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on Tourism Economics |
| By: | Karol Jan BOROWIECKi (Department of Economics, Trinity College Dublin); Concetta CASTIGLIONE (Department of Economics, Trinity College Dublin) |
| Abstract: | The importance of cultural events for attracting tourism has been often posited in research, however rarely tested in relation to non-cultural activities. We investigate the association between participation in entertainment activities and tourism flows in Italian provinces, and find that admission to theater-type activities increases as the number of domestic tourists goes up, whereas admission to museums or concerts rises with an increase in foreign tourists. Admissions to exhibitions and shows attract both domestic and international tourists, while the role of non-cultural activities in determining tourism flow is statistically insignificant.The results provide important empirical support for the existence of a strong relationship between tourism flows and cultural participation. The findings also imply that the demand for entertainment varies depending on the origin of the tourist. Finally, for the cultural activities we calculate also the lower-bound of the estimated revenues obtained from tourism. |
| Keywords: | Cultural tourists, cultural participation, tourism flows, Italian Provinces |
| Date: | 2012–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tcd:tcduee:tep0212&r=tur |
| By: | Gabriela Stanciulescu; Emilia Titan; Daniela Todose; Mihaela Covrig |
| Abstract: | The protected natural areas, by their aesthetic, recreational, educational and scientific valences, represent extremely attractive tourist destinations, some of them unique at international level. Their touristic exploitation has different forms from a country to another, from a type of protected area to another. In this paper, the analysis performed point out that the exploitation of natural areas by tourism has different forms, according to their extension, their landscape complexity, their structure and dynamics of the environment components. The touristic theory identifies a series of tourist forms associated to the environment preservation, such as: tourism in natural areas, ecotourism, adventure tourism, tourism in wilderness, camping. As a conclusion, we can say that the protected areas have become more and more a part of tourism, being appreciated as they represent an environment less affected by the human pressure. Presently, they generate a new form of tourism called tourism in protected areas, requiring special care on behalf of the governments in order not to aggravate the impact of tourism on the local environment and cultures. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p365&r=tur |
| By: | ELENA MAGGI; FRANCO LORENZO FREDELLA |
| Abstract: | In the last decades the world tourist flows rapidly grew and travel and tourism has become one of the world’s highest priority industries and employers. According to UNWTO world tourism barometer, in 2008 international tourist arrivals reached 919 million (880 million in 2009, a cause of the international recession), with a growth of 72% since 1995. Italy, which accounts in 2009 43 millions of tourist arrivals, is one of the most preferred destinations. Tourism gives an important contribution to the regional and local economic development, but it causes also negative impacts mainly on the environment and social context. In particular, the uncontrolled development of the tourist activities and the intensive land exploitation can cause a rapid reduction of the environmental, cultural and social resources, with negative effects also on the tourism development and on the economic activity of the area. As a consequence, the relevance of this phenomenon and the simultaneous spreading of the sustainable development concept have pushed towards the identification of a more sustainable process of planning, development and management of the tourist activities. Thus, the tourism carrying capacity (TCC) approach has been developed and has become a real challenge for both planners and managers. The TCC assessment differs according to the different type of destinations: coastal areas, islands, protected areas, rural areas, mountain resorts and historical settlements. The present paper focuses on a coastal destination, which is normally associated with mass tourism, large scale construction and infrastructure, intensive land development and extensive urbanisation. The application of a carrying capacity to this type of destination makes the need to consider tourist density, the use of beaches and tourist infrastructure, congestion of facilities and transport infrastructure, sea pollution, waste production, etc. After a review of the TCC theory, the paper presents the application of the TCC assessment to a South Italy coastal destination, aiming at identifying the opportunities and the limits of the tourism development in such a destination and at developing some policy recommendations. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p576&r=tur |
| By: | Elif GUNDUZ; Rahmi ERDEM |
| Abstract: | Abstract Tourism is one of the most dynamic and fastest growing global industries and its growth is necessarily beneficial because it will contribute to economic development in heritage places. But it is clear that heritage places are fragile and vulnerable to tourism if not managed. Managing tourism can have substantial inherent potential to underpin sustainable development and conservation. So, for tourism planning in developing regions to be effective and responsive to community interests, there needs to be a coordinated system of planning. For planners, the principal goal is to create a strategy for minimising the adverse impacts and maximising gains from tourism. This would have to include the management of the cultural resource and the quality of new development, the uses and activities the built environment sustains, and the integration of both these factors with the sociocultural needs of the local community. Mardin is a candidate city for the World Heritage Sites List with its stone architecture and unique religious and traditional buildings in Türkiye. The city is defined as “cultural landscape area” with its medieval view. It appeals to be as one of the most attractive cities that has unique cultural heritage and socio-cultural aspects. Tourism has been considered as a main component in order to enliven the city’s economy especially in recent years. To sustain the tool illustrated above, the local’ view towards tourism and tourists needs to be measured. The aim of this paper is to measure the local’s attitudes towards tourism and economic development relations in a less developed region. The study is focussed on findings about socio-demographic analyses and perception of local people’s view towards tourism. Development of the study involved a staged process of survey, analysis and assessment which included public consultation. Keywords: Tourism, Local People, Less Developed Region, Tourism Perception, Economic Development, Mardin |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p1214&r=tur |
| By: | Stephanie Truchet; Jean-Marc Callois; Francis Aubert; Virginie Piguet |
| Abstract: | Among different determinants, amenities play a major role in the location of tourism activities. In Tourism Economics, an extensive literature investigates the influence of amenities either on destination choice made by tourists or on economic development, generally at a regional or national level. This paper aims at analysing the influence of amenities on the location of hotels at local level. In a first part, after a presentation of the context of our work and a brief survey of existing literature on the link between amenities and tourism, we introduce and describe the different amenities features that will be analysed. In a second part, using a micro-economic model of hotel entry inspired by urban economics literature, we analyse the influence of amenities characteristics on a tourist bid-rent function and then on the number of hotels entering the market. The third part will be dedicated to an estimation of the effect of amenities on the creation of new hotels at the French 'Bassins de vie' level, which are functional economic areas. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p904&r=tur |
| By: | Kazuo Nishii; Katsunao Kondo; Kuniaki Sasaki |
| Abstract: | One of the most important issues in a current situation in tourism in Japan is to identify how attractive cities or towns we can provide visiting tourists as a tourism product satisfying needs and wants. It is therefore necessary to grasp what kind of needs and wants potential tourists can obtain from their experience of visiting cities. For this purpose, an area marketing and management approach (AMMA) is expected to be effective one. In this paper a basic framework of our AMMA will be introduced. In addition, a practical procedure for quantitatively measuring the effect of accessibility improvement on tourist travel demand and activity patterns will be proposed. This paper discusses a practical method for measuring accessibility improvement effect focusing on the increase of the number of visitors to the tourism areas where the level of service in accessing transport facilities is planning to be improved. Two case studies in Japan will be presented in this paper. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p518&r=tur |
| By: | Alexander Otgaar; Jeroen Klijs |
| Abstract: | Already in the 1980s industrial tourism - people visiting operational companies - has been identified as a growing segment of regional tourism industries. Since then the pressure on companies to open their doors for other members of the society has only increased. Several scholars (e.g. Frew, 2000; Soyez, 1993; Mitchell & Orwig, 2002) have discussed the relevance of industrial tourism for regions and firms. There are several reasons to promote industrial tourism but also to keep doors closed. This article adds to this debate by discussing the regional impact of industrial tourism in a more structured way. What are the costs and benefits of industrial tourism, and how are these distributed among the relevant (public and private) stakeholders? We start by discussing various methods to measure the economic impacts of tourism, including multiplier and general economic modelling, and their application to industrial tourism. This discussion will make clear which kind of economic impacts can expected from (industrial) tourism and the capability of each of the modelling techniques to adequately measure and/or predict these. This analysis will be complemented by an overview of other impacts of industrial tourism, which are not (fully) included in these economic modelling techniques. This will enable us to present a full picture of the costs and benefits. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p947&r=tur |
| By: | Martin Rosenfeld; Albrecht Kauffmann |
| Abstract: | In many European regions, globalization and interregional competition have resulted in a collapse of old traditional industries and strong economic development problems. Policymakers in some of these regions are trying to change the path of development in the direction to attract businesses from the field of tourism, in many cases with the help of money from the national government or the EU-level. The general question is whether this strategy could be successful. The paper reports on an empirical study for the German state of Saxony. In many Saxonian regions, following the German re-unification, a strong de-industrialization has taken place. Since the 1990s, in Saxony, the field of tourism had been one major sector for creating new local infrastructure. E. g. in areas with exhausted opencast workings, where the mining industry had formerly been the main source of income, policymakers have begun to change the region into a new lake district and to build infrastructure like waterways, marinas etc. Millions of Euros have been spent to build new bike paths throughout the state or to construct completely new local tourist attractions. The paper’s first section gives an overview on tourism industry in Saxony and on public investment in infrastructure for supporting this sector. The second section has the task to identify specific location factors which are relevant for tourism industry. This is done on the base of existing theoretical and empirical studies. The third section is evaluating the impact of public investments for supporting tourism industry in different parts of Saxony; this is based on quantitative data and qualitative interviews with local experts. One major result is that infrastructure in the field of tourism may only have positive effects on regional development if a region is well-equipped with relevant complementary factors, e. g. with a service-oriented mentality within the population. In many cases, the grants from the national to the local level have been spent for infrastructure which is mainly used by the local population, not by tourists. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p1179&r=tur |
| By: | Lutz Trettin; Uwe Neumann; Guido Zakrzewski |
| Abstract: | The city of Essen is located at the centre of the Ruhr area, one of the largest urban and industrial agglomerations in Europe. Like many places in the German federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia Essen had to deal with tremendous structural changes due to the downturn of coal mining and the steel industry since the 1960s. Nevertheless, in the meanwhile the city succeeded in creating a comparatively favourable starting position as an important centre for services, culture and new forms of tourism. Traditionally the headquarters of some of the largest German public companies are located here. Furthermore, the city has become an internationally renowned place of commercial fairs, conferences, and has a university. Essen hosts internationally acknowledged cultural institutions. And recently the building complex of the coal mine “Zollverein” became enlisted by the UNESCO as a World Heritage Memorial. In May 2006 the Ruhr area with Essen as its leading city was finally nominated as European Capital of Culture 2010. Taking all these factors together, a boost of the local tourism sector can be expected. In this context we discuss how the cities economy can gain from this development in the long run. We are interested in the related approaches of the tourism policy and the role of small firms and entrepreneurs in the process of developing a sustainable tourism infrastructure. It is of particular interest how public initiatives of tourism promotion and entrepreneurship support will be combined with the aim to use “industrial heritage tourism” and “cultural tourism” as a mode to economically revive the old industrialized Ruhr area. Thus, central questions of the papers are: Which policy strategies and support measures are appropriate in order to compete with success as an old industrialized area in the field of city and cultural tourism? Who tends to govern the newly establishing value chains? What position remains factual for local young firms therein? What role can public institutions play in order to ensure a high degree of value addition by local economic actors? |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p357&r=tur |
| By: | Katsuhisa Ito |
| Abstract: | In this paper, I discussed on the change of environment conservation, resource management, area promotion and their policies, and significance and problems in the case of Shimanto-river basin in Shikoku district. Shimanto-river became famous as 'the last clear river in Japan' by television program, which have resulted the increase of tourists, and tourism of river leisure activity and rural experience activity became popular. The movement in Shimanto-river basin had begun from environment conservation, and gradually had added new movement like tourism and area promotion. Also, many players like local government, local enterprise, NPO, inhabitants, volunteers, tourists, and city residents, have participated in the movement. On the consensus among stakeholders of the movement was easy on environment conservation and tourism due to ethic and pragmatic reasons, but on collaboration management of land resource like paddy field and forest were difficult to make consensus, due to land ownership. There are much of abandoned paddy field and forest land recently. It must be permitted by landowner naturally to maintain the lands by volunteers or city residents of well-meaning, even if abandoned lands. Therefore new policy which separates ownership and management system will be needed. Keywords: Collaboration of rural and urban people, Resource management, Area promotion, Consensus, Legitimacy |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p1656&r=tur |
| By: | Ruben Van Loon; Jan Rouwendal; Piet Rietveld |
| Abstract: | For many countries, tourism has a large impact on GNP, and the number of people employed in the tourist or related industries is large. We explain the decision whether to go on vacation on not and how often, the choice of destination and the decision on the level of expenditure, using different micro-econometric models. From these estimations we calculate for example the income elasticities. We use the CVO (2008) cross-section dataset of Dutch households. On average a Dutch holidaymaker spends € 24.68 a day for a domestic vacation and € 60.62 per day for a foreign vacation. Further, we discuss relevant characteristics of the vacations like type and duration of the vacation, the valuation of the vacation and destination. And we will discuss the characteristics of the households such as its composition and location. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p921&r=tur |
| By: | Raffaele Paci; Emanuela Marrocu |
| Abstract: | Firms productivity is crucially influenced by knowledge spillovers generated either by other firms located nearby or by direct contacts with consumers or by foreign demand in the case of traded products. In this paper we propose a new channel of efficiency-enhancing knowledge diffusion, which can be exploited by local firms to extract relevant information on consumer preferences: direct contacts with tourism flows. Tourists have the peculiar feature of being external consumers, who directly arrive to the destination region and this represents a remarkable advantage for the local enterprises, as the latter can exploit the new information and increase the overall efficiency level of the local economy. More specifically, we examine, within a spatial estimation framework, tourism flows as determinants of regional total factor productivity, controlling also for other intangible factors (such as human, social and technological capital) and for the degree of accessibility. We apply the analysis to a sample of 199 European regions belonging to the EU15 member countries, plus Switzerland and Norway. The empirical results show that tourism flows enhance regional efficiency and that a positive role is also played by intangible assets, infrastructures and spatial spillovers. Keywords: tourism, information, customer knowledge, total factor productivity, European regions JEL: L83, D83, O33, R10 |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p493&r=tur |
| By: | Argentino Pessoa |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews the most important theoretical foundations of the spatial competitiveness conception, dealing with three levels of competitiveness: the country, the region and the tourism destination. Consequently, it draws attention to the main aspects that such concepts of competitiveness must include and it links the regional competitiveness with the related concept of cluster. Therefore, section 2 reviews the key aspects of competitiveness at the first level highlighting the role of the main forces acting at the national level. Section 3 extends the concept to the regional level, highlighting the critical aspects that must be considered when policy tries to increase the competitiveness of a particular region. Section 4 analyses the possibilities of extending the competitiveness concept to tourism destinations. Next, the paper analyses the literature on policy advice and discuss the inconsistency between the theory and the policy designed to promote regional competitiveness. Finally, the paper presents some concluding remarks on regional policy applied to depressed regions. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p1148&r=tur |
| By: | J. Andres Dominguez; Teresa Noronha Vaz |
| Abstract: | The goal of this work is to detect the basic characteristics of the development of the southern border between Spain and Portugal. The trans-border area is described and analyzed comparing the region of Algarve, in Portugal and the region of the County, in Huelva, Spain. The method used 15 quantitative indicators desegregated at municipal level, obtained from different official sources and applied to 30 municipalities. The analysis includes multivariate statistics methods and discusses four clearly defined clusters: two related to Portuguese regions and two related to the Spanish ones. The conclusions show that those indicators related to national governance systems are of utmost importance in the cluster classification. Furthermore, those municipalities with higher development levels are also less sustainable from the environmental point of view – this is probably due to the fact that tourism supports the fragile socio-economic systems in some of such regions. Significantly the clustering tendencies show that the Portuguese municipalities are tourism oriented (or less tourism oriented) and the Spanish ones are agri-business (or less agribusiness oriented). Lastly, such geographic structures seem to have its roots in long term paths of development. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p1121&r=tur |
| By: | Francesco Pigliaru; Adriana Di Liberto; Rinaldo Brau |
| Abstract: | Is tourism an opportunity for lagging countries in the elusive quest for growth (Easterly, 2002)? Recent empirical evidence suggests that the answer is a cautious yes. Aggregate cross-country data show that tourism specialization is likely to be associated with higher per capita GDP growth rates than those observed in industrialized countries. However, this evidence ignores the importance of institutional quality and results are likely to be biased by omitted variable problems. In this paper we frame our starting question within the general debate about the importance of good/bad institutions as fundamental determinants of economic growth (Acemoglu et al., 2001) and ask whether previous positive results of tourism on growth are in fact driven by the presence of growth enhancing institutions. Our empirical analysis exploits newly available datasets and controls the robustness of previous results on growth and tourism in the presence of several institutional quality variables. By means of descriptive statistics and some simple cross-country regressions we confirm that the quality of institutions is important for growth. Yet our results strongly suggest that the weight of tourism in an economy is an independent and robust predictor of higher-than-average growth. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p990&r=tur |
| By: | Electra Pitoska; Themistokles Lazarides |
| Abstract: | Quality rural products in general and wine more specifically, acquire an increasingly important role in European Communities Rural Growth policies. This results from the fact that they have a commercial advantage over other products, they support rural income and the rural economy, contribute to the protection of natural environment, retain the rural population in the countryside, encourage the development of new professional activities (like agro tourism, wine tourism e.t.c.) and bring to surface local knowledge and the cultural wealth of the Less Favoured Regions. The present paper, based on a research that was carried out in 2009, attempts to examine whether these findings apply in the Greek countryside, and more specifically at the provincial regions of Naousa and Amynteon, which are specialised in the production of VQPRD wine. The two regions (areas) present important similarities and differences as for the extent of vinicultural area, the number of wine factories, their participation in networks and the linkages of local economy and vinicultural activity. The conclusions refer to the degree of adaptation of those two regions in the alternative model of rural growth that is being promoted by the European Union |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p949&r=tur |
| By: | Nils Karl Sorensen |
| Abstract: | During the past decades, the role of the shoulder season has gained increasing attention. It is obvious that an expansion of the length of the high season with the shoulder season will have a positive effect on labor demand and income in a given region. The purpose of this paper is to address the issue of the shoulder season in a time series framework. Departing from a discussion of the nature of types of seasonal variation, a test is set up in order to examine the impact of the shoulder season. The test examines the impact on the mean share of hotel nights in the shoulder season months in two different periods. The method is applied on a monthly data set on hotel nights ranging for 37 years by regions of Denmark and by nationalities of visitors. At the regional level, a much-diversified picture is found. In general, the shoulder season of October has increased significance. For rural counties such as Storstroem, Ribe and North Jutland positive effects are observed for other months as well. However, we find for many other rural areas no significant effect. With regard to nationalities of tourists visiting Denmark, the shoulder season has a different interpretation. For nationalities close to Denmark we observe a quite similar pattern to the one observed by regions in Denmark. For oversea tourists like from the US or Japan the pattern is different and also much dependent on the price level and exchange rate fluctuations. In order to examine the validity of this approach an a comparison is made with data for Norway. Here a completely different picture is revealed highlighting the significance of Winter tourism relative to Denmark. Theme: Regional development JEL Classification: R15 Key words: Seasonality, Bays-Ballot plots, testing for equal mean shares |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p150&r=tur |
| By: | Ho Yeon KIM |
| Abstract: | Recently, the so-called creative industry is gaining attention as a new engine of regional economic growth. Using this new industrial classification, many countries are starting to promote the cultural creation activities with the purpose of seeking out new directions in regional development. The synergy effects can also be attained by promoting the traditional sectors to the creative industry. This concept is useful not only for mega cities like Tokyo, Seoul, Beijing and Shanghai, but also for smaller local cities such as Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Busan, Incheon, Tianjin, and Yantai. Since capital and human resources are rather limited in these local cities, applying the said concept can exert newfound energy for urban development. Although there is an old industrial culture of manufacturing embedded in Kitakyushu City, for example, the facilities and institutes of some other cultures and sports have been promoted separately. In order to reap the full benefit, it is needed to tear down the barriers between them, and combine the existing industries, facilities, and support organizations in a more systematic way. In this paper, we will explore these aspects by using census data as a general guide and interviews with selected cultural and sports organizations as well as entrepreneurs as a case study. Specifically, we will investigate the city planning practice and growth policy regarding cultivation of creative industry, and investigate possible cooperation among the cities in Pan Yellow-Sea region based on cultural or sports activities. Regarding general study, we recount the industrial classification of existing census data according to the definition of the creative industry by the UK (see London’s Creative Sector: 2004 Update and Creative Industries Economic Estimates Statistical Bulletin), adding the tourism industry. Based on this definition, we can clarify the trends of creative industry at the country level and city level of Japan, China and South Korea after 1990. It would reveal the true potential of the creative industry as a long-term facilitator of the regional economy. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p1484&r=tur |
| By: | Anat Tchetchik; Aliza Fleischer; Israel Finkelshtain |
| Abstract: | Historically, rural areas have been the place where most of the population lived and made its living. As a result of various economic, demographic, social and cultural changes, the second half of the 20th century was characterized by structural change in many western rural regions. Within this transition the countryside evolves as a location for leisure, recreation and tourism (LRT). Today, rural LRT is a rapidly growing industry, considered as 'panacea' to the economic and social problems of many rural communities. However, being crucially dependent on the fragile rural environment, an excessive growth of the industry may results with negative externalities, which may destroy the very same amenities that attract visitors in the first place. Accordingly, many EU countries regulate and support the rural LRT since the 1990s. Focusing on the industry's popular product; rural accommodations (RA), one possible negative result at the village level occurs as the attractiveness of localities as well as agglomeration economies create incentives for more and more households to enter the industry up to a level that harms the club good amenities of the village. A sustainable development that maintains optimum density is hence required. In this pioneer study, a conceptual and empirical framework to address this issue is provided, and the density in the RA industry is analyzed. For this purpose, a regional equilibrium model, which accounts for agglomeration effects, club-good effects as well as product differentiation, was developed. The model was estimated using data on the Israeli rural accommodations market from 2000. Significant evidences for the existences of club-good and agglomeration externalities were found and quantified in the consumer preferences and the production of rural accommodations, respectively. Using simulation mechanism a justification for regulation in the RA industry at the very local level is provided and calibrated |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p359&r=tur |
| By: | Jinfeng Wang; Xuhua Liu; Hongyan Chen |
| Abstract: | China has been experiencing urbanization at an unprecedented rate over the last two decades. This study analyzes the impact of urbanization on land occupation. Cities are clustered by their functions and development stages, which is illustrated by a cluster tree, a dynamic tree that depicts the evolution of cities. The evolution tree in one year is used to predict the state of a city in a future time period. Another application of the evolution tree is to predict urban-type relevant phenomena, such as urban occupation. It is found that comprehensive cities, business cities, and manufacturing cities have higher urban expansion rates than tourist cities, with a few exceptions that focus on both industry and tourism. Meanwhile, the speed and extent of city land growth are dominated by industrialization stages and economic patterns, as well as leap-development. The methodology presented in this study is especially suitable for identifying transition paths of a stochastic process in a complex dataset of 253 cities in China. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p1360&r=tur |
| By: | Nico Polman; Arianne de Blaeij; Stijn Reinhard; Louis Slangen |
| Abstract: | In this presentation, we will analyse whether entrepreneurial benefits depend on the landscape composition of the Dutch Ecological Main Structure (EMS) zones. The general objective of this research is to analyze economic benefits of the EMS for recreational firms. As far as we know, this research is the first empirical analysis of the link between landscape and benefits for recreational firms. To estimate the relevance of the EMS for recreational firms an indicator is developed for individual firms that gives insight in and the distance of the firm to and the size of the EMS. The total dataset consists of about 29,000 recreational firms. Analyzing accountancy data for all recreational firms was not possible given the number of organizations and their diversity. Therefore, the number of employees of a firm and the connected net added value is used as a proxy for economic benefits. The question analyzed was if the number of employees could be attributed to the EMS. The study has been carried out applying econometric analysis using location variables and firm specific variables. The results indicate that recreational firms in the neighborhood of the EMS employ relatively more people than other firms. The effect for the average firm is however limited. Most important for employment are forest areas and coastal zones. Forest areas include cultural-historic important forests, natural forests and heath areas. The coastal zones consist of tidal marshes, salt marshes and dunes. A larger distance and or combined with smaller nature areas shows a decreasing effect on the number of people employed by a recreational firm. An sequential question is whether it is possible to use the Reilly index indicator to determine ex-ante the recreational economic benefits of new developed nature areas. As a case study, we apply this indicator to a new constructed natural area in the Netherlands, a commercial wetland. Changing agricultural land use into commercial wetlands will change the use and character of landscape. The question is whether it will change the recreational benefits of recreational firms in the surroundings. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p910&r=tur |
| By: | Luca Ruggiero |
| Abstract: | The work is the product of a critical reflection on the results of some of the most recent processes that affect the city and contribute to built the enigmatic and complex landscape of the twenty-first century city. The paper focuses, in particular, on the role that culture, architecture, innovation, creativity and tourism play in neo-liberal urban policies. These are often run by 'visionary leaderships' which invest heavily in initiatives, plans and projects which have the intent of conferring a sense of space and place to public areas and build vital and attractive cities and neighbourhoods. The central part of the work is dedicated to the analysis of the transformations in urban landscape conducted by architects and town planners and to the highly debated processes they activate with regard to residents and visitors. The differences in these processes of urban transformation are often significant, especially with regard to their value, social impact, force of attraction, creative, artistic and technological capacity and ability to shape the future of the city and its lifestyles. Not less discussed are the options for the creation, modification and use of urban space, its sustainability and quality of life. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p1207&r=tur |
| By: | Pia Nilsson |
| Abstract: | Cultural Landscape Characteristics and Heritage Values A Spatially Explicit Hedonic Approach This paper uses the hedonic approach to analyze the relation between cultural landscape characteristics and property values. The empirical model uses geographic information systems to create a model that adds spatially explicit variables of landscape structure to the classic hedonic variables. Nearly 5000 house transactions in south Sweden were studied to estimate the effects of cultural landscape attributes on transaction prices. The key empirical results show that cultural heritage sites generate a premium of 3-4% for properties located in the vicinity. The results also show that the percentage of land within communities devoted to local and national preservation areas leads to a considerable increase in house prices (up to 12%) comparing to communities that have less land devoted to preservation areas. JEL Classification: Q2; Q3; R14; R21 |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p397&r=tur |
| By: | Corrado Zoppi; Sabrina Lai |
| Abstract: | The planning activity of the regional administration of Sardinia (Italy) is characterized by a deep change after the approval of the Regional Landscape Plan (RLP). The RLP, ruled by the National Code of Cultural Heritage and Landscape, establishes the directions for future Sardinian regional planning and requires that sectoral, province and city plans, and plans for protected areas, be changed to comply with its directions. The adjustment process could be conflictual, since cities, provinces, and bodies responsible for protected areas might disagree with the regional administration about the rules established by the RLP. These are particularly restrictive for coastal areas, where cities could suffer a sharp decline in building expansion rights and risk losing financial resources that would come from the impact fees paid by the developers. Moreover, payments of communal tax for real estate might decrease, since the value of land would plummet without development rights. The investment attraction capacity of Sardinian coastal cities could therefore drop as a consequence of the ruling framework of the RLP. The Sardinian regional operational program 2007-2013 concerning the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) respects the rules of the ERDF on the investments for territorial cohesion (as defined by Regulation no. 1080/2006/EC), since it promotes their regional geographic concentration. With regards to Sardinian coastal cities, this paper analyzes the investment policies for public services and infrastructure implemented by the Sardinian Region through the Regional Operational Program, in order to assess the impact of the RLP. The first section develops a geographic information system (GIS) to define a territorial taxonomy of Sardinian coastal cities, by analyzing the spatial distribution of investment in public services and infrastructure and of other attributes concerning demography, urbanization, RLP ruling framework. The second section analyzes, through linear regression and logit methodologies, the investment policies concerning public services and infrastructure, and identifies correlations between the variables represented by the GIS. The methodological approach adopted in this paper can be used in regional planning processes to address the important issue of the often-conflictual relationship between the implementation of conservative planning policies and local economic development programs. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p713&r=tur |
| By: | Simone Strauf |
| Abstract: | The importance of creative industries and the creative sector for economic growth and regional development found its way more and more into scientific discussions. These discussions mainly focus on the influence of creative industries on the innovative ability (innovative milieu),on the competitiveness, and on the labour market of regions and nations. Most prominent within this field is the approach of the 'creative class' used to explain the success and the development of regions and nations. Terms and definitions of creative industries and the cultural sector are so far not consistent and sometimes include different businesses. The meaning of the cultural sector becomes more evident by focussing on the regional level. Infrastructure facilities and cultural events are part of the cultural sector and are located in nearly every area, in agglomerations as well as in rural areas. This paper will concentrate on the role of infrastructure facilities and cultural events, and will point out their contribution and their potential for the location itself and the regional development. The author will use empirical data from infrastructure facilities in Germany and Switzerland (Konzert- und Kongresshaus Luzern, Festspielhaus Baden-Baden) and two amateur theatres in Switzerland, which are located in rural areas (Einsiedler Welttheater, Landschaftstheater Ballenberg). Based on these four case studies the paper will show how different cultural facilities and activities can contribute to several aspects of regional development. As a result the paper will state that cultural infrastructure facilities and activities have positive effects on the regional added value as well as on the image of a region, on networks and competences within a region and on the identity of a region. Especially these so called intangible effects have positive effects on the location attractiveness and the competitiveness of the region. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p267&r=tur |
| By: | Eric de Noronha Vaz; Peter Nijkamp; Marco Painho; Mario Caetano |
| Abstract: | The Algarve faces unprecedented challenges resulting from increase of urban sprawl and population density along its coastal perimeters. A growing loss of ecosystems and natural landscapes have led to major asymmetries between the interior of the Algarve and the littoral areas. The depletion of natural resources taken for granted during the sixties, are conveying to the degradation of landscape, while the formerly beautiful region of the Algarve is losing its tourist attractions, largely explored since the latter. Loss of agricultural land to urban areas, has not only been a reality in Portugal, but is a common problem in peri-urban Europe and is overshadowing sustainable development. This paper aims to analyze the land-use change tendencies for the Algarve region from the beginning of the nineties up to 2020. By using a multi-scenario perspective of weight drivers such as agriculture, coastal proximity, urban proximity, population density and road networks, an Analytical Hierarchy Process will be applied to form three growth patterns for urban propensity within the coming 10 years and expanding over a total time frame of 30 years. The novelty of this approach is shared by the usage of story-lines which generate three distinct scenarios: More Ecological, Business as Usual and Economic Reasoning (maximization of economic growth). While story-lines are naturally qualitative, this methodology proposes a quantitative validation of qualitative information, giving a much more accurate result of current trends of urban growth and environmental change in the Algarve. The projection of future land-use is managed through the CORINE Land Cover spatial databases and iterations of cellular automata with the storylines, which shall allow the projection of future urban growth. By understanding the different path-tendencies of urban growth for the region, better decision-making can be done, as to avoid unbalanced city growth, bringing forth more sustainable cities within natural landscapes. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p403&r=tur |
| By: | Maria-Pia Gennaio |
| Abstract: | One function of the agriculture is to contribute to landscape conservation by maintaining open landscapes and creating landscape diversity. Agricultural policy should sustain this function. In Switzerland, like in other European countries, three main complexity-dimensions hamper policy implementation in this domain: First, the urban land use is spreading out from urban centres and is subtracting precious land for agricultural land use. Because of the pressure of economic development and population growth this process is difficult to steer. Second, this process has a very regional character. Since Swiss agricultural policy is regulated mostly at a national level, regional goals are difficult to achieve. Third, a real coordination between land-use policy and agricultural policy is still missing. Therefore, adequate policy measures for guaranteeing the contribution of agriculture to landscape conservation are needed and innovative approaches and instruments dealing with this complexity are still lacking. Goal of the work is to develop instruments to support policy-makers at national and regional level, to support the integration of the national and regional policy goals and to support the coordination of land-use and agricultural policy. Our methodology is GIS-based and integrates the approach of landscape-functions (De Groot 2006) with a policy-evaluation approach. First, we identify landscape functions related with urban land use (e.g. residential, economical, tourism) and agricultural land use (e.g. food production, leisure, esthetic) at local scale. As a second step we try to evaluate how the land-use development-trend is affecting the landscape qualities formulated in both Swiss Federal Law for Spatial Planning and Swiss Federal Law for Agriculture. This approach permits adding to the policy evaluation precious regional information concerning land-use conflicts and the related landscape functions conflicts. The paper will present preliminary results which will allow the formulation of regional goals for the landscape conservation to be achieved with the implementation of agricultural policy and will facilitate the coordination of land-use planning and agricultural policy. De Groot R., 2006. Function analysis and valutation as a tool to assess land use conflicts in planning for sustainable, multi-functional landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning (75), 175-186. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p912&r=tur |
| By: | Pierre Zembri |
| Abstract: | The high speed rail network represents now a large part of the rail services, 4 sub-networks being concerned from/to Paris. The interoperability between high-speed trunk lines and the rest of the electrified network permits a large coverage of the French territory : the TGV services network is broader than the real high speed one. From the beginning of high-speed services in France, the main target of the TGV system has been business traffic using the domestic air transport network. The SNCF can be considered as an active player in the Air transport competition, offering low travel times, competitive prices and high capacities. The frequencies can be high between the largest towns : 16 round-trip services between Paris and Marseilles, 21 between Paris and Bordeaux, etc. The development of the TGV network creates new opportunities of competition with Air France and other carriers. That is one of the reasons of the relative weakness of competition within the domestic Air Transport sector. Air France is now planning a progressive downsizing of its domestic services on the lines where the market share of the TGV is growing. We have compared the level of service of the two carriers, according to the TGV average travel time (quite different from the real distance). Our main hypothesis is that Air France adapts its service level and its routes to the supposed state of competition. When most of the flights are oriented towards Orly airport (pure domestic market), the competition is at its advantage. When most of them are oriented to the CDG hub, the competition is over for Air France. The 'price war' has not the same intensity : air fares are higher when HST is not competitive or when the air lines are mostly used for feedering the main hub. The 'area of intense competition' is now between 150 and 300 minutes of HST average travel time, that is more than previously estimated. Most of the domestic and short-haul international routes from Paris, but also from other main towns like Marseilles or Lyon will be shortly concerned... |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p1582&r=tur |
| By: | Daniel Shefer; Eyal Salinger |
| Abstract: | While conservation of privately owned buildings is produced by the private market, the benefit from conservation accrues not only to the estate of the building’s owners, but also to the society at large. Conservation usually requires public involvement, as often market forces do not economically justify the conservation of buildings. The purpose of this research is to identify and estimate the factors affecting the private sector’s (building owners’) decision whether and when to invest in conservation. This decision is directly concerned as much with the profitability of the investment as with the economic state of the country, in particular housing market conditions (whether there is a demand or a supply surplus), the location of the property, and externalities (adjacent buildings and local infrastructure). We examined the case of the White City of Tel Aviv, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site in 2003 because of its outstanding architectural ensemble representative of the Modern Movement in a new cultural context. Data was collected on building’s physical attributes, planning regulations applied to the plot, current and historical legal rights status, transactions, and date of conservation, if took place. The decision by building owners whether to invest in conservation and the economic value of conservation on the private market is examined using qualitative and quantitative models. The Logit Model and the Nested Logit Model were used in order to estimate the probability of a decision to conserve. The Hedonic Price Model was used in order to estimate the effect of conservation on the property value. The Real Option–Pricing Model was used in order to estimate whether the value of buildings not yet conserved includes an option component – the option to wait for the optimal timing in carrying out the conservation. We conducted a comparative analysis between buildings designated for conservation and buildings in the same area that needed renovation. The results of this research could assist public policy in promoting the conservation of cultural heritage that we wish to bequeath for future generations. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p852&r=tur |
| By: | Eric de Noronha Vaz; Antonio Brito; Peter Nijkamp; Marco Painho |
| Abstract: | Land-use change has been an increasing concern in most of Europe. While stakeholder’s strategies of coping with land-use change have been constrained mainly due to socio-economic pressures, the natural landscape and fragile ecosystems are neglected by heavy construction and urbanization. However, over the last thirty years regulations have become more explicit regarding environmental impacts at regional level. Spatial assessment of ongoing policies of rural and urban have led in the case of Portugal to some reservations on the consequences of sustainable development and juridical commitment. A good example of this is the agricultural land loss that Portugal has witnessed over the last thirty years, in large part resulting from socio-economic pressures with which policymakers have not been able to cope. The Reserva Agrícola Nacional (RAN transl. National Agricultural Reserve) may be identified as an instrument of planning purposes that identifies and protects the areas prone to agricultural activities due to their morphological, climatic and social context. The RAN has changed its legal status over four times in the last twenty years. These changes have in large been influenced by the policies of sustainable development for the region. However, the ability to defend the interests of agricultural and rural commitments in fragile ecosystems has been largely compromised due to socio-economic interactions brought by pressures of economic growth. Dynamic and statistical modeling approaches may allow a sharper understanding of the consequences of preemption of agricultural land in the Algarve. The spatial properties of data inventories from the RAN and land-covers, allow to assess the changes within the policy context of the Algarve. By approaching a spatial analysis of preemption of agricultural land with overlay of population and urban data, a focus o the consequences of the certain regulations with the dynamics of land-use change become possible. While this paper expands further on the actual existing decrees which offer support to sustainable development in the region, a qualitative assessment of future roles of ethical values and economic efficiency, while offering a constructive position for policy makers regarding the trends of urban / agricultural dichotomy are analyzed. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p896&r=tur |
| By: | Luigi Scrofani; Vittorio Ruggiero |
| Abstract: | Since the early 90s of last century, the city is returned to the focus of European and national policies and new theories of urban development inspired by the theme of regeneration and the new centrality of the historical part of the city. In recent years interesting process of reconstruction and rehabilitation of historic areas have been, but also experimental steps towards new means of intervention of the city and new content that contributed to the review of practice of interventions in the territory based on two key themes of the functional organization and the satisfaction of an increasing housing needs. Many Italian cities have launched plans and proposals for urban regeneration of the old town, enriched by new instances related to the values and concrete social practices of participation and environmental sustainability. A raised dynamism linked to the redistribution of functions between the city centre, specialized in business skills, and an ever-expanding suburbs, which tends to create a diffuse urban systems. The theme of the re-qualification of the historic centre of Italian cities, therefore, is placed at the intersection of an urban policy seeks to address the continuing problems of quality of life and physical degradation of infrastructure and the need to revitalize the city and its ability attractiveness in terms of investment, functions, visitors and new residents. In particular, the frequent cases of property speculation, with the expulsion from the city centre for residents of restored areas, have made clear that the re-qualification can never be just based on building but have to be social to link virtuous pieces of fragmented communities. In this paper the authors, using statistical indicators too, have been analyzed not only the process of regeneration of the Italian cities but also the evolution of urban space to a model focused on quality and competitiveness. But to understand the attractiveness and competitiveness of the urban area was also fundamental the study of the image that reflects the city, because it leads many people to visit, shop and spend their free time there. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p818&r=tur |
| By: | Krister Olsson; Elin Berglund |
| Abstract: | In contemporary western cities, city marketing is widely applied as a means for local economic development, city competitiveness and attractiveness. In practice, city marketing generally includes a wide range of promotional, organisational and spatial strategies and activities. It is often manifested in city centre revitalization including upgrading of public space, the construction of spectacular entertainment and cultural amenities, and image enhancing activities. Parallel to the growing practice of city marketing, there has been a growing interest in city marketing within the academia. However, the literature on city marketing is by no means homogenous. City marketing is interpreted, described and valued in very different ways and there is, apparently, diverging opinions what city marketing is and what it means to a city and its citizens. Furthermore, the literature on city marketing tends to make general assumptions about the prevalence and nature of city marketing practice and fails to consider local and regional variations. Most empirical studies are concerned with big cities in international competition. To a great extent, there is a lack of knowledge in how city marketing is performed in small and medium-sized cities in a regional context. The aim with the paper is to contribute with empirical and theoretical knowledge about the prevalence, nature and meaning of city marketing by focusing Swedish small and medium-sized cities in various regional contexts. Through a review of city marketing literature, the development of a theoretical framework of city marketing, and an empirical study of city marketing practice in all Swedish municipalities, the paper is expected to contribute with new knowledge about both the practice and theory of city marketing. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p236&r=tur |
| By: | Rafael Boix Domenech; Luciana Lazzeretti; Francesco Capone; Lisa De Propris; Daniel Sanchez |
| Abstract: | The creative economy is a holistic and multidisciplinary concept that deals with the interaction between economics, culture and technology, and centred on the production of creative contents in goods and services. One of the most relevant dimensions of creativity is the territorial one. Despite the emphasis put on the theoretical definition of creativity, the measurement of creative industries and the use of these concepts in macro units as well as in isolated case studies, it is necessary to strengthen comparative research for the identification and analysis of the kind of creativity embedded in the territory, its determinants and its patterns of concentration. This compared research relies on the measurement of the creative industries and the identification of their territorial patterns of distribution in the local production systems of five European countries: Italy, France, the United Kingdom, Spain and Portugal. Creative local production systems are identified in these countries departing from local labour markets as territorial units, firms and jobs in creative industries, and focusing on two different kinds of creative industries: traditional cultural industries and technology-related creative industries. The results show that creative industries are more important in some countries like Italy and the United Kingdom, and that their spatial patterns of distribution are significantly different across countries, where three basic models emerge: distributed, concentrated and polarized. The implications of these patterns on the analysis of creative industries as well as on the design and implementation of policies are discussed. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p1501&r=tur |
| By: | Erik Braun; Sebastian Zenker |
| Abstract: | The number of cities claiming to make use of branding has been growing considerably in the last decade. Competition is one of the key drivers for cities to establish their place as a brand and promoting that place to visitors, investors, companies and residents. Unfortunately, place marketers often believe that the place brand is a controllable and fully manageable communication tool. Yet a brand is by definition a network of associations in consumers’ minds and is therefore based on the perceptions of the different target groups, making branding a multi-faceted subject. Furthermore, the perception of a place (brand) can differ significantly given the various target groups’ diverse perspectives and interests. Hence, place branding theory as well as practice should focus more on the place brand perception of its different target audiences and develop strategies for how places can build an advantageous place-brand architecture. Combining insights from a literature review of place-related academe and marketing academe, this paper outlines an integrated approach to place brand management called the Place Brand Centre. After reviewing the literature on place branding, brand architecture and customer-focused marketing, the paper contends that a target group-specific sub-branding-strategy is central for effective place brand management of cities. Gaps for future research and practical implications for place brand management are discussed. Keywords: Place Branding, Place Brand Management, Place Marketing, Place Management, Urban Planning, Customer-orientated Marketing |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p181&r=tur |
| By: | Sebastian Zenker; Sibylle Petersen |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to determine why and under which condition residents enter into a strong and committed relationship with their place of living. We will present a model which outlines how cities could strengthen the resident-city identification by increasing the perceived place complexity. The model translates the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) approach of the general field of marketing (Customer-Company Identification) to the field of place marketing and combines it with theory development in Social Identity Theory and Theory of Organizational Identification. We hypothesize that a strong residents-city identification results from identity fit between the city prototype and the self-concept of the resident. The proposed model outlines the important role of the perceived place complexity as moderating variable. We propose that higher perceived complexity of a city allows for higher perceived fit between the self and the city, higher optimal distinctiveness, and higher perceived attractiveness of identification with the city. The question of how to increase identification with a place is crucial for place marketing and urban governance. Based on a review of existing research in social science we will outline the positive effects of identification on commitment, resilience towards negative information, selective information seeking and satisfaction. Practical implications for place marketers and potential for future empirical research are discussed. |
| Date: | 2011–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wiw:wiwrsa:ersa10p99&r=tur |