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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | James Conklin; Kristopher S. Gerardi; Lauren Lambie-Hanson |
| Abstract: | An oft-touted benefit of homeownership is the ability to build and access equity, and in recent years the amount of “tappable” home equity held by US homeowners has reached historic levels. But more than one-quarter of recent applications for mortgage equity withdrawal (MEW) loan products were denied. Black and Hispanic homeowners’ applications were denied at even higher rates: 44 percent and 32 percent, respectively. These racial disparities in denials are larger than those associated with purchase and rate/term refinance mortgage applications. Controlling for loan and borrower characteristics commonly used in the underwriting process significantly reduces the MEW disparities, with the Black-White denial rate gap falling by approximately 83 percent, and the Hispanic-White gap falling by 73 percent. In other words, seemingly race-neutral underwriting criteria in the MEW product space explain large differences in the extent to which minority homeowners can access their home equity. |
| Keywords: | housing wealth; mortgage; home equity; racial disparities |
| JEL: | G21 G51 J15 |
| Date: | 2022–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedawp:95223&r=ure |
| By: | Olegs Krasnopjorovs (Bank of Latvia) |
| Abstract: | Improving urban quality of life is now increasingly at the top of the political agenda of modern cities. However, right policy treatment requires a thorough analysis and correct diagnosis. This paper is designed as such a diagnostic tool in the hands of urban policy makers aimed to drive the urban structural reform agenda in Riga – the regional centre of the Baltics. We provide a systematic assessment of the quality of life in Riga city both over time and in the contexts of Latvia, the Baltics and Europe, as well as link it with a comparative economic development, demographic trends, the availability of housing and dynamics of local tax revenue receipts. We find that although the quality of life in Riga tends to improve over time, in many areas progress appears to be slower than in the neighbouring capital cities - Vilnius and Tallinn. While Riga performs rather well in terms of economic growth and environmental quality compared to other European cities, we identify a large room for improvement in the areas of social trust, the quality of urban governance and how pleasant a city is to live. By running the principal component analysis on the most recent wave of Eurobarometer survey and applying the data envelopment analysis to build the European urban quality of life frontier, we conclude that Riga has a great potential to improve the urban quality of life even with its current population size and the GDP per capita level. The paper highlights how the quality of life, economic prosperity, the availability of housing, size of city budget and population growth are all closely linked in an urban context, making all these variables mutually dependent. |
| Keywords: | urban quality of life, urban life satisfaction, safety, trust, environment, transport, infrastructure, governance, population growth, housing, municipal budget, economic growth |
| JEL: | O18 R11 R23 R5 |
| Date: | 2022–12–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ltv:dpaper:202202&r=ure |
| By: | Irene-Nora Dinye; Romanus Dogkubong Dinye |
| Abstract: | Urban Housing in Africa is dominated by the private rental sector. The sector delivers over 90 percent of housing units in urban Ghana. In spite of this, the urban rental housing sector appears unstructured, complex and informal. Using Kumasi as the primary case, this paper sought to answer the following questions: How is Ghana's urban rental housing market structured? Who are the main actors in the market and what are their roles? How do the relationships and activities of these actors shape rental housing? Rooted in the theory of market economy, the study adopted multiple qualitative methods, including observation, focus group discussions; key informant interviews, institutional consultations and document reviews to gather evidences. The paper reveals the non-existence of a comprehensive institutional and policy framework for the delivery and management of rental housing; thus, giving rise to informal operations of the sector. In the face of rapid urbanisation and rising costs of housing materials, the supply of rental housing lags behind demand leading to high costs of rent and exploitation by prospective tenants. |
| Keywords: | Ghana; Kumasi; Rental Housing; Urban Housing; Urban Housing Market |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-035&r=ure |
| By: | Francisco Amaral (Macro Finance Lab, University of Bonn); Martin Dohmen (Macro Finance Lab, University of Bonn); Sebastian Kohl (Free University Berlin); Moritz Schularick (University of Bonn and Sciences Po Paris) |
| Abstract: | Rising within-country differences in house values are a much debated trend in the U.S. and internationally. Using new long-run regional data for 15 advanced economies, we first show that standard explanations linking growing price dispersion to rent dispersion are contradicted by an important stylized fact: rent dispersion has increased far less than price dispersion. We then propose a new explanation: a uniform decline in real risk-free interest rates can have heterogeneous spatial effects on house values. Falling real safe rates disproportionately push up prices in large agglomerations where initial rent-price ratios are low, leading to housing market polarization on the national level. |
| Keywords: | House prices, regional housing markets, spatial polarization |
| JEL: | G10 G12 G15 R30 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajk:ajkdps:212&r=ure |
| By: | Romeo S. Chasara; Aly Karam |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a critical examination into the functioning of a housing waiting list document, a critical instrument for the delivery of affordable housing in Zimbabwe's local municipalities. It argues that the housing waiting list document is opaque and has on one hand, made it difficult for poor families to access public housing, while on the other hand, has also accelerated the delivery of public housing to a certain segment of the society that has political capital. Affordable housing is part of the process of getting poorer households on the first step of the ownership ladder and into the property market. If there are prejudices in the process, it leads to unequal entry into the property market for the poorer segment of the population, hindering their economic progress. The research brings into the conversation the concept of ungovernability popularised by Roy (2009 and Bénit-Gbaffou (2018) to mean the inability to govern. It makes a case that the way in which the housing waiting list is promulgated, used and stored is one of the reasons why access to affordable housing has remained a challenge in cities of the South. The ungovernability of public housing is a deliberate attempt by local governments to achieve certain ends which include but not limited to build support base for political parties, wealth accumulation and maintain cliental relationships by facilitating their entry into the property market. Thus, the failure to deliver public housing has seen local governments 'meddling through' (Bénit-Gbaffou, 2018), rather than governing the housing sector and providing for the poorer segment of the population. |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-005&r=ure |
| By: | Ephraim Kabunda Munshifwa |
| Abstract: | “Financialisation of rental housing” is a process to transform rental housing into a financial asset. A number of explanations assert that this process includes the linking of housing to financial markets. Because real estate (including houses) is often financed from borrowed funds, this creates a close relationship between rent, construction costs and bank lending rates. Experiences from a number of African countries, though, shows that this process of “financialising” rental housing has been sluggish. Many still suffer from a pre-1990 state where public housing was the major form of accommodating its citizens. Evidence across Africa shows that financing of housing is unsustainable without private sector involvement, resulting in high deficits. Zambia's housing deficit is currently estimated at 2.8 million units, thus investing the challenges of moving housing from simply being a public good to a financial asset becomes paramount. It thus examines the question: what are the key challenges preventing the transformation of housing into a financial asset? Amongst many challenges, the study finds that there is a financing gap, between rental income and mortgage repayments, in the Zambian housing market. This is preventing the private sector from getting fully involved in the production of houses. This paper used cross-sectional data, collected from financial insertions and real estate firms. The paper points to the need for the reduction of the cost of borrowing and an increase in deposable incomes as the twin measures to propel the transformation of housing into a financial asset. |
| Keywords: | Financialisation, Housing finance; financing gap, rental market; Zambia |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-036&r=ure |
| By: | Daniel Albalate ((GiM-IREA). Observatori d’Anàlisi i Avaluació de Polítiques Públiques. Facultat d’Economia i Empresa. Universitat de Barcelona. Departament d’Econometria Estadística i Economia Aplicada. Secció Polítiques públiques. John Maynard Keynes 1-11, Torre 6, planta 3. 08034 Barcelona. Tel: +34.493031131); Xavier Fageda ((GiM-IREA). Observatori d’Anàlisi i Avaluació de Polítiques Públiques. Facultat d’Economia i Empresa. Universitat de Barcelona. Departament d’Econometria Estadística i Economia Aplicada. Secció Polítiques públiques. John Maynard Keynes 1-11, Torre 6, planta 3. 08034 Barcelona. +34.93.4039721) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a bridge between the literature on the effects of the pandemic on mobility and the literature on low emission zones (LEZ) impacts. Using data for large European cities in the period 2018-2021, we examine whether LEZ may explain differences in the recovery patterns of traffic in European cities after the covid shock. Controlling for several city attributes, we examine whether LEZ cities are less congested before and after the pandemic in comparison to non-LEZ cities. Our hypothesis is that LEZ may have been more effective in reducing congestion after the pandemics because the fleet renewal process has slowed down. Our results validate the traffic mitigating role of LEZ, which is robust to the lasting effects of Covid-19. |
| Keywords: | Low Emission Zones, Congestion, Traffic, Access restrictions, Sustainability, Cities. JEL classification: R41, R11, R52. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ira:wpaper:202222&r=ure |
| By: | Damiano Pregaldini; Simone Balestra; Uschi Backes-Gellner |
| Abstract: | We study how two distinct dimensions of peer ethnic diversity (ethnic fractionalization and ethnic polarization) affect occupational choice. Using longitudinal administrative data and leveraging variation in ethnic composition across cohorts within schools, we find evidence for two opposing effects. Ethnic fractionalization increases the likelihood of students sorting into people-oriented occupations while ethnic polarization reduces this likelihood. Using data on social and cognitive skills, we provide evidence that exposure to higher levels of ethnic fractionalization enhances the students' formation of social skills and increases the likelihood of students sorting into people-oriented occupations where the returns to these skills are higher. |
| Keywords: | ethnic diversity, fractionalization, polarization, school, occupational choice |
| JEL: | H75 I21 J18 J24 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iso:educat:0201&r=ure |
| By: | Oikawa, Masato (Waseda University); Tanaka, Ryuichi (University of Tokyo); Bessho, Shun-ichiro (University of Tokyo); Kawamura, Akira (Kanagawa University of Human Services); Noguchi, Haruko (Waseda University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how class closures affect the academic achievements of Japanese students in primary and middle schools, with a special focus on the heterogeneous effects of the socioeconomic backgrounds of students households. Utilizing the administrative data of students from a city in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, we estimated the effects of class closures due to flu epidemics, on the students language and math test scores. We find that class closures adversely affect math test scores of economically disadvantaged students. The magnitudes of the negative effects on disadvantaged students are heterogeneous by subject, grade in school, gender, timing of class closures, and students pre-class-closure achievements. Male students from economically disadvantaged households are more susceptible to class closures, and those with relatively low achievements before class closures suffer more seriously from them. The deleterious effects among economically disadvantaged male students are driven not only by reductions in class hours in school, but also by increases in time spent watching TV and playing video games. We also find that school resources can mitigate the negative impact of class closure among economically disadvantaged students. These results indicate the importance of public programs in preventing a negative temporal shock to student learning environments. |
| Keywords: | class closures, flu epidemic, students' achievements, students' usage of time, instruction time |
| JEL: | I20 I24 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15751&r=ure |
| By: | Brian J. Asquith (W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research); Margaret C. Bock (Goucher College) |
| Abstract: | Cities today are confronting never-before-seen challenges to their top spot in the economic hierarchy. In this chapter, we lay out four challenges, past and future, that cities face today and identify policies that can help address the problems we identify. We call attention to the need for many U.S. cities to redevelop the large amount of aging postwar single-family housing, while reforming past exclusionary zoning and infrastructure decisions that exacerbated inequality. Cities will have to fix these past mistakes against the backdrop of an aging population and the rise of remote working, both of which undercut cities’ traditional source of growth by reducing the flow of younger and middle-aged people willing to live in urban centers. The common theme running throughout this paper is that cities, their residents and their business leaders will need to embrace a dynamic ethos and be given a freer hand to reposition their municipalities to face a future that is shaping up to be quite different from the past. |
| Keywords: | Zoning, infrastructure, housing, population aging |
| JEL: | R11 R12 R58 J10 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upj:weupjo:22-373&r=ure |
| By: | Singh Tomar, Arun |
| Abstract: | An individual living in a city can take advantage of a wide range of services and opportunities available to them in a broader and more permanent ecosystem of human activity. There is no doubt that cities are experiencing rapid urbanization and population growth. This is putting a lot of pressure on their infrastructures and service delivery systems as a result of this rapid urbanization and growth. It is evident that in order to improve the quality of life in an urban environment as a result of current urbanization, strong strategies and innovative planning are needed. As a result of becoming more digitized, intelligent, and smart, there are several cities around the world that have acquired a better quality of life and improved the efficiency of their urban services. In order for cities to be able to survive in the future, it is more important than ever to diagnose where they stand in terms of sustainability and quality of life for their inhabitants, and to begin building urban resilience to withstand future challenges. Smart cities are not about connectivity and technology; they are about improving the quality of life for city residents in order to achieve a sustainable future. The end goal of smart cities is to have a sustainable future. It is undeniable that smart cities are a compelling case for sustainable development, and there is no doubt about that. In order for any city to become a smart city, it is imperative that we recognize that technology alone will not be sufficient for us to achieve our goal of making it an intelligent city. A smart city will be able to gather a great deal of information about its residents with the installation of different sensors located throughout its community. A variety of methods can be used to achieve this, including the measurement of air quality and the automatic removal of pollutants. |
| Keywords: | Smart cities, internet and mobile cities, sustainable cities, green and IT powered cities, smart sustainable cities, future cities, environment friendly cities. |
| JEL: | F63 I25 Q01 Q56 |
| Date: | 2022–10–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115451&r=ure |
| By: | Comfort W.J.M. Jumbe; Manya Mooya |
| Abstract: | The paper identifies knowledge gap on housing finance literature in Sub-Saharan Africa through the lens of Malawi to enhance ongoing discussions on housing crisis in the global south. The study distinctly focuses on affordable urban high-rise housing (AUHRH, henceforth), being a land efficient option to affordable housing as opposed to horizontal housing, and for the first time within the region. Desk study approach was adopted where peer-reviewed research works were studied to explore the housing issues and identify gaps in literature on the subject matter. Literary findings confirm qualification of finance as the crux of affordable housing supply challenges in the region, with traditional financing proving to be exclusionary to middle and lower-income earners. The other key gap is on crowdfunding. While being christened as the best option for AUHRH with largest market share through diaspora remittances in the region, crowdfunding has not been employed in housing finance this far. Instead, Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs, henceforth) are taking the lead by providing more flexible source of housing finance though not for AUHRH. The identified gaps point to a need for empirical study to understand critical issues with regards to adopting innovative financing options especially real estate crowdfunding (REC, henceforth) in Sub-Saharan region. Key areas under such an intervention include legislation, viability, and determination of critical mass for investor participation. The study, therefore, forms a basis for future studies in this subject and on the continent. |
| Keywords: | Affordable Housing.; High-Rise Housing; Innovative funding; Real Estate Crowdfunding; Traditional finance |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-056&r=ure |
| By: | Leung, Charles Ka Yui |
| Abstract: | Until recently, the literature ignored the interactions between housing and macroeconomics. Thanks to many researchers' contributions, the macro-housing field is in development. This review complements previous research and highlights a few areas that have made significant progress lately. They are the rental market and related issues, housing affordability, people's beliefs and expectations, and the interactions between the aggregate and regional markets. Theoretical models have become increasingly realistic and hence can be solved only numerically. While the recent literature has provided essential policy lessons, it has yet delivered a "paradigm" for future research. There are also open questions that remain to be answered. |
| Keywords: | aggregate and regional shocks, belief and expectation, rental market, housing |
| JEL: | E10 G00 R20 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:115500&r=ure |
| By: | Simon M. Burgess; Shenila Rawal; Eric S. Taylor |
| Abstract: | We study teachers’ choices about how to allocate class time across different instructional activities, for example, lecturing, open discussion, or individual practice. Our data come from secondary schools in England, specifically classes preceding GCSE exams. Students score higher in math when their teacher devotes more class time to individual practice and assessment. In contrast, students score higher in English if there is more discussion and work with classmates. Class time allocation predicts test scores separate from the quality of the teacher’s instruction during the activities. These results suggest opportunities to improve student achievement without changes in teachers’ skills. |
| JEL: | I21 J24 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30686&r=ure |
| By: | Reher, Leonie; Runst, Petrik; Thomä, Jörg |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to the new literature on the role of personality for regional innovativeness by examining whether this role varies between different types of regions. Building on regionally aggregated levels of individual Big Five personality traits, we find that only extraversion has a positive effect on patenting in German regions. Its impact is particularly important in lagging regions. We interpret this result as an indication of the compensatory role of collaboration for the innovativeness of lagging regions characterized by low levels of (business) R&D, which demonstrates the need for place-sensitive policies that take into account different modes of innovation. |
| Keywords: | Innovation,Big Five,Personality,Lagging regions |
| JEL: | J24 O18 O30 R1 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifhwps:392022&r=ure |
| By: | Michael T. Owyang; Hannah Shell; Daniel Soques |
| Abstract: | The slow recovery of the labor market in the aftermath of the Great Recession highlighted mismatch, the misallocation of workers across space or across industries. We consider the historical evolution of regional mismatch. We construct MSA-level unemployment rates and vacancy data using techniques similar to Barnichon (2010) and a new dataset of online help-wanted ads by MSA. We estimate regional Beveridge curves, identifying the slopes by restricting them to be equal across locations with similar labor market characteristics. We find that the 51 U.S. cities in our sample have four groupings which are influenced by industry classification, union membership, and geographic proximity. Additionally, allowing for a structural break suggests match efficiency increased across regions after adoption of the internet. |
| Keywords: | mismatch; vacancies; clustering |
| JEL: | C33 J63 |
| Date: | 2022–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedlwp:95203&r=ure |
| By: | Brian J. Asquith (W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research) |
| Abstract: | Rent-control advocates argue that its strongest feature is offering tenants strong protections from economic displacement. Nonetheless, rent control may have negative effects on tenants, as previous research has shown that these tenants have longer commutes and higher unemployment rates because they are incentivized to stay in place even after their location is no longer optimal. I study what happens to tenants when they are displaced from their rent-controlled apartments by exploiting a California law called the Ellis Act that allows landlords in Los Angeles and San Francisco to evict tenants even if they are lease-compliant, under the condition that all the tenants in the building must be evicted at once and are compensated by the landlord with substantial relocation payments. In large apartment buildings (five units or more), these Ellis Act evictions act as an exogenous shock because these landlords are unlikely to be evicting all their tenants just to target an individual household. Using Infutor data, I identify over 900,000 people who lived in a five-plus unit rent-controlled apartment in either San Francisco or Los Angeles in 1999, 11,470 of whom were evicted between 2000 and 2007. I find that evicted tenants were less likely to stay in their original city and more likely to live in lower-income and lower-intergenerational-mobility neighborhoods than control tenants. The negative effects of these evictions appear to be highly persistent: neighborhood socioeconomic status is lower for the evicted group than the control group at least 12 years ex post. These findings support that the Ellis Act imposes steep costs on tenants and may be partially undermining California’s recent attempts to improve housing affordability and stability. |
| Keywords: | Rent control, evictions, neighborhood mobility, Mahalanobis matching |
| JEL: | J26 J22 J21 R23 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:upj:weupjo:22-374&r=ure |
| By: | Sandro Heiniger; Winfried Koeniger; Michael Lechner |
| Abstract: | We estimate the transmission of the pandemic shock in 2020 to prices in the residential and commercial real estate market by causal machine learning, using new granular data at the municipal level for Germany. We exploit differences in the incidence of Covid infections or short-time work at the municipal level for identification. In contrast to evidence for other countries, we find that the pandemic had only temporary negative effects on rents for some real estate types and increased asset prices of real estate particularly in the top price segment of commercial real estate. |
| Keywords: | real estate, asset prices, rents, Covid pandemic, short-time work, affordability crisis |
| JEL: | E21 E22 G12 G51 R21 R31 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10083&r=ure |
| By: | Sophia Kongela |
| Abstract: | The main long-term challenges for the housing sector in Tanzania have been high costs of finance and a limited supply of decent and affordable housing. Following rapid urbanization and increased demand for affordable housing and housing finance, the government has been intervening in the provision of housing, although there is limited success. Many families especially lower and lower-middle-income live in poor or unfinished houses or rent houses with little possibility of raising funds for building or buying decent homes of their own. The purpose of this study is first, to investigate the extent of affordable housing provision in Tanzania, second, to assess the existing efforts in place of providing affordable housing, and lastly, to assess innovative techniques that would be used to deliver affordable housing that best fit the construction sector. The preliminary findings indicate that apart from institutional investors and a few private developers, the majority of developers do not engage themselves in the provision of affordable housing. One of the reasons is the lack of cheap construction materials. However, it was noted that while some institutional developers have started testing different building technologies that would enable the offering of affordable housing, some few private developers have started using technologies that enabled the offering of affordable housing. On the other hand, institutions of higher learning have started testing different affordable construction materials. However, the efforts in place have yielded insignificant achievements so far. Lack of incentives/subsidies was also mentioned to pose challenges in the provision of affordable housing. This study provides a contribution to the recent discussion on affordable housing, especially in developing countries on the technologies that best fit the construction industry in Tanzania. It is also significant to the policymakers who can influence innovations in the construction industry that will assist in provision of affordable construction materials. |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-022&r=ure |
| By: | Hamilton, Emily (Mercury Publication) |
| Abstract: | The term smart cities refers to the intersection of connected devices (also known as the Internet of Things), big data, the urban environment, and city dwellers. Smart city innovations have been widely lauded for their potential to improve government serv |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajw:wpaper:06885&r=ure |
| By: | Felician Komu |
| Abstract: | The quest for affordable housing in Africa has never been an easy task nor successful one. Some of the strategies have addressed social justice marginally while some have not. It was intriguing therefore to reflect on these strategies with a view of determining viable mechanisms for a just and sustainable housing delivery in Africa. The paper discusses the significance of land governance and institutional framework for the delivery of housing in the context of the scarce land resources on an equitable basis and abiding with the principles of social justice and livelihood rights. The paper posits just access to land is a difficult concept to decode in urban contexts. The key arguments pursued in the paper are based on the concept of 'just city' with special focus on land and housing. The ideal just city is where there is social justice which seeks equal distribution of opportunities, rights, and responsibility irrespective of physical characteristics of the urban area, nature and job locations, and social behaviour of the city's dwellers. The three central principles of Just City, 'Equality', 'Democracy' and 'Diversity' as espoused by several scholars in city planning, housing, employment, urban economy, and poverty are examined. Reflections are made on the several initiatives to promote a just city where the right to access land and quality housing has been the prerequisite such as the 'Social Justice Coalition in South Africa, 'Know Your City' and 'smart urbanism'. This paper is based on desk-top reviews, to explain how households and communities obtain access to land for housing both in the formal and informal arrangements, the extent to which their rights and dignity are addressed, and whether they are fairly treated in the process. |
| Keywords: | Affordable Housing; just city.; Social justice |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-010&r=ure |
| By: | David Oluwatofun Akinwamide; Jonas Hahn; Partson Paradza; David Suru Aweh |
| Abstract: | In as much as there is a wealth of research on smart housing, there is limited literature based on empirical findings from Africa. The aim of this paper is to examine barriers to the adoption of smart housing concept in Africa using a case study of Akwa Millennium City Project in Nigeria. The case study was chosen because is a premium multi-nucleic smart city project that is slated to redefine the concept of urban living in Nigeria and Africa at large. Structured questionnaires were purposively administered to all the staff of Akwa Millennium City project while all retrieved questionnaires were found suitable for analysis. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyse the data collected from the respondents. Findings depicted that the major barriers could be classified as socio-economic, technical and policy hindrances. It is noteworthy that smart housing concept could be unaffordable due to the most perceived barriers (such as limited consumer demand, retrofitting of existing homes and buildings, lack of financial and financing incentives, high cost of development, and smart technology as divisive, exclusive or irrelevant). This study therefore recommends that developers should focus on socio-economic attributes in the adoption of smart housing concept to achieve an effective planning of smart city projects in Nigeria and Africa at large. |
| Keywords: | Akwa Millennium City; SDGs11; Smart Housing; Africa; smart city; Social Housing |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-048&r=ure |
| By: | George Abuchi Agwu (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, AE-FUNAI - Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo); Oussama Ben Atta (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de recherche de l'ESC Pau - ESC PAU - Ecole Supérieure de Commerce, Pau Business School) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impact of geographical proximity to universities on educational attainment in Nigeria. We relate individuals level of schooling obtained from three rounds of the Nigeria's Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS) to spatial distance to university measured by pairing residential and university campuses GPS coordinates. To identify the effect of the distance to university, we exploit the theory of residential sorting to instrument residential proximity to university. Specifically, we instrument distance to university drawing on variations in households' proximity to state boundary posts and neighbourhood population density. The instrumental variable estimates show a negative and significant effect of distance revealing that geographical constraints during teenage years represent a barrier to the subsequent human capital acquisition. Additional results from a difference-indifference estimation strategy indicate that a large scale establishment of universities had beneficial trickle-down effects by decreasing the intention to drop out of secondary school, supporting evidence of the role of geographical constraints in the accumulation of human capital in Nigeria. |
| Keywords: | Distance to university,Educational attainment,University attendance,School dropout,Nigeria |
| Date: | 2021–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wptree:hal-03492963&r=ure |
| By: | Markendahl, Jan |
| Abstract: | In this paper deployment and operation of IoT services are analysed in a smart city context. A multitude of similar IoT solutions, networks, platforms that often appear as separate closed stovepipes within the same organisation. This often means that it is difficult to re-use systems, knowledge of usage and experiences from procurements within city administrations or within the city. The same obstacles exist when to re-use solutions between cities Municipalities in Sweden to large extent agree on the need to use interoperable IoT solutions and to avoid stovepipe within the city. However, many new solutions are "closed" and specific for the own unit, and still new stovepipe solutions are deployed. In this paper we look into the reasons why the stovepipes (still) exist. Results and findings are presented in the following areas • Stove pipes are still around - • It is not so common with one central IoT platform in the municipality - • Issues with data sharing - • Scalability in the technical domain - • Scalability in the business domain. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse22:265656&r=ure |
| By: | Koetter, Michael; Noth, Felix |
| Abstract: | Real estate markets are pivotal to financial stability given their dual role as the underlying asset of crucial financial products in financial systems, such as mortgage loans and asset-backed securities, and the primary source of household wealth alike. As such, they also play traditionally a crucial role for the transmission of monetary policy. Imbalances and sudden corrections in real estate markets have been the root cause of many financial crises over the last decades. But whereas some national, often survey-based indicators of real estate prices are provided by central banks and statistical offices, a comprehensive collection of purchase prices, rents, and proxies for the liquidity of European real estate markets is lacking. The IWH European Real Estate Index (EREI) seeks to fill this void for residential property. This technical report describes the gathering and processing of sale and rental prices for properties in 18 European countries. We provide the general scrapeing step in the section before describing country-specific details for each country in separated sub-sections. |
| Keywords: | Immobilienmarkt,Immobilienpreise,Wohnimmobilien,IWH-EREI |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:iwhtrp:32022&r=ure |
| By: | Partson Paradza; Loyd Sungirirai; Aloysius Mosha; Pono Kemodirets |
| Abstract: | Ten years after the introduction of formal real estate programmes by local universities, Botswana is yet to introduce postgraduate qualifications in real estate. This current situation is compounded by the dearth of research on postgraduate real estate education in Botswana. This paper aims to bridge this gap by seeking the views of key real estate stakeholders on the prospects of introducing competitive real estate qualifications in Botswana. Results and findings will bring value contribution to the to the wealth, social and economic development of the country. The recommendations will add on the human resource development policy in the employment creation point of view. Findings will contribute to insertions of higher education who tend to develop curricula that are similar to other peer institutions to consider the context of their programme curricula. Society is facing numerous new challenges that require professionals to intervene with the objective of developing solutions to improve peoples' lives based on industry requirements. |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-023&r=ure |
| By: | William Grieser (Texas Christian University); Morad Zekhnini (Michigan State University); Jan Ditzen (Free University of Bozen-Bolzano) |
| Abstract: | Network analysis has become critical to the study of social sciences. While several Stata programs are available for analyzing network structures, programs that execute regression analysis with a network structure are currently lacking. We fill this gap by introducing the nwxtregress command. Building on spatial econometric methods (LeSage and Pace 2009), nwxtregress uses MCMC estimation to produce estimates of endogenous peer effects, as well as own-node (direct) and cross-node (indirect) partial effects, where nodes correspond to cross-sectional units of observation, such as firms, and edges correspond to the relations between nodes. Unlike existing spatial regression commands (for example, spxtregress), nwxtregress is designed to handle unbalanced panels of economic and social networks as in Grieser et al. (2021). Networks can be directed or undirected with weighted or unweighted edges, and they can be imported in a list format that does not require a shapefile or a Stata spatial weight matrix set by spmatrix. Finally, the command allows for the inclusion or exclusion of contextual effects. To improve speed, the command transforms the spatial weighting matrix into a sparse matrix. Future work will be targeted toward improving sparse matrix routines, as well as introducing a framework that allows for multiple networks. |
| Date: | 2022–11–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boc:csug22:09&r=ure |
| By: | Olayiwola Oladiran; Muhammad Abbas |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the relationship between student housing attributes and the pricing of student accommodation. The paper further explores the asymmetries in pricing for Purpose- built Student Accommodation (PBSA) and Private Student Accommodation Providers (PSAP). We utilise a web scraping procedure to access online-listed property information and prices from 25 major student destination cities in Europe on student.com and Study Abroad Apartments. Using machine learning methodology, we analyse some key tangible and non-tangible features of the properties and explore their relationships with the listed price. We also examine the potential effects of economies of scale through variations in the pricing mechanism for PBSAs and PSAPs. The results show that the non-tangible property attributes have a stronger relationship with student accommodation prices in comparison to the tangible attributes. We also observe that the influence of these non-tangible property features on student accommodation prices is significantly stronger for PSAP properties in comparison to PBSA properties. The results suggest that through the economies of scale mechanism, institutional investors may be able to provide some facilities in their PBSAs at lower costs than PSAP investors and this may result in lower premiums for these facilities as reflected in the pricing. From a methodological point of view, we show that the use of asset features and historic pricing trends can enable the training of various supervised machine learning algorithms which in turn can improve asset pricing, taking account of national and non-institutional investment types. |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-017&r=ure |
| By: | Matthew Klesta |
| Abstract: | Signed into law in 1975 by President Ford, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) requires most financial institutions to disclose information on their mortgage lending. Annually, this information creates a publicly accessible data set that includes millions of records and covers about 90 percent of mortgage lending in the United States (Gerardi, Willen, and Zhang, 2020). More information on HMDA can be found in this summary: What is HMDA and why is it important? Several years ago, the Cleveland Fed examined data for seven large urban counties in the Fourth District.1 At that time, we looked at how these counties performed post-Great Recession. In this report, we revisit those seven counties and examine how they performed during the COVID-19 pandemic and in an environment of record-low interest rates. This report is an analysis of HMDA data from 2018 through 2021 in seven counties: Allegheny, Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh); Cuyahoga, Ohio (Cleveland); Fayette, Kentucky (Lexington); Franklin, Ohio (Columbus); Hamilton, Ohio (Cincinnati); Lucas, Ohio (Toledo); and Montgomery, Ohio (Dayton). It focuses on several aspects of mortgage lending categorized by borrower race and income. |
| Keywords: | Home Mortgage Disclosure Act; diversity; Covid-19 |
| Date: | 2022–11–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:c00034:95212&r=ure |
| By: | Endrich, Marek |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the political reaction of residents to refugee housings in their neighborhood. The city of Hamburg, Germany, experienced between 2014 and 2021 large refugee inflows that required many new housings. Openings of refugee housings led to an increase in the vote share of anti-immigrant right-wing parties in the neighborhood. The effect is persistent, driven by the exposure of residents to large reception centers and followup accommodations and amplified for facilities with a high share of male inhabitants. Results are robust to a matching estimator that accounts for an unbalanced distribution of housings. Neighborhoods with worse economic conditions, many migrants of other origins and a relatively large share of allocated refugee housings react more negatively to openings. With the finding that new housings come with electoral losses for the ruling party, it suggests that frustration by residents about a biased allocation is one contributing factor to the vote gains of right-wing parties. |
| Keywords: | migration,political economy,refugee housing,voting |
| JEL: | F22 D72 J15 H76 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ilewps:65&r=ure |
| By: | Martin, Chris; Hulse, Kath; Ghasri, Milad; Ralston, Liss; Crommelin, Laura; Goodall, Zoë; Parkinson, Sharon; Webb, Eileen O’Brien |
| Abstract: | This research reviews the evidence-base about factors impacting and shaping rental investment; reviews the state of residential tenancies laws across Australia; and presents options for a renewed reform agenda. The regulation of the Australian private rental sector (PRS) directly affects about 40 per cent of Australian households: the 26 per cent who live in private rental housing as tenants, and the 14 per cent who own it as landlords. Reform of regulation of residential tenancies processes are underway or have recently concluded in different jurisdictions. These processes, however, have mostly been uncoordinated at a national level and significant divergences and gaps have opened up in the laws. The research finds little evidence that Australian residential tenancies law has impacted investment in private rental housing. On the contrary, Australian residential tenancies law has accommodated, even facilitated, the long-term growth of the PRS and of its particular structure and dynamic character. However, the small-holding, frequently-transferring character of the PRS presents basic problems for tenants trying to make homes in it. The research also presents a number of issues that could be considered as part of a national agenda for residential tenancy law reform. |
| Date: | 2022–11–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:sr65b&r=ure |
| By: | Lee, Jun Yeong; Winters, John V. |
| Abstract: | Immigrant entrepreneurs are critical to regional and national economies. Immigrants in the USA have higher self-employment rates than natives, and immigrants have made outsized contributions as founders of numerous highly successful firms. However, we document that immigrant self-employment rates vary considerably across areas of the USA. Our main measure is the percentage of immigrant workers in an area who are self-employed; i.e., the self-employment rate for the foreign-born. Areas with colder winter temperatures have especially low self-employment rates among their immigrant populations compared to other areas of the USA. This relationship holds for numerous sub-samples of immigrants and is not driven by any particular group. The relationship persists after controlling for numerous individual and local area characteristics. Immigrant entrepreneurs appear to be especially forward-looking and responsive to warmer January temperature as a locational amenity. The results have important implications about the location choices of immigrant entrepreneurs. |
| Date: | 2021–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202112131848540000&r=ure |
| By: | Gehrke, Esther; Lenel, Friederike; Schupp, Claudia |
| Abstract: | We combine phone-survey data from 2,200 students collected in July-August of 2020 with student-level administrative data from 54 schools in four Northwestern provinces of Cambodia to investigate the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for grade 9 students. These students were particularly vulnerable to dropping out of school prematurely due to the crisis. We find that most students kept studying during the crisis, returned to school to participate in the lower-secondary graduation exam after schools reopened, and transitioned to high school thereafter. However, we also find that students’ exposure to the economic downturn had substantial implications: The likelihood that the father experienced income losses due to the crisis is negatively associated with a student’s propensity to study during school closure, participation and performance in the final exam, and with the likelihood to transition to high school. In contrast, the likelihood that the mother experienced income losses is positively associated with student studying during the crisis, with participation in the final exam and with transition to high school — potentially because mothers used the time at home to encourage their children to study. |
| Date: | 2022–05–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:cyqd2&r=ure |
| By: | Brittany Street (Department of Economics, University of Missouri) |
| Abstract: | Economic theory suggests crime should decrease as economic opportunities increase the returns to legal activities. However, there are well-documented cases where crime increases in response to areas becoming more prosperous. This paper addresses this puzzle by examining the effects on crime only for residents already living in the area prior to the economic boom. This approach isolates the effect of local economic opportunity from the effect of changing composition due to in-migration during these periods. To identify effects, I exploit withinand across-county variation in exposure to hydraulic fracturing activities in North Dakota using administrative individual-level data on residents, mineral lease records, and criminal charges. Results indicate that the start of economic expansion – as signaled by the signing of leases – leads to a 14 percent reduction in criminal cases filed. Effects continue once the fracking boom escalates into to production period. These results are in contrast to the observed aggregate increase in crime from fracking activities and consistent with improved economic opportunity reducing crime, highlighting the important role of compositional changes. |
| Keywords: | Crime, Economic Opportunity, Fracking |
| JEL: | K42 J60 R23 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:umc:wpaper:2212&r=ure |
| By: | Jacopo Bizzotto (Oslo Business School, Oslo Metropolitan University); Adrien Vigier (University of Oxford) |
| Abstract: | We study a mechanism design problem addressing simultaneously how students should be grouped and graded. We argue that the effort-maximizing school systems exhibit coarse stratification and more lenient grading at the top-tier schools than at the bottom-tier schools. Our study contributes to the ongoing policy debate on school tracking. |
| Date: | 2022–08–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oml:wpaper:202205&r=ure |
| By: | Eric S. Taylor |
| Abstract: | When an employee expects repeated evaluation and performance incentives over time, the potential future rewards create an incentive to invest in building relevant skills. Because new skills benefit job performance, the effects of an evaluation program can persist after the rewards end or even anticipate the start of rewards. I test for persistence and anticipation effects, along with more conventional predictions, using a quasi-experiment in Tennessee schools. Performance improves with new evaluation measures, but gains are larger when the teacher expects future rewards linked to future scores. Performance rises further when incentives start and remains higher even after incentives end. |
| JEL: | I21 J24 J45 M5 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30687&r=ure |
| By: | Augusna Chiwuzie; EleOjo Grace Aiyepada; Edith Mbagwu Prince |
| Abstract: | A career decision is a crucial task, often impacted by events and circumstances rather than the training the students receive in school. Female graduates in the built environment are frequently conservative in their career choices in the real estate industry; as a result, women are underrepresented. This study employs quantitative and quantitative research designs to explore how graduating female real estate students' experiences influence their long-term career choices and how their choices affect women's participation in Nigeria's real estate profession. A survey of graduating female real estate students from two universities and two polytechnics in South-west Nigeria was used to collect quantitive data for the study. Qualitative data was gathered through interviews with recent female real estate graduates. The analysis presents the study's findings on students' motivation for pursuing a real estate degree, challenges encountered in real estate education, perceptions of the real estate practice environment, and how these experiences influence their long-term career choices. The study concludes that the real estate practice environment is unappealing to female graduates. Hence, there is a need for concerted efforts toward attracting and retaining female graduates in the real estate profession to support the industry's business development and growth. |
| Keywords: | Aracng and retaining women in real estate; Gender Stratification; Career decision; Real estate education; Real estate practice environment |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-050&r=ure |
| By: | Hee-Seung Yang (Yonsei University); Sungjin Kim (Yonsei University) |
| Abstract: | Is the recent stagnation in population growth a threat to the economy? The answer may not be obvious if cities are losing population while gaining households. This paper unveils an important but unexplored channel for local economic growth: the rise in single-person households. We analyze the intercity relationship between the growing number of singleperson households and its impact on the local economy. To address endogeneity concerns, we predict the actual concentration of singletons using the uneven distribution of convenience store operating permits attracting one-person households. IV-2SLS results indicate that single households generate new jobs, firm entry, and a higher level of gross regional domestic product. The effect is primarily caused by industries substituting household production, meal preparation, and recreation services. |
| Keywords: | Single-person household; Local economy; Employment; Firm entry; Gross Regional Domestic Product; South Korea. |
| JEL: | E24 J12 R12 R20 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yon:wpaper:2022rwp-208&r=ure |
| By: | Anna Maria Mayda; Gianluca Orefice; Gianluca Santoni |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the impact of skilled migrants on the innovation (patenting) activity of French firms between 1995 and 2010, and investigates the underlying mechanism. We present district-level and firm-level estimates and address endogeneity using a modified version of the shift-share instrument. Skilled migrants increase the number of patents at both the district and firm level. Large, high-productivity and capital-intensive firms benefit the most, in terms of innovation activ-ity, from skilled immigrant workers. Importantly, we provide evidence that one channel through which the effect works is task specialization (as in Peri and Sparber, 2009). The arrival of skilled immigrants drives French skilled workers towards language-intensive, managerial tasks while foreign skilled workers specialize in technical, research-oriented tasks. This mechanism manifests itself in the estimated increase in the share of foreign inventors in patenting teams as a consequence of skilled migration. Through this channel, greater innovation is the result of productivity gains from specialization. |
| Keywords: | skilled immigration, innovation, patents |
| JEL: | F22 J61 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10076&r=ure |
| By: | Oshan, Taylor M. |
| Abstract: | The concept of spatial interaction (SI) encapsulates the domain of human activities that occur between a set of locations embedded within geographical space. Data about such processes are essential for studying a wide spectrum of geographic phenomena that are important to society, such as the accessibility of services, product demand, transportation trends, and demographic dynamics. In particular, SI models seek to explore, explain, and predict aggregate movements or flows that occur across an abstract or physical network, which can be useful on its own, as well as a factor within other regional models. As the number and nature of SI modeling applications have grown, the associated theory and tools have simultaneously evolved to consider more complex spatial relationships, resulting in numerous expansions of the modeling paradigm. In this chapter, some foundations of SI modeling are first laid out before presenting a simple demonstration and then describing several extensions to the core modeling methodology. |
| Date: | 2022–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:m3ah8&r=ure |
| By: | Kazufumi Tsuboi |
| Abstract: | Although it has been suggested that the shift from on-site work to telework will change the city structure, the mechanism of this change is not clear. This study clarifies how the location of firms changes when the cost of teleworking decreases and how this affects the urban economy. The two main results obtained are as follows. (i) The expansion of teleworking causes firms to be located closer to urban centers or closer to urban fringes. (ii) Teleworking makes urban production more efficient and cities more compact. This is the first paper to show that two empirical studies can be represented in a unified theoretical model and that existing studies obtained by simulation can be explained analytically. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2212.00934&r=ure |
| By: | Desmond Namangale; Mike Daka |
| Abstract: | Globalization and technological advancements have brought unprecedented changes in the business environment. To remain relevant and gain competitive advantage, many real estate firms are shifting to unusual ways of doing business and adoption of new business models. Recruiting highly skilled real estate graduates is one of the fundamental requirements for the success of many real estate firms. This has resulted in increased levels of unemployment and layoffs among real estate professionals due to skills mismatch. Possessing academic qualifications alone is therefore no longer sufficient enough to guarantee employment for real estate graduates. This study used a mixed-method design to investigate generic competence required of real estate graduates in Malawi. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. 19 heads of sections from various real estate firms completed and returned the questionnaires. Data was analyzed using Microsoft excel and content analysis. The study found that all the thirteen generic competencies used in the study were essential to real estate firms in Malawi and that professionalism and ethics, property inspection skills, data management, team work among others are the key competencies required by Malawian real estate employers. However, the study revealed that Malawian real estate graduates are deficient in four out of thirteen generic competencies. It is therefore recommended that these deficient skill sets should be incorporated in the real estate curriculum. |
| Keywords: | Employability; Generic competencies; real estate employers.; Real Estate Graduates |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-060&r=ure |
| By: | Allen, Jeff (University of Toronto); Palm, Matthew; Aitken, Ignacio Tiznado; Farber, Steven |
| Abstract: | There is growing body of research and practice assessing transportation equity and justice. Commuting is an especially important dimension to study since such frequent, non-discretionary travel, can come at the expense of time for other activities and therefore negatively impact mental health and well-being. An "extreme commuter" is a worker who has a particularly burdensome commute, and has previously been defined based on one-way commute times above 60 or 90 minutes. In this paper, we examine the social and geographic inequalities of extreme commuting in Canada. We use a 25% sample of all commuters in Canada in 2016 (n = 4,543,417) and our analysis consists of descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. The average one-way commute time in 2016 across Canada was 26 minutes, but over 9.7% of the workforce had commute times exceeding 60 minutes. However, this rate of extreme commuting was 11.5% for low-income households, 13.5% for immigrants, and 13.4% among non-white Canadians, reaching as high as 18.6% for Black Canadians and 14.7% for Latin American Canadians specifically. We find that these inequalities persist even after controlling for household factors, commute mode, occupation, and built environment characteristics. The persistently significant effects of race in our models point to factors like housing and employment discrimination as possible contributors to extreme commuting. These results highlight commuting disparities at a national scale prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and represents clear evidence of structural marginalization contributing to racialized inequalities in the critical metric of daily commute times seldom recognized by Canadian scholars and planners. |
| Date: | 2022–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:u72ky&r=ure |
| By: | Winters, John |
| Abstract: | Place-based attachments are important but often overlooked. Place-based attachments can be beneficial but often harm individuals tied to struggling areas. In this address, I discuss my own education and migration experiences and then more generally discuss sense of belonging as a friction to migration. I also present descriptive statistics related to place-based attachments. Most persons born in the U.S. live in their birth state as adults. Birth-state residence has increased over time, especially among the highly educated. I also present evidence that college graduates who reside in their birth state experience a wage penalty that is increasing over time. |
| Date: | 2022–08–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202208161901570000&r=ure |
| By: | Filippova Irina (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Deryugin Alexander (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Arlashkin Igor (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The paper considers the impact of regional tax transfers to municipal budgets on the taxable base on a sample of 72 Russian regions for the period 2011–2018. The results of the assessment show that the transfer of the tax applied under the simplified taxation system and personal income tax has a positive effect in poor regions. The transfer of corporate income tax has a positive effect in rich regions. No significant results were obtained in regard to corporate property tax. |
| Keywords: | taxes policy, comparative analysis |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:s21110&r=ure |
| By: | Rowe, Francisco (University of Liverpool); Calafiore, Alessia (University of Liverpool); Arribas-Bel, Dani; Samardzhiev, Krasen; Fleischmann, Martin |
| Abstract: | Existing empirical work has focused on assessing the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on human mobility to contain the spread of COVID-19. Less is known about the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped the spatial patterns of population movement within countries. Anecdotal evidence of an urban exodus from large cities to rural areas emerged during early phases of the pan- demic across western societies. Yet, these claims have not been empirically assessed. Traditional data sources, such as censuses offer coarse temporal frequency to analyse population movement over short-time intervals. Drawing on a data set of 21 million observations from Facebook users, we aim to analyse the extent and evolution of changes in the spatial patterns of population movement across the rural-urban continuum in Britain over an 18-month period from March, 2020 to August, 2021. Our findings show an overall and sustained decline in population movement during periods of high stringency measures, with the most densely populated areas reporting the largest reductions. During these periods, we also find evidence of higher-than-average mobility from highly dense population areas to low densely populated areas, lending some support to claims of large-scale population movements from large cities. Yet, we show that these trends were temporary. Overall mobility levels trended back to pre-coronavirus levels after the easing of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Following these interventions, we also found a reduction in movement to low density areas and a rise in mobility to high density agglomerations. Overall, these findings reveal that while COVID-19 generated shock waves leading to temporary changes in the patterns of population movement in Britain, the resulting vibrations have not significantly reshaped the prevalent structures in the national pattern of population movement. |
| Date: | 2022–06–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6hjv3&r=ure |
| By: | Adam, Ammaarah; Ades, Raphael; Banks, William; Benning, Canbeck; Grant, Gwyneth; Forster-Brass, Harry; McGiveron, Owen; Miller, Joe; Phelan, Daniel; Randazzo, Sebastian; Reilly, Matthew; Scott, Michael; Serban, Sebastian; Stockton, Carys; Wallis, Patrick |
| Abstract: | How was trust created and reinforced between the inhabitants of medieval and early modern cities? And how did the social foundations of trusting relationships change over time? Current research highlights the role of kinship, neighbourhood and associations, particularly guilds, in creating ‘relationships of trust’ and social capital in the face of high levels of migration, mortality and economic volatility, but tells us little about their relative importance or how they developed. We uncover a profound shift in the contribution of family and guilds to trust networks among the middling and elite of one of Europe’s major cities, London, over three centuries, from the 1330s to the 1680s. We examine the networks of sureties created to secure the inheritances of children whose fathers died while they were minors, surviving in the records of London’s Orphans Court. Our analysis of almost fifteen thousand networks evaluates the presence of trusting relationships connected with guild membership, family and place over several centuries. We show a profound increase in the role of kinship – a re-embedding of trust within the family - and a decline of the importance of shared guild membership in connecting Londoner’s who secured orphans’ inheritances together. We suggest these developments are best explained as a result of the impact of the Reformation on the form and intensity of sociability fostered by guilds and the enormous growth of the metropolis. |
| Keywords: | orphans; networks; trust; credit; London; guilds; kinship; reformation; early-modern |
| JEL: | N20 N13 N33 N93 Z13 |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:wpaper:117445&r=ure |
| By: | Sönke Hendrik Matthewes (University of Potsdam, Berlin School of Economics, London School of Economics); Guglielmo Ventura (London School of Economics, University College London) |
| Abstract: | Many countries consider expanding vocational curricula in secondary education to boost skills and labour market outcomes among non-university-bound students. However, critics fear this could divert other students from more profitable academic education. We study labour market returns to vocational education in England, where until recently students chose between a vocational track, an academic track and quitting education at age 16. Identification is challenging because self-selection is strong and because students’ next-best alternatives are unknown. Against this back- drop, we leverage multiple instrumental variables to estimate margin-specific treatment effects, i.e., causal returns to vocational education for students at the margin with academic education and, separately, for students at the margin with quitting education. Identification comes from variation in distance to the nearest vocational provider conditional on distance to the nearest academic provider (and vice-versa), while controlling for granular student, school and neighbourhood characteristics. The analysis is based on population-wide administrative education data linked to tax records. We find that the vast majority of marginal vocational students are indifferent be- tween vocational and academic education. For them, vocational enrolment substantially decreases earnings at age 30. This earnings penalty grows with age and is due to wages, not employment. However, consistent with comparative advantage, the penalty is smaller for students with higher revealed preferences for the vocational track. For the few students at the margin with no further education, we find merely tentative evidence of increased employment and earnings from vocational enrolment. |
| Keywords: | vocational education, returns to education, multi-valued treatment, instrumental variables |
| JEL: | I24 I28 J24 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pot:cepadp:58&r=ure |
| By: | Francesca Crucitti (European Commission - JRC); Patrizio Lecca (Comillas Pontifical University); Philippe Monfort (European Commission - DG REGIO); Simone Salotti (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effects of the 2014-20 European structural funds with a general equilibrium model calibrated on the NUTS 1 regions of the EU. We assume forward-looking agents to account for expectations and long-lasting effects of the policy. The almost €260 billion of investments lead the European GDP to be 0.3% higher in 2022 than it would be in the absence of the policy. Interestingly, this effect is lower than what a model with myopic agents would suggest. The regional distribution of the differences in the GDP impacts between the two settings indicates that the largest deviations are recorded for the net recipient regions, with interesting implications regarding the policy credibility, the nature of the interventions and their duration. |
| Keywords: | General equilibrium modelling, forward-looking behaviour, regional economics, cohesion policy. |
| JEL: | C68 D58 R13 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:termod:202212&r=ure |
| By: | Desmond Namangale; Lumbani Nyirenda |
| Abstract: | Corporate real estate's contribution towards company's wealth and business operations cannot be overemphasized. Therefore, it requires proper management. Two main approaches exist in managing corporate real estate namely: in-house and outsourcing. Most corporations have had their property assets management services contracted out to external service providers. This study sought to assess the effectiveness of outsourcing corporate real estate management services in the Malawian corporate organisation through a case study in Blantyre Central Business District. A quantitive approach was used in which a review of various literature was done and a survey questionnaire was distributed to 20 corporations. The study revealed that corporations prefer outsourcing individual corporate real estate management services rather than the whole real estate department. Amongst the individual CREM services, property management and repairs and maintenance are the most outsourced. The study further revealed that corporations outsource mainly to have access to skills, technology and best practices. Despite being effective, there is need for further development of the process of outsourcing as it lacks some elements. Therefore, the study recommends benchmarking of performance for individual CREM services that are being outsourced and development of performance measurement tools and enhancing communication through the adoption of effective communication tools. |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-027&r=ure |
| By: | Byrne, Paul (Mercury Publication) |
| Abstract: | State and local policymakers continue to utilize and place an important emphasis on economic development incentives as a means of attracting and retaining employers, with tax increment financing (TIF) being one of the more popular incentives. Recently, a |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajw:wpaper:07791&r=ure |
| By: | Feng, Hongli; Wang, Tong; Hennessy, David A.; Arora, Gaurav |
| Abstract: | Perception biases documented in the literature often pertain to subject matters that are difficult to observe or measure such as one’s ability. We study perception biases with respect to a concrete indicator that can be objectively measured: land use changes in a local area. We examine four hypotheses about land use change perceptions and test them with farm survey data complemented by satellite data. We discover systematic biases in farmers' perceptions about local land use changes that are consistent with motivated beliefs, and also evidence that links perceptions with intended future land conversions. Alternative explanations and policy implications are discussed. |
| Date: | 2022–02–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202202231829010000&r=ure |
| By: | James Olayinka Ogunbiyi; Timothy Tunde Oladokun; Adeboye Titus Komolafe; Solomon Efe Akpoghene |
| Abstract: | Whereas the income approach (investment method) to valuation represents the most applicable method of valuing income-generating properties, limitations arising from the dearth of market data for market comparisons and determination of yields, among others, sometimes question the reliability of most opinion of values. Meanwhile, valuation reliability is a worldwide issue in the property industry. With the emerging trends of hedonic pricing, big data analytics, growth-explicit valuation methods, and cross-country investment comparisons (for FDIs), dependable and readily available sources of researched data are indispensable, and the African real estate market cannot be left behind. Drawing on the author's practical experience in property valuations over the years, this paper sheds light on the prevailing means and ways of data sourcing and usage by which the menace of lack of data for property valuations is being overcome. The paper recommends measures such as company/individual practitioner's data collection and processing, vetting and peer-reviewing of procedures, having institutional property databank, as well as the development of country-wide and continent-wide property databanks as ways to aid cross-country investment property appraisals. |
| Keywords: | Income approach; Market Data; Market Information; Property; Valuation |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-029&r=ure |
| By: | Facundo Albornoz (University of Nottingham/CEPR); David Contreras (University of Nottingham); Richard Upward (University of Nottingham) |
| Abstract: | We explore the effectiveness of repeating the student-teacher match on test scores, for the universe of 8th graders in Chile using information on all student-teacher matches across multiple subjects and years, and a national, anonymous measure of test scores. We exploit a plausibly exogenous source of variation in the process of repeating matches generated by a discontinuity in teacher retention at the legal retirement age. Repeating matches has a robust positive effect on test scores which aggregates up to the student, class, and schoollevel. As channels, we report a positive effect on attendance, progression, student behaviour and teacher expectations. |
| Keywords: | student-teacher matches, student achievement, looping |
| JEL: | I21 I25 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoz:wpaper:198&r=ure |
| By: | Zuzanna Kowalik; Piotr Lewandowski; Paweł Kaczmarczyk |
| Abstract: | The gig economy has grown worldwide, opening labour markets but raising concerns about precariousness. Using a tailored, quantitative survey in Poland, we study taxi and delivery platform drivers' working conditions and job quality. We focus on the gaps between natives and migrants, who constitute about a third of gig workers. Poland is a New Immigration Destination where networks and institutions to support migrants are weak. We find that migrants take up gig jobs due to a lack of income or other job opportunities much more often than natives, who mostly do it for autonomy. Migrants’ job quality is noticeably lower in terms of contractual terms of employment, working hours, work-life balance, multidimensional deprivation, and job satisfaction. Migrants who started a gig job immediately after arriving in Poland are particularly deprived. They also cluster on taxi platforms which offer inferior working conditions. The gig economy can be an arrival infrastructure, but its poor working conditions may exacerbate the labour market vulnerabilities of migrants and hinder mobility to better jobs. |
| Keywords: | gig jobs, platform economy, job quality, immigrant workers |
| JEL: | J28 J61 J21 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ibt:wpaper:wp092022&r=ure |
| By: | Furth, Salim; Webster, MaryJo (Mercury Publication) |
| Abstract: | Abstract not available. |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajw:wpaper:11667&r=ure |
| By: | Alexander Sasu; Graham Squires; Arshad Javed |
| Abstract: | Land banking practices can fail in efficiently controlling the value of land. These failures stem from the difficulty in reducing speculative holdings to levels exceeding the size of the banked lands. Such underlining traits of the practice have been drawn from public land banking practices in formal land market settings. Public practices are markedly different to private and quasi-public land banking practices in an indigenous informal land market. Consequently, this paper explores how indigenous informal land markets are influenced by private land banking practices and land values under new land tenure regimes post-Ghana's land reforms. Semi-structured interviews with thirty-three participants made up of experts and stakeholders were drawn from four case studies within the Ghanaian indigenous informal land market. We find that land bankers are banking large tracts of indigenous informal lands as capital investments for profits through land dispositions. This is different from the possession of land banks as a production factor for their housing development moves suggested to indigenous heads. The paper recommends a revisit of discussions on the enforcement and monitoring of the processes required under the lands commission guidelines for large-scale land transactions. |
| Keywords: | Ghana; indigenous informal land market; Land banking; Land Values; new customary land tenure |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-021&r=ure |
| By: | Ahmet Faruk Aysan; Dilek Demirbaş (Istanbul University); José Luis Alberto Delgado |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the fiscal performance of Turkey and Argentina during the period 2000-2021, when both countries faced rapid economic growth with the consequent impact on social welfare. This work explored two different systems: Centralization in Turkey and Federalism in Argentina and, in general, studied the decentralization impact of both systems on social welfare. This study intended to create new social welfare indexes in other to analyze the resource allocation in different regions of these countries. As a first step, we built a regional Human Development Index (HDI) for each region. This attempt is considered a new contribution to the literature and intended to fill the gap in this field. Afterward, this index was compared with the fiscal resources allocation (FRA), used as a proxy of fiscal decentralization in an econometric panel data model. By using this method, we concluded that the social welfare indexes have a positive relationship with the fiscal resource allocation in the Federal system, such as in Argentina, but not in the centralized system such as in Turkey during the period analyzed from 2000 to 2020. |
| Keywords: | Fiscal Centralization,Decentralization,HDI Index,Argentina,Turkey. |
| Date: | 2022–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03866662&r=ure |
| By: | Winters, John |
| Abstract: | This study estimates effects of minimum wages on individual restaurant employment using the 2005-2019 Current Population Survey (CPS) and a two-way fixed effects regression model. I examine effects for teens and adults with less than an associate's degree for the entire U.S. and by metropolitan area status. The results indicate that minimum wages on average decrease restaurant employment for teens and increase restaurant employment for these adults, suggesting that minimum wages induce labor-labor substitution. However, this pattern is driven by metropolitan areas residents. The estimated coefficient for minimum wages on teen restaurant employment in non-metropolitan areas is not statistically significant. |
| Date: | 2022–08–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202208161905110000&r=ure |
| By: | Baumgartner, Simon (Humboldt University Berlin, Germany); Stomper, Alex (Humboldt University Berlin, Germany); Schober, Thomas (Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand); Winter-Ebmer, Rudolf (Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | How does small-firm employment respond to exogenous labor productivity risk? We find that this depends on the capitalization of firms’ local banks. The evidence comes from firms offering (quasi-) fixed employment to workers whose productivity depends on the weather. Weather risk reduces this employment, and the effect is stronger in regions where the regional banks have less equity capital. Bank capitalization also proxies for the extent to which the regional banks’ borrowers can obtain liquidity when the regions are hit by weather shocks. We argue that, as liquidity providers, well-capitalized banks support economic adaptation to climate change. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ihs:ihswps:43&r=ure |
| By: | Nogueira, Mara; Shin, Hyun Bang |
| Abstract: | The article aims to investigate the relations between work and urban space, focusing on the struggles of street vendors for the ‘right to the city centre’ in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. We join critical debates on Brazil’s internationally praised urban reform by focusing on informal workers. Beyond lacking the protection of labour laws, the ‘right to the city’ (RttC) of such workers has been consistently denied through restrictive legislations and policies. In the context of the ‘crisis’ of waged labour, we explore the increasing centrality of urban space for working-class political struggles. Looking at Belo Horizonte, the article traces the relation between urban participatory democracy and the development of legal-institutional frameworks that restricted street vendors’ access to urban space in the city. In the context of an urban revitalisation policy implemented in 2017, we then explore the use of legal frameworks to remove street vendors from public areas of the city and the resulting political resistance movement. The discussion focuses on the emergence of the Vicentão Occupation, a building squatted by homeless families and street vendors in conflict with the local state. Through this case, we explore the radical potential of contemporary articulations of Henri Lefebvre’s framework emerging from the confluence of diverse local urban struggles for ‘the right to the city centre’. Ultimately, we argue for an understanding of the RttC as a process and a site of continual struggle whose terrain is shaped, but cannot be replaced by, legal frameworks that need to be constantly contested and evolving to reflect the shifting socio-spatial relations. |
| Keywords: | crisis of labour; informality; popular economies; the right to the city; urban politics; Taylor & Francis deal |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116876&r=ure |
| By: | Lauriane Belloy (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Has the Covid-19 crisis changed tourist destinations to greener places in France? Yes partly, at least by considering changes in revenue generated by short-term rentals on the AirBnB platform in the largest region of France (Nouvelle Aquitaine). To show this, I compare spatially the revenue generated by short-term rentals near different types of amenities between the summer months in 2019 (without a pandemic) and that same revenue after deconfinement in summer 2020. I find that the revenues of rentals near natural areas (public forests, rivers, lacke, etc) increase more strongly than those farther away after the lockdown (comparing the summer of 2020 with the summer of 2019). However among these locations, those with a high density of short-term rentals were the most favored. In addition, it was the locations near historical monuments that had a stronger lockdown months catch-up than those further away, unlike the locations near green spaces and the ocean. Another finding is that rentals located on the edge of rural areas did not generate significantly more income than those located next door in rural areas, unlike in previous years. |
| Date: | 2022–05–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wptree:hal-03671537&r=ure |
| By: | Oussama Ben Atta (EPEE - Centre d'Etudes des Politiques Economiques - UEVE - Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne - Université Paris-Saclay, TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Isabelle Chort (TREE - Transitions Energétiques et Environnementales - UPPA - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IUF - Institut Universitaire de France - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, IZA - Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit - Institute of Labor Economics); Jean-Noël Senne (RITM - Réseaux Innovation Territoires et Mondialisation - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | This article assesses the impact of immigrant and asylum seeker inflows on the size of the informal sector in host countries from a macroeconomic perspective. We use two indicators of informality provided by Medina and Schneider (2019) and Elgin and Oztunali (2012) combined with migration data from the OECD International Migration Database and data on asylum seeker flows from the UNHCR for the period 1997-2017. We estimate a first-difference model, instrumenting immigrant and asylum seeker flows by their predicted values derived from the estimation of a pseudo-gravity model. Results suggest that both immigrant and asylum seeker inflows increase the size of the informal sector at destination, but the size of the effect is very small: a one percentage point increase in the stock of immigrants as a share of population leads to an increase of the informal sector as a share of GDP of 0.05-0.06 percentage points. Unsurprisingly, the effect is about four times larger for asylum seeker flows, but remains economically insignificant. We investigate several potential channels, and find that integration policies do matter. We find no impact of imported norms or institutions, but rather that the effect is larger in destination countries with a large informal sector. A larger diversity in incoming flows is associated with a smaller impact on the informal sector. Finally, we document the dynamics with a VAR model. |
| Keywords: | migration,informal economy,asylum seekers,integration policies,shadow economy |
| Date: | 2022–10–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wptree:hal-03822494&r=ure |
| By: | Grishina Irina (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Polinev Andrey (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Shkuropat Anna (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The goal of the research is to develop an evidence-based approach to comprehensive assessment of the comparative socio-economic performance of Russia’s regions to monitor the achievement of national goals until 2024 in a regional context. |
| Keywords: | comprehensive assessment, comparative socio-economic performance |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:s21156&r=ure |
| By: | Preety Srivastava (School of Economics, Finance and Marketing, RMIT University); Trong-Anh Trinh (Centre for Health Economics, Monash University); Xiaohui Zhang (Department of Economics, University of Exeter) |
| Abstract: | A growing number of studies have examined the impact of temperature and weather extremes on a range of economic outcomes. In this paper we contribute to the evolving literature on the relationship between temperature and educational outcomes given the crucial role of human capital development on economic growth. Specifically, we use national level administrative data on nearly 1 million Australian students to study if their test scores are affected by temperature variations. Overall, our analysis on national data shows a significant negative effect of heat and cold on students' test scores. The effects get exacerbated with heatwaves. The large geographical size and climate variability across Australia also allows us to study spatial heterogeneity in the effects of temperature on student performance. According to our findings, students become resilient to climatic conditions in the region they live, consistent with the adaptation hypothesis. Those living in regions with hot dry or high humid summer are not affected by extreme heat and those living in cool winter or cool temperate weather conditions are not impacted by cold temperatures. |
| Keywords: | climate change, temperature, academic performance, NAPLAN, heatwave, climate zones |
| JEL: | C3 I1 K3 |
| Date: | 2022–12–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exe:wpaper:2207&r=ure |
| By: | Shulgin Sergey (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Scherbov Sergey (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The level of orientation of regional secondary vocational education systems to the needs of the territories in which they are located significantly affects the economic parameters of the development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the dynamic characteristics of personnel demand and supply in the regional labor market. |
| Keywords: | demography, COVID-19, multi-regional demographic projection, migration, fertility, mortality, life expectancy, regional differentiation |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:s21052&r=ure |
| By: | Oluwaseun Ajayi; Omokolade Akinsomi |
| Abstract: | Purpose – The purpose relationship between the level of education, gender diversity and Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) financial performance. Design/methodology/approach – The authors employ ordinary least square regressions on an unbalanced panel of South African REITs for the time period from 2013 to 2021. The paper adopted returns on asset (ROA) as the measure of performance; this was regressed alongside control variables that indicates that REIT promotes diversity in management. Findings – The results indicate that REITs that promote the appointment this paper is to examine the ent of board directors with higher educational qualifications have higher financial performance than comparable counterparts. We also find evidence of an insignificant relationship between gender diversity and REITs financial performance; meanwhile, we found a significant relationship between female directors' level of education and REITs performance. Practical implications – The analysis indicates that while gender diversity may be insignificant, higher educational qualifications among male and female directors has to be more attractive among REITs for their positive financial results. Originality/value – This paper contributes to the literature by investing whether the level of education and gender diversity have an impact on REIT financial performance. |
| Keywords: | Education Attainment; REIT financial performance; Gender diversity |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-001&r=ure |
| By: | Estelle Cantillon; Li Chen; Juan Sebastian Pereyra Barreiro |
| Abstract: | A classic trade-off that school districts face when deciding which matching algorithm to use is that it is not possible to always respect both priorities and preferences. The student-proposing deferred acceptance algorithm (DA) respects priorities but can lead to inefficient allocations. The top trading cycle algorithm (TTC) respects preferences but may violate priorities. We identify a new condition on school choice markets under which DA is efficient and there is a unique allocation that respects priorities. Our condition generalizes earlier conditions by placing restrictions on how preferences and priorities relate to one another only on the parts that are relevant for the assignment. We discuss how our condition sheds light on existing empirical findings. We show through simulations that our condition significantly expands the range of known environments for which DA is efficient. |
| Keywords: | Matching; envyfreeness; efficiency; priorities; preferences; matching algorithms |
| JEL: | C78 D47 D78 D82 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eca:wpaper:2013/352301&r=ure |
| By: | Keith Finlay (U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C.); Michael Mueller-Smith (Department of Economics, University of Michigan); Brittany Street (Department of Economics, University of Missouri) |
| Abstract: | Intergenerational exposure to the justice system is both a marker of vulnerability among children and a measurement of the potential unintended externalities of crime policy in the U.S. Estimating the size of this population has been hampered by inadequate data resources, including the inability to (1) observe non-incarceration sources of exposure, (2) follow children throughout their childhood, and (3) measure multiple adult influences in increasingly dynamic households. To overcome these challenges, we leverage billions of restricted administrative and survey records linked with the Criminal Justice Administrative Records System (CJARS). We find substantially larger prevalences of intergenerational exposure to the criminal justice system than previously reported: 9% of children born between 1999–2005 were intergenerationally exposed to prison, 18% to a felony conviction, and 39% to any criminal charge; charge exposure rates reach as high as 62% for Black children. We regress these newly quantified types of exposure on measures of child well-being to gauge their importance and find that all types of exposure (parent vs. non-parent, prison vs. charges, current vs. previous) are strongly negatively correlated with development outcomes, suggesting substantially more U.S. children are harmed by crime and criminal justice than previously thought. |
| Keywords: | criminal justice, intergenerationality, economic mobility |
| JEL: | K14 K42 J12 I32 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:umc:wpaper:2211&r=ure |
| By: | Aziza Laguecir (LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Anja Kern; Cécile Kharoubi |
| Abstract: | This paper examines how organizational actors use Management Accounting Systems (MAS) in a public social housing organization in a context marked by institutional pressures for both social and financial accountability. More specifically, we use practice theory to examine the articulation of practical intelligibility, i.e. how actors make sense of competing institutional pressures in their day-to-day practices while being informed by less financially loaded MAS. Our findings underline that, despite increased institutional pressures on social aspects, actors' compromises reveal the predominance of financial concerns. We show that this might be due to, not only the current institutional pressures or the MAS, but also to the hysteresis of a structuring element of practice: the financially oriented teleo-affective structures imposed by previous NPM reforms. This study also describes the role of ABC/M and practice boundaries in the articulation of practical intelligibility for conflicting institutional pressures and in the way actors compromise. |
| Keywords: | Management accounting systems,NPM,Institutional complexity,Social and financial accountability,Practice theory,Social housing,Hysteresis,Practice boundaries |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03134361&r=ure |
| By: | Rezgar FEIZI; Sahar AMIDI; Thais NUNEZ-ROCHA; Isabelle RABAUD |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:leo:wpaper:2965&r=ure |
| By: | Resseger, Matthew (Mercury Publication) |
| Abstract: | see doc |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajw:wpaper:11220&r=ure |
| By: | Alieva Evelina (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | A teacher of the XXI century must be a competent, dynamic, responsible and creative specialist, therefore the National Education project within the framework of the federal project Teacher of the Future (4.5) sets the task of introducing a national system of professional growth of teachers and implementing individual trajectories for the development of professional skills of teachers in accordance with their needs and conditions for the modernization of the general education system. |
| Keywords: | professional development of teachers |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:s21045&r=ure |
| By: | Yoshimi Adachi (Graduate School of Humanities, Konan University); Hikaru Ogawa (Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo) |
| Abstract: | The effects of cross-border consumption and e-commerce on local consumption tax revenues in Japan were estimated. The results are as follows: (i) On average, households spend 1.4% of their monthly consumption expenditures through e-commerce and 16% through cross-border consumption; (ii) local consumption tax revenue per capita is signi cantly lower by about 0.16% in municipalities with 10% more consumption spending outside the municipality than the average; (iii) two tax reforms in 2017 and 2018 had the effect of lowering the distribution of consumption tax revenues to municipalities with large store and e-commerce sales and large populations. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tky:fseres:2022cf1204&r=ure |
| By: | Li, Jian; Zhou, Junjie; Chen, Ying-Ju |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the value of network-based targeting within a class of network games withstrategic complements, where the designer can target a group of seed players as first movers. We define an effectiveness index, called the relative network synergy equivalent (RNSE), to quantify the effect of a network-based targeting intervention relative to across-the-board peereffect enhancement. We show that, regardless of the targeting policies and network structures, a universal and tight upper bound for this index is √2 ≈ 1.414. This upper bound is robustto considerations of revenue maximization, costly seeding, random seeding as the alternative benchmark, and multiple stages of moves. Compared with network-based targeting, peer effect enhancing policy has the advantage of being agnostic to the network structure. In the case of small synergy, we provide comparative statics of the RNSE index concerning the network structures: fixing the targeting policy, increasing network links within the seeded group or the unseeded group will decrease the index; meanwhile, adding links across these two groups will increase the index. Our analysis sheds light on policy choices between network-based targetingand peer effect enhancing policies. |
| Date: | 2021–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:isu:genstf:202112081957590000&r=ure |
| By: | Moszoro, Marian (Mercury Publication) |
| Abstract: | We study the link between the choice of rule-based financing instruments and political competition using the municipal bond market. Cities, counties, and states issue municipal bonds to raise money for public projects. These securities comprise a substant |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ajw:wpaper:07723&r=ure |
| By: | Neltah Tshepiso Mosimanegape; Kola Ijasan |
| Abstract: | There is evidence of gender imbalance in the real estate industry from available academic and industry studies. However, existing studies for this research were mainly conducted on justifying gender inequality in the built environment/real estate industry. Therefore, the research aims to investigate the factors that can lead to a more inclusive built environment, especially in the real estate industry. The research study utilized primary and secondary sources of data collection. The data was collected from female practitioners in the built environment through interviews. Analyses of leading real estate organizations' organograms, annual reports, and 'male-to-female' ratio of employees formed the cornerstone of the quantitative aspect of the study to justify and demonstrate gender inequality. This completed the primary research methodology of the study. The secondary research included observing annual reports of the firms being studied. The actual results and findings determined how to achieve a gender-inclusive built environment. The study showed that there is a lack of diversity and inclusivity in the real estate industry. Females also undertake more non-technical roles such as estate agents, while males prefer more technical positions such as property valuers. The gender composition, especially, favours males the higher one goes up the corporate ladder. In conclusion, the study recommended achieving a gender-inclusive built environment based on the results gathered from the data collected. In addition, the theoretical applications concluded from the research findings allow for future research on the 'cause and effect' of an exclusive real estate sector and how it can be rectified. |
| Keywords: | Diversity; Gender; inclusion; real estate; equality |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:afr:wpaper:2022-033&r=ure |
| By: | Oshan, Taylor M. |
| Abstract: | The development of ‘route maps’ for spatial analytical methods is a pursuit with important ramifications. Comber et al. (2022) propose a route map to guide applications of geographically weighted regression (GWR) consisting of a 3-step primary pathway and a series of secondary arterials. This comment first highlights some concerns about the underlying ‘map’ (i.e., experimental setup and assumptions) and then with the proposed ‘route’ (i.e., core decisions and evaluation criteria). It closes by suggesting a more general focus on identifying modeling issues with the highest impact and facilitating consensus-building, which could improve the future production of route maps for navigating the methodological landscape in spatial analysis. |
| Date: | 2022–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:rckzj&r=ure |
| By: | Pineda-Hernández, Kevin; Rycx, François; Volral, Mélanie |
| Abstract: | As immigrants born in developing countries and their descendants represent a growing share of the working-age population in the developed world, their labour market integration constitutes a key factor for fostering economic development and social cohesion. Using a granular, matched employer-employee database of 1.3 million observations between 1999 and 2016, our weighted multilevel log-linear regressions first indicate that in Belgium, the overall wage gap between workers born in developed countries and workers originating from developing countries remains substantial: it reaches 15.7% and 13.5% for first- and second-generation immigrants, respectively. However, controlling for a wide range of observables (e.g. age, tenure, education, type of contract, occupation, firm-level collective agreement, firm fixed effects), we find that, whereas first-generation immigrants born in developing countries still experience a sizeable adjusted wage gap (2.7%), there is no evidence of an adjusted wage gap for their second-generation peers. Moreover, our reweighted, recentered influence function Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions agree with these findings. Indeed, while the overall wage gap for first-generation immigrants born in developing countries is driven by unfavourable human capital, low-paying occupational/sectoral characteristics, and a wage structure effect (e.g. wage discrimination), the wage gap for their second-generation peers is essentially explained by the fact that they are younger and have less tenure than workers born in developed countries. Furthermore, our results emphasize the significant moderating role of geographical origin, gender, and position in the wage distribution. |
| Keywords: | Immigrants,intergenerational studies,labour market integration,wage decompositions,unconditional quantile regressions,employer-employee data |
| JEL: | J15 J16 J21 J24 J31 J61 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1204&r=ure |
| By: | Mason, Chloe |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates what factors can predict victimisation of domestic violence in England. Previous research has suggested that being female, less educated, living in deprived areas and having low-level occupations are important risk factors for domestic violence victimisation. By utilising data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) between the years 2016 to 2020, this quantitative research project aims to explore the relationship between Socioeconomic Class (SEC), gender and experiencing domestic violence using binary logistic regression. This research explores this relationship further by controlling for various other risk factors determined by the literature, such as social housing tenure and having a disability, which have previously been explored individually. This study concludes that there is a statistically significant relationship (p<.05) between SEC and experiencing domestic violence, with its main contribution being that gender has a significant moderating effect, in such a way that the relationship is stronger for females. |
| Date: | 2022–05–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:8gn6u&r=ure |
| By: | Claudia Senik (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, SU - Sorbonne Université); Andrew E. Clark (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Conchita d'Ambrosio (Uni.lu - Université du Luxembourg); Anthony Lepinteur (Uni.lu - Université du Luxembourg); Carsten Schröder (DIW Berlin - Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung) |
| Abstract: | We carry out a difference-indifferences analysis of a representative real-time survey conducted as part of the German SocioEconomic Panel (SOEP) study and show that teleworking had a negative average effect on life satisfaction over the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. This average effect hides considerable heterogeneity reflecting genderrole asymmetry: lower life satisfaction is only found for unmarried men and women with school-age children. The negative effect for women with school-age children disappears in 2021, suggesting adaptation to new constraints and/or the adoption of coping strategies. |
| Keywords: | Life Satisfaction,Teleworking,Work from Home,Gender,Childcare,COVID-19,SOEP |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03855653&r=ure |
| By: | Keith Finlay (U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C.); Michael Mueller-Smith (Department of Economics, University of Michigan); Brittany Street (Department of Economics, University of Missouri) |
| Abstract: | This study provides the first empirical evidence on the extent of self-employment within the U.S. justice-involved population. Using linked tax return and Criminal Justice Administrative Records System data, we find that 28 percent of individuals with criminal records are self-employed. Justice-involved individuals are 22 percent more likely to rely solely on selfemployment. The Paycheck Protection Program, passed to support small business during the COVID-19 pandemic, initially disqualified those with a broad range of criminal histories. We find that close to three percent of recent sole-proprietors had observable PPP disqualifying events based on initial eligibility criteria, with a disparate impact on Black and Hispanic business owners. |
| Keywords: | self-employment, criminal histories, federal support programs, Paycheck Protection Program, COVID-19 |
| JEL: | H81 J24 K42 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:umc:wpaper:2210&r=ure |
| By: | Markus Nagler; Johannes Rincke; Erwin Winkler |
| Abstract: | Working from home (WFH) has become ubiquitous around the world. We ask how much workers actually value this job attribute. Using a stated-preference experiment, we show that German employees are willing to give up 7.7% of their earnings for WFH, but they value other job attributes more. For instance, the willingness-to-pay is 13.2% for reducing a commute of 45 to 15 minutes. WFH valuations are heterogeneous across workers and WFH substantially contributes to compensation inequality across education levels. Finally, valuations meaningfully interact with commuting distance and WFH reduces (but does not close) the gender gap in willingness-to-pay to avoid commuting. |
| Keywords: | working from home, working conditions, inequality, commuting, compensating wage differentials |
| JEL: | J20 J31 J33 J81 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10073&r=ure |
| By: | Klyachko Tatiana (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Loginov Dmitry (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Tokareva Galina (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Semionova Elena (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Tishenko Alexey (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The scientific report presents the results of the analysis of the resource provision of the preschool education system at the expense of budgetary allocations of the consolidated budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, an assessment of the socio-economic state of preschool education in the Russian regions is given. |
| Keywords: | preschool education, monitoring |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:s21048&r=ure |
| By: | Dong, Erwei; Fu, Bing; Li, Yuntan; Jin, Jianing; Hu, Hengyu; Ma, Yajing; Zhang, Zecheng; Xu, Qianwen; Cheng, Zhu |
| Abstract: | Hainan, as a popular tourism destination, is well-promoted by the Chinese central government. In particular, both central and local governments encourage Hainan’s sport tourism-related professionals to develop sport tourism as one of the most important tourist activities in Hainan. However, previous research has not reported on Hainan’s sport tourism strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as a tourism destination or a sports event host. This study uses SWOT analysis to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the context of Hainan’s sport tourism development. A total of 12 dimensions, including branding, culture, finance, infrastructure, location, market, nature, policy, product, specialty, sustainability, and tourist were generated from our data analysis. In addition, a total of five future directions, including emphasizing event-oriented sport tourism, prioritizing sport motivation, identifying major sport tourism markets, making the rational use of sport tourism resources, and nurturing sport culture, are recommended as a result of this study. |
| Keywords: | Hainan; sport tourism; SWOT; 19BTY085 |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–10–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117193&r=ure |
| By: | Daniel L. Chen (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Markus Loecher (Berlin School of Economics and Law) |
| Abstract: | We detect intra-judge variation spanning three decades in 1.5 million judicial decisions driven by factors unrelated to case merits. U.S. immigration judges deny an additional 1.4% of asylum petitions–and U.S. district judges assign 0.6% longer prison sentences and 5% shorter probation sentences—on the day after their city's NFL team lost. Bad weather has a similar effect as a team loss. Unrepresented parties in asylum bear the brunt of NFL effects, and the effect on district judges appears larger for those likely to be following the NFL team. We employ double residualization for a "causal" importance score. |
| Date: | 2022–11–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03864854&r=ure |
| By: | Aheeyar, Mohamed (International Water Management Institute); Jayathilake, Nilanthi (International Water Management Institute); Bandara, A.; Bucatariu, C.; Reitemeier, M.; Drechsel, Pay (International Water Management Institute) |
| Keywords: | Food wastes; Waste reduction; Stakeholder analysis; Waste management; Urban areas; Municipal authorities; Local authorities; Solid wastes; Food production; Policies; Institutions |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iwt:bosers:h050833&r=ure |
| By: | Klyachko Tatiana (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Polushkina Elena (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Demidov Alexey (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Lomteva Elena (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Bedreva Larisa (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Tishenko Alexey (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The scientific report presents the results of a study of the impact of the coronavirus pandemic and, as a consequence of the growth of socio-economic instability on the functioning of regional systems of secondary vocational education, during the period of the forced transition of professional educational organizations to distance learning |
| Keywords: | covid economics, employment of graduates |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:s21047&r=ure |
| By: | Alasgeev Sergey (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Kuteynitsyna Tatiana (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Postalyuk Natalia (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration); Prudnikova Victoria (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) |
| Abstract: | The level of orientation of regional secondary vocational education systems to the needs of the territories in which they are located significantly affects the economic parameters of the development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the dynamic characteristics of personnel demand and supply in the regional labor market. |
| Keywords: | compliance criteria, indicators, vocational education and training (VET) system, region, socio-economic development. |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rnp:wpaper:s21050&r=ure |
| By: | Nicola Giannelli (Department of Economics, Society & Politics, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo); Andrea Lippi (Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Florence) |
| Abstract: | The Covid-19 pandemic has been a stress-test on Health Care Systems across Europe, but particularly in Italy, that has been the first European country hit by the outbreak in 2020. This fact triggered the need for learning a management of the crisis because of the lack of resources, the long-time policy of spending cuts and a shortage of doctors and nurses, specifically due to a short-sighted education policy over a long time. Territorial health services suffered a lack of investment more than hospitals. That's why primary has been completely unable to cope with the outbreak. Front-line actors (doctors, managers and local authorities) were consequently called for managing emergency by inventing extemporaneous solutions in steering capacity and instrument selection. Several scientific contributions have recently explained the pandemic outbreak in Italy looking at the national governance of the health system and its specific institutional framework that decentralizes tasks and functions to the Regions, also with a certain degree of managerial autonomy for local authorities. It means that the most part of the capacity of steering and coordinating the emergency was transferred to local level and to the capabilities of the street level bureaucrats. Indeed, although the National Health system had a National Pandemic Plan since 2006 (while only some Regions enacted a regional one since 2009-2010), pandemic strategies both at clinical and at managerial level were completely missing. When territorial health services, including hospitals, were hit by the first wave in March 2020, they were lacking tools, staffs and knowledge, but were simultaneously forced to steer (alone and quickly) an ‘ad hoc’ governance of emergency by adopting new plans and new instruments. Then, when the second wave came in November 2020, the local capacity to cope with the emergency was improved thanks to the practice learnt during the first one. It means that beyond the institutional frame, the local level achieved a capacity of steering grounded on the informal practice made of tacit knowledge, shared competence and networking. These practices allowed the operators to go over the crisis and were gradually institutionalized around different contexts. The paper focuses on the strategies in steering the pandemic the front-liners adopted to face the crisis through the adoption of new choices and instruments. The contribution is aimed at putting in evidence the pivotal role of shared innovative practices of coordination among doctors, managers and councillors to face in the national system and to assess to what extent it has allowed a policy learning in the Health system in Italy. Empirical evidence is provided from a comparison between two case studies corresponding to two different health districts (Pesaro and Florence), respectively stressed by the first and the second wave of the pandemic. Evidence will be provided by document analysis and through a set of in-depth interviews to practitioners: managers of hospitals, territorial coordinators, doctors and local councillors. The paper will provide evidence on the conditions in which these actors were obliged to operate and it will try to account decisions they made: their cognitive perspective will be assumed as a potential explanation of the choices of instruments, the allocation of resources and the strategies to cope with an innovative and successful territorial governance. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:urb:wpaper:22_03&r=ure |
| By: | Clara Kögel (Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne – Centre d'Économie de la Sorbonne, Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques (OCDE) – Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry (STI)) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effect of air pollution on labour productivity in French establishments in both manufacturing and non-financial market services sectors from 2001 to 2018. An instrumental variable approach based on planetary boundary layer height and wind speed allows identifying the causal effect of air pollution on labour productivity. The finding shows that a 10% increase in fine particulate matter leads, on average, to a 1.5% decrease in labour productivity, controlling for firm-specific characteristics and other confounding factors. The analysis also considers different dimensions of heterogeneity driving this adverse effect. The negative impact of pollution is mainly driven by service-intensive firms and sectors with a high share of highly skilled workers. This finding is in line with the expectation that air pollution affects cognitive skills, concentration, headache, and fatigue in non-routine cognitive tasks. Compared to the marginal abatement cost of PM 2.5 reductions by the Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC, the estimated gains only from the labour productivity channel could largely offset the abatement cost. All in all, these estimates suggest that the negative impact of air pollution is much larger than previously documented in the literature. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution, Labour productivity, Planetary boundary layer height, |
| JEL: | J24 O13 Q53 Q51 Q52 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2022.10&r=ure |