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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Boeri, Filippo; Di Cataldo, Marco; Pietrostefani, Elisabetta |
| Abstract: | In an effort to tackle organised crime, the Italian State implements a policy stipulating that properties confiscated to individuals convicted of mafia-related crimes are reallocated to a new use. The policy is meant to act as both an anti-mafia measure and a way to compensate local communities by converting real-estate assets into public amenities. We assess whether this scheme has an effect on the regeneration of local areas by assessing its impact on the value of properties in the vicinity of re-allocated assets and crime activity. The results unveil a positive effect of re-allocated real estate assets on house prices, driven by mafia strongholds, more deprived neighbourhoods, and areas with more inelastic housing supply. The findings suggest declining effects with distance from the re-allocation site, indicating that the policy impact is highly localised. Part of this effect appears due to a decrease in organised crime activity in the streets where re-allocations have taken place. These findings have implications for the effectiveness of policies aiming to improve the quality of neighbourhoods where mafia presence is more pronounced. |
| Keywords: | organised crime; confiscation; hedonic analysis; urban regeneration policy; Italy |
| JEL: | K42 R32 H23 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116682&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Urban Development - Municipal Housing and Land Urban Development - Urban Governance and Management Urban Development - Urban Housing Urban Development - Urban Poverty |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35791&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - Municipal Financial Management Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Regional Urban Development Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas Urban Development - Urban Economic Development |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35930&r= |
| By: | Paul Kriss; Haruka Miki-Imoto; Hiroshi Nishimaki; Takashi Riku |
| Keywords: | Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - Hazard Risk Management Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Rural Urban Linkages Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas Urban Development - Urban Economic Development Urban Development - Urban Governance and Management Urban Development - Urban Housing |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35457&r= |
| By: | Somik Lall; Mathilde Lebrand; Hogeun Park; Daniel Sturm; Anthony Venables |
| Keywords: | Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - National Urban Development Policies & Strategies Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas Urban Development - Urban Economic Development Urban Development - Urban Governance and Management Urban Development - Urban Housing |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35684&r= |
| By: | Steven Bond-Smith (UHERO, University of Hawai'i at Manoa); Philip McCann (University of Manchester, Alliance Manchester Business School; The Productivity Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | In this paper we set out the relationships between the behavioural, technological and spatial changes in systems that allow for heterogeneous responses to workingfrom- home by different types of actors, and also identifies the channels via which such changes take place. Unlike all other papers on the subject, the analytical framework we propose centers explicitly on the role of frequency of commuting. In particular, we find that the optimal frequency of commuting is positively related to the opportunity costs of less-than-continuous face-to-face interaction and inversely related to the travel plus travel-time costs. The results also support recent empirical findings of a “donut effect†with greater growth in the suburbs and hinterlands around large cities, but also capture inter-city effects for the first time. Counterintuitively, the reduction in the frequency of commuting makes larger cities and their hinterlands more desirable places, in spite of longer commuting distances. Taken together, our results imply enhanced productivity of larger cities over smaller cities. |
| Keywords: | Working-from-home, agglomeration economies |
| JEL: | R1 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hae:wpaper:2022-6r&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Environment - Adaptation to Climate Change Environment - Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - Municipal Financial Management Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas Urban Development - Urban Economic Development Urban Development - Urban Environment |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35929&r= |
| By: | Merlino, Luca Paolo (Université Libre de Bruxelles); Steinhardt, Max F. (Free University of Berlin); Wren-Lewis, Liam (Paris School of Economics) |
| Abstract: | This paper exploits quasi-random variation in the share of Black students across cohorts within US schools to investigate whether interracial contact in childhood impacts the residential choices of Whites in adulthood. We find that, 20 years after exposure, Whites who had more Black peers of the same gender in their grade go on to live in census tracts with more Black residents. Further investigation suggests that this result is unlikely to be driven by economic opportunities or social networks. Instead, the effect on residential choice appears to come from a change in preferences among Whites. |
| Keywords: | residential segregation, social contact, race |
| JEL: | I29 J15 R23 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15538&r= |
| By: | Posada, H. M.; García, A. F.; Londoño, D |
| Abstract: | Provision of new subsidized housing projects has proven to be an effective alternative to reduce the high level of quantitative housing deficit in developing countries. However less is known about how these housing projects affect the quality of the surrounding habitat, especially when projects are located in areas with high levels of precarious housing. Using highly granular public information from Medellin, Colombia, we estimate the causal effect of new social housing projects (VIS) on housing quality indicators in the neighborhood. To estimate this causal effect, we use the geological quality of the land as an instrumental variable for a measure of exposition to new social housing projects. Our results show that new VIS projects lead to a reduction of informal housing, poverty, and crime in the neighborhood. |
| Keywords: | Public housing, Informal housing, Neighborhoods, Developing country |
| Date: | 2022–09–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000092:020416&r= |
| By: | Miroslav Gabrovski (University of Hawaii Manoa); Victor Ortego-Marti (Department of Economics, University of California Riverside) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effects of financial frictions in construction on housing market dynamics. To this end, we build a search-theoretic model of the housing market in which there is endogenous entry of buyers and developers face credit constraints. Our model explores a novel channel that links credit frictions faced by developers to the housing market: developers must search for financing before building a home à la Wasmer and Weil (2004). We calibrate the model to quantify the size of the credit channel during the 2012–2019 housing market recovery. Through a series of counterfactuals, our model predicts that the credit channel had a large impact on housing liquidity, construction, and the vacancy rate. Furthermore, it accounts for around half of the rise in prices during the 2012-2019 housing market recovery. |
| Keywords: | Housing market; Search and matching; Endogenous separations; Bev- eridge Curve; Housing liquidity |
| JEL: | E2 E32 R21 R31 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucr:wpaper:202217&r= |
| By: | Ron Boschma; ; ; |
| Abstract: | The literature of Evolutionary Economic Geography (EEG) has received little attention in Evolutionary Economics, despite overwhelming evidence that time-space dimensions are crucial to understand economic evolution. This chapter will focus on the relationship between EEG and regional policy. We will discuss how evolutionary principles like proximity, relatedness and path dependency have been used to construct regional innovation policy in the European Union. |
| Keywords: | Evolutionary Economic Geography, regional innovation policy, Smart Specialization, relatedness, complexity |
| JEL: | O25 O38 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2220&r= |
| By: | Maria Catalina Ochoa; Juliana Aguilar-Restrepo; Jesse Harber; Daniel Turk |
| Keywords: | Transport - Transport Economics Policy & Planning Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35927&r= |
| By: | Antonovics, Kate; Black, Sandra E. (Columbia University); Cullen, Julie Berry; Meiselman, Akiva Yonah |
| Abstract: | Schools often track students to classes based on ability. Proponents of tracking argue it is a low-cost tool to improve learning since instruction is more effective when students are more homogeneous, while opponents argue it exacerbates initial differences in opportunities without strong evidence of efficacy. In fact, little is known about the pervasiveness or determinants of ability tracking in the US. To fill this gap, we use detailed administrative data from Texas to estimate the extent of tracking within schools for grades 4 through 8 over the years 2011-2019. We find substantial tracking; tracking within schools overwhelms any sorting by ability that takes place across schools. The most important determinant of tracking is heterogeneity in student ability, and schools operationalize tracking through the classification of students into categories such as gifted and disabled and curricular differentiation. When we examine how tracking changes in response to educational policies, we see that schools decrease tracking in response to accountability pressures. Finally, when we explore how exposure to tracking correlates with student mobility in the achievement distribution, we find positive effects on high-achieving students with no negative effects on low-achieving students, suggesting that tracking may increase inequality by raising the ceiling. |
| Keywords: | ability tracking, tracking measurement, achievement mobility |
| JEL: | H75 I21 I24 I28 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15528&r= |
| By: | UNESCO; World Bank |
| Keywords: | Culture and Development - Cultural Assets for Poverty Reduction Culture and Development - Cultural Heritage & Preservation Culture and Development - Culture in Sustainable Development Urban Development - City Development Strategies Urban Development - Urban Economic Development |
| Date: | 2021–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35621&r= |
| By: | Jinhee Kim; Keun Lee; ; |
| Abstract: | This study identifies the characteristics and types of the regional innovation systems (RIS) of regions and cities in emerging economies in comparison to those in advanced economies. It uses the citation data of the US patents filed by 30 regions. Some RIS variables are newly developed, and they include intra-regional, inter-regional, and inter-national sourcing of knowledge and local ownership of innovation. The cluster analysis of these variables enables us to identify four major types of RIS around the world and link them to regional economic performance. The four types are, in the descending order of their per capita income levels, as follows: large, mature RIS characterized by a combination of long cycle technology specialization and high local ownership (Group 1), mixed RIS characterized by a long cycle and low local ownership (Group 2), “strong catch-up†characterized by short cycle and high local ownership (Group 3), and “weak catch-up†characterized by short cycle and low local ownership (Group 4). Groups 3 and 4 include only the regions in emerging world. They similarly specialize in the same short cycle time of technologies (CTT)-based sectors but show different records of economic performance. The key differentiating variable is the degree of local ownership of knowledge, which can be a basis for increasing domestic sourcing of knowledge and sustained catching up. Another important variable is decentralization, of which the level is lower in the strong catch-up group than in the weak catch-up group. In this Group 3, catching up is led by big businesses. Several cities experiencing upgrading, like Moscow, Beijing, and Shanghai, also show an increasing trend of local ownership and centralization. |
| Keywords: | regional innovation systems, innovation, patents, economic growth, economic catch-up |
| JEL: | C23 O31 O32 O33 O50 R11 R58 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2219&r= |
| By: | Julien Pascal |
| Abstract: | I explore the links between commuting costs and local employment dynamics using a spatial discontinuity introduced by a French reform in September 2015. The reform decreased the cost of public transportation in selected areas of the Paris region, but did not affect other areas. In the baseline regression framework, which only includes units that are geographically close to each other, I find that areas benefiting from the reform experienced a 0:25 percentage point decline in the unemployment rate, a 0.60 percentage point increase in the share of employed workers commuting using public transport, and a 1.4% increase in the price of residential real estate. I extend the regression framework to take into account the heterogeneity of treatment introduced by the reform, which allows me to analyze the mechanisms driving the results. I also show that a calibrated spatial search-and-matching model can rationalize the estimated treatment effects. |
| Keywords: | Local employment, Commuting Costs, Policy, Search-and-Matching |
| JEL: | E24 J68 R13 R23 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcl:bclwop:bclwp167&r= |
| By: | Gandhi, Sahil; Green, Richard K.; Patranabis, Shaonlee |
| Abstract: | One housing paradox in many markets is the simultaneous presence of high costs and high vacancy rates. India has expensive housing relative to incomes and an urban housing vacancy rate of 12.4%. We show how insecure property rights in India, as a result of rent control and weak contract enforcement, increases vacancy rates. Using a two-way linear fixed effects panel regression, we exploit changes in rent control laws in the states of West Bengal, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Maharashtra to find that pro-tenant laws are positively related to vacancy rates. A pro-landlord policy change liberalizing rent adjustments could potentially reduce vacancy rates by 2.8 to 3.1 percentage points. Contract enforcement measured by density of judges is negatively related to vacancy. We estimate that a policy change in rent control laws would have a net welfare benefit and could reduce India's housing shortage by 7.5%. |
| Keywords: | vacant housing; housing markets; property rights; rent control; India |
| JEL: | J1 |
| Date: | 2022–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116600&r= |
| By: | Patrick Bayer; Marcus D. Casey; W. Ben McCartney; John Orellana-Li; Calvin S. Zhang |
| Abstract: | Whether contemporary households consider the race of their neighbors when choosing a neighborhood is controversial. We study neighborhood choice using a novel research design that contrasts the move rate of homeowners who receive a new different-race neighbor nearby to that of homeowners who live further away on the same block. This approach isolates a component of the household move decision directly attributable to their neighbors’ identities. Both Black and white homeowners are more likely to move after receiving a new different-race neighbor in their immediate vicinity. We discuss heterogeneity in this result and implications for understanding modern neighborhood racial change. |
| JEL: | J15 R23 R31 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30487&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Transport - Roads & Highways Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36135&r= |
| By: | García-Suaza, A; Gallego, J. M.; Mayorga, J. D.; Mondragón-Mayo, A.; Sepúlveda, C.; Sarango, A. |
| Abstract: | The increase in global immigration phenomena has impacted local labor markets. The process of social and economic assimilation is crucial to ensure the well-being of both natives and immigrants. This article analyzes the impacts of immigration from Venezuela to Colombia, differentiating the effects of recent and long-term immigration on natives and immigrants. We find that immigration has decreased employment and hourly wages; and increased informality, while the impact on unemployment is null. These effects are higher among immigrants in comparison with the native population. Our results show that even when adverse effects on labor market outcomes are estimated, there is evidence of adaptability to the immigration shock and that an assimilation process is taking place. |
| Keywords: | Migration, labor market, assimilation, Colombia. |
| JEL: | F22 O15 R23 J61 |
| Date: | 2022–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000092:020417&r= |
| By: | Despina Gavresi (University of Ioannina); Anastasia Litina (Department of Economics, University of Macedonia); George Tsiachtsiras (University of Bath, School of Management) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the interplay between the extent of transportation infrastructure and various aspects of trust (interpersonal and political trust). We test our hypothesis by exploiting cross regional variation during the period 2002-2019. We focus on two measures of infrastructure, i.e., the length of railroads and railways in European regions. Interpersonal and political trust variables are derived from individual level data available in nine consecutive rounds of the European Social Survey. We document that individuals who live in regions with extended infrastructure network manifest higher trust both in people and political institutions. To mitigate endogeneity concerns, we extend our analysis to a sample of international and inter-regional immigrants. We further adopt an IV approach, where we use as an instrument the pre-existing Roman roads networks. The results from all three specifications are aligned to those of the benchmark analysis. We explore access to differential levels of trust as one of the underlying mechanisms behind our results. Relying on an expanding literature we hypothesize that the effect of infrastructure on trust operates directly via the degree of exposure to new people and ideas, as well as indirectly, via the effect of infrastructure on the structure of the economy. |
| Keywords: | motorways, railroads, political trust, interpersonal trust |
| JEL: | Z10 P48 R10 R40 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mcd:mcddps:2022_08&r= |
| By: | Joan Monràs; José García-Montalvo |
| Abstract: | Catalonia enacted a second-generation rental cap policy in late September 2020. The policy affected some municipalities but not others and, within the former, the policy only affected the units with prices above a certain reference price. Using microdata on rental units, we analyze the effect of the policy on both rental prices and the composition of rental supply. We find that the policy led to a reduction in rental prices of approximately 5 percent. The policy also led to a decline in the overall supply of rental units and to a significant shift in the composition of units available in the market. Using variation from the policy change, we compute a rental housing supply elasticity of approximately 3. |
| Keywords: | rent control, reference price, housing supply, event study |
| JEL: | D4 R21 R28 R31 |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1345&r= |
| By: | Kumar Vivek; Pradyumna Bhattacharjee; Subha Mani; Avinav Kumar |
| Keywords: | Education - Effective Schools and Teachers Education - Education For All |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35314&r= |
| By: | Ander Iraizoz (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); José M Labeaga (UNED - Universidad Estatal a Distancia) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we study the effect of spatial tax differentials on fuel tax pass-though and sales responses. We use two-way fixed effects methods to exploit regional variation in diesel excise taxes in Spain. Using a dataset containing daily diesel prices for the universe of petrol stations in Spain, we find that diesel tax pass-through is asymmetric depending on the sign of tax differentials with bordering regions. Petrol stations bordering with lower tax regions pass-through only 56% of fuel taxes, petrol stations bordering with higher tax regions pass-through 120% of fuel taxes. We provide evidence to attribute the asymmetric spatial incidence of fuel taxes to the market power given by the competitive tax advantage relative to competitors. Furthermore, we use diesel sales data aggregated at the province level and we find significant spatial tax avoidance responses to regional fuel tax differentials. |
| Keywords: | Automotive Fuel,Tax Incidence,Spatial Avoidance |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-03789430&r= |
| By: | Darwyyn Deyo (San Jose State University); Kofi Ampaabeng (George Mason University); Conor Norris (West Virginia University); Edward Timmons (West Virginia University) |
| Abstract: | Massage therapy is widely licensed by the states. However, municipalities also often passed massage therapist licensing, motivated by preventing prostitution. Using a novel dataset on municipal licensing and crime data from the FBI, we test if local massage therapist licensing reduced prostitution. We also test a policy diffusion hypothesis, in which cities pass responsive massage therapist licensing. We find that municipal massage therapist licensing does not lead to a reduction in prostitution, but we find support for the policy diffusion hypothesis, with municipalities up to 65% more likely to pass responsive licensing within three years of their neighbor doing so. |
| Keywords: | Economics of crime, occupational licensing, policing |
| JEL: | J44 K29 K42 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wvu:wpaper:22-02&r= |
| By: | Ando, Michihito (Rikkyo University); Mori, Hiroaki (Senshu University); Yamaguchi, Shintaro (University of Tokyo) |
| Abstract: | The evidence for the effects of early childhood education on risky behavior in adolescence is limited. This paper studies the consequences of a reform of a large-scale universal kindergarten program in Japan. Exploiting a staggered expansion of kindergartens across regions, we estimate the effects of the reform using an event study model. Our estimates indicate that the reform significantly reduced juvenile violent arrests and the rate of teenage pregnancy, but we do not find that the reform increased the high school enrollment rate. We suspect that improved non-cognitive skills can account for the reduction of risky behavior in adolescence. |
| Keywords: | early childhood education, crime, teenage pregnancy |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15531&r= |
| By: | Elizabeth M. Caucutt; Nezih Guner; Christopher Rauh |
| Abstract: | The difference in marriage rates between black and white Americans is striking. Wilson (1987) suggests that a skewed sex ratio and higher rates of incarceration and unemployment are responsible for lower marriage rates among the black population. In this paper, we take a dynamic look at the Wilson Hypothesis. Incarceration rates and labor market prospects of black men make them riskier spouses than white men. We develop an equilibrium search model of marriage, divorce, and labor supply in which transitions between employment, unemployment, and prison differ by race, education, and gender. The model also allows for racial differences in how individuals value marriage and divorce. We estimate the model and investigate how much of the racial divide in marriage is due to the Wilson Hypothesis and how much is due to differences in preferences for marriage. We find that the Wilson Hypothesis accounts for more than three quarters of the model's racial-marriage gap. This suggests policies that improve employment opportunities and/or reduce incarceration for black men could shrink the racial-marriage gap. |
| Keywords: | marriage, race, incarceration, inequality, unemployment |
| JEL: | J12 J J64 |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1300&r= |
| By: | Werner, Katharina (LMU Munich and CESifo); Woessmann, Ludger (LMU Munich and CESifo) |
| Abstract: | If school closures and social-distancing experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic impeded children’s skill development, they may leave a lasting legacy in human capital. To understand the pandemic’s effects on school children, this paper combines a review of the emerging international literature with new evidence from German longitudinal time-use surveys. Based on the conceptual framework of an education production function, we cover evidence on child, parent, and school inputs and students’ cognitive and socio-emotional development. The German panel evidence shows that children’s learning time decreased severely during the first school closures, particularly for low-achieving students, and increased only slightly one year later. In a value-added model, learning time increases with daily online class instruction, but not with other school activities. The review shows substantial losses in cognitive skills on achievement tests, particularly for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Socio-emotional wellbeing also declined in the short run. Structural models and reduced-form projections suggest that unless remediated, the school closures will persistently reduce skill development, lifetime income, and economic growth and increase inequality. |
| Keywords: | covid-19; school closures; education; students; educational inequality; |
| JEL: | I20 H52 J24 |
| Date: | 2021–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rco:dpaper:291&r= |
| By: | Grillitsch, Markus (CIRCLE, Lund University); Asheim, Bjørn (CIRCLE, Lund University) |
| Abstract: | Understanding, explaining, and affecting regional economic resilience and transformation has become more important in recent years than a narrow economic growth perspective. The paper investigates why, how and to what consequences local actors engage in regional development during and after crisis times to understand the role of human agency for regional resilience. We identify the differences in the underlying processes that lead to adaptation – bouncing back to economic activities existing before the crisis, adaptability – bouncing forward or diversification into new economic activities, or transformation – bouncing beyond the current organization of the economy towards a more green and inclusive future. In our empirical study of the maritime industry in Sunnmøre/Norway, we found two starkly contrasting development rationales: a traditional, neoliberal economic rationale of globalization, and a progressive rationale combining regenerative regional development with responsible value chains. We trace the origin of these rationales and show how they differ in agentic orientation and time perspective. Subsequently, we engage in a theoretical discussion about the downsides of global value chains embedded in a neoliberal ideology, and how it would be possible to combine regenerative regional development with responsible value chains; including important elements of policy interventions to facilitate the shift. |
| Keywords: | Regional resilience; sustainability transformation; human agency; global value chains; automation and industry 4.0; innovation; industrial and innovation policy |
| JEL: | O30 R10 R11 R50 R58 |
| Date: | 2022–10–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:lucirc:2022_011&r= |
| By: | Giuliano, Genevieve; Fang, Jiawen; Binder, Robert B; Ha, Jaehyun; Holmes, Andrea |
| Abstract: | The growth of urban e-commerce has had enormous impacts on urban transportation and land use. Retailers are competing through free and 1-or 2-day delivery which has incentivized small-scale deliveries (small packages in small trucks) to personal residences. From an urban freight perspective, these trips are less efficient than large-scale deliveries to retail locations. However, there remain questions regarding the overall impact of online shopping on passenger travel and vehicle miles traveled (VMT). This project focuses on how delivery preferences affect individual travel behavior in California and the Greater Los Angeles Region. The research puts special emphasis on alternative delivery methods that cluster local deliveries, such as automated parcel lockers (APLs) offered by Amazon. Clustered local deliveries could reduce truck VMT while only marginally increasing passenger VMT. The research team conducted two separate but related surveys to explore the potential of APLs as an alternative for residence deliveries: The first survey examines e-shopping behavior in general; the second addresses the use of APLs. The researchers find that online shopping is ubiquitous. The pandemic increased e-shopping, expanding it to older age cohorts and more diverse products. The use of APLs is rare. Convenience is the dominant factor in the delivery choice. The potential market for APLs could be increased if there were more locations available near home or workplace. Future research directions include modeling the impact of delivery methods on passenger VMT and incorporating product returns into our understanding of APL use. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, E-commerce, automated parcel lockers, e-shopping behavior |
| Date: | 2022–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt19t2r64b&r= |
| By: | Gil S. Epstein (Bar-Ilan University); Şule Akkoyunlu; Ira N. Gang |
| Abstract: | Distinguishing between short-run and long-run outcomes we provide new insight into the relationship between education and migration. We examine the specific link between the acquisition of high levels of human capital in the form of university education in Turkey and migration to Germany. We implement bounds testing procedures to ascertain the long-run relationships with the variables of interest in a migration model. Although the bounds testing procedure has advantages compared to other methods, it has not been widely implemented in the migration literature. We find a negative and decreasing non-linear long-run and short-run relationship between home country university education and Turkish migration to Germany over 1970-2015. Over the long run, increased higher education reduces emigration flows. |
| Keywords: | Education; Migration; Turkey; Germany |
| JEL: | C22 F22 F63 I25 I26 O15 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biu:wpaper:2022-05&r= |
| By: | Robert J. Utz |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Spatial and Local Economic Development Poverty Reduction - Migration and Development Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets Public Sector Development - Public Sector Economics |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35997&r= |
| By: | Despina Gavresi (University of Ioannina, Department of Economics, Ioannina, Greece.); Anastasia Litina (University of Macedonia, Department of Economics, Thessaloniki, Greece.); Georgios Tsiachtsiras (University of Bath, School of Management, United Kingdom.) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the interplay between the extent of transportation infrastructure and various aspects of trust (interpersonal and political trust). We test our hypothesis by exploiting cross regional variation during the period 2002-2019. We focus on two measures of infrastructure, i.e., the length of railroads and railways in European regions. Interpersonal and political trust variables are derived from individual level data available in nine consecutive rounds of the European Social Survey. We document that individuals who live in regions with extended infrastructure network manifest higher trust both in people and political institutions. To mitigate endogeneity concerns, we extend our analysis to a sample of international and inter-regional immigrants. We further adopt an IV approach, where we use as an instrument the pre-existing Roman roads networks. The results from all three speciï¬ cations are aligned to those of the benchmark analysis. We explore access to differential levels of trust as one of the underlying mechanisms behind our results. Relying on an expanding literature we hypothesize that the effect of infrastructure on trust operates directly via the degree of exposure to new people and ideas, as well as indirectly, via the effect of infrastructure on the structure of the economy. |
| Keywords: | Motorways, Railroads, Political trust, Interpersonal trust. JEL classification: Z10, P48, R10, R40. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ira:wpaper:202214&r= |
| By: | Bruce L. Gordon; Michael J. Seiler; Ralph Siebert; Daniel T. Winkler |
| Abstract: | Real estate contracts often contain a wide variety of contingency clauses. These third-party approvals are often outside the seller’s control and can lengthen the-time-on-the-market (TOM) and reduce the surety of close. To compensate for these undesirable attributes, buyers typically offer higher purchase prices. This study examines the factors affecting contract contingencies and the effect of contract contingencies on TOM and selling price. Using transactions from Miami-Dade County in south Florida, we find that the presence of contingency clauses is significantly related to market conditions, TOM, list price premiums, distressed transactions, brokerage characteristics, home occupancy status, size, and age. Contingency clauses have differential effects on price premia that range from -3.7% to +2.2%. However, when considering TOM, contingency clauses have significant price premia ranging from -3.3% to +2.4%. |
| Keywords: | contingency clauses, price premia, real estate contracts, time-on-the-market, selling price |
| JEL: | R30 R31 L85 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9947&r= |
| By: | Hanming Fang; Long Wang; Yang Yang |
| Abstract: | We provide new evidence on the causal effects of housing wealth on consumer behavior. To overcome the empirical challenge of non-random housing wealth changes, we exploit the unexpected announcement of China's newest national-level new area—Xiong'an New Area—on April 1, 2017 as an exogenous shock to housing prices. We use a proprietary dataset of individual-level online consumption from the largest e-commerce company in China to measure various aspects of consumer behavior, such as consumption patterns, purchase hesitation, tolerance to unsatisfied products, and shirking (proxied by making online purchases during work hours). We explore the underlying mechanisms through which the housing shock affects consumer behavior; in particular, we attempt to disentangle the realizable and unrealizable housing wealth effects. |
| JEL: | D01 L81 R3 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30465&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Transport - Transport Economics Policy & Planning Urban Development - Hazard Risk Management Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas Water Resources - Flood Control |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35983&r= |
| By: | Gilberto Tadeu Lima; Andre M. Marques |
| Abstract: | We estimate a modified demand-and-distribution system for the 48 contiguous US states and the District of Columbia (DC) employing spatial dynamic panel data for 1980–2019. We allow for endogenous regressors, test for the presence, significance, and magnitude of spatial spillovers, and estimate both immediate and cumulative effects on our endogenous variables of interest. Without testing for spatial dependence and spillovers, we estimate that output growth and capacity utilization in the sample US states and DC rise in response to an increase in their own wage share. Yet when we test for spatial dependence and spillovers as required by the state-level nature of the data, we estimate that a higher state wage share lowers output growth and capacity utilization in the own state, but raises output growth and capacity utilization in neighboring states. The former direct effect is larger (smaller) in absolute value than the latter indirect effect in the case of capacity utilization (output growth). Meanwhile, we find that a higher state output growth or capacity utilization reduces the wage share in the own state, but raises the wage share in neighboring states. The former direct effect is larger in absolute value than the latter indirect effect. |
| Keywords: | Wage share; output growth rate; capacity utilization; state-level economic activity; dynamic spatial panel data |
| JEL: | C33 D33 O10 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–10–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2022wpecon21&r= |
| By: | Maria Barron Rodriguez; Cristobal Cobo; Alberto Munoz-Najar; Inaki Sanchez Ciarrusta |
| Keywords: | Education - Education For All Education - Education Reform and Management Education - Education and Digital Divide Education - Educational Technology and Distance Education Education - Effective Schools and Teachers |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36141&r= |
| By: | Di Feng; Bettina Klaus; Flip Klijn |
| Abstract: | We consider the generalization of the classical Shapley and Scarf housing market model of trading indivisible objects (houses) (Shapley and Scarf, 1974) to so-called multiple-type housing markets (Moulin, 1995). When preferences are separable, the prominent solution for these markets is the coordinate-wise top-trading-cycles (cTTC) mechanism. We first show that on the subdomain of lexicographic preferences, a mechanism is unanimous (or onto), individually rational, strategy-proof, and non-bossy if and only if it is the cTTC mechanism (Theorem 1). Second, using Theorem 1, we obtain a corresponding characterization on the domain of separable preferences (Theorem 2). Finally, we show that on the domain of strict preferences, there is no mechanism satisfying unanimity (or ontoness), individual rationality, strategy-proofness, and non-bossiness (Theorem 3). Our characterization of the cTTC mechanism constitutes the first characterization of an extension of the prominent top-trading-cycles (TTC) mechanism to multiple-type housing markets. |
| Keywords: | multiple-type housing markets, strategy-proofness, non-bossiness, top-trading-cycles (TTC) mechanism, market design |
| JEL: | C78 D47 |
| Date: | 2022–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1341&r= |
| By: | Pierre Le Brun (ESPACE - Études des Structures, des Processus d’Adaptation et des Changements de l’Espace - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) - COMUE UCA - COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) - AU - Avignon Université - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur, AU - Avignon Université) |
| Abstract: | This paper looks into the connections between housing production, public policies and household wealth accumulation. It argues that institutional forms of regulation should be considered through a geographical lens. Relying on the study of place-based rental investment tax subsidies for households in France, the main argument is that despite the decline of Fordism, the central State remains very influential in channeling the rental investments of households to specific geographical areas. While households benefitting from tax subsidies financed around a third of new French multifamily housing during the 2000s, the eligible areas for this scheme have been significantly reduced since 2009. Although this tax incentive is commonly acknowledged as a pillar of housing production regulation, little attention has been paid to its geographical dimension. This paper shows how the progressive reduction of the areas eligible for these schemes has gone hand in hand with an increase in their overall budgetary weight. In 2009, the tax rebate was available throughout the country and cost around 0.59 billion euros. In 2018, only 6.4 % of French municipalities were eligible for the scheme, for a loss in tax revenue of over 2.1 billion euros. The geographical concentration of these subsidies has targeted high demand areas (metropolitan, coastal or cross-border municipalities). Drawing on an examination of grey literature and minutes from National Assembly debates, the paper argues that this geographical targeting stems from the desire of policymakers to protect the profitability of household investments. Finally, it suggests that by constructing rental housing as a low-risk, subsidised investment for households, policymakers are likely to foster the "rentierization" (Christophers, 2019) of the French housing economy. |
| Abstract: | Cette note de recherche documente l'influence de l'État central dans l'orientation géographique des investissements immobiliers. Depuis 2009, les aides fiscales à l'investissement locatif des ménages (actuel dispositif Pinel) ne sont disponibles que sur une part de plus en plus restreinte du territoire national. Le recul des périmètres d'éligibilité à ces dispositifs, mis en place par étape, s'accompagne d'une augmentation de leur poids budgétaire global. Il résulte de cette politique une concentration géographique des aides à l'investissement immobilier des ménages dans les zones où la demande locative est estimée suffisante. Ce fléchage géographique des aides semble répondre à une volonté des décideurs publics de protéger la rentabilité des investissements locatifs des ménages en les canalisant vers les zones dites tendues où la demande locative est plus forte. Les résultats présentés soulignent l'intérêt d'une étude des formes géographiques de la régulation des marchés du logement. |
| Keywords: | Real estate,Investment,Housing,Public policies,Regulation,Immobilier,Investissement,Logement,Politiques publiques,Régulation |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03774611&r= |
| By: | Jan von der Goltz; Bernard Harborne |
| Keywords: | Poverty Reduction - Employment and Shared Growth Social Protections and Labor - Employment and Unemployment Social Protections and Labor - Labor Markets Urban Development - Urban Economic Development Urban Development - Urban Poverty |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35785&r= |
| By: | Fischer, Manfred M.; Gopal, Sucharita |
| Abstract: | This paper employs a spatial Durbin panel data model, an extension of the crosssectional spatial Durbin model to a panel data framework, to estimate the impact of a set of social and economic determinants on opioid-induced mortality in the US. The empirical model uses a pool of US states over six years from 2014 to 2019 and a k=8 neighbor matrix that represents the topological structure between the states. Calculation of direct (own state) and indirect (cross-state spillovers) effects estimates – based on Bayesian estimation and inference – reflects a proper interpretation of the marginal effects for our nonlinear model that involves lags of the dependent variable vector. The study provides evidence for the existence of spatial effects working through the dependent variable vector and points to the importance of larger indirect effects of Asian and Hispanic/Latino minorities on the one side and the population age groups 35-44 years and 65 years and older on the other. This finding echoes the first law of geography that ”everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things” (Tobler 1970). Space – largely neglected in previous research – matters for gaining a valid and better understanding of why and how neighboring states contribute to opioid-induced mortality in the states. |
| Date: | 2022–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus046:24799326&r= |
| By: | Eduardo Minuci (North Carolina A&T State University); Scott Schuh (West Virginia University, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Many factors contribute to weak economic growth in Appalachia, but little research has examined the role of banking heterogeneity and efficiency across states. This paper documents how West Virginia (WV) banks'  financial behavior differs from other U.S. banks and shows these differences cannot be explained fully by the composition of banks in the state. Despite experiencing faster banking consolidation, West Virginia still has more and smaller banks that are less efficient and profitable. WV banks' customers and managers heavily favor liabilities (time deposits) and assets (real estate loans) with longer maturity and lower risk and returns. Although shares of time deposits and real estate loans are positively correlated across states in part due to lower interest risk, other factors are needed to fully explain banks'  financial behavior across states and the connections to the real economy. Heterogeneity in the risk aversion of banks' customers and managers is one possible explanation. |
| Keywords: | Unique banks, West Virginia, Appalachia, state heterogeneity, financial statements, time deposits, real estate loans, mixed-effects model, market structure |
| JEL: | G21 R11 D22 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wvu:wpaper:22-03&r= |
| By: | James Lake; Ding Liu |
| Abstract: | President Bush imposed safeguard tariffs on steel in early 2002. Using US input-output tables and a generalized difference-in-difference methodology, we analyze the local labor market employment effects of these tariffs depending on the local labor market’s reliance on steel as an input and as part of local production. We find the tariffs did not boost local steel employment but substantially depressed local employment in steel-consuming industries for many years after Bush removed the tariffs. These large and persistent negative effects were concentrated in local labor markets that had low human capital or were strongly specialized in steel-consuming industries. |
| Keywords: | Bush steel tariffs, safeguard tariffs, local labor markets, intermediate inputs, downstream, steel-consuming |
| JEL: | F13 F14 F16 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9909&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Transport - Transport Economics Policy & Planning Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas Transport - Ports and Waterways Transport - Transport and Trade Logistics |
| Date: | 2021–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36276&r= |
| By: | Behnam Azhdari (Department of Management, Khark Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shohada St. Khark Island, Boushehr, Iran); Jean Bonnet (Normandie Univ, Unicaen, CNRS, CREM, 14000 CAEN, FRANCE); Sébastien Bourdin (EM Normandie Business School, Métis Lab, 9 rue Claude Bloch, 14000 CAEN, FRANCE) |
| Abstract: | While the literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) is growing, there is still a scarce literature on the causal effect between the components of the EEs and between the EEs and regional development. Our paper fills this gap and empirically identify the causal relationships between the EEs' components and the causal effect of the EE on regional development. We show that the growth of GDP/Inhabitant in European regions is only directly determined by the creation of new firms with a strong ambition to grow and create many jobs. The perception of regional opportunities and the risk acceptance are primitive points at the origin of most of the crucial nodes of successful entrepreneurial ecosystems in European regions. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurial Ecosystem, REDI Components, Causal Models, Bayesian Networks, Bayesian Inference |
| JEL: | C11 L26 M13 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tut:cremwp:2022-06&r= |
| By: | Zhiguo He; Scott T. Nelson; Yang Su; Anthony Lee Zhang; Fudong Zhang |
| Abstract: | China’s land market features a substantial industrial discount: industrial-zoned land is an order of magnitude cheaper than residential land. In contrast to explanations centered on subsidies to industry or promoting industry growth, we emphasize the importance of future tax revenues from the land and find that local public finance incentives can largely rationalize this price gap. Under the "land finance" system, land sales are an important source of revenues for Chinese local governments. We show that local governments, who serve as monopolistic land sellers in China, face a trade-off between supplying residential or industrial land that is determined by the different time profiles of revenues from industrial and residential land sales, local governments’ financial constraints, and the extent of local governments’ tax revenue sharing with other levels of government. |
| JEL: | G31 H70 R14 R38 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30504&r= |
| By: | Tran Thi Van Anh; Alina F. Burlacu; Martin Small; Mirick Paala; Nguyen Huu Duc; Le Huy Tri |
| Keywords: | Transport - Roads & Highways |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35979&r= |
| By: | Céline Piton (: Economics and Research Department, National Bank of Belgium & Université libre de Bruxelles (SBS-EM, CEBRIG, DULBEA)); Ilse Ruyssen (Department of Economics—CESSMIR, Ghent University, UNU-CRIS, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium) |
| Abstract: | Throughout Europe, the labour market integration of immigrants tends to lag behind that of natives. This paper empirically analyses the role played by integration policies in closing this gap in EU countries, not only directly, through the employment rate but also indirectly by influencing the intensity and the composition of immigration flows. Relying on the Migration Integration Policy Indicator (MIPEX), we find that countries with more developed integration policies do not necessarily have higher immigrant employment rates. This finding is due to the fact that different types of policies have opposite effects: policies favouring family reunion, tackling discrimination and allowing for political participation seem to increase the labour market integration of immigrants, while the latter is negatively associated with a higher labour market mobility, as well as easier access to permanent residence and nationality. Only the positive effect of anti-discrimination policies survives the inclusion of country fixed effects though. Effects are found to vary across immigrants coming from EU versus non-EU countries, suggesting that there is no one-fits-all integration policy. Moreover, our results confirm that immigrants’ labour market integration varies with the skill composition of the migrant population, a higher level of qualification favouring employment. The composition of the immigrant population within a country in terms of skill levels, however, could also be influenced by integration policies in potential destination countries, a premise which we also test. We show that integration policies indeed act as a pull factor for migration in a gravity model that controls also for the restrictiveness and skill selectivity of migration policies. Yet, it seems that more elaborate integration policies affect primarily the number of high-skilled immigrants entering the territory, but not the number of medium or low skilled, and this only for those from EU countries. Different factors hence seem to be at play for the low and medium skilled, but once moved, our results show that low-skilled migrants are the ones benefitting the most from integration policies in terms of employment rate. |
| Keywords: | : Integration policies, Immigration, Labour market. |
| JEL: | J08 J15 J18 J21 J78 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202209-411&r= |
| By: | Rania Gihleb; Osea Giuntella; Luca Stella |
| Abstract: | How does previous exposure to massive immigrant inflows affect concerns about current immigration and the integration of refugees? To answer this question, we investigate attitudes toward newcomers among natives and previous immigrants. In areas that in the 1990s received higher inflows of immigrants of German origin—so-called ethnic Germans—native Germans are more likely to believe that refugees are a resource for the economy and the culture, viewing them as an opportunity rather than a risk. Refugees living in these areas report better health and feel less exposed to xenophobia. |
| JEL: | I0 J15 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30473&r= |
| By: | Valentina Michelangeli; José-Luis Peydró; Enrico Sette |
| Abstract: | We identify the relative importance for bank lending of borrower (demand-side) versus bank (supply-side) factors. We submit thousands of fictitious mortgage applications, changing one borrower-level factor at time, to the major Italian online mortgage platform. Each application goes to all banks. Borrower and bank factors are equally strong in causing and explaining loan acceptance. For pricing, borrower factors are instead stronger. Moreover, banks supplying less credit accept riskier borrowers. Exploiting the administrative credit register, there is borrower-lender assortative matching, and the bank-level strength measure estimated on the experimental data is associated to credit supply and risk-taking to real firms. |
| Keywords: | credit, banks, mortgages, SMEs, risk-taking |
| JEL: | G21 G51 E51 |
| Date: | 2021–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1307&r= |
| By: | Grosch, Kerstin; Häckl, Simone; Kocher, Martin G. |
| Abstract: | We examine individual-level determinants of interest in STEM and analyze whether a digital web application for elementary-school children can increase children’s interest in STEM with a specific focus on narrowing the gender gap. Coupling a randomized-controlled trial with experimental lab and survey data, we analyze the effect of the digital intervention and shed light on the mechanisms. We confirm the hypothesis that girls demonstrate a lower overall interest in STEM than boys. Moreover, girls are less competitive and exhibit less pronounced math confidence than boys at the baseline. Our treatment increases girls’ interest in STEM and decreases the gender gap via an increase in STEM confidence. Our findings suggest that an easy-to-implement digital intervention has the potential to foster gender equality for young children and can potentially contribute to a reduction of gender inequalities in the labor market such as occupational sorting and the gender wage gap later in life. |
| Keywords: | STEM; digital intervention; gender equality; field experiment |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wus005:26023808&r= |
| By: | Seka Vranic; Ruvejda Aliefendié; Tarik Sahovié; Imeldin Radaslié |
| Keywords: | Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Investment and Investment Climate Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Regional Economic Development Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Spatial and Local Economic Development Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Subnational Economic Development Private Sector Development - Business Environment Private Sector Development - Small and Medium Size Enterprises |
| Date: | 2021–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35932&r= |
| By: | Rania Gihleb; Osea Giuntalla; Luca Stella |
| Abstract: | How does previous exposure to massive immigrant inflows affect concerns about current immigration and the integration of refugees? To answer this question, we investigate attitudes toward newcomers among natives and previous immigrants. In areas that in the 1990s received higher inflows of immigrants of German origin—so-called ethnic Germans—native Germans are more likely to believe that refugees are a resource for the economy and the culture, viewing them as an opportunity rather than a risk. Refugees living in these areas report better health and feel less exposed to xenophobia. |
| Keywords: | immigration, refugees, birthplace diversity, public opinion |
| JEL: | A13 D64 J60 I31 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9941&r= |
| By: | Karthika Radhakrishnan; Shwetlena Sabarwal; Uttam Sharma; Claire Cullen; Colin Crossley; Thato Letsomo; Noam Angrist |
| Keywords: | Education - Access & Equity in Basic Education Education - Education For All Education - Educational Technology and Distance Education Education - Effective Schools and Teachers |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36031&r= |
| By: | Saba, Shaaba C; Ngepah, Nicholas; Odhiambo, Nicholas M |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the convergence in transport infrastructure for 102 countries spanning 1990-2018 using Phillips and Sul econometric methodology. We constructed a transportation infrastructure by a composite index of transportation computed via principal component analysis (PCA). Our findings suggest the presence of panel convergence at the global level, while the income groups exhibited panel divergence. The results obtained from the iterative testing procedure suggest that the sub-groups exhibited convergence and divergence features. Overall, this study finds that the process of convergence in transportation reflects the desirable emanations of transportation policies sharing possible similar characteristics, at least to some extent, across the globe. |
| Keywords: | transportation convergence; transition patterns; principal component analysis; income groupings. |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:uza:wpaper:27667&r= |
| By: | Diogo G.C. Britto; Alexandre de Andrade Fonseca; Paolo Pinotti; Breno Sampaio; Lucas Warwar |
| Abstract: | We provide the first estimates of intergenerational income mobility for a developing country, namely Brazil. We measure formal income from tax and employment registries, and we train machine learning models on census and survey data to predict informal income. The data reveal a much higher degree of persistence than previous estimates available for developed economies: a 10 percentile increase in parental income rank is associated with a 5.5 percentile increase in child income rank, and persistence is even higher in the top 5%. Children born to parents in the first income quintile face a 46% chance of remaining at the bottom when adults. We validate these estimates using two novel mobility measures that rank children and parents without the need to impute informal income. We document substantial heterogeneity in mobility across individual characteristics - notably gender and race - and across Brazilian regions. Leveraging children who migrate at different ages, we estimate that causal place effects explain 57% of the large spatial variation in mobility. Finally, assortative mating plays a strong role in household income persistence, and parental income is also strongly associated with several key long-term outcomes such as education, teenage pregnancy, occupation, mortality, and victimization. |
| Keywords: | Intergenerational Mobility, Inequality, Brazil, Migration, Place Effects |
| JEL: | J62 D31 I31 R23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:baf:cbafwp:cbafwp22186&r= |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Health, Nutrition and Population - Demographics Urban Development - Urban Economic Development |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35469&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Urban Development - Hazard Risk Management Urban Development - Urban Economic Development |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35911&r= |
| By: | Daniela Del Boca; Chiara Monfardini; Sarah Grace See |
| Abstract: | The importance of investment in early childhood education (ECE) has been widely documented in the literature. Among the benefits, particularly for children from disadvantaged backgrounds, is its potential to mitigate educational inequality. However, some evidence also suggests that the positive effects of ECE on later outcomes tend to dissipate over time, leaving children who attended such programmes no better off academically than those who did not. This paper studies the relationship between students’ years spent in ECE and the results of their educational assessment outcomes at age 15. Using PISA survey data for fourteen European countries from 2015 and 2018, we conduct a cross-country comparison of student performance in reading, mathematics, and science, correlating the results to early childcare and pre-primary school attendance. Our findings show that participation in early childcare is associated with better assessments at age 15, but that the benefit is nonlinear and peaks at 3-4 years of childcare attendance. Examination of gender heterogeneity patterns reveals differences in girls’ and boys’ performance on the assessments; however, there are no gender differences in the relationship between childcare participation and test outcomes. We also explore differences related to the type of educational system attended and find distinct results for the unitary and separate settings. |
| Keywords: | early childhood education, pre-primary, early investments, human capital, assessments, gender, institution, unitary, separate, PISA |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cca:wpaper:681&r= |
| By: | Fédoua Kasmi (ERPI - Equipe de Recherche sur les Processus Innovatifs - UL - Université de Lorraine); Ferney Osorio (ERPI - Equipe de Recherche sur les Processus Innovatifs - UL - Université de Lorraine); Laurent Dupont (ERPI - Equipe de Recherche sur les Processus Innovatifs - UL - Université de Lorraine); Brunelle Marche (ERPI - Equipe de Recherche sur les Processus Innovatifs - UL - Université de Lorraine); Mauricio Camargo (ERPI - Equipe de Recherche sur les Processus Innovatifs - UL - Université de Lorraine) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the way in which academics address the role of innovation spaces in the development of circular economy. Considering their characteristics, objectives and functioning, we assume that innovation spaces can be favorable environments for eco-innovations facilitating the implementation of circular economy strategies. To examine this hypothesis, this paper mobilizes a mixed research method based on bibliometric analysis of keywords and content analysis. The results show that these collaborative environments can: foster sustainable experimental learning, provide methodologies and tools for the co-creation of circular solutions, drive the transition towards sustainable smart cities, foster the creation of new sustainable business models, promote sustainable urban entrepreneurship and facilitate knowledge exchange on circular solutions. However, most of the reviewed literature focuses mainly on their impacts on sustainability and less on the concept of circular economy per se. Consequently, this work provides insights on the potential of these spaces in the circular strategies' implementation. |
| Keywords: | Systematic Literature Review,Sustainability,Innovation Spaces,Eco-Innovation,Circular Economy |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03590438&r= |
| By: | Rosemary Batt (Cornell University); Eileen Appelbaum (Center for Economic and Policy Research); Tamar Katz (Columbia Law School) |
| Abstract: | Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are important but little studied financial actors that control over $3.5 trillion in gross assets and over 500,000 properties in the U.S. Yet they have been largely ignored because tax rules define them as 'passive investors'. The evidence in this report shows that they are actually financial actors that aggressively buy up property assets and manage them to extract wealth at taxpayers' expense. This study identifies the powerful impact that REITs, as owners of the real estate that houses productive enterprises, have had on operating companies and on the US economy more generally. It draws on case study evidence from markets where REITs have a major presence: nursing homes, hospitals, and hotels. The tax treatment of REITs has facilitated a growing and worrying influence on health care markets in particular at taxpayer expense. |
| Keywords: | Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), financialization and organizational structure, mergers and acquisitions (M&A), consolidation, healthcare markets, hotel market, tax policy. |
| JEL: | G23 G28 G38 I11 |
| Date: | 2022–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:thk:wpaper:inetwp189&r= |
| By: | Deonarain Brijlall (Durban University of Technology, South Africa Author-2-Name: Selvam Jimmy Ivasen Author-2-Workplace-Name: National Education Collaboration Trust, Block D, Lakefield Office Park, West Avenue, Centurion, South Africa Author-3-Name: Author-3-Workplace-Name: Author-4-Name: Author-4-Workplace-Name: Author-5-Name: Author-5-Workplace-Name: Author-6-Name: Author-6-Workplace-Name: Author-7-Name: Author-7-Workplace-Name: Author-8-Name: Author-8-Workplace-Name:) |
| Abstract: | " Objective - This paper explores the challenges experienced by mathematics teachers and learners of seven high schools in South Africa. A mixed method approach involving interviews and questionnaires was used. Methodology - The sample included 7 principals or deputy principals, 7 departmental heads who supervised mathematics, 1 mathematics teacher who taught mathematics in grades 10 to 12, and 1 mathematics teacher who taught Mathematics in grades 8 and 9. In addition, 1 learner from each grade 8 to 12 was included in the sample. Each participant was interviewed using a structured interview schedule, followed by participants completing a questionnaire. Findings - Vygotsky's socio-cultural and conceptual development theories in mathematics education formed the basis of this study. The 'Inputs, Processes and Output"" model of Howie and Kilpatrick's model of the five strands of achieving 'mathematics proficiency was adopted. We identified many systemic, societal, and pedagogical challenges that teachers and learners experienced, which affected their mathematics teaching and learning. Our findings correlated with research in the literature review. Novelty - The researchers concluded there were always intervention strategies that could assist in minimizing or eradicating the challenges faced by the teachers and learners of mathematics, thus improving their socio-economic standing. Type of Paper - Review" |
| Keywords: | Challenges, Strategies, Blended Learning, Scaffolding, Conceptual Development, Collaborative Learning. |
| JEL: | A14 |
| Date: | 2022–09–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gtr:gatrjs:jber225&r= |
| By: | Gihleb, Rania (University of Pittsburgh); Giuntella, Osea (University of Pittsburgh); Stella, Luca (Free University of Berlin) |
| Abstract: | How does previous exposure to massive immigrant inflows affect concerns about current immigration and the integration of refugees? To answer this question, we investigate attitudes toward newcomers among natives and previous immigrants. In areas that in the 1990s received higher inflows of immigrants of German origin—so-called ethnic Germans—native Germans are more likely to believe that refugees are a resource for the economy and the culture, viewing them as an opportunity rather than a risk. Refugees living in these areas report better health and feel less exposed to xenophobia. |
| Keywords: | immigration, refugees, birthplace diversity, public opinion |
| JEL: | A13 D64 J6 I31 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15545&r= |
| By: | Battal Do\u{g}an; Kenzo Imamura; M. Bumin Yenmez |
| Abstract: | We introduce a method to derive from a characterization of institutional choice rules (or priority rules), a characterization of the Gale-Shapley deferred-acceptance (DA) matching rule based on these choice rules. We apply our method to school choice in Chile, where we design choice rules for schools that are uniquely compatible with the School Inclusion Law and derive a set of matching properties, compatible with the law, that characterizes the DA rule based on the designed choice rules. Our method provides a recipe for establishing such results and can help policymakers decide on which allocation rule to use in practice. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2209.06777&r= |
| By: | Arenas, Andreu (University of Barcelona); Calsamiglia, Caterina (IPEG) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the effect of increasing the weight of standardized high-stakes exams at the expense of high school grades for college admissions. Studying a policy change in Spain, we find a negative effect of the reform on female college admission scores, driven by students expected to be at the top. The effect on admission scores does not affect enrolment, but the percentage of female students in the most selective degrees declines, along with their career prospects. Using data on college performance of pre-reform cohorts, we find that female students most likely to lose from the reform tend to do better in college than male students expected to benefit from the reform. The results show that rewarding high-stakes performance in selection processes may come along with gender differences unrelated to the determinants of subsequent performance. |
| Keywords: | college admissions, high-stakes exams, gender gaps |
| JEL: | J16 I23 I24 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15550&r= |
| By: | Ridderstedt, Ivan (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Nilsson, Jan-Eric (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | Although most public procurements involve decisions concerning bundling there is only a limited body of empirical research guiding policy on this matter. In this paper, we examine the cost effects of pure bundling in the competitive tendering of highway pavement replacement with hot-mix asphalt. For this we use linear regression on data from a comprehensive sample of such contracts procured by the Swedish infrastructure manager (IM) during the period 2012–2015. We find that bundling affects the procurer’s cost in multiple and partly counteracting ways. Our results show that economies of scale are strong but diminishing and counteracted by costs of bundling and bundling related factors. Overall, the findings support Swedish IM’s current design of bundles but also suggest that most of the contracts are still inefficiently small. Whilst not perfectly generalizable to other markets, the findings provide some support the increased promotion and use of bundling of small-scaled road rehabilitation projects in the US. Two main implications of the results are that bundling policy should emphasize proximity and similarity rather than whether work is small-scale and that the scope for efficient bundling should be accounted for when optimizing the timing of pavement replacement. |
| Keywords: | Public procurement; Efficiency; Bundling; Grouping; Highway; Road work |
| JEL: | H57 R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2022–10–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2022_004&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Education - Educational Institutions & Facilities Education - Educational Sciences Education - Educational Technology and Distance Education Education - Effective Schools and Teachers |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:36061&r= |
| By: | Robert Lehmann; Sascha Möhrle |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we study the predictive power of electricity consumption data for regional economic activity. Using unique weekly and monthly electricity consumption data for the second-largest German state, the Free State of Bavaria, we conduct a pseudo out-of-sample forecasting experiment for the monthly growth rate of Bavarian industrial production. We find that electricity consumption is the best performing indicator in the nowcasting setup and has higher accuracy than other conventional indicators in a monthly forecasting experiment. Exploiting the high-frequency nature of the data, we find that the weekly electricity consumption indicator also provides good predictions about industrial activity in the current month even with only one week of information. Overall, our results indicate that regional electricity consumption offers a promising avenue to measure and forecast regional economic activity. |
| Keywords: | electricity consumption, real-time indicators, forecasting, nowcasting |
| JEL: | E17 E27 R11 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9917&r= |
| By: | Margherita Comola; Rokhaya Dieye; Bernard Fortin |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the role of gender heterogeneity in the social diffusion of obesity among adolescents and its policy implications. We propose a generalized linear social interaction model which allows for gender-dependent heterogeneity in peer effects through the channel of social synergy. We estimate the model using data on adolescent Body Mass Index and network-based interactions. Our results show that peer effects are gender-dependent, and male students are particularly responsive to the weight of their female friends. Our simulations indicate that female-tailored interventions are likely to be more effective than a gender-neutral approach to fight obesity in schools. Cet article explore le rôle de l'hétérogénéité selon le sexe dans la diffusion sociale de l'obésité chez les adolescents et ses implications politiques. Nous proposons un modèle d’interaction sociale généralisé qui tient compte de l'hétérogénéité des effets des pairs selon le sexe par le biais de la synergie sociale. Nous estimons le modèle à l'aide de données sur l'indice de masse corporelle des adolescents et des liens d’amitié observés dans les réseaux sociaux. Nos résultats montrent que les effets des pairs dépendent du sexe, et que les étudiants masculins sont particulièrement sensibles au poids de leurs amies dans leur comportement de lutte à l’obésité. Nos simulations indiquent que des interventions adaptées aux filles sont susceptibles d'être plus efficaces qu'une approche neutre en termes de genre pour lutter contre l'obésité dans les écoles. |
| Keywords: | Obesity,Social Networks,Gender,Heterogeneity, Obésité,Réseaux sociaux,Genre,Hétérogénéité |
| JEL: | L12 C31 Z13 D85 |
| Date: | 2022–09–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2022s-25&r= |
| By: | Bruno Conte |
| Abstract: | This paper estimates the impacts of climate change in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) on migration and other economic outcomes. I develop a quantitative spatial model that captures the role of trade networks, migration barriers, and agricultural yields on the geography of the economy. I combine the model with forecasts of future crop yields to find that climate change, by the end of the century, reduces SSA real GDP per capita by 1.8 percent and displaces 4 million individuals. Migration barriers in SSA are very stringent: if absent, climate-induced migration exceeds 100 million individuals. Still, migration and trade are powerful adaptation mechanisms. Reducing migration barriers to the European Union (EU) standards eliminates the aggregate economic losses of climate change in SSA, but at the cost of more climate migration and higher regional inequality. Also reducing trade frictions to the EU levels attenuates this cost and makes SSA better off on aggregate and distributional terms. |
| Keywords: | climate change, migration, economic geography |
| JEL: | O15 Q54 R12 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9948&r= |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Education - Secondary Education Education - Primary Education Education - Education Reform and Management Education - Effective Schools and Teachers |
| Date: | 2021–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:35918&r= |