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on Urban and Real Estate Economics |
| By: | Ismir Mulalic (Copenhagen Business School); Jan Rouwendal (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) |
| Abstract: | This paper considers the impact of the introduction of a metro network in the Copenhagen metropolitan area. Using travel surveys from years before and after the opening of the metro network, we observe a significant change in travel times, speeds and mode choice for commutes that can completely or partly be realized by the metro. Interest in the metro among the higher educated is much stronger than among the lower educated. House prices in the vicinity of the metro stations increased significantly. The total additional value of real estate generated by the metro is appr. 40% of the actual construction cost. The government captured a substantial part of the value generated by the metro by concentrating housing construction in some hitherto undeveloped areas close to metro stations. We use a gravity model to explore the implications of the metro for urban structure in an urban equilibrium context and find that all adjustment takes place in the housing market. The lower and medium educated face adjustments in housing attractiveness that counteract the initial impact of the metro. We find no evidence for such adverse effects on the higher educated, which suggest a close connection between the impact of the metro and gentrification in the Copenhagen. |
| Keywords: | underground transportation, urban structure, public transport investment, commuting, gentrification |
| JEL: | D1 R4 R1 |
| Date: | 2022–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20220035&r= |
| By: | Warnes, Pablo Ernesto |
| Abstract: | How do improvements in the urban transport infrastructure affect the spatial sorting of residents with different levels of in-come and education within a city? What are the welfare effects of improving urban transit once we take into account these pat-terns of spatial sorting? In this paper, I study the effects of the construction of a bus rapid transit system (BRT) on the spatial reorganization of residents within the city of Buenos Aires, Ar-gentina. To do so, I leverage an individual level panel data set of more than two million residents with which I can describe intra-city migration patterns. I first find reduced form evidence that the construction of the BRT increased the spatial segregation between high and low-skilled residents within the city. I then develop a dynamic quantitative spatial equilibrium model of a city with heterogeneous workers that allows me to quantify the welfare effects of this BRT system while taking into account these spatial sorting patterns. With this quantitative framework, I can measure the average welfare gains for residents that were living near the BRT lines before these were built. |
| Keywords: | Ciudades, Desarrollo urbano, Evaluación de impacto, Infraestructura, Investigación socioeconómica, Movilidad urbana, Servicios públicos, Transporte, |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblwop:1911&r= |
| By: | Engerstam, Sviatlana (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology); Warsame, Abukar (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology); Wilhelmsson, Mats (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Since the size of the homeownership ratio differs significantly between countries, it is important to understand the mechanisms that lie behind decrease or growth of certain sectors of the housing market like rentals and housing cooperatives. The aim of this study is to analyze the long-term dynamics of the new residential supply in Sweden’s three largest cities for the period of 1990-2020 and estimate in what way market fundamentals affect it through new construction and housing conversions. We apply panel data methodology and, in distinction to previous research, consider the development of the housing market (urban growth) as physical volume. The results demonstrate that structural changes are driven mainly by fundamental demand factors and that the displacement effect occurs primarily in the market’s rental sector and not in the owner-occupied segment. The apartment price per square meter, together with mortgage interest rates, are the major driving factors in the process of converting dwellings into housing cooperatives. Fundamental variables that affect new construction in both the rental and housing cooperative sectors are population and income growth. In the presence of a rent control environment, the rent or price level does not contribute to adding new units to the total housing stock. |
| Keywords: | Housing supply; Swedish apartment market; Panel data analysis |
| JEL: | C33 R15 R31 R52 |
| Date: | 2022–06–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2022_005&r= |
| By: | Adriana Camacho; Valentina Duque; Michael Gilraine; Fabio Sanchez |
| Abstract: | We analyze the effect of Colombia's ambitious "Free Housing" program on children's educational outcomes. The program was generous, giving free housing to beneficiaries in desirable areas. We evaluate the program by leveraging housing lotteries and linking applicants to their children. We find that public housing increases high school graduation by seven percentage points – a seventeen percent increase relative to the control mean – and boosts exit exam scores and college-going. Using a survey to explore mechanisms, lottery winners report better environmental conditions and shorter commute times. Their children also attend better schools and live in neighborhoods with less crime. |
| JEL: | I24 I38 O18 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30090&r= |
| By: | Westlund, Hans (Royal Institute of Technology); Wilhelmsson, Mats (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Local negative externalities of an establishment of wind turbines have been documented in research; often with the help of the hedonic methodology and property values. We use mixed methods including hedonic methodology, propensity score matching, and the difference-in-difference approach to estimate causal effects, using almost 600,000 real estate transactions in Sweden from 2005 to 2018. The results indicate that we can reject the hypothesis that proximity to wind turbines does not impact property values, and this impact is relatively strong and varies over time and geographic region. Difference-in-difference with matching confirms estimates in the hedonic price equation studies. Furthermore, there is no indication of pre-event differences in house price outcomes based on distance from new wind turbines. Depending on the region, the total negative capitalisation amounts to between 10 and 25 percent within 0–2 kilometres from the wind power plant. We apply these estimates to the total housing stock in three different potential future development areas. Although effects per property are relatively marginal, the total effects of a wind farm establishment will be significant if they are located in densely populated areas. |
| Keywords: | wind turbine; capitalisation effect; regional; difference-in-difference; matching; property values |
| JEL: | C21 Q51 R30 |
| Date: | 2022–06–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2022_006&r= |
| By: | Peter Reusens (Economics and Research, National Bank of Belgium); Frank Vastmans (KU Leuven); Sven Damen (University of Antwerp) |
| Abstract: | Hedonic house price indices adjust the average sales prices for the change in the quality of the property sold over time. This paper proposes a framework to disentangle the contribution of each individual dwelling characteristic to this quality change. We apply our framework to a unique dataset for Belgium for the period 2011Q3-2021Q2 in which we combine the universe of residential real estate transactions with the datasets of the energy performance certificates of the regional energy authorities. We find that the price of an identical dwelling has increased by 7 % less over the past decade compared to the average price of the houses sold and this is largely the result of the improved energy performance over the past decade. Moreover, taking into account the energy efficiency in house price indices will only become more important as it will need to improve substantially more to reach the European climate goal of having an energy efficient building stock by 2050. Turning to the recent period, we show that the strong price increases observed in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic are not due to changes in the quality of the property sold as the average dwelling characteristics remained broadly stable. Furthermore, despite the slightly increased price discount of terraced houses and small garden and dwelling sizes, price growth continued to be slightly higher in cities compared to their rural urban fringe and the commuter belt |
| Keywords: | : House price index, hedonic regression, quality adjustment, housing market, COVID-19 pandemic, energy efficiency |
| JEL: | C43 E30 E31 Q58 R31 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbb:reswpp:202205-406&r= |
| By: | David Atkin; M. Keith Chen; Anton Popov |
| Abstract: | The returns to face-to-face interactions are of central importance to understanding the determinants of agglomeration. However, the existing literature studying patterns of geographic proximity in patent citations or industrial co-location has struggled to disentangle the benefits of face-to-face interactions from other spatial spillovers. In this paper, we use highly granular smartphone geolocation data to measure face-to-face interactions (or meetings) between workers at different establishments in Silicon Valley. To study the degree to which knowledge flows result from such interactions, we explore the relationship between these meetings and the citations among the firms these workers belong to. As firms may organize meetings with those they wish to learn from, we isolate causal impacts of face-to-face meetings by instrumenting with the meetings between workers in adjacent firms that belong to unconnected industries. Our IV approach estimates substantial returns to face-to-face meetings with overidentification tests suggesting we are capturing the returns to serendipity that play a central role in the urban theories of Jane Jacobs. |
| JEL: | O18 O30 R3 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30147&r= |
| By: | Cobos, Carlos; Escribano, Álvaro |
| Abstract: | The research is focused on the impact of High-Speed Rail (HSR) by Municipalities on population density and unemployment, based on economic and demographic variables of Spain. For that purpose, we construct a panel for a 15-years period (1998-2012) where the treatment variable HSR takes the value of 1 when the municipality is within an area of 10 km from the train station, allowing for the size of the municipality to interact with HSR. Two different samples are considered: all the municipalities and by HSR corridors.To evaluate the transport service impact, a Difference in Difference technique is applied to different model specifications to isolate the HSR effects, after controlling for relevant variables. A simultaneous equation panel data model is estimated, equation by equation by ordinary least squares and by dynamic ordinary least squares, with robust empirical results. Reallocation effects on the population are observed in the national sample, with positive effects on small cities and little municipalities (20,000 people). Only the South and North corridors show positive net results on population density. With respect to unemployment, the effects are not so clear. At the national level, only small municipalities ( |
| Keywords: | High-Speed Rail; Municipalities; Radial Infrastructure Network; Depopulation; Unemployment; Reallocation Effects By Corridors |
| JEL: | R1 R12 R14 R23 R41 R58 |
| Date: | 2022–06–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:werepe:35284&r= |
| By: | Sahil Gandhi; Matthew E. Kahn; Rajat Kochhar; Somik Lall; Vaidehi Tandel |
| Abstract: | Urban flooding poses danger to people and places. People can adapt to this risk by moving to safer areas or by investing in private self-protection. Places can offset some of the risk through urban planning and infrastructure investment. By constructing a global city data set that covers the years 2012 to 2018, we test several flood risk adaptation hypotheses. Population growth is lower in cities that suffer from more floods. Richer cities suffer fewer deaths from flood events. Over time, the death toll from floods is declining. Cities protected by dams experience faster population growth. Using lights at night to measure short run urban economic dynamics, we document that floods cause less damage to richer cities and cities with protective dams. Cities with more past experience with floods suffer less from flooding. |
| JEL: | Q5 R1 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30137&r= |
| By: | Maria P. Roche; Alexander Oettl; Christian Catalini |
| Abstract: | We examine the influence of physical proximity on between-startup knowledge spillovers at one of the largest technology co-working hubs in the United States. Relying on the random assignment of office space to the hub's 251 startups, we find that proximity positively influences knowledge spillovers as proxied by the likelihood of adopting an upstream web technology already used by a peer startup. This effect is largest for startups within close proximity of each other and quickly decays: startups more than 20 meters apart on the same floor are indistinguishable from startups on different floors. The main driver of the effect appears to be social interactions. While startups in close proximity are most likely to participate in social co-working space events together, knowledge spillovers are greatest between startups that socialize but are dissimilar. Ultimately, startups that are embedded in environments that have neither too much nor too little diversity perform better, but only if they socialize. |
| JEL: | M13 O3 O33 R12 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30120&r= |
| By: | LIAN, Ying; LUCAS, Flavien; SÖRENSEN, Kenneth |
| Abstract: | We propose to solve a real-time traffic variation of the On-Demand Bus Routing Problem (ODBRP) introduced by Melis and Sörensen (2021). The ODBRP belongs to the category of dial-a-ride problems (DARP), and features departure and arrival bus station selection. This problem is specifically aimed at planning a fleet of on-demand buses in an urban environment. However, cities are frequently plagued by traffic congestion, which may cause delays and missed time windows for passengers. To deal with this situation, we introduce, study, and solve a variant of the ODBRP in which travel times are both time-dependent (i.e., the travel time between two nodes depends on the departure time) and updated dynamically. In our approach, congested roads that might cause passenger delays are modeled by frequently updating the travel speed on the road segments that constitute them. The resulting problem is solved by using a K-shortest paths procedure to determine alternative paths between bus stations combined with a variable neighborhood search procedure to repair violated time windows. Our experimental results show the overall effectiveness of this real-time control under different degrees of flexibility (congestion and number of buses available). Specifically, the average tardiness, maximum tardiness, and number of late passengers are significantly reduced under a wide range of congestion scenarios, from slight to severe. In addition, this effectiveness holds for various ratios of requests to the number of vehicles. |
| Keywords: | On-demand bus, Real-time traffic information, Dynamic travel speed, Real-time control |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ant:wpaper:2022003&r= |
| By: | Ernest Miguelez (BSE - Bordeaux Sciences Economiques - UB - Université de Bordeaux - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Andrea Morrison |
| Abstract: | How do regions enter new and distant technological fields? Who is triggering this process? This work addresses these compelling research questions by investigating the role of migrant inventors in the process of technological diversification. Immigrant inventors can indeed act as carriers of knowledge across borders and influence the direction of technological change. We test these latter propositions by using an original dataset of immigrant inventors in the context of European regions during the period 2003–201. Our findings show that: immigrant inventors generate positive local knowledge spillovers; they help their host regions to develop new technological specialisations; they trigger a process of unrelated diversification. Their contribution comes via two main mechanisms: immigrant inventors use their own personal knowledge (knowledge creation); they import knowledge from their home country to the host region (knowledge transfer). Their impact is maximised when their knowledge is not recombined with the local one (in mixed teams of inventors), but it is reused (in teams made by only migrant inventors). Our work contributes to the existing literature of regional diversification by providing fresh evidence of unrelated diversification for European regions and by identifying important agents of structural change. It also contributes to the literature of migration and innovation by adding fresh evidence on European regions and by unveiling some of the mechanisms of immigrants' knowledge transmission. |
| Keywords: | Patents,Migration,Technological diversification,Relatedness,Europe |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03683496&r= |
| By: | Lars J. Kirkebøen |
| Abstract: | Several recent studies find that interventions in schools can have important lasting consequences for students, and that schools differ in their contribution to students’ learning. However, there is less research investigating how these differences between schools influence longer-term outcomes, especially outside the US. In this paper I study the value-added (VA) of Norwegian schools, where between-school differences are smaller than in the US. I find that VA indicators are able to predict in-school performance without bias. Furthermore, VA is strongly related to long-term outcomes, and differences between schools in VA correspond to meaningful differences in long-term outcomes. For example, a one standard deviation higher VA corresponds to 1.9 percent higher earnings at around age 32. Three quasi-experiments using variation from student mobility and changes in neighborhoods’ assignment to schools indicate that the differences captured by the VA indicators do indeed reflect differences in school quality, rather than unobserved student characteristics. Analyses of teacher grades and exam scores suggest that the former are heavily influenced by relative grading, and that the effect of exam score VA on long-term outcomes reflects the effects of competencies and skills acquired in school. In addition to shedding light on the differences in and mechanisms of school quality, the findings help connect learning outcomes with later labor market outcomes, e.g. for cost-benefit analysis of interventions in schools. |
| Keywords: | climate economics, international environmental agreements, coalition formation, heterogeneous countries, integrated assessment models |
| JEL: | Q54 D70 D50 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9769&r= |
| By: | Antonin Bergeaud (Banque de France - Banque de France - Banque de France, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Jean-Benoît Eymeoud (Banque de France - Banque de France - Banque de France, LIEPP - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire d'évaluation des politiques publiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po); Thomas Garcia (Banque de France - Banque de France - Banque de France); Dorian Henricot (Banque de France - Banque de France - Banque de France, ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We examine how corporate real estate market participants adjust to the take-off of teleworking. We develop an indicator of the exposure of counties to teleworking in France by combining teleworking capacity with incentives and frictions to its deployment. We study how this indicator relates to prices and quantities in the corporate real estate market. We find that for offices in counties more exposed, the Covid-19 crisis has led to (1) higher vacancy rates, (2) less construction, (3) lower prices. Our findings reveal that teleworking has already an impact on the office market. Furthermore, forward-looking indicators suggest that market participants are anticipating the shift to teleworking to be durable. |
| Keywords: | Teleworking,Commercial real estate,Corporate real estate |
| Date: | 2022–01–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpspec:hal-03548889&r= |
| By: | Bredtmann, Julia (RWI) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effects of local exposure to refugees on electoral outcomes in the 2016 state election in Germany. Based on quasi-random variation in the allocation of refugees across municipalities and unique data on refugee populations and their type of accommodation, I find that an increase in the population share of refugees increases the vote share of right-wing parties and decreases the vote share of the incumbent federal government parties. The electoral effects, however, are solely driven by refugees living in centralized accommodation, while no such effects are found for refugees living in decentralized accommodation. These findings have important implications for the design of public policies in handling future receptions of refugees, as they reveal that an earlier transfer of refugees from centralized to decentralized accommodation could attenuate a growing support for right-wing parties. |
| Keywords: | immigration, refugees, political economy, voting |
| JEL: | D72 F22 J15 R23 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15356&r= |
| By: | Flavio L. Pinheiro; Dominik Hartmann |
| Abstract: | Recent studies have found evidence of a negative association between economic complexity and inequality at the country level. Moreover, evidence suggests that sophisticated economies tend to outsource products that are less desirable (e.g. in terms of wage and inequality effects), and instead focus on complex products requiring networks of skilled labor and more inclusive institutions. Yet the negative association between economic complexity and inequality on a coarse scale could hide important dynamics at a fine-grained level. Complex economic activities are difficult to develop and tend to concentrate spatially, leading to 'winner-take-most' effects that spur regional inequality in countries. Large, complex cities tend to attract both high- and low-skills activities and workers, and are also associated with higher levels of hierarchies, competition, and skill premiums. As a result, the association between complexity and inequality reverses at regional scales; in other words, more complex regions tend to be more unequal. Ideas from polarization theories, institutional changes, and urban scaling literature can help to understand this paradox, while new methods from economic complexity and relatedness can help identify inclusive growth constraints and opportunities. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2206.00818&r= |
| By: | Andrés Barrios Fernández; Jorge Garcia-Hombrados |
| Abstract: | Rehabilitating convicted criminals is challenging; indeed, an important share of them return to prison only a few years after their release. Thus, finding effective ways of encouraging crime desistance, particularly among young individuals, has become an important policy goal to reduce crime and incarceration rates. This paper provides causal evidence that the local institutions of the neighborhood that receives young individuals after prison matter. Specifically, we show that the opening of an Evangelical church reduces twelve-months re-incarceration rates among property crime offenders by more than 10 percentage points. This effect represents a drop of 16% in the probability of returning to prison for this group of individuals. We find smaller and less precise effects for more severe types of crime. We discuss two classes of mechanisms that could explain our results: religiosity and social support. We provide evidence that the social support provided by evangelical churches is an important driver of our findings. This suggests that non-religious local institutions could also play an important role in the rehabilitation of former inmates. |
| Keywords: | crime desistance, recidivism, religion |
| Date: | 2021–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1769&r= |
| By: | W. Scott Frame; Ruidi Huang; Erik J. Mayer; Adi Sunderam |
| Abstract: | We study links between the labor market for loan officers and access to mortgage credit. Using novel data matching the (near) universe of mortgage applications to loan officers, we find that minorities are significantly underrepresented among loan officers. Minority borrowers are less likely to complete mortgage applications, have completed applications approved, and to ultimately take-up a loan. These disparities are significantly reduced when minority borrowers work with minority loan officers. Minority borrowers working with minority loan officers also have lower default rates. Our results suggest that minority underrepresentation among loan officers has adverse effects on minority borrowers’ access to credit. |
| JEL: | G21 G51 J15 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30125&r= |
| By: | Stephen Machin; Sandra McNally; Camille Terrier; Guglielmo Ventura |
| Abstract: | Some countries, notably those which have long had a weak history of vocational education like the UK and the US, have recently seen a rapid expansion of hybrid schools which provide both general and vocational education. England introduced 'University Technical Colleges' (UTCs) in 2010 for students aged 14 to 18. 48 UTCs are currently open. We use a spatial instrumental variable approach based on geographical availability to evaluate the causal effect of attending a UTC on student academic and vocational achievement and on their labour market outcomes. For those pupils who enter the UTC at a non-standard transition age of 14, UTCs dramatically reduce their academic achievement on national exams at age 16. However, for students who enter at a more conventional transition age of 16, UTCs boost vocational achievement without harming academic achievement. They also improve achievement in STEM qualifications, and enrolment in apprenticeships. By age 19, UTC students are less likely to be unemployed and more likely to study STEM at university. |
| Keywords: | technical education, tracking, school value-added |
| JEL: | I20 I21 I28 |
| Date: | 2020–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cverdp:031&r= |
| By: | Lise Clain-Chamosset-Yvrard (Univ. Lyon, Universite Lumiere Lyon 2, GATE UMR 5824, F-69130 Ecully, France.); Xavier Raurich (Departament d'Economia and CREB, Universitat de Barcelona.); Thomas Seegmuller (Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, AMSE, Marseille France.) |
| Abstract: | We provide a unified framework with demand for housing over the life cycle and financial frictions to analyze the existence and macroeconomic effects of rational housing bubbles. We distinguish a housing price bubble, defined as the difference between the housing market price and its fundamental value, from a housing demand bubble, which corresponds to a situation where a pure speculative housing demand exists. In an overlapping generation exchange economy, we show that no housing price bubble occurs. However, a housing demand bubble may occur, generating a boom in housing prices and a drop in the interest rate, when households face a binding borrowing constraint. Multiplicity of steady states and endogenous fluctuations can occur when credit market imperfections are moderate. These fluctuations involve transitions between equilibria with and without a housing demand bubble that generate large fluctuations in housing prices consistent with observed patterns. We finally extend the basic framework to a production economy and we show that a housing demand bubble increases the housing price, housing price to income ratio and economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Bubble; Housing; Self-ful lling uctuations |
| JEL: | E32 E44 R21 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2213&r= |
| By: | Syed Abul, Basher; Jobaida, Behtarin; Salim, Rashid |
| Abstract: | We examine economic convergence among subnational regions of Bangladesh over the period 1992-2013. Unavailability of the traditional gross domestic product (GDP) for subnational areas and building on findings of recent luminosity literature, we use night lights intensity as a proxy for local economic activity to test the convergence hypothesis. Our results show the existence of both absolute and conditional convergence in night lights intensity, but with a very long half-life of convergence. Moreover, the results also indicate sigma divergence. Together, these findings suggest that regional disparity is persistent and wide across Bangladesh's 544 upazilas (subdistricts). There is evidence that lagging upazilas are catching up with the better off ones, but many are also converging with their neighbors or peers (a phenomenon known as “club convergence”). Overall, consistent with the evidence from studies on regional inequality in Bangladesh, our results also indicate that there is an “east-west” divide in luminosity across the subnational units in Bangladesh. |
| Keywords: | Convergence, Regional disparity, Bangladesh, Night lights |
| JEL: | O47 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–01–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111963&r= |
| By: | Vincent, Jeffrey M. PhD; Maves, Sydney; Thomson, Amy |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt19p2t3vb&r= |
| By: | Paul Cheshire; Christian A. L. Hilber; Olivier Schöni |
| Abstract: | When Covid-19 struck, the British housing market went into free-fall. Land Registry data show prices, transactions and construction all tumbled. But demand was boosted both by the general measures taken to support the economy and specific housing market actions such as the Stamp Duty Land Tax holiday. Given the endemic lack of housing supply, by November prices had surged to an all time high. As widely discussed, the demand for home working gave a particular boost to the price of larger houses. Less remarked was that the biggest price increases were for such houses very close to the centre of London, although prices also increased up to 25 miles out. Prices for flats fell everywhere. People who rent and work in central areas were least protected from the economic impact, so rents there fell. The analysis suggests, as temporary boosts end and the costs of Covid-19 and Brexit finally come to be paid, there will be a significant housing market correction, especially in London and its wider region. Because incomes will also be lower this will not make housing more affordable. In the long term there will be a recovery, probably led by London, and while some of the living and working innovations induced by Covid-19 will stick, cities will adapt and reassert their dominance in our patterns of life. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19 |
| Date: | 2021–03–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepcvd:cepcovid-19-020&r= |
| By: | Braschke, Franziska (Leibniz University of Hannover); Puhani, Patrick A. (Leibniz University of Hannover) |
| Abstract: | This paper uses Indian EUS-NSSO data on 32 states/union territories and 570 districts for a bi-annual panel with 5 waves to estimate how regional population reacts to asymmetric shocks. These shocks are measured by non-employment rates, unemployment rates, and wages in fixed-effects regressions which effectively use changes in these indicators over time within regions as identifying information. Because we include region and time effects, we interpret regression-adjusted population changes as proxies for regional migration. Comparing the results with those for the United States and the European Union, the most striking difference is that, in India, we do not find any significant reactions to asymmetric non-employment shocks at the state level, only at the district level, whereas the estimates are statistically significant and of similar size for the state/NUTS-1 and district level in both the United States and Europe. We find that Indian workers react to asymmetric regional shocks by adjusting up to a third of a regional non-employment shock through migration within two years. This is somewhat higher than the response to non-employment shocks in the United States and the European Union but somewhat lower than the response to unemployment shocks in these economies. In India, the unemployment rate does not seem to be a reliable measure of regional shocks, at least we find no significant effects for it. However, we find a significant population response to regional wage differentials in India at both the state and district level. |
| Keywords: | non-employment, regional convergence, population, migration, unemployment, wages |
| JEL: | J61 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15355&r= |
| By: | José María Rentería (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the mid-term effects of the de facto privatization that has taken place in the Peruvian educational system. It exploits exogenous policy shocks as well as two sources of variation, namely the geographical location of the new private schools and the year of birth of individuals. Both variables determine the degree of exposure to the private school expansion process. The results suggest that this phenomenon has contributed neither to increasing access to formal education nor to improving wages in the labor market. This evidence raises concerns about the impact of privatization on the quality of the education system as a whole as well the regulatory role of the State |
| Keywords: | Private education; school choice |
| JEL: | I21 O15 O22 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mse:cesdoc:22014&r= |
| By: | Lundgren, Berndt (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology); Hermansson, Cecilia (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology); Gyllenberg, Filip (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology); Koppfeldt, Johan (Department of Real Estate and Construction Management, Royal Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | Previous research on factors that affect real estate rent levels have focused on the importance of, e.g., lease structure, the effect of location, size, and anchor or non-anchor tenants. To add to the knowledge of the research community, we investigate how retailers’ and real estate landlords’ views differ on factors they deem important in negotiating rent by investigating differences in their beliefs, and we also investigate the impact of education. We use a websurvey sent to Swedish landlords and retail tenants, and answered by 156 respondents (106 complete answers). With principal component analysis (PCA), the number of variables are reduced and the factors deemed important are established. Seven underlying dimensions in the rent negotiation process were labeled: Regional and industrial growth, Rent and vacancies, GDP growth, E-commerce, Customer focus, External information, and Trust. Landlords were found to put more weight on the importance of Regional and industrial growth, E-commerce, Customer focus and Trust than do tenants. We also find significant educational differences for the following factors: Rent and vacancies; E-commerce; and Customer focus. |
| Keywords: | rent negotiation; principal component analysis; landlords; retail tenants; trust; education |
| JEL: | C38 L81 L85 R30 |
| Date: | 2022–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:kthrec:2022_007&r= |
| By: | Friedrich, Christian |
| Abstract: | Urban freight transport is an indispensable component of economic and social life in cities. Compared to other types of transport, however, it contributes disproportionately to the negative impacts of traffic. As a result, urban freight transport is closely linked to social, environmental, and economic challenges. Managing urban freight transport and addressing these issues poses challenges not only for local city administrations but also for companies, such as logistics service providers (LSPs). Numerous policy measures and company-driven initiatives exist in the area of urban freight transport to overcome these challenges. One central approach is the consolidation of urban freight transport. This dissertation focuses on urban consolidation centers (UCCs) which are a widely studied and applied measure in urban freight transport. The fundamental idea of UCCs is to consolidate freight transport across companies in logistics facilities close to an urban area in order to increase the efficiency of vehicles delivering goods within the urban area. Although the concept has been researched and tested for several decades and it was shown that it can reduce the negative externalities of freight transport in cities, in practice many UCCs struggle with a lack of business participation and financial difficulties. This dissertation is primarily focused on the costs and savings associated with the use of UCCs from the perspective of LSPs. The cost-effectiveness of UCC use, which is also referred to as cost attractiveness, can be seen as a crucial condition for LSPs to be interested in using UCC systems. The overall objective of this dissertation is two-fold. First, it aims to develop models to provide decision support for evaluating the cost-effectiveness of using UCCs. Second, it aims to analyze the impacts of urban freight transport regulations and operational characteristics on the cost attractiveness of using UCCs from the perspective of LSPs. In this context, a distinction is made between UCCs that are jointly operated by a group of LSPs and UCCs that are operated by third parties who offer their urban transport service for a fee. The main body of this dissertation is based on three research papers. The first paper focuses on jointly-operated UCCs that are operated by a group of cooperating LSPs. It presents a simulation model to analyze the financial impacts on LSPs participating in such a scheme. In doing so, a particular focus is placed on urban freight transport regulations. A case study is used to analyze the operation of a jointly-operated UCC for scenarios involving three freight transport regulations. The second and third papers take on a different perspective on UCCs by focusing on third-party operated UCCs. In contrast to the first paper, the second and third papers present an evaluation approach in which the decision to use UCCs is integrated with the vehicle route planning of LSPs. In addition to addressing the basic version of this integrated routing problem, known as the vehicle routing problem with transshipment facilities (VRPTF), the second paper presents problem extensions that incorporate time windows, fleet size and mix decisions, and refined objective functions. To heuristically solve the basic problem and the new problem variants, an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) heuristic with embedded local search heuristic and set partitioning problem (SPP) is presented. Furthermore, various factors influencing the cost attractiveness of UCCs, including time windows and usage fees, are analyzed using a real-world case study. The third paper extends the work of the second paper and incorporates daily and entrance-based city toll schemes and enables multi-trip routing. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation of the resulting problem is proposed, as well as an ALNS solution heuristic. Moreover, a real-world case study with three European cities is used to analyze the impact of the two city toll systems in different operational contexts. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:132875&r= |
| By: | Duan, Yige (University of British Columbia); Jost, Oskar (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany); Jost, Ramona (Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany) |
| Abstract: | "We study the long-term impact of job displacement on workers’ commuting behavior. Our measures of commuting exploit geo-coordinates of workers’ places of residence and places of work, from which we calculate the door-to-door commuting distance and commuting time. Using German employee-employer matched data and an event study design, we identify the causal effect of job loss on workers displaced during a mass layoff. Conditional on finding a new job, workers’ commuting distance and commuting time rise sharply after displacement and gradually decline in subsequent years. The recovery is due to employer changes rather than migration, and a larger increase in commuting would mitigate the wage loss due to job displacement. To rationalize our findings, we build an on-the-job search model with heterogeneous firm productivity and commuting distances. Our model predicts a joint recovery of wages and commuting despite a static tradeoff between the two attributes." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku) ((en)) |
| Keywords: | IAB-Open-Access-Publikation |
| JEL: | J30 J60 R23 R40 |
| Date: | 2022–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iab:iabdpa:202215&r= |
| By: | Christina L. Brown; Supreet Kaur; Geeta Kingdon; Heather Schofield |
| Abstract: | Schooling may build human capital not only by teaching academic skills, but by expanding the capacity for cognition itself. We focus specifically on cognitive endurance: the ability to sustain effortful mental activity over a continuous stretch of time. As motivation, we document that globally and in the US, the poor exhibit cognitive fatigue more quickly than the rich across field settings; they also attend schools that offer fewer opportunities to practice thinking for continuous stretches. Using a field experiment with 1,600 Indian primary school students, we randomly increase the amount of time students spend in sustained cognitive activity during the school day—using either math problems (mimicking good schooling) or non-academic games (providing a pure test of our mechanism). Each approach markedly improves cognitive endurance: students show 22% less decline in performance over time when engaged in intellectual activities—listening comprehension, academic problems, or IQ tests. They also exhibit increased attentiveness in the classroom and score higher on psychological measures of sustained attention. Moreover, each treatment improves students’ school performance by 0.09 standard deviations. This indicates that the experience of effortful thinking itself—even when devoid of any subject content—increases the ability to accumulate traditional human capital. Finally, we complement these results with quasi-experimental variation indicating that an additional year of schooling improves cognitive endurance, but only in higher-quality schools. Our findings suggest that schooling disparities may further disadvantage poor children by hampering the development of a core mental capacity. |
| JEL: | D90 I24 I25 O12 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30133&r= |
| By: | Lee Elliot Major; Andrew Eyles; Stephen Machin |
| Abstract: | Empirical analysis of secondary microdata, bespoke social mobility surveys and administrative school attendance data reveal the extent of learning losses that have evolved in the four nations of the UK over the year of the pandemic. They are sizable in all four nations, with a common feature of disadvantaged pupils suffering particularly large losses during two periods of school closures, the durations of which varied across the home nations. Between March 2020 and April 2021, the following maximum number of classroom days were lost over one calendar year: 110 days (England); 119 days (Northern Ireland); 119 days (Scotland); 124 days (Wales). These compare to a full year during normal times of 190 classroom days. Considering learning undertaken at home and in the classroom, pupils in England lost 61 days of schooling. Larger average losses occurred in Scotland (64 days) and Wales (66 days), while pupils in Northern Ireland also lost 61 days. The differences across the nations arise both because of variations in learning loss at home, and due to education policy differences (both historical differences in term times and from specific policy choices during the pandemic). Rising school absences in June/July 2021 once prompt discussion about credible policies to address learning losses. Survey responses reveal that 53 percent of 10,000 adults support extending the school day, while seven in ten respondents support allowing greater flexibility for pupils to repeat a whole school year. |
| Keywords: | Schools, Covid-19 |
| Date: | 2021–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepcvd:cepcovid-19-023&r= |
| By: | Bolivar, Osmar |
| Abstract: | The research aims to evaluate the impact of paved major roads on economic growth at the municipal level in Bolivia, Paraguay and Ecuador. Due to the absence of municipal information, pub-licly available satellite data are used to construct a municipal panel dataset on a yearly basis from 2000 to 2013; particularly, nightlight luminosity is adopted as a proxy for economic activity. Methodologically, empirical evidence is obtained regarding the effect of having access to a paved major road on luminosity, as well as the elasticity between GDP and nightlight luminosity; both estimates are then linked to approximate economic growth in benefited municipalities. The findings suggest that, on aver-age, economic activity was 0.5% to 0.6% higher in municipalities that benefited from paved major roads than in municipalities that did not. The effects vary over time and are dependent on whether the benefited areas are located closer to the road or are part of a population center. |
| Keywords: | Desarrollo urbano, Economía, Evaluación de impacto, Infraestructura, Investigación socioeconómica, Movilidad urbana, Movilidad urbana, Seguridad vial, Vialidad, |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblwop:1910&r= |
| By: | Pierre-Philippe Combes (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Gilles Duranton (University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia]); Laurent Gobillon (PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We propose a new nonparametric approach to estimate the production function for housing. Our estimation treats output as a latent variable and relies on a first-order condition for profit maximization combined with a zero-profit condition. More desirable locations command higher land prices and, in turn, more capital to build houses. For parcels of a given size, we compute housing production by summing across the marginal products of capital. For newly built single-family homes in France, the production function for housing is close to constant returns and is well, though not perfectly, approximated by a Cobb-Douglas function with a capital elasticity of 0.65. |
| Keywords: | Housing,Production function |
| Date: | 2021–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpspec:halshs-03342578&r= |
| By: | Wataru Kureishi; Midori Wakabayashi; Colin McKenzie; Kei Sakata |
| Abstract: | Using data from the Longitudinal Survey of Newborns in the 21st Century, we examine the effect of sibship size on high school standardized rank score in Japan. Using twin births as a control variable, the causal effect of sibling size on high school standardized hensachi scores is not found in the pooled sample across Japan, but emerges only when we divide the sample into urban and rural areas. We also find that when the number of children increases, parents and children in urban areas try to mitigate the adverse effects on hensachi by increasing the inputs of study time and conversations with parents. On the other hand, rural parents and their children reinforce the adverse effects by reducing their inputs. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:toh:tupdaa:22&r= |
| By: | Shubhangi Agrawal; Tom Kirchmaier; Carmen Villa-Llera |
| Abstract: | We analyse how crime trends evolved during the Covid-19 pandemic leveraging public data on local crimes. Police have recorded fewer crimes overall during the pandemic, and the decrease is driven by a large decrease in acquisitive offences. Except for online fraud, crimes in which offenders obtain a material gain - such as burglary or theft - are now less common than pre-Covid. This trend is likely to remain, as more people work from home and shop online. Violent crimes, which have been on the rise since 2014, remain at very high levels and did not decrease because of the pandemic. Public order offences (incidents in which offenders cause public fear, alarm, or distress) have also accelerated since Covid began. We also show that the pandemic has not decreased crimes uniformly. Some areas (37 per cent) had more crimes in 2021 than during the same period in 2019. Unemployment and lower educational attainment appear to be key characteristics of areas that had higher crimes in 2021. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19, Crime |
| Date: | 2022–03–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepcvd:cepcovid-19-027&r= |
| By: | Arthur Guillouzouic--Le Corff (IPP - Institut des politiques publiques); Emeric Henry (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR); Joan Monras (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPF - Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona]) |
| Abstract: | Using French data, we provide: a) causal evidence that a drop in local public goods provision decreases private sector activity, and b) evidence consistent with monopsony power of the public sector in local labor markets. We introduce a public sector with these two key characteristics in an otherwise standard spatial equilibrium model, and show that it delivers the main stylized facts established in our data, in particular, that the share of the public sector relative to the private is independent of the productivity of the city. We emphasize the tradeoffs between allowing governments to freely choose local public employment and wages (as in most of the US public sector), versus imposing rules that constrain public sector pay with some indexation to the local cost of living (as in many European countries). We show that wage indexation limits monopsony power – leading to a larger public sector – and is optimal if the indexation is sufficiently strong. |
| Keywords: | Local public goods,Public service,Market power,Spatial economics |
| Date: | 2021–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpspec:hal-03389155&r= |
| By: | Patrick Bennett; Aline Bütikofer; Kjell G. Salvanes; Darina Steskal |
| Abstract: | We analyze the change in the urban wage premium over the last 60 years. We focus on differences by gender and skill levels, with an emphasis on changes throughout the earnings distribution. We assess the importance of both changing selection into urban areas, as well as the importance of shifts in demand for skills. Both forces explain the dramatic drop in urban premium. Event study analysis reveals that the positive selection into urban mobility declines over time. Among men at the bottom of the distribution, changes in selection are key in accounting for the collapse of the urban wage premium. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9766&r= |
| By: | Karamik, Yasemin; von Graevenitz, Kathrine |
| Abstract: | Recent evidence suggests a positive impact of air pollution on crime in large cities. We provide first evidence on the potential effect of air pollution on criminal activity using a broader set of geographical regions with lower air pollution levels. We use a unique combination of daily crime data with weather and emission records for the states of Baden-Wuerttemberg (BW) and Rhineland-Palatinate (RLP) in Germany from 2015 until 2017. We exploit the variation in air pollution which is attributable to changes in daily wind direction. We find that an increase of one standard deviation of PM10 leads to an increase in crime of 4.6%. |
| Keywords: | Air Pollution,Crime |
| JEL: | K42 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:22013&r= |
| By: | Guensler, Randall; Liu, Haobing; Lu, Hongyu; Chang, Chia-Huai "Chris"; Dai, Ziyi; Xia, Tian; Fu, Zixiu; Liu, Diyi; Kim, Daejin; Zhao, Yingping; Guin, Angshuman |
| Abstract: | Ongoing assessment of system performance monitoring is critical to successful and efficient transportation planning, ensuring that infrastructure investments provide a desired return on investment. As with any new transportation facility, it is important to understand how Express Lane facilities affect travel behavior, resulting on-road vehicle activity, and subsequent person-throughput (a function of vehicle occupancy) as part of the facility performance assessment. This report summarizes the vehicle and person throughput analysis for the I-75 Northwest Corridor (NWC) and I-85 Express Lanes in Atlanta, GA, undertaken by the Georgia Institute of Technology research team for the State Road and Tollway Authority (SRTA). The research team tracked changes in observed vehicle throughput on four managed lane corridors and collected vehicle occupancy (persons per vehicle) data to assess changes in both vehicle throughput and person throughput associated with the opening of new Express Lane facilities. The team collected traffic volumes by video observation (GDOT’s Georgia NaviGAtor machine vision system and SRTA’s vehicle activity monitoring system). The team implemented a large-scale data collection effort for vehicle occupancy across all general purpose freeway lanes and from SRTA’s Express Lanes over a two-year period (before-and-after the opening of the Express Lanes). Between the baseline year (2018) and post-opening year (2019), the team observed a decrease in average vehicle occupancy (persons/vehicle), coupled with a significant increase in traffic volumes, especially on the NWC. The combined effect of increased traffic volumes and decreased occupancy still led to an overall increase in person throughput at all sites. Vehicle throughput on the I-85 corridor increased by about 5-7% and person throughput increased by 1-2% in the morning peak, and increased by around 10% for vehicles and 5% for persons in the evening peak. Vehicle throughput increased by more than 35% on I-575 in the AM and PM peaks, and by the same on I-75 in the AM peaks (only minor increases were noted in the PM peaks), likely due to the diversion of commute traffic from arterials onto the freeway corridor once the Express Lanes opened and congestion declined. Based upon vehicle throughput and occupancy distributions, the largest share of the increase in vehicle throughput in the peak periods came from an influx of single-occupant vehicle activity onto the corridor. Even though the number of carpools traversing the I-575 corridor increased slightly during the morning peak, the overall carpool mode share (percentage of carpools) decreased after the significantly greater numbers of single-occupant vehicles began using the corridor. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Carpools, Demographics, Evaluation and assessment, Express lanes, Focus groups, High occupancy toll lanes, Reversible traffic lanes, Surveys, Through traffic, Vehicle occupancy |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt47v759fs&r= |
| By: | OECD |
| Abstract: | Cultural and creative sectors are a significant driver of local development through job creation and income generation, spurring innovation across the economy. Beyond their economic impacts, they also have significant social impacts, from supporting health and well-being to promoting social inclusion and local social capital. This paper offers a review of cultural and creative sectors in the Emilia-Romagna region, Italy, highlighting issues and trends in regards to employment, business, entrepreneurship and financing in cultural and creative sectors. It also reviews issues and trends relating to cultural participation and offers in-depth analysis on the role of museums in supporting local development. The paper provides analysis and recommendations to support the region in strengthening the local cultural and creative ecosystem. |
| Keywords: | creative industries, cultural employment, culture and local development |
| JEL: | I31 Z1 |
| Date: | 2022–06–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:cfeaaa:2022/05-en&r= |
| By: | Amir Maghssudipour; Annalisa Caloffi; Marco Bellandi; Letizia Donati |
| Abstract: | We investigate the relationship between language and international trade of place-sensitive products at a regional level. Focusing on ‘made in Italy’, we assess whether its trade is influenced by Italian migrants and organisations offering Italian language courses in the importing region. To analyse this relationship, we collected an original database of 147 regions, on which we estimated Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood regressions, also controlling for various country effects across trading regions. Results show that the trade of made-in-Italy goods is positively associated with the diffusion of the Italian language in the regions. This does not apply to goods produced in Italy that are not characteristic of ‘made in Italy’. |
| Keywords: | international trade, place-sensitive products, made in Italy, Italian migration, Italian language |
| JEL: | F14 R10 R23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:frz:wpaper:wp2022_09.rdf&r= |
| By: | Mitsch, Frieder; McNeil, Andrew |
| Abstract: | A clean environment is a public good, with the benefits shared by all. While most individuals can agree on the need to implement green policies, we argue that the cost-benefit calculation is quite different depending on where one lives. Those individuals living in places where green infrastructure is infeasible, such as cities, can advocate for green technologies knowing that the chance of having to bear the cost of infrastructure in their ‘backyard’ is low. We test how the building of wind turbines and solar farms changes one’s political preferences in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. We use a difference-indifference design based on whether one’s area is designated for potential infrastructure in the future. We show that when the burden of ‘green’ infrastructure falls on voters, wind turbines or solar farms in one’s ‘backyard’, these local authorities vote less for the Green Party. Additionally, using individual level data from SOEP, we find that it is those individuals who previously voted Green who are the most likely to desert their party in the face of green infrastructure, rather than disincentivising potential ‘switchers’. We argue that this has profound implications for the move to ‘net zero’. Green parties face a Catch22 situation, the very policies that draw their support create a backlash when implemented. |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2022–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115269&r= |
| By: | Berlingieri, Francesco (European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC)); Gathmann, Christina (LISER); Quinckhardt, Matthias (Heidelberg University) |
| Abstract: | We study how the presence of a college affects the local economy using administrative data. Our analysis exploits the opening of new institutions of tertiary education across Germany in the 1980s and 1990s. The new college substantially increased the student population and share of high-skilled workers in the region. Yet, we find no effect on regional wages or employment indicating that the local economies did not experience additional growth through skill-biased technological change, for instance. Instead, there is sizable heterogeneity in the local gains: high-tech firms in manufacturing absorb most of the new college graduates, esp. in engineering professions. We find little impact on the low- or high-skilled service sector or employment in managerial professions. Finally, we show that local labor market conditions prior to the opening matter: in regions with a more dynamic labor market, the opening encourages firm creation and a permanent upskilling of the workforce. Areas with a less dynamic labor market experience little sustained growth in high-skilled workers who are absorbed by incumbent firms. |
| Keywords: | colleges, local labor markets, human capital, substitutability |
| JEL: | J24 J31 J61 I23 I25 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15364&r= |
| By: | Silva, Pedro Luís (University of Porto); Sá, Carla (CIPES – Centre for Research in Higher Education Policies); Biscaia, Ricardo (CIPES – Centre for Research in Higher Education Policies); Teixeira, Pedro N. (University of Porto) |
| Abstract: | Students are admitted into higher education based on their past performance. This paper compares two measures of past cognitive skills: teacher and national exam scores. By using a nationwide dataset, we look at how the predictive power of teacher assessment and exam scores for selecting successful students may vary with the degree of selectivity of higher education programmes. We find that teacher scores predict students' performance in higher education more accurately, and its predictive power remains the same independently of the selectivity programme indicator considered. We found that national exam scores are noisier and only gain relevance for highly selective programmes. Furthermore, we explore national exams' volatility and institutional selectivity as potential mechanisms to justify the results. Our results provide solid policy hints on the role that high school scores and admission exams should have for access and performance in higher education. |
| Keywords: | admission exams, teacher scores, higher education, selectivity |
| JEL: | I23 I21 I20 J24 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15350&r= |
| By: | Choi, S.; Goyal, S.; Moisan, F.; To, Y. Y. T. |
| Abstract: | Subjects observe a private signal and then make an initial guess; they observe their neighbors’ guesses and guess again, and so forth. We study learning dynamics in three networks: Erdös-Rényi, Stochastic Block (reflecting homophily) and Royal Family (that accommodates both highly connected celebrities and local intearctions). We find that the Royal Family network is more likely to sustain incorrect consensus and that the Stochastic Block network is more likely to persist with diverse beliefs. These aggregate patterns are consistent with individuals following DeGroot updating rule. |
| Keywords: | consensus, experimental social science, social learning, social networks |
| JEL: | C91 C92 D83 D85 |
| Date: | 2022–06–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:2235&r= |
| By: | Mayara Moraes Monteiro; Carlos M. Lima Azevedo; Maria Kamargianni; Yoram Shiftan; Ayelet Gal-Tzur; Sharon Shoshany Tavory; Constantinos Antoniou; Guido Cantelmo |
| Abstract: | Car-sharing services have been providing short-term car access to their users, contributing to sustainable urban mobility and generating positive societal and often environmental impacts. As car-sharing business models vary, it is important to understand what features drive the attraction and retention of its members in different contexts. For that, it is essential to examine individuals preferences for subscriptions to different business models and what they perceive as most relevant, as well as understand what could be attractive incentives. This study aims precisely to examine individuals preferences for the subscription of different car-sharing services in different cities. We designed a stated preference experiment and collected data from three different urban car-sharing settings, namely Copenhagen, Munich, and Tel Aviv-Yafo. Then a mixed logit model was estimated to uncover car-sharing plan subscription and incentives preferences. The results improve our understanding of how both the features of the car-sharing business model and the provision of incentives can maintain and attract members to the system. The achieved insights pave the road for the actual design of car-sharing business models and incentives that can be offered by existing and future car-sharing companies in the studied or similar cities. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2206.02448&r= |
| By: | Ramesh, Niranjana |
| Abstract: | Research on urban water infrastructures has seldom reached across the Global North-South divide owing to their apparent developmental incommensurability. Yet, the universalising tendencies of urban theory has meant that cities of the Global South are often deemed to have ‘fragmented’ infrastructures or incomplete circulations in implicit comparison to the northern infrastructural ideal. So, in order to truly ‘world’ the study of infrastructures and cities, it is important to go beyond these dominant paradigms and attend to how infrastructures actually work and what socio-technical implications they have in cities of the Global South and North. Building on these provocations, this paper places the water infrastructures of two ‘most different cities’– Chennai, India and London, UK – alongside each other in ‘experimental comparison’, where the aim is not to arrive at paradigmatic urban theory but to highlight heterogeneity and excavate themes for further critical thinking on each case. This paper will delineate the dialogic and reflexive method of research and analysis adopted, tracing how it led to the practice of ‘minor theory’, which focuses on processes that do not find expression in dominant universalising analyses. Here, minor theory is mobilised towards challenging dominant or major constructs about each city and across cities, while amplifying urban multiplicities and enabling a deeper engagement with infrastructure making in the Global South and North, thus expanding urban studies’ toolbox of critical thinking. |
| Keywords: | fragmentation; infrastructure; minor theory; technical expertise; water; Sage deal |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2022–05–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:114952&r= |
| By: | Ellora Derenoncourt; Chi Hyun Kim; Moritz Kuhn; Moritz Schularick |
| Abstract: | The racial wealth gap is the largest of the economic disparities between Black and white Americans, with a white-to-Black per capita wealth ratio of 6 to 1. It is also among the most persistent. In this paper, we construct the first continuous series on white-to-Black per capita wealth ratios from 1860 to 2020, drawing on historical census data, early state tax records, and historical waves of the Survey of Consumer Finances, among other sources. Incorporating these data into a parsimonious model of wealth accumulation for each racial group, we document the role played by initial conditions, income growth, savings behavior, and capital returns in the evolution of the gap. Given vastly different starting conditions under slavery, racial wealth convergence would remain a distant scenario, even if wealth-accumulating conditions had been equal across the two groups since Emancipation. Relative to this equal-conditions benchmark, we find that observed convergence has followed an even slower path over the last 150 years, with convergence stalling after 1950. Since the 1980s, the wealth gap has widened again as capital gains have predominantly benefited white households, and income convergence has stopped. |
| JEL: | J15 N11 N12 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30101&r= |
| By: | Shyam Nath; Yeti Nisha Madhoo |
| Abstract: | This paper empirically tests the suitability of local vs state government expenditure in providing an environmental public good, namely airborne pollution control in two municipal areas in India. We employ an innovative methodology where factual and counterfactual state and local expenditure regimes are constructed to capture different degrees of decentralization. Econometric results highlight higher efficacy of state level expenditure (centralization) as spillover/regional effects become important. Particularly, superiority of state expenditure is evident in the control of suspended particulate matter (SPM), which has wide cross-boundary effects. Local expenditure and the counterfactual of local expenditure for uniform provision (both decentralized provision modes) emerge as more effective than state to control point-source local pollutant SO2. However, they may also supplement the effects generated by state expenditure in the case of NO2 emissions, which entail spillovers and seem amenable to pressure group influence at local level. |
| Keywords: | Environmental governance; fiscal decentralization; atmospheric pollution; spillover effects; non-point source pollution; India |
| JEL: | E31 E61 E65 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pas:asarcc:2021-01&r= |
| By: | Martijn Huysmans; D. van Noord |
| Abstract: | Geographical indications (GIs) protect regional specialty foods such as lemons from Sorrento and Gouda Holland. While the EU asserts that GIs certify and protect high quality regional specialty products, the US sees them as protectionist. This article develops a conceptual framework of different quality attributes and analyzes how GIs may certify quality on those attributes. Regional origin may count as a quality attribute per se, or only indirectly through taste. The conceptual framework is illustrated with an exploratory blind tasting of Gouda cheeses. While a majority of consumers prefers Gouda North-Holland PDO to generic Gouda, the same is not true for Gouda Holland PGI. This suggests that not all GIs guarantee better taste for all consumers. The framework and empirics clarify the possibilities and limits for GIs to collectively appropriate the brand value of regional foods. |
| Keywords: | Geographical indications, Regional Foods, Quality, Protected Designationof Origin, Protected Geographical Indication, European Union |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:use:tkiwps:2108&r= |
| By: | Gary Koop; Stuart McIntyre; James Mitchell; Aubrey Poon |
| Abstract: | Recent decades have seen advances in using econometric methods to produce more timely and higher frequency estimates of economic activity at the national level, enabling better tracking of the economy in real-time. These advances have not generally been replicated at the sub-national level, likely because of the empirical challenges that nowcasting at a regional level present, notably, the short time series of available data, changes in data frequency over time, and the hierarchical structure of the data. This paper develops a mixed-frequency Bayesian VAR model to address common features of the regional nowcasting context, using an application to regional productivity in the UK. We evaluate the contribution that different features of our model provide to the accuracy of point and density nowcasts, in particular the role of hierarchical aggregation constraints. We show that these aggregation constraints, imposed in stochastic form, play a key role in delivering improved regional nowcasts; they prove more important than adding region specific predictors when the equivalent national data are known, but not when this aggregate is unknown. |
| Keywords: | bayesian methods, mixed frequency nowcasting, real-time data, regional data |
| JEL: | C32 C53 E37 |
| Date: | 2022–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nsr:escoed:escoe-dp-2022-04&r= |
| By: | P. Hamel (Natural Capital Project, Department of Biology and Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, ASE - Asian School of the Environment - Nanyang Technological University [Singapour]); A. Guerry; S. Polasky; B. Han; J. Douglass; M. Hamann; B. Janke; J. Kuiper; H. Levrel (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); H. Liu; E. Lonsdorf; R. Mcdonald; C. Nootenboom; Z. Ouyang; R. Remme; R. Sharp; L. Tardieu (UMR TETIS - Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); V. Viguié; D. Xu; H. Zheng; G. Daily |
| Abstract: | Natural infrastructure such as parks, forests, street trees, green roofs, and coastal vegetation is central to sustainable urban management. Despite recent progress, it remains challenging for urban decision-makers to incorporate the benefits of natural infrastructure into urban design and planning. Here, we present an approach to support the greening of cities by quantifying and mapping the diverse benefits of natural infrastructure for now and in the future. The approach relies on open-source tools, within the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) software, that compute biophysical and socio-economic metrics relevant to a variety of decisions in data-rich or data-scarce contexts. Through three case studies in China, France, and the United States, we show how spatially explicit information about the benefits of nature enhances urban management by improving economic valuation, prioritizing land use change, and promoting inclusive planning and stakeholder dialogue. We discuss limitations of the tools, including modeling uncertainties and a limited suite of output metrics, and propose research directions to mainstream natural infrastructure information in integrated urban management. |
| Keywords: | Natural Infrastructure,Urban sustainabiliy,InVEST,Modelisation |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03318222&r= |
| By: | Rohith Mahadevan; Sam Richard; Kishore Harshan Kumar; Jeevitha Murugan; Santhosh Kannan; Saaisri; Tarun; Raja CSP Raman |
| Abstract: | The upsurge of real estate involves a variety of factors that have got influenced by many domains. Indeed, the unrecognized sector that would affect the economy for which regulatory proposals are being drafted to keep this in control is the payday loans. This research paper revolves around the impact of payday loans in the real estate market. The research paper draws a first-hand experience of obtaining the index for the concentration of real estate in an area of reference by virtue of payday loans in Toronto, Ontario in particular, which sets out an ideology to create, evaluate and demonstrate the scenario through research analysis. The purpose of this indexing via payday loans is the basic - debt: income ratio which states that when the income of the person bound to pay the interest of payday loans increases, his debt goes down marginally which hence infers that the person invests in fixed assets like real estate which hikes up its growth. |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2205.15320&r= |
| By: | W. Walker Hanlon; Stephan Heblich; Ferdinando Monte; Martin B. Schmitz |
| Abstract: | How do communication costs affect the production of new ideas and inventions? To answer this question, we study the introduction of the Uniform Penny Post in Great Britain in 1840. This reform replaced the previous system of expensive distance-based postage fees with a uniform low rate of one penny for sending letters anywhere in the country. The result was a large spatially-varied reduction in the cost of communicating across locations. We study the impact of this reform on the production of scientific knowledge using citation links constructed from a leading academic journal, the Philosophical Transactions, and the impact on the development of new technology using patent data. Our results provide quantitative causal estimates showing how a fall in communication costs can increase the rate at which scientific knowledge is exchanged and new ideas and technologies are developed. This evidence lends direct empirical support to an extensive theoretical literature in economic growth and urban economics positing that more ideas can emerge from communication between individuals. |
| JEL: | N9 O3 R1 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30076&r= |
| By: | LIAN, Ying; LUCAS, Flavien; SÖRENSEN, Kenneth |
| Abstract: | The On-Demand Bus Routing Problem (ODBRP) is defined as a large-scale dial-a-ride problem with bus station assignment. Specifically, each passenger can have alternative stations to board and alight; then, station pairs with the smallest total User Ride Time (URT) are chosen for overall efficiency. In the dynamic ODBRP (DODBRP), buses are only dispatched to the stations with known requests. However, this paper considers prepositioning: buses are sent to stations where new requests are likely to appear if the expected number of served requests has increased consequently. A heuristic algorithm with variable neighborhood search (VNS) is proposed to solve this dynamic and stochastic ODBRP, with multiple scenarios representing different realizations of stochastic requests. Experimental data show the superiority of prepositioning compared to DODBRP. On average, 24.27% - 38.80% more passengers can be served with the use of prepositioning with a simultaneous reduction from 2.06% to 5.93% of the average URT. In addition, different parameters are investigated to test robustness, such as instance sizes, station distributions, ratios of dynamic requests, probabilities of stochastic requests, time windows, and levels of estimation accuracy of stochastic requests. |
| Keywords: | Routing, Stochastic requests, Dynamic requests, Multiple scenarios, Prepositioning |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ant:wpaper:2022004&r= |
| By: | Michaël Aklin; Vera Z. Eichenauer |
| Abstract: | We investigate the consequences of a peaceful shift of power from one social group to another. Theoretically, we show that an individual’s decision to stay put or migrate depends on the difference between the political preferences of groups and the change in tax. Empirically, we use the case of the unexpected creation of the Canton of Jura in Switzerland, which witnessed a power shift from German to French speakers in the 1970s. We find robust evidence supporting the model’s predictions using data at the municipal and individual levels. Our research sheds light on population sorting in the shadow of power transitions. |
| Keywords: | social identity, status displacement, migration, federalism, secession |
| JEL: | H31 H77 D72 J15 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9765&r= |
| By: | Sharada Nia Davidson; Kevin Connolly; Ciara Crummey; Niccolo Brazzelli; Mairi Spowage |
| Abstract: | The UK government’s levelling up agenda has triggered renewed interest in regional disparities. However, for several years, there has been a growing consensus across the UK that better subnational statistics are required to support policymaking and analysis. This paper assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with building a suite of subnational socioeconomic indicators. Such a suite would facilitate the creation of profiles of local areas across the UK's four nations. By reviewing current international practise, the UK policy and geographical landscape and the vast array of indicators which could be included in a suite, we provide six sets of recommendations. Specifically, we address: which indicators should be included; the timeliness and geographical granularity required; the extent to which indicators should be comparable across the four nations; how measurement, comparability issues and data gaps can be minimised; and how such data should be disseminated. |
| Keywords: | data collection, industrial policy, levelling up, rebalancing, survey methods |
| JEL: | C82 C83 H7 R12 R58 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nsr:escoed:escoe-dp-2022-13&r= |
| By: | Ekaterina S. Jardim; Mark C. Long; Robert Plotnick; Emma van Inwegen; Jacob L. Vigdor; Hilary Wething |
| Abstract: | The boundary discontinuity method of causal inference may yield misleading results if a policy’s impacts do not stop at the border of the implementing jurisdiction. We use geographically precise longitudinal employment data documenting worker job-to-job mobility to study policy spillovers in the context of three local minimum wage increases. Estimated spillover impacts on wages and hours are statistically significant, geographically diffuse, and sufficient to create concern regarding interpretation of results even using not-immediately-adjacent regions as controls. Spillover effects appear less concerning with smaller interventions or those or adopted in a smaller jurisdiction. |
| JEL: | J31 J61 R12 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30075&r= |
| By: | Allister Loder; Fabienne Cantner; Lennart Adenaw; Markus Siewert; Sebastian Goerg; Markus Lienkamp; Klaus Bogenberger |
| Abstract: | In spring 2022, the German federal government agreed on a set of measures that aim at reducing households' financial burden resulting from a recent price increase, especially in energy and mobility. These measures include among others, a nation-wide public transport ticket for 9 EUR per month and a fuel tax cut that reduces fuel prices by more than 15% . In transportation research this is an almost unprecedented behavioral experiment. It allows to study not only behavioral responses in mode choice and induced demand but also to assess the effectiveness of transport policy instruments. We observe this natural experiment with a three-wave survey and an app-based travel diary on a sample of hundreds of participants as well as an analysis of traffic counts. In this first report, we inform about the study design, recruiting and initial participation of study participants. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2206.00396&r= |
| By: | Andrés César (CEDLAS-IIE-FCE-UNLP & CONICET); Guillermo Falcone (CEDLAS-IIE-FCE-UNLP & CONICET); Leonardo Gasparini (CEDLAS-IIE-FCE-UNLP & CONICET) |
| Abstract: | We study Chile’s labor market responses to trade shocks during 1996-2006, exploiting spatial and time variations in trade exposure arising from initial differences in industry specialization across local labor markets and the evolution of shocks across industries. We take advantage of China’s supply and demand’s worldwide shocks to instrument for Chinese import competition and demand for Chilean exports. Our main finding is that increasing manufacturing import competition implied a significant rise in labor informality in more exposed local markets, especially among young and unskilled workers. These groups also suffered significant relative wage losses. Meanwhile, locations that benefited most from the increased demand for primary products experienced a relative increase in employment, particularly among young individuals, and reallocation from self-employment towards salaried jobs in the formal sector, along with relative wage gains among old-age workers. Interestingly, these areas experienced a smaller increase in tertiary education enrollment rates than less exposed areas. |
| JEL: | F14 F16 J23 J31 L60 O17 Q02 R12 R23 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dls:wpaper:0300&r= |
| By: | José María Renteíra (UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Dante Solano (University of Leeds) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the influence of teacher subjective well-being (TSWB) on the mathematics learning achievement of public-school students in Peru. Using the National Teacher Survey and the Census Student Assessment, after exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis we identify three dimensions of TSWB: i) workplace relationships, ii) working conditions, and iii) living conditions. We estimate instrumental variables and perform quantile regressions to disentangle the relationship between TSWB and students' learning outcomes. Our results show that TSWB has an inverted U-shaped influence on test scores, suggesting the presence of the "too-much-of-a-good-thing effect", and therefore the existence of an optimal threshold after which its effect becomes detrimental. Workplace relationships appear to be the most influential TSWB factor on students' academic achievement. |
| Abstract: | Nous estimons l'influence du bien-être subjectif des enseignants (TSWB) sur les acquis scolaires en mathématiques des élèves des écoles publiques au Pérou. En utilisant l'Enquête auprès des ménages et le Recensement des acquis scolaires, nous identifions trois dimensions du TSWB suite à une analyse factorielle exploratoire et confirmatoire : i) les relations au travail, ii) les conditions de travail et iii) les conditions de vie. Nous appliquons la méthode des variables instrumentales et effectuons des régressions quantiles afin de démêler la relation entre le TSWB et les acquis scolaires des étudiants. Les résultats montrent que le TSWB a une influence en forme de U inversée sur les résultats des tests, ce qui suggère la présence de l'effet dénommé " too-much-of-a-good-thing ", et donc l'existence d'un seuil optimal au-delà duquel son influence devient préjudiciable. Les relations au travail semblent être le facteur du TSWB le plus important pour la réussite scolaire des élèves. |
| Keywords: | Teacher subjective well-being,learning achievement,Bien-être subjectif,enseignants,acquis scolaires |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03688119&r= |
| By: | José María Renteíra (UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Dante Solano (University of Leeds) |
| Abstract: | We estimate the influence of teacher subjective well-being (TSWB) on the mathematics learning achievement of public-school students in Peru. Using the National Teacher Survey and the Census Student Assessment, after exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis we identify three dimensions of TSWB: i) workplace relationships, ii) working conditions, and iii) living conditions. We estimate instrumental variables and perform quantile regressions to disentangle the relationship between TSWB and students' learning outcomes. Our results show that TSWB has an inverted U-shaped influence on test scores, suggesting the presence of the "too-much-of-a-good-thing effect", and therefore the existence of an optimal threshold after which its effect becomes detrimental. Workplace relationships appear to be the most influential TSWB factor on students' academic achievement. |
| Abstract: | Nous estimons l'influence du bien-être subjectif des enseignants (TSWB) sur les acquis scolaires en mathématiques des élèves des écoles publiques au Pérou. En utilisant l'Enquête auprès des ménages et le Recensement des acquis scolaires, nous identifions trois dimensions du TSWB suite à une analyse factorielle exploratoire et confirmatoire : i) les relations au travail, ii) les conditions de travail et iii) les conditions de vie. Nous appliquons la méthode des variables instrumentales et effectuons des régressions quantiles afin de démêler la relation entre le TSWB et les acquis scolaires des étudiants. Les résultats montrent que le TSWB a une influence en forme de U inversée sur les résultats des tests, ce qui suggère la présence de l'effet dénommé " too-much-of-a-good-thing ", et donc l'existence d'un seuil optimal au-delà duquel son influence devient préjudiciable. Les relations au travail semblent être le facteur du TSWB le plus important pour la réussite scolaire des élèves. |
| Keywords: | Teacher subjective well-being,learning achievement,Bien-être subjectif,enseignants,acquis scolaires |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-03688119&r= |
| By: | Albanese, Andrea (LISER); Nieto, Adrián (University of Nottingham); Tatsiramos, Konstantinos (University of Luxembourg, LISER) |
| Abstract: | We study the effect of childbirth on local and non-local employment dynamics for both men and women using Belgian social security and geo-location data. Applying an event-study design that accounts for treatment effect heterogeneity, we show that 75 percent of the effect of the birth of a first child on the overall gender gap in employment is accounted for by gender disparities in non-local employment, with mothers being more likely to give up non-local employment compared to fathers. This gender specialisation is mostly driven by opposing job location responses of men and women to individual, household and regional factors. On the one hand, men do not give up non-local employment after childbirth when they are employed in a high-paid job, have a partner who is not participating in the labour market or experience adverse local labour market conditions, suggesting that fathers trade off better employment opportunities with longer commutes. On the other hand, women give up non-local jobs regardless of their earnings level, their partner's labour market status and local economic conditions, which is consistent with mothers specialising in childcare provision compared to fathers. |
| Keywords: | gender gap, childbirth, job location, cross-border employment, specialisation |
| JEL: | J13 J16 J61 C21 C23 J22 R23 |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15353&r= |
| By: | Sudheer Chava; Alexander Oettl; Manpreet Singh; Linghang Zeng |
| Abstract: | Using an administrative payroll dataset for 2.6 million retail workers, we find that the staggered rollout of a major e-commerce firm's fulfillment centers reduces traditional retail workers' income in geographically proximate counties by 2.4%. Wages of hourly workers, especially part-time hourly workers, decrease significantly, driven by a drop in the number of hours worked. We observe a U-shaped pattern in which both young and old workers experience a sharper decrease in wage income. Consequently, some workers experience an increase in credit card delinquency. Using data for 3.2 million stores, we find that sales (employment) at proximate stores decrease by 4% (2.1%). Exits, especially of young and small stores, increase, and entry decreases. In aggregate, the retail sector loses 938 jobs per county per quarter, and the transportation-warehousing sector (food services sector) gains 256 (143) jobs. Our results highlight how creative destruction led by e-commerce impacts local labor markets. |
| JEL: | J30 L81 O33 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30077&r= |
| By: | Nikos Karadimitriou (The Bartlett School of Planning - UCL - University College of London [London]); Sonia Guelton (LAB'URBA - LAB'URBA - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12, University of Paris-East Créteil); Athanasios Pagonis (National Technical University of Athens, School of Architecture); Silvia Sousa (Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Research Centre for Territory, Transport and Environment - Universidade do Porto = University of Porto) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the role that two Public Value Capture (PVC) mechanisms could play in providing a source of funding for urban infrastructure in the case of two coastal areas in France and Greece. High development pressures in those areas have been exacerbated in recent times by the growing ‘informality of desire'. Therefore, in a context of climate change the two case study areas face the dual challenge of an increasing ‘investment gap' and increasing vulnerability. Although the estimated costs are still based on approximate calculations, they are substantive. Using primary and secondary data, as well as analysis of the legal and policy framework, the paper shows that ‘informality of desire' is not only tolerated but actually incentivised in both countries. This leads to substantial short-term financial benefits for private developers and property owners but also some gains for local authorities and central governments. However, the value captured via the legalisation fees and property taxation is not adequately ringfenced and in any case it is not enough to cover the infrastructure gap and the potential compensation in case of natural disasters |
| Keywords: | Public Value Capture,Climate Change,the infrastructure gap,coastal development,Athens Riviera,Vendée |
| Date: | 2022–06–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03690708&r= |
| By: | Jody McBrien; Alexandre Rutigliano; Adam Sticca |
| Abstract: | Students who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex or somewhere else on the gender/sexuality spectrum (LGBTQI+) are among the diverse student groups in need of extra support and protection in order to succeed in education and reach their full potential. Because they belong to a minority that is often excluded by heteronormative/cisgender people, they are often the targets of physical and psychological harassment. Such discrimination can place them at risk for isolation, reduced academic achievement, and physical and mental harm. This paper provides a brief history of how the LGBTQI+ population has often been misunderstood and labelled in order to understand challenges faced by students who identify as a part of this population. It continues by considering supportive educational policies and programmes implemented from national to local levels across OECD countries. Finally, the paper considers policy gaps and discusses policy implications to strengthen equity and inclusion for LGBTQI+ students. |
| Date: | 2022–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:eduaab:273-en&r= |
| By: | Cvijanović, Dragana; Dasgupta, Amil; Zachariadis, Konstantinos |
| Abstract: | Public transport services in Kampala city are largely made up of minibus and motorbike taxis. • While the current transport sector provides a critical means of livelihood to many individuals in the city, the jobs offered are relatively low-paid and the job market is increasingly saturated. • Given the limited potential for the current transportation industry to provide sustainable livelihoods for those in the sector, and the challenges presented by the sector on productivity and liveability of the city, there is a clear need for policy to better regulate transport operations. • Several cities have attempted to target the informal and semi-formal transport sector to improve city-wide connectivity, ranging from outright bans to upgrading of the informal system. • This brief compares four broad policy directions cities have adopted when interacting with informal transport providers and highlights key lessons to inform informal transport reform in Kampala.The growth of the asset management industry has made it commonplace for rms to have multiple institutional blockholders. In such rms, the strength of governance via exit depends on how blockholders react to each other's exit. We present a model to show that open-ended institutional investors such as mutual funds react strongly to an informed blockholder's exit, leading to correlated exits that enhance corporate governance. Our analysis points to a new role for mutual funds in corporate governance. We examine the trades of mutual funds around exits by activist hedge funds to present empirical evidence consistent with our model. |
| Keywords: | institutional investors; competition for flow; governance via exit; correlated trading; ES/S016686/1; Paul Woolley Centre at the LSE; Elsevier deal |
| JEL: | G23 G24 |
| Date: | 2022–03–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113710&r= |
| By: | Friberg, Richard (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Halseth, Emil M. Strøm (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Frode, Steen (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration); Ulsaker, Simen A. (Dept. of Economics, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | We use grocery data from Norway and COVID-19 border closings to gauge the effect of cross-border shopping on commodity tax revenue. Detailed store-category level data identify differential treatment effects that depend on distance to Swedish stores. Economically significant effects extend to up to two hours’ drive from the border, and even further for prominent cross-border shopping products as beer, cigarettes and soda. Across all products, cross-border shopping decreases tax revenue from VAT by 3.6% at the national level. National commodity tax revenue from carbonated soft drinks (subject to a sugar tax) is reduced by 8.1% and from cigarettes by 11.9%. |
| Keywords: | Cross-border shopping; Commodity taxes; Excise taxes; Tax Competition |
| JEL: | F15 H20 L81 |
| Date: | 2022–06–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhheco:2022_009&r= |
| By: | Marie-Pierre de Bellefon (INSEE Paris, PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Pierre-Philippe Combes (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPR - Center for Economic Policy Research - CEPR, GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Gilles Duranton (University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia]); Laurent Gobillon (INED - Institut national d'études démographiques, PSE - Paris School of Economics - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Clément Gorin (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We develop a new dartboard methodology to delineate urban areas using detailed information about building location, which we implement using a map of all buildings in France. For each pixel, our approach compares actual building density after smoothing to counterfactual smoothed building density computed after randomly redistributing buildings. We define as urban any area with statistically significant excess building density. Within urban areas, extensions to our approach allow us to distinguish ‘core' urban pixels and detect centres and subcentres. Finally, we develop novel one- and two-sided tests that provide a statistical basis to compare maps with different delineations, which we use to assess the robustness of our approach and to document large differences between our preferred delineation and the corresponding official one. |
| Date: | 2021–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpspec:halshs-02492519&r= |
| By: | López, Carolina |
| Abstract: | In Argentina, more than 90 percent of teenagers are enrolled in upper secondary school, but only 50 percent graduate on time. I conducted a field experiment in Salta, Argentina, to test if lack of information about how inputs translate into outputs may prevent students who attend classes until the last day of high school from getting their diploma. To measure the relative importance of this treatment, I conducted a returns-to-education information intervention in a separate treatment arm. Providing information about the probability of graduation conditional on current standing and discussing intermediate steps to translate effort during students’ senior year of high school into graduation raises timely high school graduation by 5 percentage points, a 10 percent increase relative to the control group. Poor-performing students at baseline respond most to the treatment. The returns-to-education arm increases graduation rates by 10 percentage points. Both treatments increase the probability of university en-rollment by 5 percentage points, more than 30 percent relative to the control group. Together, these findings indicate that inaccu-rate beliefs about own future performance explain a significant share of the “graduation gap.†|
| Keywords: | Desarrollo social, Educación, Estudiantes, Evaluación de impacto, Investigación socioeconómica, Jóvenes, Sector académico, |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblwop:1912&r= |
| By: | Baez, Maria Josefina; Brassiolo, Pablo; Estrada, Ricardo; Fajardo, Gustavo |
| Abstract: | Workers at subnational governments play a prominent role in the delivery of public services in most countries. Yet, information about their remuneration is scarce. Using data for Brazil, Mexico and Uruguay, we document that national government employees earn on average higher wages than observationally similar subnational employees; consequently, public-private sector wage gaps vary significantly by level of government. Then we use individual fixed-effects to estimate the wage premium to public sector employment (the wage gap net of selection effects) for Brazil and Mexico. We find that i) both national and subnational public employees receive a significant wage premium with respect to private sector employment; and ii) the difference between the national and subnational wage premiums is small in Brazil and null in Mexico. |
| Keywords: | Economía, Investigación socioeconómica, Políticas públicas, Sector público, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblwop:1856&r= |
| By: | Shaheen, Susan; Farrar, Emily |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt0gz5t8sw&r= |
| By: | Bai, Yihang; Cao, Mengqiu; Wang, Ruoyu; Liu, Yuqi; Wang, Seunghyeon |
| Abstract: | Introduction: Active travel is currently gaining popularity worldwide as a sustainable form of travel. However, very few studies have examined how the built environment affects active travel behaviour on university campuses, particularly in China. It is a key feature of Chinese university campuses that they are generally gated communities, which are spatially organised in a very different way from campuses in other countries, and they often also provide for students’ daily needs, meaning that students tend to travel off-campus less frequently. Aims: This research aims to explore the link between street greenery and the active travel behaviour of students on closed university campuses in China. Methods: The study combined sensor data from Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre (HEMC), China, with individual cross-sectional survey data from university students and applied a multilevel logistic regression model to conduct the analysis. Street-view images were analysed using a deep learning approach, which represents an emerging method for assessing urban green space. Results: The results demonstrated that street greenery on campuses is positively associated with active travel among university students. Modes of travel also influenced active travel, with university students who owned bicycles tending to participate in active travel more; however, those who travelled by electric bikes were less likely to participate in active travel. Conclusions: This study suggests that policymakers and transport planners should focus more on greening urban areas and improving walking and cycling environments to achieve green transport goals through urban planning. |
| Keywords: | active travel; health; equity; behavioural change; street greenery; urban planning |
| JEL: | C1 |
| Date: | 2022–05–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:115239&r= |
| By: | Simon Porcher (IAE Paris - Sorbonne Business School); Thomas Renault (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | We construct a novel database containing hundreds of thousands geotagged messages related to the COVID-19 pandemic sent on Twitter. We create a daily index of social distancing—at the state level—to capture social distancing beliefs by analyzing the number of tweets containing keywords such as "stay home", "stay safe", "wear mask", "wash hands" and "social distancing". We find that an increase in the Twitter index of social distancing on day t-1 is associated with a decrease in mobility on day t. We also find that state orders, an increase in the number of COVID-19 cases, precipitation and temperature contribute to reducing human mobility. Republican states are also less likely to enforce social distancing. Beliefs shared on social networks could both reveal the behavior of individuals and influence the behavior of others. Our findings suggest that policy makers can use geotagged Twitter data—in conjunction with mobility data—to better understand individual voluntary social distancing actions. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03205158&r= |