nep-upt New Economics Papers
on Utility Models and Prospect Theory
Issue of 2010‒08‒28
four papers chosen by
Alexander Harin
Modern University for the Humanities

  1. Consumer Loss Aversion and the Intensity of Competition By Heiko Karle; Martin Peitz
  2. Competitive Insurance Markets and Adverse Selection in the Lab By Dorra Riahi; Louis Lévy-Garboua; Claude Montmarquette
  3. Transferable Utility Games with Uncertainty By Habis Helga; Herings P. Jean-Jacques
  4. Uncertain Demand, Consumer Loss Aversion, and Flat-Rate Tariffs By Fabian Herweg

  1. By: Heiko Karle (Université Libre de Bruxelles); Martin Peitz (University of Mannheim)
    Abstract: Consider a differentiated product market in which all consumers are fully informed about match value and price at the time they make their purchasing decision. Initially, consumers become informed about the prices of all products in the market but do not know the match values. Some consumers have reference-dependent utilities—i.e., they form a reference-point distribution with respect to match value and price that will make them realize gains or losses if their eventually chosen product performs better or, respectively, worse than their reference point in both dimensions. Loss aversion in the match-value dimension leads to a less competitive outcome, while loss aversion in the price dimension leads to a more competitive equilibrium than a market in which consumers are not subject to reference dependence. Depending on the weights consumers attach to the price and the match-value dimension, a market with loss-averse consumers may be more or less competitive than a market with consumers that do not have reference-dependent utilities. We also show that consumer loss aversion tends to lead to higher prices if the market accommodates a larger number of firms.
    Keywords: Loss Aversion, Reference-Dependent Utility, Behavioral Industrial Organization, Imperfect Competition, Product Differentiation
    JEL: D83 L13 L41 M37
    Date: 2010–05
    URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trf:wpaper:319&r=upt
  2. By: Dorra Riahi; Louis Lévy-Garboua; Claude Montmarquette
    Abstract: We provide an experimental analysis of competitive insurance markets with adverse selection. Our parameterized version of the lemons’ model (Akerlof 1970) in the insurance context predicts total crowding out of low-risks when insurers offer a single full insurance contract. The therapy proposed by Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976) to solve this major inefficiency consists of adding a partial insurance contract so as to obtain a self-selection of risks. We test the theoretical predictions of these two well-known models in two experiments. A clean test is obtained by matching the parameters of the two experiments and by controlling for the risk neutrality of insurers and the common risk aversion of their clients by means of the binary lottery procedure. The results reveal a partial crowding out of low risks in the first experiment. Crowding out is not eliminated in the second experiment and it is not even significantly reduced. Finally, instead of the predicted separating equilibrium, we find pooling equilibria. We interpret these results by observing that, in any period, some high risks do not purchase full insurance at lower than fair price and some low risks purchase insurance at a price higher than their induced willingness to pay. These robust findings are inconsistent with expected utility maximization. The observed distortion of probabilities leads to a partial homogenization of perceived risks. <P>Ce travail offre une analyse expérimentale des marchés d’assurance avec anti-sélection. Nous nous intéressons particulièrement aux modèles canoniques d’Akerlof [1970] et de Rothschild et Stiglitz [1976]. Selon Alerlof (1970) l’anti-sélection peut aboutir à une éviction complète des agents les moins risqués. Selon Rothschild et Stiglitz (1976), les contrats de franchise permettent de dépasser cette limite en organisant la sélection des risques : à l’équilibre de marché, les contrats sont spécialisés en fonction des risques individuels. La présente contribution vise à tester ces prédictions théoriques à travers deux expériences de marché d’assurance. Afin de respecter au mieux les hypothèses de base des modèles d’Akerlof et de Rothschild et Stiglitz, nous recourons, dans l’expérimentation, à la technique des loteries binaires. Cette technique génère une neutralité au risque pour les assureurs et une même aversion au risque pour les assurés. Ces expériences sont, à notre connaissance, les premières visant à tester les prédictions des modèles d’assurance avec anti-sélection avec un contrôle des préférences des participants. Les résultats démontrent une éviction partielle des bas risques dans le contexte d’Akerlof (expérience 1). Une éviction qui ne disparaît pas après l’introduction des contrats de franchise (expérience 2). Enfin, à l’opposé de l’équilibre séparateur préconisé par Rothschild et Stiglitz, c’est l’équilibre de pooling qui apparaît (expérience 2). Nous interprétons ces résultats en observant que, dans certaines périodes, certains hauts risques n’achètent pas une assurance complète à un prix inférieur au prix équitable et que certains bas risques achètent une assurance à un prix supérieur à leur volonté induite à payer. Ces résultats robustes sont incompatibles avec la maximisation de l'utilité attendue. La distorsion observée des probabilités conduit à une homogénéisation partielle des risques perçus.
    Keywords: experimental economics, insurance markets, adverse selection, binary lottery procedure, expected utility , économie expérimentale, marché d’assurance, anti-sélection, loterie binaire
    JEL: C91 D82 G22
    Date: 2010–08–01
    URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:cirwor:2010s-34&r=upt
  3. By: Habis Helga; Herings P. Jean-Jacques (METEOR)
    Abstract: We introduce the concept of a transferable utility game with uncertainty (TUU-game). In a TUU-game there is uncertainty regarding the payoffs of coalitions. One out of a finite number of states of nature may materialize and conditional on the state, the players are involved in a particular transferable utility game. We consider the case without ex ante commitment possibilities and propose the Weak Sequential Core as a solution concept. We characterize the Weak Sequential Core and show that it is non-empty if all ex post TU-games are convex. We study bankruptcy games with uncertainty and apply the Weak Sequential Core. We find that most of the best-known allocation rules are unstable in this setting, except for the Constrained Equal Awards rule.
    Keywords: microeconomics ;
    Date: 2010
    URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:umamet:2010038&r=upt
  4. By: Fabian Herweg (University of Bonn)
    Abstract: The so called flat-rate bias is a well documented phenomenon caused by consumers' desire to be insured against fluctuations in their billing amounts. This paper shows that expectation-based loss aversion provides a formal explanation for this bias. We solve for the optimal two-part tariff when contracting with loss-averse consumers who are uncertain about their demand. The optimal tariff is a flat rate if marginal cost of production is low compared to a consumer's degree of loss aversion and if there is enough variation in the consumer's demand. Moreover, if consumers differ with respect to the degree of loss aversion, firms' optimal menu of tariffs typically comprises a flat-rate contract.
    Keywords: Consumer Loss Aversion; Flat-Rate Tariffs; Nonlinear Pricing; Uncertain Demand
    JEL: D11 D43 L11
    Date: 2010–07
    URL: http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trf:wpaper:330&r=upt

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