly overcome these difficulties. This study was conducted in five colleges. A Correlational research design is used in this study. Primary data collected using questionnaire tools. Secondary data obtained from reference books, journals and Internet documents. The study covers a population of 2530 populations and a sample of 345 participants (330 for students and 15 for lecturers and teachers). The Content validity of the instruments was performed before the instruments were pre-tested and reliability calculated using Cronbach's alpha. Data are analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study revealed that various ICT toolkits and distance learning their contribution varies between 71% and 85% of students learning within the university. It was recommended that the government and other stakeholders invest much more in the provision of ICT infrastructure to easily improve its accessibility and user ability for a large number of students and staff. It is hoped that the findings of this study and the suggested recommendations will help the government and the University of Rwanda achieve their potential goal of providing updated ICT infrastructures and distance learning. It is recommended that future researchers carry out similar research in the Rwandan private university to verify whether the contribution of private universities ICT on distance education students has the same implication or not for the public university. Key words: ICT, distance education, students learning |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2023-45-03&r=ure |
| By: | Saloni Khurana; Kanika Mahajan; Kunal Sen |
| Abstract: | Using nationally representative data on employment and earnings, this paper documents a fall in wage inequality in India over the last two decades. It then examines the role played by increasing minimum wages for the lowest skilled workers in India in contributing to the observed decline. Exploiting regional variation in changes in minimum wages over time in the country, we find that an increase in minimum wages by one per cent led to an increase in wages for workers in the lowest quintile by 0.17 per cent. |
| Keywords: | Minimum wage, Wage inequality, India, Employment |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2023-67&r=ure |
| By: | Pushkar Maitra (Department of Economics, Monash University); Sandip Mitra (Sampling and Official Statistics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata); Dilip Mookherjee (Department of Economics, Boston University, Boston); Sujata Visaria (Department of Economics, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong) |
| Abstract: | As in many other parts of the world, India has witnessed a surge in the popularity of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a right wing nationalist party. This paper examines the respective roles of economic policy and "identity politics" for the sharp rise in support for BJP in a region where it had a negligible vote share until 2014. Using household level panel data from 3500 rural households in West Bengal, we examine the effect of different welfare benefits delivered by state and national governments, on support for the regional incumbent (Trinamool Congress) and the BJP after 2014. We find that receipt of these benefits was associated with increased support for the party that controlled the level of government responsible for the program. However, changes in scale, effectiveness, composition or targeting of these benefits cannot account for the large observed increase in the relative popularity of the BJP. We also find no evidence of any association with post-2014 economic distress of the household, or political violence attributed to TMC party activists in the 2018 local government elections. On the other hand, religion, tribal and immigrant status of households predict changes in political support, whether or not we control for welfare benefits and household incomes. Hence the results indicate that the BJP's rise in West Bengal reflected the growing importance of identity politics per se, rather than economic policies. |
| Keywords: | clientelism, identity politics, rightwing nationalism, West Bengal, federalism |
| JEL: | H31 H42 H75 P16 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2023-12&r=ure |
| By: | Zuloaga, Gonzalo; Plückebaum, Thomas |
| Abstract: | The newly passed German telecommunication regulation has set the deployment and sharing conditions of in-building infrastructure with the purpose of addressing the need of generating proper incentives to network operators to invest in and extend their very high capacity access networks. At the same time, this should help reducing the gap of gigabit speeds reaching end user's buildings door step but not their actual homes. This paper analyses relevant technical aspects of deploying and sharing in-building infrastructures. Particularly, we address, from a technical perspective, the requirements that different transmission technologies have on different in-building infrastructures, the opportunities and limitations on sharing in-building infrastructure, as well as the shortcomings of certain types of in-building infrastructure and topologies in achieving the gigabit objectives. We provide an overview and technical comparison of the different in-building network installations and technologies that are predominantly available in Germany in order to assess which are capable to ensure a delivery of 1 Gbps (in down- and upstream communication) to the end user. In this context, we analyse the implications that the identified technologies have on promoting open access to the building and therefore competition among network providers. By going beyond the new regulation, this paper also assesses the role of standardisation of in-building infrastructure, in securing investments in very high capacity access networks and keeping the infrastructure adaptable to new developments in the future. In absence of binding standards, we gather a set of practical recommendations promoted by German institutions regarding the deployment of new in-building infrastructure. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wikwps:5&r=ure |
| By: | Pushkar Maitra (Department of Economics, Monash University); Sandip Mitra (Sampling and Official Statistics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute); Dilip Mookherjee (Department of Economics, Boston University); Sujata Visaria (Department of Economics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | As in many other parts of the world, India has witnessed a surge in the popularity of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a right wing nationalist party. This paper examines the respective roles of economic policy and “identity politics†for the sharp rise in support for BJP in a region where it had a negligible vote share until 2014. Using household level panel data from 3500 rural households in West Bengal, we examine the effect of different welfare benefits delivered by state and national governments, on support for the regional incumbent (Trinamool Congress (TMC)) and the BJP after 2014. We find that receipt of these benefits was associated with increased support for the respective party controlling either level of government. However, changes in scale, effectiveness, composition or targeting of these benefits cannot account for the large observed increase in the relative popularity of the BJP. We also find no evidence of any association with post-2014 economic distress of the household, or political violence attributed to TMC party activists in the 2018 local government elections. On the other hand, religion, tribal and immigrant status of households are strong and robust predictors of changes in political support, irrespective of controls for welfare benefits and household incomes. Hence the results indicate that the BJP’s rise in West Bengal reflected the growing importance of identity politics per se, rather than economic policies. |
| Keywords: | clientelism, identitypolitics, rightwingnationalism, WestBengal, federalism |
| JEL: | H31 H42 H75 P16 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hke:wpaper:wp2023-01&r=ure |
| By: | Sunna, Claudia; Ricciardo, Traci M. |
| Abstract: | This study deals with the debate which took place among Italian economists and statisticians at the turn of the 20th century on the economic effects of mass emigration. In particular, it is focused on a controversy between Vilfredo Pareto, Alberto Beneduce on the one side, and Francesco Coletti on the other. It analyzes the way these scholars struggled with: (i) the problem of properly elaborating a specific cost-benefit analysis referred to emigration and (ii), as a consequence, the problem of recognizing a clear set of economic policies designed to manage the complex economic and social processes connected to emigration. The paper demonstrates the enduring character of the problems encountered in the early Italian debates, by showing that these questions are similar to those debated in the vast literature developed from the 1950s on the subject of brain drain, and suggests an explanation for the lack of conclusive results in this literature. We think that it is possible to understand this impasse by highlighting that in the analyzed literature a problem of ‘fallacy of composition’ emerges between the microeconomics and macroeconomics of emigration. |
| Date: | 2023–05–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:nw8qz&r=ure |
| By: | Khuc, Quy Van; Dang, Thao; Nguyen, An Thinh; Nguyen, Mai Huong |
| Abstract: | Urban ecosystems are an integral part of our lives. The interaction between biodiversity-related concepts and humans' urban environment is becoming increasingly important as it not only enhance the quality of life and education of urban residents but also aid in the preservation and conservation of biodiversity... |
| Date: | 2023–05–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:wzdg7&r=ure |
| By: | Duryea, Suzanne (Inter-American Development Bank); Ribas, Rafael Perez (Boise State University); Sampaio, Breno (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco); Sampaio, Gustavo R. (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco); Trevisan, Giuseppe (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the long-term impact on earnings of attending a tuition-free, top-quality university in Brazil. We identify the causal effect through a sharp discontinuity in an admission process based on test scores. If admitted, low-income students are found to increase their earnings by 26% ten years later. However, admission has a small and insignificant effect on high-income students. The difference between income groups is not explained by educational attainment, program choice, or selection into better-paying jobs. The evidence suggests that most low-income applicants, if not admitted, still graduate from college but with much lower returns to education. High-income applicants who just miss the cutoff, however, can find other opportunities such that earnings trajectories are unchanged. Our results underscore the role of affordable higher education in promoting social mobility. |
| Keywords: | college wage premium, affordability, school quality, income groups |
| JEL: | H52 I23 I26 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16192&r=ure |
| By: | Elisa Wallwaey (Fraunhofer ISI, Institute for Systems and Innovation Research); Kerstin Cuhls (Fraunhofer ISI, Institute for Systems and Innovation Research); Attila Havas (Institute of Economics, Centre for Economic and Regional Studies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Innovation Systems and Policy) |
| Abstract: | As the world economy operates more and more through computerised transactions, new possibilities for intertwining criminal and lawful economic activities open up, as well as new opportunities for law enforcement agencies to fight crime. Considering the tremendous and potentially devastating damages caused by criminal economic activities, the issue should be high on the agenda of policy-makers, including R&I policy-makers. The race between criminal actors and the state trying to protect companies and citizens will be a permanent one. The paper provides and overview of trends and drivers in these domains, highlighting potential disruptions. It also presents four scenarios with a time horizon of 2040 to explore the role of R&I activities and regulations in shaping the possibilities for the interpenetration of criminal and lawful economic activities and derive policy implications. The complex nature of criminal economic activities, their detection, investigation, and prosecution are related to research and innovation in at least three areas. First, research in, and the development and improvement of, information and communication technologies necessary to monitor, track and analyse criminal activities. Second, regulatory techniques for preventing innovators from i) moving outside the sphere of lawful activities; ii) moving too far and entering a grey zone where regulation is missing; and iii) settling on clear-cut criminal behaviour. Third, research in, and the development and improvement of, forensic techniques of reconstructing what actually happened, and thus attributing responsibility for crime. |
| Keywords: | Criminal economic activities; Fighting crime; Preventing crime; Information and communication technologies; Regulation; Prospective analyses; Scenarios |
| JEL: | K42 M48 O17 O38 O39 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:has:discpr:2226&r=ure |
| By: | Bütikofer, Aline (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Karadakic, René (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Willén, Alexander (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | Childbirth increases the opportunity cost of commuting and makes it difficult for both parents to work far away from home. Using detailed Norwegian register data, we show that the commuting patterns of men and women diverge immediately after childbirth and that those differences persist for at least a decade. We show that this divergence in commuting exposes mothers to more concentrated labor markets with fewer job opportunities and establishments of lower quality. These findings help explain the child penalty documented in the prior literature and have important implications for the design of policies seeking to address the remaining gender wage gap. |
| Keywords: | Commuting; Gender Wage Gap; Parenthood |
| JEL: | J16 J22 J42 J61 |
| Date: | 2023–05–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2023_011&r=ure |
| By: | Sefa Awaworyi Churchill; Yeti Nisha Madhoo; Shyam Nath |
| Abstract: | We examine if the financial performance of firms in India depends on the level of ethnic diversity in the state or district in which they operate. Thus, using data on 1, 199 listed firms in the materials, industrial and infirmation technology sectors in India, we examine the impact of ethnic diversity on various measures of firm financial performance. Based on indices of fractionalization calculated for 15 states and 74 districts in which these firms operate, we find evidence of negative effects of ethnic diversity on firm performance. These results are robust to endogeneity and alternative ways of measuring diversity. |
| Keywords: | Environmental governance; fiscal decentralization; atmospheric pollution; spillover effects; non-point source pollution; India |
| JEL: | J15 L25 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:asarcc:2022-01&r=ure |
| By: | Laurentiu Guinea (Departamento de Economía, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (MADRID) ESPAÑA); Luis A. Puch (Instituto Complutense de Análisis Económico (ICAE), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain).); Jesús Ruiz Andújar (Departamento de Análisis Económico y Economía Cuantitativa, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain).; Instituto Complutense de Análisis Económico (ICAE), Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain).) |
| Abstract: | This Online Appendix completes the contents of the paper News-driven housing booms: Spain vs. Germany, by Guinea, Puch and Ruiz (2022). Those contents are organized along sections E to F below, following appendixes A to D in the main text. In particular, here we provide results for: (E) Alternative VAR Identification and Alternative Shocks; (F) Responses to the different shocks in the theoretical model; and (G) A detailed characterization of the two-sector model with home production and Investment Specific Technical Change (ISTC). Refer to the journal article DOI: 10.1515/bejm-2021-0116 in The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics for any details on the contents of this Online Appendix. A permanent link to this document is at Online Appendix. |
| Keywords: | Investment-specific technical change; News shocks; Housing booms; Wealth effects. |
| JEL: | C32 D84 E22 E32 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucm:doicae:2204&r=ure |
| By: | Lloyd-Smith, Anika; Bergmann, Fabian; Sapir, Yair; Yasar, Rusen; Kupisch, Tanja |
| Abstract: | Every two weeks, one of the world's estimated 7, 000 languages dies. Yet what are the consequences of having to give up one's native language? Speakers of minority languages worldwide face barriers to using their languages outside their homes, often with negative consequences for educational and economic success. A new survey of the Indigenous Sámi in Sweden and Norway suggests that language policies are key to perceptions of inequality. Speakers of the Sámi languages have lower perceptions of their societal standing than Sámi who have given up the language. Combined with insights from an in-depth study on Sámi language education, our findings suggest that policies should facilitate language maintenance in linguistic minorities. Supporting these languages may help to reduce feelings of discrimination. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cexpps:11&r=ure |
| By: | Francesco Cappellano (WSB University); Francesco Molica (European Commission - JRC); Teemu Makkonen (University of Eastern Finland) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores avenues for cross-fertilisation between the mission-oriented approach (MOA) and Cohesion Policy (CP). It argues in favour of mutual policy learning between CP and MOA to address their shortcomings: CP is facing a gradual erosion of its identity, whereas MOA is missing a territorial perspective. MOA could offer a theoretical blueprint for re-organizing and streamlining CP’s priorities around few missions, linking more explicitly its objectives to major societal challenges so as to reinforce its rationale and revive political ownership, using directionality to strengthen the result-orientation dimension, blending top-down and bottom-up approaches to streamline the vertical and horizontal governance relations. MOA can benefit from adopting CP’s thematic focus on objectives that can be adapted to territorial contexts and into regional policy agenda, embedding CP’s goal of maximising equity and solidarity into its mission, drawing on CP’s agenda to increase educational attainment within EU regions and redistributive approach to foster the full potential of all EU regions to tackle societal challenges. |
| Keywords: | Innovation; Cohesion Policy; Mission-oriented approach; Societal Challenges |
| JEL: | R58 G38 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:termod:202302&r=ure |
| By: | Canta, Chiara (TBS Business School); Nilsen, Øivind A. (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Ulsaker, Simen A. (Telenor Research) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies empirically the relationship between competition and risk taking in banking markets. We exploit an unique dataset providing information about all bank loans to Norwegian firms over several years. Rather than relying on observed market shares, we use the distance between bank branches and firms to measure the competitiveness of local markets. The cross-sectional and longitudinal variation in competition in local markets are used to identify the relationship between competition and risk taking, which we measure by the non-performing loans and loss provision rates of the individual banks. We find that more competition leads to more risk taking. We also examine the effects of bank competition on the availability of loans. More competition leads to lower interest rates and higher loan volumes, but also makes it more difficult for small and newly established firms to obtain a loan. |
| Keywords: | Competition; risk |
| JEL: | G21 L11 L13 |
| Date: | 2023–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2023_010&r=ure |
| By: | Demir, Gökay (RWI – Leibniz Institute for Economic Research) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the spillover effects of the first sectoral minimum wage in Germany. Using a triple differences estimation, the study examines the impact of public discussion and announcement of the minimum wage on workers and industries outside the minimum wage sector. The results show that the public discussion and announcement led to an increase in wages, job-to-job transitions and reallocation from low-paying to high-paying establishments among sub-minimum wage workers in similar jobs outside the minimum wage sector. The main mechanism for these effects appears to be the reduction of information frictions, rather than strategic interaction of employers. |
| Keywords: | spillover, labor market frictions, minimum wages, information frictions |
| JEL: | J31 J38 J42 J62 |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16204&r=ure |
| By: | Shuyang Sheng; Xiaoting Sun |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the identification and estimation of social interaction models with endogenous group formation. We characterize group formation using a two-sided many-to-one matching model, where individuals select groups based on their preferences, while groups rank individuals according to their qualifications, accepting the most qualified until reaching capacities. The selection into groups leads to a bias in standard estimates of peer effects, which is difficult to correct for due to equilibrium effects. We employ the limiting approximation of a market as the market size grows large to simplify the selection bias. Assuming exchangeable unobservables, we can express the selection bias of an individual as a group-invariant nonparametric function of her preference and qualification indices. In addition to the selection correction, we show that the excluded variables in group formation can serve as instruments to tackle the reflection problem. We propose semiparametric distribution-free estimators that are root-n consistent and asymptotically normal. |
| Date: | 2023–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2306.01544&r=ure |
| By: | Sergey V. Chernenko; Nathan Kaplan; Asani Sarkar; David Scharfstein |
| Abstract: | Numerous studies of the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), which provided loans to small businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic, have documented racial disparities in the program. Because publicly available PPP data only include information on approved loans, prior work has largely been unable to assess whether these disparities were driven by borrower application behavior or by lender approval decisions. In this post, which is based on a related Staff Report and NBER working paper, we use the Federal Reserve’s 2020 Small Business Credit Survey to examine PPP application behavior and approval decisions and to study the strengths and limitations of fintech lenders in enhancing access to credit for Black-owned businesses. |
| Keywords: | discrimination; racial disparities; Paycheck Protection Program (PPP); bank lending; FinTech Lending; administrative burden; inequality |
| JEL: | G01 G21 G23 G28 |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:96273&r=ure |
| By: | Dodlova, Marina (University of Passau); Carias, Michelle Escobar (Monash University); Grimm, Michael (University of Passau) |
| Abstract: | We assess the impact of the 2010 Haiti earthquake on children’s nutrition and education. We combine geo-coded shaking intensity data with four waves of the Haiti Demographic Health Survey, two administered before and two after the earthquake. We find lasting negative impacts of the earthquake on children's stunting and wasting as well as on school enrolment and attendance. A one standard deviation increase in shaking intensity raises infant stunting by 0.08 standard deviations and wasting by 0.04 standard deviations. Our estimates account for the millions in aid funds allocated by the World Bank to overcome the earthquake's aftermath. This aid mitigated but could not fully prevent the adverse effects on children's health and education. The results are robust to alternative specifications and different measures of exposure to the earthquake. Our results highlight the need for aid in poor areas affected by natural disasters to prevent infant malnutrition and poor education. Reduced children's health and education will have lasting private and social costs, which could easily exceed the necessary costs to counter these effects. |
| Keywords: | natural disasters, earthquake, nutrition, education, school attendance, Haiti |
| JEL: | I15 I25 Q54 O10 |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16195&r=ure |
| By: | Carneiro, Ana Maria; Fior, Camila |
| Abstract: | Research universities enable students to have a unique learning environment and other experiences. This article aims to analyze student engagement in one research university in Brazil, the effects of student socioeconomic and academic characteristics and their associations with university structures (curriculum), and student trajectories. The data comes from the Student Experience in the Research University, an international survey administered in 2012 at the University of Campinas and longitudinal academic registers. The study used both Principal Component Analysis and also Multiple Linear Regression Models. Five modes of engagement were found: two related to curricular engagement (engagement with faculty and engagement outside the classroom), social and leisure engagement, curricular disengagement and co-curricular engagement. The main effects are associated with the disciplines. Regarding student trajectories, there was a negative association between academic engagement and dropout students and those still enrolled seven years after the survey application. The results align with other studies that associate disciplines with student engagement and student engagement with student success. |
| Keywords: | Education, Student Engagement, Higher Education, Research University, Quantitative Analysis, Student Experience, Undergraduate Education |
| Date: | 2023–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:cshedu:qt6b4667b3&r=ure |
| By: | Niyonzima Simeon; Sikubwabo Cyprien |
| Abstract: | The motivation behind this review was to Assessing free basic education and learning outcome of 12 years basic education schools. A case of Burera District (2015-2020). The study had four objectives. They were namely: To assess the effect of teaching approaches on learning outcomes in Burera Twelve Years Basic of Education schools, and To examine the effect of class size on learning outcomes in Burera Twelve Years Basic of Education schools. The researcher targeted all the 17 twelve years basic education schools from Burera district, 5 twelve years basic of education schools were selected systematic sampling techniques. The study population comprises 504 as total population. Those people were head teachers, directors in charge of studies, bursars and teachers from those schools. And final sample size were 103 people who were selected using sampling table. The review utilized correlational examination configuration to assemble data whereby talk with timetable and polls for respondnets, chief accountable for study, head educators and instructors were the principle instruments. Dependability was guaranteed through a pilot study and by utilizing Cronbach's Alpha to gauge co-proficient of inward consistency which yielded great outcomes for endorsing study 85%. Legitimacy was guaranteed by counseling specialists. Information were investigated utilizing SPSS programming variant 21. The specialist used unmistakable examination. While information was introduced in type of recurrence tables, rates, standard deviation, mean and graphs. Findings of the study revealed that there is significant relationship between free basic education reforms and learning outcomes in Rwandan 12 years basic education schools. All the involved variables had significant relationship with dependent variables which were confirming that there is positive significance relationship between teaching approaches and learning outcomes (r=.854 and p=value=0.002) and positive significance relationship between class size and learning outcomes (r=.985 and p=value=0.000).And finally the research recommended the following: Government should make frequent school supervision on the implementation of free basic education reforms and make sure that sector education officers and head teachers have to internalize the program, the Government of Rwanda through the Ministry of Education should rationalize and equally distribute the few available teachers to all schools in the country, various twelve years schools in the study locale of Burera District, Rwanda. And I have suggested this for further studies the effect of free basic education reform and learning outcomes in Rwandan nine years basic education schools: a case of Burera district. Key words: learning outcomes, free basic education |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2022-44-01&r=ure |