| Abstract: | The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has significantly reduced 
tourism demand worldwide. Travel subsidies have been implemented to stimulate 
demand, but their effectiveness is yet to be evaluated rigorously. This study 
examines the determinants of the weekly tourist flow between Japanese regions 
during the COVID-19 pandemic and evaluates the effectiveness of different 
types of travel subsidies in mitigating economic damage to the accommodation 
sector. The results show that the pandemic decreases both outbound and inbound 
tourism demand, deteriorating tourism businesses even in areas not severely 
affected by the disease. We also find that tourists shift their destination 
from distant to neighboring regions, but a travel subsidy by the Japanese 
government effectively creates tourism demand for distant regions. Moreover, 
it induces tourists to stay in luxury accommodation, further augmenting hotel 
sales. |