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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Wasserman, Jacob L.; Barrall, Aaron; Millard-Ball, Adam; Lee, Amy |
| Abstract: | “Major transit stop”: how these three words are defined determines what can be built where, throughout much of California. In order to address housing supply constraints, the state legislature has enacted a number of laws that streamline approval and remove zoning constraints in areas close to high-quality transit. But what, exactly, is a “major transit stop”? Planners, developers, and elected officials construe the sparse definition in state law in many ways — though genuine interpretive disagreement, due to modeling and data constraints, and/or in order to serve political goals of encouraging or stymying development. Differences in interpreting the definition of “major transit stop” collectively make a big difference in what areas are covered by state zoning incentives. A maximal approach to defining “major transit stop” grows the eligible area by over three times more than a minimal approach. The area within half a mile of a major transit stop has generally increased over time. But areas with low vehicle travel are doing more to drive affordable housing eligibility than areas with quality transit. Finally, tying transit service to land use regulations has created a perverse incentive to cut transit service in order to avoid state housing mandates. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Transit stops, Transit routes, Headways, Transit data, Data processing, Zoning, Land use, Housing, Development |
| Date: | 2026–03–05 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7g41v63n |
| By: | C\'eline Pagnier; Tord Gunnar Holen; Thomas Haugen de Lange; Patrick Levin; Steffen J. S. Bakker; Peter Sch\"utz |
| Abstract: | Decarbonizing long-haul freight requires large-scale deployment of high-power charging infrastructure. This paper studies a multi-period charging station location problem that determines where and when to deploy charging capacity for battery-electric heavy-duty vehicles under uncertain future demand and local grid capacity availability. The problem is formulated as a two-stage stochastic mixed-integer program that maximizes covered electric freight flow. Feasible truck routes are generated a priori using a resource-constrained label-setting algorithm that enforces range limitations and driving-break regulations. To solve large-scale instances, an integer L-shaped decomposition method embedded in a branch-and-cut framework and accelerated by a deterministic warm start is implemented. Computational experiments are conducted on a nationwide Norwegian case study based on real candidate locations provided by a charging station operator. The approach solves instances intractable for a monolithic formulation and achieves near-optimal solutions within practical runtimes. For larger networks, the value of the stochastic solution is substantial, highlighting the importance of explicitly modeling uncertainty in long-term infrastructure planning. Optimal investments prioritize major freight corridors in early periods and subsequently reinforce and expand the network. Grid capacity constraints discourage large, concentrated stations and shift deployments toward more distributed layouts. Covered demand increases rapidly at low budget levels but exhibits diminishing returns as the network approaches saturation. |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2603.01782 |
| By: | Wolfe, Brooke; Hwang, Roland; Lipman, Timothy |
| Abstract: | California utilities and policymakers must ensure that the distribution grid is prepared for this new load, while maintaining reliable electricity service and keeping costs low for ratepayers. As the EV market evolves, the distribution grid must rapidly grow into a smarter, more flexible, and more agile system. With well-designed charging programs and new technologies, additional EV charging capacity holds the promise of creating downward pressure on electricity rates. Advances in technology can support this promise through greater vehicle-to-grid integration (VGI) (i.e., strategies for altering EV charging time, power level, or location of charging (or discharging) to benefit the grid), managed charging programs, and other tools to further merge EVs into California’s grid. VGI turns EVs into interactive grid resources, enabling not only new methods to manage consumer demand but also bi-directional charging (known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G)) that can enhance grid flexibility and reliability. Investing now to modernize the grid and adopting new demand management programs can pay dividends in the future, supporting California’s ambitious EV deployment goals while keeping electricityrates affordable. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2026–03–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt78b122p1 |
| By: | Julius Berger; Felix Creutzig; Waldemar Marz |
| Abstract: | EV adoption in emerging economies (lower-middle income, fast urbanization and income growth) mitigates emissions of greenhouse gases and local pollutants from gasoline consumption, but at the same time exacerbates urban sprawl. This implies longer driving distances for commuting and non-work trips and higher consumption of floor space per capita and related energy demand for cooling/heating. We model scenarios of full electrification of transport in China, India, Brazil, and Nigeria until 2060, accounting for income growth, population growth, urbanization, public-transport shares, and power-mix scenarios for each country. On average in 2040, 209 percent of the direct carbon emission savings from EV adoption are offset by additional sprawl through increasing VKT (22 percent) and growing energy demand in the building sector (187 percent). Additional urban sprawl from EV adoption leads to the development of 1.2 million square kilometers until 2060. This is equivalent to 32 percent of arable land in 2024. |
| Keywords: | EV adoption, urban sprawl, emerging economies |
| JEL: | Q54 Q48 R14 R41 O18 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_12531 |
| By: | Ekta Selarka ((Corresponding author), Madras School of Economics, Gandhi Mandapam Road, Behind Government Data Centre, Kotturpuram, Chennai, 600025); Subrata Sarkar (Adjunct Professor, Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents, compares and contrasts the existing Indian AIS142 regulations with the UN R117 Regulations that are set to be implemented in the Indian tyre manufacturing industry. The study evaluates the two sets of regulations with respect to safety, environmental and economic aspects. The paper points to the fact that in toto implementation of the UN R117 regulations in a short span of time without considering unique operating structure of country’s transport sector poses a greater risk of imposing significant socio-economic costs not only on the tyre industry but also could lead to a cascading impact on other stakeholders of transport industry. The study highlights that many countries in the world notably the USA and China have their own country specific regulation that does not necessarily conform to the UN R117 regulations and take into account their own national interests, namely their own geographical spread and terrain of operation, besides environmental and economic structure of the transportation sector in their countries. The paper posits that a detailed study of the costs and benefits of implementing the UN R117 in India needs to be carried out taking into account the composition of the transportation sector in the country which includes the underlying road infrastructure, socio-economic nature of the operations, the historical development of the sector and its contribution, and the imposition of the standards leading to disruption before its adoption. without any tangible benefits. |
| Keywords: | Tyre industry, Structure, Geographical Distribution, Environment, Regulation |
| JEL: | L11 L52 L62 J18 K32 |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mad:wpaper:2026-295 |
| By: | César Ducruet; Mariantonia Lo Prete; Magali Dumontet; Barbara Polo Martin; Charbel ALKHOURY; Ling Sun; Sheng Zhang |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the influence of multiple vessel traffics on air pollution and public health in European port cities. A sample of 120 Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) is analysed over the period 2000-2019, confronting container, cruise, liquid bulk, and solid bulk traffic with environmental (emissions of CO², PM2.5, NO²), public health (life expectancy, mortality rate), and socio-economic features like population density and GDP per inhabitant. Results from the fixed effects model show that population density is the major cause of all pollutions, followed by GDP and solid bulks, while life expectancy and mortality are mainly influenced by the nature of the local socio-economic environment (population density, age, GDP, bed rates, educational level). This is complemented by a factor analysis and a hierarchical clustering, which reveal the existence of three types of port cities: critical, tourism, and metropolitan. The typology of port cities is further discussed based on ground observation in particular sites. |
| Keywords: | Europe; Functional Urban Area; hinterland; port city; sea transport; specialization; supply chains |
| JEL: | R41 R11 Q53 Q56 O18 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2026-5 |
| By: | Fukushima, Nanna (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)); van Dongen, Eef (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Norrköping, Sweden); Vierth, Inge (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Windmark, Fredrik (Air Navigation Services of Sweden (LFV), Norrköping, Sweden) |
| Abstract: | Maritime transport generates substantial greenhouse gas emissions and local air pollution, yet policy appraisal commonly relies on aggregated handbook cost factors that insufficiently account for spatial heterogeneity in exposure. This paper develops a bottom-up framework integrating AIS-based ship position data with emission modelling, atmospheric dispersion, and population grids to evaluate health and climate impacts of maritime policies. Applying the method to Stockholm and Gothenburg, we simulate onshore power supply, electrification of public ferries, and full IMO Tier III compliance. Tier III delivers the largest NOₓ exposure reductions, while effects vary across regions. The approach enables consistent, spatially explicit welfare comparisons of maritime interventions. |
| Keywords: | Maritime transport; Air pollution; External costs; Health impacts; Environmental policy; Spatial |
| JEL: | C51 H23 I18 Q53 Q54 R41 |
| Date: | 2026–03–09 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2026_003 |
| By: | Teixeira, Fernanda Z.; Araya-Gamboa, Daniela; Gutiérrez Acuña, Susana; Coelho, Igor P; Araya Jiménez, Yosette; Alvarado Víquez, Erick; Pomareda, Esther; Boyat, Silvio; Salmon-Pérez, Roberto; Arevalo Huezo, Esmeralda; Picado Valenzuela, Priscila; Saavedra, Valentina; González-Mahecha, Esperanza; Gauto Espinola, Maria Irene; Ávila Alfaro, Andrea; Rodríguez Quiros, Jorge |
| Abstract: | After implementing mitigation measures on road projects, it is critical to assess whether they effectively address the targeted impactsnamely, restrict wildlife movement and mortality from wildlife-vehicle collisions. In this study, we used a control-impact design to answer two key questions: (1) Is the probability of use by terrestrial and arboreal animals similar in crossing structures compared to surrounding forest sites? (2) Is wildlife mortality lower on road sections with mitigation measures than on those without? Our study was conducted on two roads in Costa Rica National Route 160 and National Route 1 focusing on underpasses and canopy bridges. To address the first question, we applied single-season occupancy models to camera trap data for ground-dwelling and arboreal mammals and reptiles, collected both at crossing structures and in surrounding forest. To address the second question, we compared roadkill data collected through vehicle surveys between road segments with and without crossing structures. Our results show that multiple taxa, including ground-dwelling and arboreal species, used structures such as underpasses, box culverts, bridges adapted with dry ledges, and canopy bridges. The probability of use suggests that some species are relatively well adapted to these structures, although confidence intervals remain broad. However, certain species were never recorded using any crossing structures, and, on Route 1, the amount of roadkill was higher for road segments with crossing structures. In conclusion, while wildlife crossing structures show promise in facilitating animal movement across roads, they are insufficient on their own to prevent wildlife mortality, showing that the mitigation system needs improvement. Based on existing best practices, we recommend extending and upgrading the exclusion fence for the underpasses, retrofitting box culverts with dry ledges and exclusion fence and maintenance activities to improve the effectiveness of this mitigation system. |
| Keywords: | Space use;Mitigation effectiveness;Crossing structures;Follow up monitoring;Road mortality;Camera traps;connectivity |
| JEL: | Q54 Q57 L92 L73 |
| Date: | 2026–02 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:idb:brikps:14517 |
| By: | Dugoua, Eugenie; Noailly, Joelle |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the patterns and mechanisms of global clean technology diffusion over the last two decades. We document four stylized facts: uneven sectoral progress favoring power and light transport; China’s dominance in innovation and manufacturing; the role of modularity in driving cost declines; and limited adoption in developing economies. Through case studies of solar, electric vehicles, and hydrogen, we analyze how policy and infrastructure enable scale. Finally, we assess emerging challenges for the next phase of diffusion, including critical mineral constraints, artificial intelligence, and geopolitical fragmentation. |
| Keywords: | clean technology diffusion; climate change mitigation; renewable energy; industrial policy; solar photovoltaics; electric vehicles; hydrogen |
| JEL: | O33 Q55 O20 |
| Date: | 2026 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:137498 |
| By: | Jhorland Ayala-García; Leider Manjarres-Beleño; Maria Urueta Polo |
| Abstract: | Este documento analiza el impacto de los desastres naturales sobre el transporte de carga en la Vía Panamericana, uno de los corredores viales más estratégicos que une el continente americano de norte a sur, desde Alaska a Argentina. En Colombia, este tramo atraviesa el país desde la frontera con Ecuador hasta cerca del límite con Panamá, desempeñando un papel importante en el comercio interno del país. Este estudio construye una base de datos mensual con información del Instituto Nacional de Vías (INVIAS) sobre cierres viales y del Registro Nacional de Despacho de Carga (RNDC) sobre volúmenes de transporte. Entre los años 2017 y 2024, se registraron un total de 128 cierres y más del 70% asociados a deslizamientos y derrumbes en tramos estratégicos como La Pintada-Medellín, donde hubo un total de 27 cierres viales dentro del período. Por medio de la estimación de un modelo gravitacional, se evalúa el impacto de los cierres viales sobre el volumen de carga transportada por los municipios y departamentos con influencia directa en la Vía. Los resultados muestran efectos significativos de baja magnitud en los cierres asociados a desastres naturales sobre el volumen de carga transportada y los costos de transporte. **** ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes the impact of natural disasters on freight transportation along the Vía Panamericana, one of the most strategic road corridors connecting the American continent from north to south, from Alaska to Argentina. In Colombia, this segment crosses the country from the border with Ecuador to close to the boundary with Panama, playing a key role in domestic trade. We construct a monthly dataset using information from the Instituto Nacional de Vías (INVIAS) on road closures and from the Registro Nacional de Despacho de Carga (RNDC) on freight volumes. Between 2017 and 2024 were registered 128 clousures in total, more than 70% associated with landslides and rockfalls in strategic sections such as La Pintada-Medellín, which registered 27 road closures during the period. Using a gravity model, we evaluate the impact of road closures on the volume of freight transported by municipalities and departments directly influenced by the highway. The results show significant effects of closures associated with natural disasters, although of low magnitude, on freight volumes and transportation costs. |
| Keywords: | Transporte de carga, Vía Panamericana, desastres naturales, cierres viales, Freight transportation, natural disasters, road closures. |
| JEL: | Q54 R11 R12 R41 |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdr:region:341 |
| By: | Filip Premik (Monash University); Dan Yu (University of Alberta) |
| Abstract: | We study how heterogeneity in capital inputs affects firm performance. Drawing on detailed data on municipal bus fleets in Poland, we exploit plausibly exogenous variation generated by public procurement and nationally coordinated sales behavior of bus manufacturers to identify the causal effects of variety in fleet composition across brands and other technical dimensions. More heterogeneous fleets exhibit lower vehicle utilization and, for a fixed level of output, require more units of capital and generate higher costs. Our results emphasize that the pro- ductive capacity of capital depends on its internal structure, not only on its aggregate quantity or value. |
| Keywords: | Heterogeneous capital, capital utilization, productivity, fleet composition, orga- nization of production. |
| JEL: | D24 L23 L62 |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2026-04 |
| By: | Charlie Che; Hanxuan Lin; Yudong Yang; Guofan Hu; Lei Fang |
| Abstract: | We propose a model independent framework for generating SPX and VIX risk scenarios based on a joint optimal transport calibration of their market smiles. Starting from the entropic martingale optimal transport formulation of Guyon, we introduce a perturbation methodology that computes sensitivities of the calibrated coupling using a Fisher information linearization. This allows risk to be generated without performing a full recalibration after market shocks. We further introduce a dimension reduction method based on perturbed optimal transport that produces fast and stable risk estimates while preserving the structural properties of the calibrated model. The approach is combined with Skew Stickiness Ratio(SSR) dynamics to translate SPX shocks into perturbations of forward variance and VIX distributions. Numerical experiments show that the proposed method produces accurate risk estimates relative to full recalibration while being computationally much faster. A backtesting study also demonstrates improved hedging performance compared with stochastic local volatility models. |
| Date: | 2026–03 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2603.10857 |