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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Filippo Boeri (Centre for Economic Performance, London School of Economics; Department of Economics, ESSEC Business School); Marco Di Cataldo (Department of Economics, University Of Venice CÃ Foscari; Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics); Elisabetta Pietrostefani (Department of Geography and Environment, London School of Economics; Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London) |
| Abstract: | In an effort to tackle organised crime, the Italian State implements a policy stipulating that properties confiscated to individuals convicted of mafia-related crimes are reallocated to a new use. The policy is meant to act as both an anti-mafia measure and a way to compensate local communities by converting real-estate assets into public amenities. We assess whether this scheme has an effect on the regeneration of local areas by assessing its impact on the value of properties in the vicinity of re-allocated assets and crime activity. The results unveil a positive effect of re-allocated real estate assets on house prices, driven by mafia strongholds, more deprived neighbourhoods, and areas with more inelastic housing supply. The findings suggest declining effects with distance from the re-allocation site, indicating that the policy impact is highly localised. Part of this effect appears due to a decrease in organised crime activity in the streets where re-allocations have taken place. These findings have implications for the effectiveness of policies aiming to improve the quality of neighbourhoods where mafia presence is more pronounced. |
| Keywords: | Organised crime, confiscation, hedonic analysis, urban regeneration policy, Italy |
| JEL: | K42 R32 H23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ven:wpaper:2022:10&r= |
| By: | Ritika Sethi |
| Abstract: | Black and Hispanic students are underrepresented in advanced courses. Peer composition is a potential factor driving this racial gap. In this paper, I estimate a discrete choice game with race-specific heterogenous peer effects among students in Texas high schools. I find that desegregation is likely to close this racial gap because students face larger positive peer effects from White students than their same-race peers. This decrease is likely to be more prominent for the White-Black gap because peer effects from Black students and peer effects on Hispanic students appear to be weaker. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2208.12321&r= |
| By: | Mezaroş, Mădălina; Paccoud, Antoine |
| Abstract: | This paper tracks the arrival of investors in the housing market of Dudelange, Luxembourg. In so doing, it focuses on the socio-economic changes accompanying the transformation of homes into assets, since the first apartment was built in the city in the mid-1960s until 2018. Drawing on complete land registry data, we chart the structure of apartment ownership in the context of the city’s transition from an industrial to a financialised economy, with particular attention to three characteristics of buyers: age at purchase, country of birth and occupation. We investigate how homeowner characteristics have shifted over time in a context where housing policies have incentivised investor activity and demand. We highlight how three policies put in place in the early 2000s to encourage real estate investments seem to have strengthened the position of the group already most advantaged on the Luxembourg housing market: those born in Luxembourg and over 45 years of age. Given that this group has on average the highest median incomes and the highest homeownership rates, we argue that these policies that incentivised property investments are likely to have accelerated housing (and wider) inequalities in an overheated housing market. |
| Keywords: | property wealth; homeownership; housing inequality; policy |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116432&r= |
| By: | Kate Antonovics; Sandra E. Black; Julie Berry Cullen; Akiva Yonah Meiselman |
| Abstract: | Schools often track students to classes based on ability. Proponents of tracking argue it is a low-cost tool to improve learning since instruction is more effective when students are more homogeneous, while opponents argue it exacerbates initial differences in opportunities without strong evidence of efficacy. In fact, little is known about the pervasiveness or determinants of ability tracking in the US. To fill this gap, we use detailed administrative data from Texas to estimate the extent of tracking within schools for grades 4 through 8 over the years 2011-2019. We find substantial tracking; tracking within schools overwhelms any sorting by ability that takes place across schools. The most important determinant of tracking is heterogeneity in student ability, and schools operationalize tracking through the classification of students into categories such as gifted and disabled and curricular differentiation. When we examine how tracking changes in response to educational policies, we see that schools decrease tracking in response to accountability pressures. Finally, when we explore how exposure to tracking correlates with student mobility in the achievement distribution, we find positive effects on high-achieving students with no negative effects on low-achieving students, suggesting that tracking may increase inequality by raising the ceiling. |
| JEL: | H75 I21 I24 I28 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30370&r= |
| By: | Robert Collinson; John Eric Humphries; Nicholas S. Mader; Davin K. Reed; Daniel I. Tannenbaum; Winnie van Dijk |
| Abstract: | More than two million U.S. households have an eviction case filed against them each year. Policymakers at the federal, state, and local levels are increasingly pursuing policies to reduce the number of evictions, citing harm to tenants and high public expenditures related to homelessness. We study the consequences of eviction for tenants, using newly linked administrative data from Cook County (which includes Chicago) and New York City. We document that prior to housing court, tenants experience declines in earnings and employment and increases in financial distress and hospital visits. These pre-trends are more pronounced for tenants who are evicted, which poses a challenge for disentangling correlation and causation. To address this problem, we use an instrumental variables approach based on cases randomly assigned to judges of varying leniency. We find that an eviction order increases homelessness, and reduces earnings, durable consumption, and access to credit. Effects on housing and labor market outcomes are driven by impacts for female and Black tenants. |
| JEL: | H0 I30 I32 J01 R0 R28 R38 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30382&r= |
| By: | Luca De Benedictis; Vania Licio; Anna Pinna |
| Abstract: | An integrated and widespread road system, like the one built during the Roman Empire in Italy, plays an important role today in facilitating the construction of new infrastructure. This paper investigates the historical path of Roman roads as main determinant of both motorways and railways in the country. The empirical analysis shows how the modern Italian transport infrastructure followed the path traced in ancient times by the Romans in constructing their roads. Being paved and connecting Italy from North to South, consular trajectories lasted in time, representing the starting physical capital for developing the new transport networks. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2208.06675&r= |
| By: | Yuan Liang; Quan Yuan; Daoge Wang; Yong Feng; Pengfei Xu; Jiangping Zhou |
| Abstract: | Car dependence has been threatening transportation sustainability as it contributes to congestion and associated externalities. In response, various transport policies that restrict the use of private vehicle have been implemented. However, empirical evaluations of such policies have been limited. To assess these policies' benefits and costs, it is imperative to accurately evaluate how such policies affect traffic conditions. In this study, we compile a refined spatio-temporal resolution data set of the floating-vehicle-based traffic performance index to examine the effects of a recent nonlocal vehicle driving restriction policy in Shanghai, one of most populous cities in the world. Specifically, we explore whether and how the policy impacted traffic speeds in the short term by employing a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences modeling approach. We find that: (1) In the first month, the policy led to an increase of the traffic speed by 1.47% (0.352 km/h) during evening peak hours (17:00-19:00) but had no significant effects during morning peak hours (7:00-9:00). (2) The policy also helped improve the traffic speed in some unrestricted hours (6:00, 12:00, 14:00, and 20:00) although the impact was marginal. (3) The short-term effects of the policy exhibited heterogeneity across traffic analysis zones. The lower the metro station density, the greater the effects were. We conclude that driving restrictions for non-local vehicles alone may not significantly reduce congestion, and their effects can differ both temporally and spatially. However, they can have potential side effects such as increased purchase and usage of new energy vehicles, owners of which can obtain a local license plate of Shanghai for free. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2208.11577&r= |
| By: | Korpi, Martin (The Ratio Institute); Halvarsson, Daniel (The Ratio Institute); Öner, Özge (Institutet för näringslivsforskning); A.V. Clark, William (California Center for Population Research); Mihaescu, Oana (Institute of retail economics (HUI)); Östh, John (Uppsala University); Bäckman, Olof (Stockholm university) |
| Abstract: | Using geo-coded full-population grid-level data for the three largest metropolitan areas in Sweden, 1993-2016, this paper i) estimates the level and pace of ethnic segregation, ii) examines possible tipping points in this development, and iii) gauges the importance of several mitigating or exacerbating factors (such as the mix of housing area tenure type, different types of amenities, and crime). We use OLS and 2SLS to estimate outcomes at two different geographic levels; 250 x 250 square meter grids and SAMS areas (roughly equivalent to US census tracts), respectively. On average, we find that for every 1 percentage point increase in immigration, native growth is reduced by around -0.3 percentage points. Crime levels exacerbate developments and factors such as housing area tenure-type mix and access to various amenities slows it down, but only marginally so. Using repeated and single random sampling for cross-validation, and the twin common methodological approaches as suggested in the literature, we estimate possible tipping points in these segregation developments. In contrast to most other studies in the literature, none of our potential tipping points are however statistically significant when probing their relevance in explaining factual population developments, suggesting a rather more continuous – albeit steeply so – segregation process rather than a structural brake. In terms of tipping point methodology, our main findings are that fixed-point estimation is less robust than R-square maximization for small geographical units, and that the former consistently selects for lower tipping-point candidates than the latter. |
| Keywords: | Tipping point; ethnic enclaves; segregation; urban amenities; geo-coded data; micro-data |
| JEL: | C26 J15 R23 |
| Date: | 2022–06–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:ratioi:0358&r= |
| By: | By Sunita J. Lilani |
| Abstract: | There is always an individual differences found in classroom. Teachers are supposed to find out those differences and accordingly they have taught them. Individual difference may be based on self-learning or depending on teacher. Some learners need teachers to study; some may only need for guidance or for difficulties only. Present study was aimed to study the opinion of secondary school students towards teaching and learning. Researcher wants to compare the opinion of secondary school students towards teaching and learning. 106 students of three randomly selected secondary schools were the sample of present study. Self-constructed Opinnionire was used for data collection and ‘t’ test was applied for data analysis. There was no significant difference found in opinion towards teaching and learning for all students, boys students and girls students. It was found a significant difference in opinion of students having high achievement in favor of learning and also found a significant difference in opinion of students having low achievement in favor of teaching. Key words: Teaching, Learning, Opinion, Secondary School, Students. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2022-41-06&r= |
| By: | Michele Battisti; Giuseppe Maggio |
| Abstract: | Governments have implemented school closures and online learning as one of the main tools to reduce the spread of Covid-19. Despite the potential benefits in terms of reduction of cases, the educational costs of these policies may be dramatic. This work identifies the educational costs, expressed as decrease in test scores, for the whole universe of Italian students attending the 5th, 8th and 13th grade of the school cycle during the 2021/22 school year. The analysis relies on a difference-in-difference model in relative time, where the control group is the closest generation before the Covid-19 pandemic. The results suggest a national average loss between 1.6-4.1% and 0.5-2.4% in Mathematics and Italian test scores, respectively. After collecting the precise number of days of school closures for the universe of students in Sicily, we estimate that 30 additional days of closure decrease the test score by 1%. However, the impact is much larger for students from high schools (1.8%) compared to students from low and middle schools (0.5%). This is likely explained by the lower relevance of parental inputs and higher reliance on peers inputs, within the educational production function, for higher grades. Findings are also heterogeneous across class size and parental job conditions, pointing towards potential growing inequalities driven by the lack of in front teaching. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2208.11606&r= |
| By: | Jacopo Bizzotto; Adrien Vigier |
| Abstract: | We study a mechanism design problem addressing simultaneously how students should be grouped and graded. We argue that the effort-maximizing school systems exhibit coarse stratification and more lenient grading at the top-tier schools than at the bottom-tier schools. Our study contributes to the ongoing policy debate on school tracking. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2208.10894&r= |
| By: | Strazzeri, Maurizio (University of Bern); Oggenfuss, Chantal (Swiss Co-ordination Center for Research in Education); Wolter, Stefan C. (University of Bern) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the impact of a large curriculum reform in Switzerland that substantially increased the share of foreign language classes in compulsory school on students' subsequent educational choices in upper secondary school. Using administrative student register data and exploiting the staggered implementation of the curriculum reform, we find that exposure to more foreign language classes during compulsory school has only minor effects on educational choices of the overall student population. However, we find substantial effect heterogeneity: while the reform has no effect on the direct educational progression of either low-track female or high-track students, it impedes low-track male students' transition to upper secondary education. The effect of foreign language classes on the educational trajectory of low-track male students is particularly pronounced for students who do not speak at home the school's language of instruction. Finally, we find that female students who start vocational training immediately after compulsory school are more likely to select into training occupations that require higher foreign language skills in- stead of natural science skills. |
| Keywords: | policy evaluation, goodman-bacon decomposition, education reform, foreign language skills, compulsory school, educational choices, occupational choices |
| JEL: | I21 I24 I28 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15505&r= |
| By: | Uwanyirigira Marie Chantal; Sikubwabo Cyprien |
| Abstract: | This study sought to investigate the teachers’ working conditions and learners’ academic performance in Rwandan public schools. The specific objectives were firstly relationship between teache to find out the rs’ remuneration and learners’ academic performance in Burera district public secondary schools, secondlyto e xamine the relationship between teachers’ workload and learners ’academic performance in Burera district public secondary schools, descrip This used tive research design involving quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study used 679 as the study population and a sample of 65 participants. Data were collected using structured questions with 5point Likert scales. Quantitative data were analyzed u sing frequencies, percentages, standard deviation, means, and regression analysis. The study revealed that there is a significant relationship between teachers working conditions on learners' academic performance in Rwandan public schools. These results we re reached after using regression analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).Therefore, it was found that teacher remuneration has a positive and significant relationship with learners' academic performance. Teachers' recognition has a p ositive and significant relationship with learner's academic performance.Finally , multiple correlation analysis concluded that teachers working condition has a significant relationship with learner's academic performance. Key words: Learners academic perfo remuneration and teachers workload. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2022-41-02&r= |
| By: | Delgado Prieto, Lukas Andres |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the labor market impacts of Venezuelan immigrants in Colombia. Exploiting spatial variation in exposure, I find a negative effect on native wages driven by the informal sector (where immigrants are concentrated) and a reduction in native employment in the formal sector (where the minimum wage binds for many workers). To explain this asymmetry, I build a model in which firms substitute formal for informal labor in response to lower informal wages. Consistent with the model's predictions, I document that the increase in informality is driven by small firms that use both labor types in production. |
| Keywords: | Immigration; Event Study; Labor Market; Informality |
| JEL: | F22 O15 O17 R23 |
| Date: | 2022–09–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:werepe:35664&r= |
| By: | NDAYISABA Jean Claude,; SIKUBWABOCyprien |
| Abstract: | This study aims at investigating the effect of school feeding program on students’ academic performance in Rubavu district of Rwanda. The school feeding program has been one of the best strategies for enhancing the students’ academic performance in 9&12 YBE schools since 2014. The study employed 380 students sampled from 12 schools of Rubavu district. Among them 204 were males while 176 were females. The study used a correlation design. The demographic variables were reported by using frequencies and percentages while the descriptive questions were analysed by using mean and standard deviation tools of SPSS. The relationship between variables were studied by using Pearson correlation whereas the predictive model was reported by analysing regression tools of SPSS. The results showed the high perception of respondents on School feeding program (M = 3.83; Std. D = 1.17). The same respondents scored high perception on Students’ academic performance (M = 4.32; Std. D = .87). The study demonstrated a strong positive correlation between School feeding program and Students’ academic performance (r = .529**, N = 380, P = .000). Finally, the regression analysis results showed that School feeding program predicts the Students’ academic performance at the level of 28% of variance. From those findings, the study recommends for future researchers to study other factors that contribute to the performance of students such as the teacher students’ ratio, parental involvement, and school infrastructures. Key words: teacher students’ ratio, parental involvement, and school infrastructures. |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2022-41-08&r= |
| By: | Wessel Vermeulen |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic has critically tested OECD economies, with major differences in economic repercussions at the subnational level. The pandemic can be characterised as a combination of shocks to local economies: (i) a recession, (ii) a supply-side shock mirroring a natural disaster, and (iii) the economic and workplace adjustments accelerated by pre-existing megatrends (e.g. automation, green transition). This paper reviews the empirical evidence for effective policies from across the OECD to strengthen local economic resilience through support for people, firms and places. There is a strong need for effective policies in times of recessions, natural disasters and long-term structural change. Policies that strengthen economic resilience strongly overlap with policies for local productivity growth and vice-versa. Moreover, some policies aiming to increase resilience through adding redundancy in production or infrastructure can serve productivity in the long-term. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, economic shocks, industrial change, megatrends, recessions, regional economic resilience, regional economic systems, subnational economic policy |
| JEL: | R1 R11 R5 R58 |
| Date: | 2022–09–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/09-en&r= |
| By: | Andrew F. Haughwout; Donald P. Morgan; Michael Neubauer; Maxim L. Pinkovskiy; Wilbert Van der Klaauw |
| Abstract: | The 2010s saw a profound shift towards jumbo mortgage lending by large banks that are regulated under the Dodd-Frank Act. Using data from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, we show that the “jumbo shift” is correlated with being subject to the Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR) stress tests, and that financial regulation caused CCAR-regulated banks to change preference for nonconforming relative to conforming loans of similar size. We discuss potential mechanisms through which regulation could have affected bank incentives. |
| Keywords: | Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR); mortgage lending; bunching |
| JEL: | C23 G21 G28 |
| Date: | 2022–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:94715&r= |
| By: | Julian Granna; Wolfgang Brunauer; Stefan Lang |
| Abstract: | The most widely used approaches in hedonic price modelling of real estate data and price index construction are Time Dummy and Imputation methods. Both methods, however, reveal extreme approaches regarding regression modeling of real estate data.In the time dummy approach, the data are pooled and the dependence on time is solely modelled via a (nonlinear) time effect through dummies. Possible heterogeneity of effects across time, i.e. interactions with time, are completely ignored. Hence, the approach is prone to biased estimates due to underfitting. The other extreme poses the imputation method where separate regression models are estimated for each time period. Whereas the approach naturally includes interactions with time, the method tends to overfit and therefore increased variability of estimates. In this paper, we therefore propose a generalized approach such that time dummy and imputation methods are special cases. This is achieved by reexpressing the separate regression models in the imputation method as an equivalent global regression model with interactions of all available regressors with time. Our approach is applied to a large dataset on offer prices for private single as well as semi-detached houses in Germany. More specifically, we a) compute a Time Dummy Method index based on a Generalized Additive Model allowing for smooth effects of the continuous covariates on the price utilizing the pooled data set, b) construct an Imputation Approach model, where we fit a regression model separately for each time period, c) finally develop a global model that captures only relevant interactions of the covariates with time. An important methodolical aspect in developing the global model is the usage of modelbased recursive partitioning trees to define data driven and parsimonious time intervals. |
| Keywords: | hedonic models |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inn:wpaper:2022-12&r= |
| By: | Steven Bond-Smith (UHERO, University of Hawai'i at Manoa) |
| Abstract: | Specialization in tourism exposes the economy of Hawai‘i to external shocks that trigger collapses in tourist numbers. Furthermore, Hawai‘i’s economic growth has diminished for decades as the dominance of tourism has not generated productivity growth. In response, policy-makers in Hawai‘i increasingly emphasize diversification. This article examines a spatial economics perspective to explain why Hawai‘i is so specialized and to sketch policy for diversification and growth. Isolated, small, and open economies tend to be more specialized in one or a few industries because increasing returns to scale generates a coordination problem for new industries. By targeting industries that use related know-how or a Hawai‘i-specific resource, Hawai‘i can access productivity gains from the scale of related and location-bound industries. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, diversification, related variety |
| JEL: | R11 R12 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hae:wpaper:2022-5&r= |
| By: | Michael Fritsch; Michael Wyrwich |
| Abstract: | We review and discuss research on the development of regional entrepreneurship over time. A particular focus is on the long-term persistence of regional levels of entrepreneurship, its explanation, and its meaning for economic development. What is the state of empirical research in this field, and what can explain the empirical findings? How are long-term trends of entrepreneurial activity linked to regional performance in terms of employment, gross domestic product (GDP), and innovative activity? Based on our assessments we derive conclusions for theory, policy implications, and avenues for further research. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurship, self-employment, regional growth, entrepreneurial culture, historical analysis |
| JEL: | L26 M13 O1 O33 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:egu:wpaper:2215&r= |
| By: | Matthew Jaremski; David C. Wheelock |
| Abstract: | This paper provides quantitative evidence on the interbank network’s role in transmitting the Panic of 1907 across the United States. Originating in a few New York City banks and trust companies, the panic led to payment suspensions and emergency currency issuance in many cities. Data on the universe of correspondent relationships shows that i) suspensions were more likely in cities whose banks had closer ties to New York, ii) banks with correspondents at the Panic’s center were more likely to close, and iii) banks responded to the panic by rearranging their correspondent relationships, with implications for network structure. |
| Keywords: | banking panics; interbank networks; contagion; bank closures; panic of 1907 |
| JEL: | E42 E44 G01 G21 N11 N21 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedlwp:94716&r= |
| By: | Eric Brunner; Shaun Dougherty; Stephen Ross |
| Abstract: | We examine the effect of attending stand-alone technical high schools on the industry of employment and within industry earnings premiums using a regression discontinuity design. We study the universe of students that applied to the Connecticut Technical Education and Career System (CTECS) between 2006 and 2011. CTECS admission shifts male applicants towards higher paying industries that align with CTECS programs of study, but has a much more modest impact on the industry of employment for female applicants. Further, key industry effects observed for females shift these applicants towards lower paying industries. Surprisingly, overall industry earnings premiums and treatment effects of CTECS on earnings premiums are similar for female applicants in traditionally male dominated industries like manufacturing and construction. However, female representation in these industries is too small to contribute substantially to female earnings in aggregate. For male applicants, mechanism analyses show that treatment effects in manufacturing and construction depend in part on work experience while in high school and as a young adult. Alternatively, in professional and office support industries, treatment effects on earnings arise through selection of students with high 8th grade tests scores into these industries because they offer a higher direct return to cognitive skills. |
| JEL: | I25 I26 J24 J30 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30408&r= |
| By: | Hull, Marie C. (University of North Carolina, Greensboro) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I develop a measure of host country experience, which I call "relative time of arrival," to explore differences between first- and second-generation immigrants. This measure is finer than immigrant generation and expands on the widely used measures of years since migration and age at migration. It is scaled so that zero indicates that a child was born in the same year that the family migrated. I then use this measure to study the dividing line between the first and second generations, specifically, whether there are differences in educational outcomes between early-arriving first-generation immigrants and second-generation immigrants whose parents arrived shortly before birth. For most outcomes considered, I find that the transition between the first and second generations is relatively smooth, indicating that these groups are not as distinct as often thought. I also use the measure assess whether parents' host country experience before a child's birth matters and generally find that it does not. Consistent with prior work, I show that outcomes measuring English knowledge are negatively related to age at arrival. Thus, observed differences between the first and second generations are driven by the lower performance of late-arriving first-generation children. |
| Keywords: | children of immigrants, immigrant generation, age at arrival, educational attainment, achievement, parental inputs |
| JEL: | I24 J13 J15 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15527&r= |
| By: | Maxim N. Massenkoff; Evan K. Rose |
| Abstract: | We use administrative data from Washington State to perform a large-scale analysis of the impact of family formation on crime. Our estimates indicate that pregnancy triggers sharp declines in arrests rivaling any known intervention, supporting the view that childbirth is a "turning point" that reduces deviant behavior through social bonds. For mothers, criminal arrests drop precipitously in the first few months of pregnancy, stabilizing at half of pre-pregnancy levels three years after birth. Men show a sustained 20 percent decline in crime that begins at pregnancy, although arrests for domestic violence spike at birth. These effects are concentrated among first-time parents, suggesting that a permanent change in preferences---rather than transitory time and budget shocks---may be responsible. A separate design using parents of stillborn children to estimate counterfactual arrest rates reinforces the main findings. Marriage, in contrast, is not associated with any sudden changes and marks the completion of a gradual 50 percent decline in arrests for both men and women. |
| JEL: | J0 J12 J13 K14 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30385&r= |
| By: | Kerstin Grosch (Department of Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business); Simone Haeckl (University of Stavanger); Martin G. Kocher (University of Vienna) |
| Abstract: | We examine individual-level determinants of interest in STEM and analyze whether a digital web application for elementary-school children can increase children's interest in STEM with a specific focus on narrowing the gender gap. Coupling a randomized-controlled trial with experimental lab and survey data, we analyze the effect of the digital intervention and shed light on the mechanisms. We confirm the hypothesis that girls demonstrate a lower overall interest in STEM than boys. Moreover, girls are less competitive and exhibit less pronounced math confidence than boys at the baseline. Our treatment increases girls' interest in STEM and decreases the gender gap via an increase in STEM confidence. Our findings suggest that an easy-to-implement digital intervention has the potential to foster gender equality for young children and can potentially contribute to a reduction of gender inequalities in the labor market such as occupational sorting and the gender wage gap later in life. |
| Keywords: | STEM, digital intervention, gender equality, field experiment |
| JEL: | C93 D91 I24 J16 J24 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwwuw:wuwp329&r= |
| By: | Cochrane, William (University of Waikato); Poot, Jacques (University of Waikato); Roskruge, Matthew (Massey University) |
| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the spatial variation in the uptake of social security benefits following a large and detrimental exogenous shock. Specifically, we focus on the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We construct a two-period panel of 66 Territorial Authorities (TAs) of New Zealand (NZ) observed in 2008-09 and 2020-21. We find that, despite the totally different nature of the two shocks, the initial increase in benefit uptake due to the COVID-19 pandemic was of a similar magnitude as that of the GFC, and the spatial pattern was also quite similar. We link the social security data with 146 indicator variables across 15 domains that were obtained from population censuses that were held two years before each of the two periods. To identify urban characteristics that point to economic resilience, we formulate spatial panel regression models. Additionally, we use machine learning techniques. We find that the most resilient TAs had two years previously: (1) a low unemployment rate; and (2) a large public sector. Additionally, but with less predictive power, we find that TAs had a smaller increase in social security uptake after the shock when they had previously: (3) a high employment rate (or high female labour force participation rate); (4) a smaller proportion of the population stating ethnicities other than NZ European; (5) a smaller proportion of the population living in more deprived area units. We also find that interregional spillovers matter and that resilient regions cluster. |
| Keywords: | urban economic resilience, social security, Global Financial Crisis, COVID-19, panel data, model selection, spatial econometrics, machine learning |
| JEL: | C45 C52 H53 R23 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15510&r= |
| By: | Richard Fabling (Productivity Commission); David C Maré (Motu Research); Philip Stevens (Productivity Commission) |
| Abstract: | We use linked employer-employee microdata for New Zealand to examine the relationship between firm-level productivity, wages and workforce composition. Jointly estimating production functions and firm-level wage bill equations, we compare migrant workers with NZ-born workers, through the lens of a derived "productivity-wage gap" that captures the difference in relative contribution to output and the wage bill. Whether we look at all industries using a common production function, or separately estimate results for the five largest sectors, we find that skilled and long-term migrants make contributions to output that exceed moderately-skilled NZ-born workers, with that higher contribution likely being due to a mix of skill differences and/or effort which is largely reflected in higher wages. Conversely, migrants that are not on skilled visas are associated with lower output and lower wages than moderately-skilled NZ-born, also consistent with a skills/effort narrative. The share of employment for long-term migrants has grown over time (from 2005 to 2019) and we show that their relative contribution to output appears to be increasing over the same period. Finally, we present tentative evidence that high-skilled NZ-born workers make a stronger contribution to output when they work in firms with higher migrant shares, which is suggestive of complementarities between the two groups or, at least, positive mutual sorting of these groups into higher productivity firms. |
| Keywords: | Migrant labour, firm productivity, worker sorting, wage determinants, quality-adjusted labour input |
| JEL: | D24 J15 J31 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ayz:wpaper:22_01&r= |
| By: | Sezer, Ayse Hazal (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management) |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:a7ae0538-c8ae-4e3e-94f2-b229106112ae&r= |
| By: | Zhan, Crystal; Deole, Sumit |
| Abstract: | Classical theories hypothesize individual economic preferences, including preferences toward risk, time, and trust, as determinants for migration intention. In the paper, we combine data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, European Social Survey, and World Values Survey to investigate how immigrants to Germany are self-selected from the origin population based on their preferences. We find a higher migration propensity among individuals who are more altruistic, patient, and trusting, conditional on age, gender, education, and a series of origin country's economic and political factors. However, individuals are positively selected on risk appetite in low-risk countries but adversely selected in high-risk countries. The degree of selectivity regarding preferences is also heterogeneous across demographics and origin-country characteristics. |
| Keywords: | self-selection,economic preferences,refugees,reasons for migration,origin country |
| JEL: | F22 J15 J6 O15 Z1 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1156&r= |
| By: | Cavounidis, Costas (University of Warwick); Lang, Kevin (Boston University, NBER and IZA); Weinstein, Russell (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and IZA) |
| Abstract: | African Americans face shorter employment durations than similar whites. We hypothesize that employers discriminate in acquiring or acting on ability-relevant information. In our model, monitoring black but not white workers is self-sustaining. New black hires were more likely red by previous employers after monitoring. This reduces firms' beliefs about ability, incentivizing discriminatory monitoring. We confirm our predictions that layoffs are initially higher for black than non-black workers but that they converge with seniority and decline more with AFQT for black workers. Two additional predictions, lower lifetime incomes and longer unemployment durations for black workers, have known empirical support. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1424&r= |
| By: | Martins, Pedro S. |
| Abstract: | Does employers' association (EA) membership affect the wages paid by firms? Such effects could follow from several channels, including increased productivity, different management practices, or employer collusion promoted by EA affiliation. We test these hypotheses drawing on detailed matched employer-employee panel data, including timevarying EA affiliation and worker mobility across firms. We consider the case of private schools in Portugal, 2010-2020, and its EA, and develop a methodology to delimit the sector's scope. We find that, even when controlling extensively for worker characteristics, including worker fixed effects, EA firms pay significantly higher wages. However, when controlling for firm fixed effects, these wage differences are significantly reduced or disappear. Our evidence indicates that the EA wage premium can be largely explained by the selection of high-wage firms (but not high-wage workers) into EA membership. |
| Keywords: | Employers organisations,Worker mobility,Social dialogue |
| JEL: | J53 J62 L40 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1163&r= |
| By: | Smedsvik, Bård; Iacono, Roberto |
| Abstract: | Since the early years of activation and workfare in the 1990s, the use of welfare conditionality and benefit sanctions has been proposed among the necessary solutions to ensure the efficiency of welfare policy by reinforcing individual economic incentives. Using rich administrative registers from Norway, we produce micro-level quantitative evidence on compulsory activation for young recipients of social assistance. The empirical challenge is that activation through the threat of benefit sanctions is not a feature that unambiguously emerges from observational data, except for when sanctions indeed take place and benefits are reduced. To overcome this barrier, we introduce a novel methodology to identify individual- level effects of activation on young welfare recipients, exploiting municipal variation in the introduction of compulsory activation. More precisely, we study whether individuals who are residents in municipalities that have introduced compulsory activation display a stronger relationship between their labor market status (activation) and their benefit size (because of the threat of sanctions being in place) compared to individuals residing in municipalities where activation has not been made compulsory. Our results show that there is no different relationship between social assistance benefits and passive labor market status for individuals living in municipalities that practice activation compared with individuals residing in municipalities in which activation is not yet mandatory. In other words, there is no visible effect of (the threat of) sanctions for passive recipients. |
| Keywords: | benefit sanctions, social assistance, compulsory activation |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:amz:wpaper:2022-24&r= |
| By: | Bäuerle, Max Juri |
| Abstract: | The transport sector has so far shown little success in reducing emissions. Demand-side solutions such as lifestyle and behavioural changes of individuals and private households entail extensive reduction potential that could greatly complement technological solutions in transport. Private households are therefore relevant actors through their transport demand and modal choice. Yet, challenges and opportunities for reducing emissions vary with the household living situations and individual preconditions for action. The real-world lab experiment KLIB pursued to support and motivate households that intended to reduce their carbon footprint during an one year real lab phase using a carbon tracker tool. Based on the KLIB mobility data, this study aims to enhance understanding on the extent of emissions reductions through voluntary changes in mobility behaviour. This implies to identify through which changes in modal choice and transport demand how much of emissions reductions were achieved and where obstacles and limits to voluntary efforts existed. A mixed-methods research design is adopted: transport sociologically grounded type formation groups the KLIB households along relevant household characteristics. Subsequent type-based statistical data analysis examines changes of the types' mobility patterns and associated emissions. The findings indicate that within everyday ground mobility voluntary behavioural changes like the shift to low-carbon modes can lead to considerable emissions reductions depending on the household living situation and particularly car equipment. Nevertheless, car ownership presents a strong carbon lock-in and barrier to emissions reductions. Contradictory results are provided by air travel, where emissions increase for almost all household types, offsetting or outbalancing ground mobility savings. It emerges that behavioural changes are contextspecific and constrained by counteractive effects and obstacles, especially in holiday contexts and emissions-intensive air travel. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wzbdms:spiii2022601&r= |
| By: | Sojung Kim; Marcel Kleiber; Stefan Weber |
| Abstract: | The paper develops a methodology to enable microscopic models of transportation systems to be accessible for a statistical study of traffic accidents. Our approach is intended to permit an understanding not only of historical losses, but also of incidents that may occur in altered, potential future systems. Through this, it is possible, from both an engineering and insurance perspective, to assess changes in the design of vehicles and transport systems in terms of their impact on functionality and road safety. Structurally, we characterize the total loss distribution approximatively as a mean-variance mixture. This also yields valuation procedures that can be used instead of Monte Carlo simulation. Specifically, we construct an implementation based on the open-source traffic simulator SUMO and illustrate the potential of the approach in counterfactual case studies. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2208.12530&r= |
| By: | Ghosh, Priyanta (Gour Banga University); Bose, Sukanya (National Institute of Public Finance and Policy) |
| Abstract: | The estimation of demand for public schooling remains a neglected field in school planning of Delhi, even though supply trails demand by a huge margin. This paper underlines the very substantial expansions and investments necessary to accommodate the excess demand for government schools in Delhi. The empirical estimation takes into account various sources of demand for expansion: (i) within the existing government schools that are facing supply shortages, often of an acute variety; (ii) arising from children now attending low fee private schools, and, (iii) from children in school age groups, but out of school. Population growth over the next five years representative of future demand in the fringe areas of Delhi is also factored in. The estimates indicate that the expansion required is a mammoth doubling of existing capacities in government schools, 107% increase on existing capacity. Based on estimated excess demand, 632 composite and 275 primary government schools separately need to be established. With the present level of public expenditure on education at 1.4% of GSDP for Delhi, this entails an increase in expenditure on education by 50% of the existing levels. That is, a very significant push in public expenditure is necessary for meeting the excess demand for public schooling. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:npf:wpaper:22/387&r= |
| By: | Eva Urbanová (Charles University, Faculty of Education, Department of Andragogy and Educational Management); Jana Marie ?afránková (AMBIS University, Department of Economy and Management) |
| Abstract: | Professional training and support for school principals is one of the goals of the Czech Republic's Education Policy Strategy 2030+. The primary function of a secondary school is to educate and nurture pupils, so the school principal should be a pedagogical leader. Due to the high autonomy of Czech schools, the principal must also carry out work activities that are important for ensuring the day-to-day operation of the school. Due to this non-pedagogical and administrative burden, the principal has limited scope for developing pedagogical leadership and improving the quality of education provided. For this reason, methodological support for individual schools is being introduced in the form of a 'middle link' to provide support services to schools.The aim of the paper is to discuss the work activities of the school principal as a process manager, the possibilities of their delegation and the use of the middle article as a support in reducing the non-teaching and administrative burden.Research question: Which work activities of a high school principal as a process manager should be delegated to other staff members or use a middle support article to provide them?The results of the author's research focused on identifying the work activities of a high school principal as a process manager. The research investigation revealed that many non-teaching work activities are performed by the principal himself, while he could delegate them as well as administrative activities. |
| Keywords: | school principal, secondary school, work activities, management, non-teaching and administrative workload, methodological support |
| JEL: | I20 J24 J29 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iefpro:13115623&r= |
| By: | Vinitha Varghese |
| Abstract: | I evaluate the impact of the right to education from the passing of the Right to Education Act in India in 2009. This Act guaranteed free education to children aged 6-14 years, including children with disabilities. Given that the school participation deficit associated with disability is large, I provide results that are a relief to policy-makers. I use an event study estimation and an interrupted time series research design and find that the Right to Education Act led to a 60 per cent increase in schooling among children with disabilities within three years. |
| Keywords: | People with disabilities, Children, Education, Enrolment, Schooling |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2022-91&r= |
| By: | Lykke E. Andersen (SDSN Bolivia); Alejandra Gonzales (SDSN Bolivia); Agnes Medinaceli (SDSN Bolivia); Richard Anker (Anker Research Institute); Martha Anker (Anker Research Institute) |
| Abstract: | This report provides updated estimates for family living expenses and living wages for the city of Sialkot, in the Province of Punjab, Pakistan. The update for June 2022 takes into account inflation and changes in payroll deductions since the original Anker living wage study carried out in December 2015 (Sayeed and Dawani, 2015). |
| Keywords: | Living costs, living wages, Anker Methodology, Pakistan |
| JEL: | J30 J50 J80 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:glliwa:220404&r= |
| By: | Meghana Ayyagari; Yuxi Cheng; Ariel Weinberger |
| Abstract: | What role do spillover effects play in firm resilience during crises? Using high-frequency data on over 7 million import transactions, we ask this question in the context of the large trade disruption faced by US importers in the months immediately following the initial COVID-19 shock. While US firms saw a reduction in imports due to Covid-related trade disruptions to their suppliers, these effects were lower for importers in counties that received greater loans under the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), a government stimulus program aimed at small businesses. A one standard deviation increase in exposure to PPP reduces the effect of the supply shock faced by the firm by approximately one-fifth. These effects exist even when the importer is not a direct recipient of PPP loans. The effects are largest in counties with larger number of small suppliers and higher input-output industry linkages, and those with greater share of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). We also see similar effects of PPP preserving job growth at the county level even as the trade shock takes a negative toll on local employment. Our results point to local spillovers between SMEs that were PPP recipients and large importers as being an important determinant of firm resiliency during the pandemic. |
| Keywords: | agglomeration spillovers, Paycheck Protection Program, supply chains, Covid-19 |
| JEL: | G30 H81 R10 R12 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9891&r= |
| By: | Florian Bonnet (INED - Institut national d'études démographiques); Hippolyte d'Albis (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Josselin Thuilliez (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Influenza mortality has dramatically decreased in France since the 1950s. Annual death rates peaked during two pandemics: the Asian flu (1956-57) and the Hong-Kong flu (1969-1970). This study's objective is to evaluate whether the second pandemic created a structural change in the dynamics of influenza mortality in France. We employ a new database on influenza mortality since 1950 at the subnational level (90 geographic areas) to estimate statistical models to find whether a structural change happened and to explain the differences in mortality rates across geographic areas. Influenza mortality increased between 1950 and 1969, and decreased from 1970 onward. The Hong-Kong flu is identified as the event of a structural break. After the break, geographical differences are less explained by regional characteristics such as income, density or aging ratio. Hong Kong flu was found to be associated with a major change in influenza mortality in France. Change in health practices and policies induced a decline in mortality that started in 1970, just after the pandemics. The health benefits are notably important for senior citizens and for the poorest regions. |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:psewpa:halshs-03763371&r= |
| By: | Denise Angelo (Australian National University); Samantha Disbray; Ruth Singer; Carmel O'Shannessy; Jane Simpson (Australian National University); Hilary Smith; Barbra Meek (University of Michigan); Gillian Wigglesworth (University of Melbourne) |
| Abstract: | Indigenous peoples have rightful aspirations for their languages and cultures, supported under international conventions, jurisdictional treaties, laws, policies and enquiry recommendations. Additionally, the inclusion of Indigenous languages in education can impact positively on Indigenous students’ learning, engagement, identity and well-being, and can increase involvement of their communities in education. This working paper provides an overview of Indigenous languages learning in Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia and Canada. These three jurisdictions participate in an OECD initiative Promising Practices in Supporting Success for Indigenous Students, designed to help education systems to improve the experiences and outcomes of Indigenous students in education. The significance of Indigenous languages constitutes common ground between the diverse Indigenous peoples in these three countries. But learning in Indigenous languages and learning Indigenous languages follow diverse pathways with local language programme designs that fit the different historical and contemporary language contexts within and between the countries. |
| Date: | 2022–09–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:eduaab:278-en&r= |
| By: | Lykke E. Andersen (SDSN Bolivia); Alejandra Gonzales (SDSN Bolivia); Agnes Medinaceli (SDSN Bolivia); Richard Anker (Anker Research Institute); Martha Anker (Anker Research Institute) |
| Abstract: | This report provides updated estimates of family living income expenses and living wages for Dhaka, Bangladesh and its surrounding Satellite Cities, where most of Bangladesh’s garment industry is located. The update for 2022 takes into account inflation and changes in payroll deductions since the original Anker living wage study carried out in March 2016 (Khan et al., 2016). |
| Keywords: | Living costs, living wages, Anker Methodology, Bangladesh |
| JEL: | J30 J50 J80 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:glliwa:220428&r= |
| By: | William Brock; Bo Chen; Steven N. Durlauf; Shlomo Weber |
| Abstract: | Immigrants in economies with a dominant native language exhibit substantial heterogeneities in language acquisition of the majority language. We model partial equilibrium language acquisition as an equilibrium phenomenon. We consider an environment where heterogeneous agents from various minority groups choose whether to acquire a majority language fully, partially, or not at all. Different acquisition decisions confer different communicative benefits and incur different costs. We offer an equilibrium characterization of language acquisition strategies and find that partial acquisition can arise as an equilibrium behavior. We also show that a language equilibrium may exhibit insufficient learning relative to the social optimum. In addition, we provide a local stability analysis of steady state language equilibria. Finally, we discuss econometric implementation of the language acquisition model and establish identification conditions. |
| JEL: | C72 D61 J15 Z13 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30410&r= |
| By: | Lykke E. Andersen (SDSN Bolivia); Agnes Medinaceli (SDSN Bolivia); Alejandra Gonzales (SDSN Bolivia); Richard Anker (Anker Research Institute); Martha Anker (Anker Research Institute) |
| Abstract: | This report provides updated estimates of family living expenses and living wages for the non-metropolitan urban flower-producing region in Ziway, Ethiopia. The update for 2022 takes into account inflation and changes in payroll deductions since the original Anker living wage study carried out in July 2015 (Melese, 2015). |
| Keywords: | Living costs, living wages, Anker Methodology, Ethiopia |
| JEL: | J30 J50 J80 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:glliwa:220425&r= |
| By: | Ferrando, Mery (Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management); Gille, Veronique |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tiu:tiutis:1eaa8f31-44b5-4004-95a8-b95195775896&r= |
| By: | Julian Kolev; Alexis Haughey; Fiona Murray; Scott Stern |
| Abstract: | What is the role of startups within the innovation ecosystem? Since 2000, startups have grown in their share of commercializing research from top U.S. universities; however, prior work has little to say on the particular advantages of startup ventures in the innovation process relative to more traditional alternatives such as academia and established private-sector incumbents. We develop a simple model of startup advantage based on private information held by the initial inventor, and generate predictions related to the value and impact of startup innovation. We then explore these predictions using patents granted within the regional ecosystems of top-25 research universities from 2000 to 2015. Our results show a significant startup advantage in terms of forward citations and outlier-patent rates. Further, startup innovation is both more original and more general than innovation by incumbent firms. Moreover, startups that survive to become “scale-ups” quickly grow to dominate their regional innovation ecosystems. Our findings have important implications for innovation policy. |
| JEL: | L24 L26 M13 O31 O32 O34 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30362&r= |
| By: | Archana Dubey; Parinita Ratnaparkhi |
| Abstract: | Learning community consists of group of people those who collaboratively explore the world around themselves and keep on exploring the knowledge from different points of view which will finally lead to better practices in the society for sustainable future. The concept of learning community is not new rather it exists right from age of early man. The nomads, the group of people, even a tribe is a kind of learning community. The present paper has come up with an idea that how a classroom with mere some of the practices can be transformed as community of learning. The concept of the paper came to the researcher mind looking to the changed scenario of education during the past years as well as the pandemic. The practices followed in the traditional classroom needs to be updated with the time and the needs of the changing time. The paper highlights the points that why there is need for the learning communities. It briefly discuss about the difference between traditional and dialogic interactions. Followed by this it highlights about what actually learning communities mean, essential practices and challenges along with conclusions. Key words: Community, Learning Community, Dialogue |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:vor:issues:2022-41-19&r= |
| By: | Kolev, Stefan; Köhler, Ekkehard A. |
| Abstract: | This paper depicts the co-evolution of the political economies of the "Old Chicago" and Freiburg Schools. These communities within the "laissez-faire within rules" research program and the long-standing "thinking-in-orders" tradition emerged in the 1930s and culminated in the 1940s into a surprisingly coherent stream of institutional economic thought, crystallizing around the personalities of Henry C. Simons and Walter Eucken. We show how, in an age of disintegration of national and international orders of economy and society, the political economists at Chicago and Freiburg underwent a double transition: From students of equilibrium to students of order, as well as from students of various positive orders to defenders of a specific normative order. The normative order of the economy on both sides of the Atlantic was the competitive order and its rules-based framework. Along with shared angst amid disintegrating orders, personal transatlantic connections between the two communities are identified, starting in Berlin during the 1920s. We highlight the special role of Friedrich A. Lutz who, from the mid-1930s to Eucken's passing in 1950 and beyond, served as a lifeline between the isolated Freiburg School and US economists. Lutz's activities are embedded in a narrative of transatlantic conversations around Friedrich A. Hayek and the early meetings of the Mont Pèlerin Society. |
| Keywords: | Neoliberalism,Chicago School,Freiburg School,Mont Pèlerin Society,Henry C. Simons,Walter Eucken,Friedrich A. Lutz,Friedrich A. Hayek |
| JEL: | A11 B25 B31 H11 P16 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cbscwp:309&r= |
| By: | Raquel Bernal (Universidad de los Andes); Michele Giannola (University of Naples Federico II); Milagros Nores (National Institute for Early Education Research) |
| Abstract: | Extensive research has shown comprehensive early interventions can improve the developmental outcomes of disadvantaged children. However, the evidence on the effectiveness of high-quality center-based programs for young children in developing countries is still scarce, where programs are typically of low quality and only short-term impacts have been assessed. This paper reports short and medium-run effects from a high-quality early education intervention characterized by key elements of process quality such as project and play-based learning and rich adult-child interactions, on children younger than four years of age in two communities in northern Colombia. We find strong positive effects on cognitive development and health, and no significant impacts on socioemotional development. |
| Keywords: | early childhood development, early education, poverty, impact evaluation |
| JEL: | J13 I10 I20 H43 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hka:wpaper:2022-027&r= |
| By: | Cécile Hediger |
| Abstract: | Households reactions to efficiency gains in heating, known as rebound effects, are investigated in this article. First, an increase in temperature for households living in more efficient dwellings is studied (direct rebound). This increased temperature is then converted into energy following the heating degree days method. Second, the energy embodied in the re-spending of efficiency gains savings on other goods and services than heating is assessed (indirect rebound). Overall, about 20% of the potential energy savings are taken back by those households adjustments, with a direct rebound estimated between 4% and 7%, and an indirect rebound of 15%. As only a partial direct rebound was considered, these results represent a lower limit. In addition, we find that low income households increase more their heating usage than affluent households when efficiency improves, indicating that buildings retrofits have the potential to improve the living conditions of the poorest households. |
| Keywords: | Rebound effects; Energy efficiency; Energy demand; Embodied energy; Micro data |
| JEL: | D12 D90 Q41 Q47 R22 |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irn:wpaper:22-05&r= |