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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Badenhoop, Nikolai; Riedel, Max |
| Abstract: | We examine the EU car labelling regime for CO2 emissions and fuel efficiency under Directive 1999/94/EC and document strongly diverging national labelling methodologies. Our contribution is fourfold. First, we distil the most relevant economic and behavioural research findings on car labelling. Labels effectively help consumers make informed decisions if they are well-designed, comprehensible, and informative about hidden costs. Second, we compare the national car labelling methodologies and find stark inconsistencies, undermining the EU's effort to decarbonise the car sector. Empirically, we find heterogeneous distributions of the national labels if applied to the national and EU car fleets. Third, we assess the EU energy efficiency labelling regime for electric appliances under Regulation (EU) 2017/1369 as a labelling role model. Finally, we propose a standardised EU car label with comparative information in two distinct coloured scales using absolute labelling thresholds for CO2 emissions and fuel or energy efficiency. |
| Keywords: | Car labels, CO2 emissions, Energy efficiency, Fuel economy, Directive 1999/94/EC, Passenger cars, Sustainable transport |
| JEL: | R4 K30 K32 L92 L98 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:safewp:305283 |
| By: | Andrea La Nauze; Lana Friesen; Kai Li Lim; Flavio Menezes; Lionel Page; Thara Philip; Jake Whitehead |
| Abstract: | In a field experiment tracking 390 electric vehicles minute-by-minute, we show that incentives reduce charging by 17%—27% during peak times and increase it by 34% during midday when solar generation is highest. Peak charging decreases at home, while midday charging rises out of the home. Participants shift and reduce charging, drive less, and run batteries lower. We find heterogeneity based on rooftop solar ownership, commuting, and having a fast home charger. These findings suggest electric vehicles can support the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy and highlight the enabling role of charging infrastructure. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles, field experiment, renewable energy, rooftop solar, dynamic electricity prices |
| JEL: | Q41 Q42 Q48 R41 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11386 |
| By: | Stéphanie Truchet-Aznar (Territoires - Territoires - AgroParisTech - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Chloé Duvivier (Territoires - Territoires - AgroParisTech - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Jacques Veslot (Territoires - Territoires - AgroParisTech - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | In a context marked by climate change and, more broadly, by a profound environmental crisis, the transport sector and household mobility are at the heart of territorial transition issues. In response to these challenges, in France and abroad, local authorities are increasingly using fare-free public transport, to encourage modal shift and also to meet a social objective of improving mobility for the most disadvantaged people. However, there is little scientific research to assess the real impact of this measure. This paper analyses the effect of the free weekend public transport measure launched in December 2022 by Clermont Auvergne Metropole. We use an econometric model comparing public transport ridership before and after the measure for the same public transport line and direction, at the same stop, during the same time period and on the same day of the weekend (Saturday or Sunday). Estimates are based on ticket validation data before the measure and manual counts after. In order to isolate the effect of the free transport measure, we introduce control variables relating to the main determinants of public transport ridership (e.g. public transport supply, fuel prices, weather data). We also introduce variables controlling for the potential effects of the Covid-19 crisis on household mobility. Our results show that free-fare public transport has led to an increase in weekend ridership of 47 % on the routes and stops observed. We also find that the measure effect is greater for the tramway line than for the bus lines. To our knowledge, this study is the first econometric analysis of the effect of free public transport applied to a French city. |
| Abstract: | En France comme à l'étranger, les collectivités territoriales recourent de manière croissante à la gratuité des transports en commun pour répondre à des objectifs sociaux et/ou environnementaux. Or, peu de travaux scientifiques évaluent les effets réels de cette mesure. Nous analysons l'effet de la mesure de gratuité le week-end mise en place par Clermont Auvergne Métropole en 2021. Pour cela, nous utilisons un modèle économétrique basé sur une comparaison de la fréquentation des transports en commun avant et après la mise en place de la mesure et contrôlons l'effet des principaux déterminants de la demande de transport en commun. Nos résultats montrent que, sur les lignes et arrêts analysés, la gratuité a entrainé une hausse de 47 % de la fréquentation le week-end. Nos résultats indiquent également que l'effet de la gratuité est plus élevé pour le tramway que pour les lignes de bus. |
| Keywords: | Free public transport ; Household mobility ; Territorial transition ; Transport policies, Gratuité des transports en commun ; Mobilité des ménages ; Politiques de transport ; Transition des territoires |
| Date: | 2024–06–26 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04747019 |
| By: | Yu Yuan; Xiaoke Xie; Yulei Xie |
| Abstract: | In recent years, with rising consumer demand, fresh products have gained increasing attention, leading to rapid growth in the fresh food market. However, due to their perishable nature and sensitivity to storage conditions, fresh products are vulnerable to damage during transportation. Improper handling, excessive transit times, and physical impacts can result in significant losses. As a result, enhancing the efficiency of fresh product distribution while maintaining quality has become critical to the further development of the fresh food industry. Using Y chain supermarket as a case study, this paper investigates the logistics of fresh product distribution, identifying current challenges and inefficiencies. Through literature review, expert interviews, and comparative analysis, the study offers strategic recommendations for optimizing fresh product delivery routes to improve distribution efficiency and product quality. |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2410.10159 |
| By: | Conor Lennon; Johanna Catherine Maclean; Keith F. Teltser |
| Abstract: | We examine whether ridesharing provides a meaningful transportation alternative for those who require ongoing healthcare. Specifically, we combine variation in UberX entry across the U.S. with the Treatment Episode Data Set to estimate the effect of ridesharing on admissions to substance use disorder treatment. People needing such treatment report transportation as a barrier to receiving care. We find that UberX entry into a Core Based Statistical Area has no effect on the overall number of treatment admissions. However, we find a decline in non-intensive outpatient treatment which is fully offset by an increase in intensive outpatient treatment. Given the required relative frequency of non-intensive and intensive outpatient treatment in terms of visits per week, our findings indicate that UberX helps to reduce transportation barriers to accessing healthcare. Event-studies show parallel trends in outcomes before UberX entry and results are robust to numerous sensitivity checks. |
| JEL: | I12 L62 L92 R41 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33077 |
| By: | Susan Athey; Juan Camilo Castillo; Bharat Chandar |
| Abstract: | Online marketplaces have adopted new quality control mechanisms that can accommodate a flexible pool of providers. In the context of ride-hailing, we measure the effectiveness of these mechanisms, which include ratings, incentives, and behavioral nudges. Using telemetry data as an objective measure of quality, we find that drivers not only respond to user preferences but also improve their behavior after receiving warnings about their low ratings. Furthermore, we use data from a randomized experiment to show that informing drivers about their past behavior improves quality, especially for low-performing drivers. Lastly, we find that UberX drivers exhibit behavior comparable to that of UberTaxi drivers, suggesting that Uber’s new quality control mechanisms successfully maintain a high level of service quality. |
| JEL: | J28 J48 L50 L91 R41 |
| Date: | 2024–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33087 |
| By: | Taiji Furusawa; Chang Sun; Heiwai Tang; Jiaxu Zhang |
| Abstract: | We build a general equilibrium model of endogenous communication, quality control and trade. We derive a structural gravity equation from the model and show that exogenous communication costs raise the costs of quality control and have a larger impact on products with a lower elasticity of substitution. In our empirical application, we estimate the impact of direct flight connectedness on communication costs using the gravity equation. We overcome the identification challenge using an instrumental variable constructed based on the discontinuity of direct flights at around 6, 000-mile distance due to air travel regulations. We find that air connectedness increases trade, especially for products with a low elasticity. We combine the empirical estimates and our equilibrium model to quantify the aggregate impact of air connectedness. |
| Keywords: | international direct flights, elasticity of substitution, face-to-face communication |
| JEL: | F10 R40 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11364 |
| By: | Scheidler, Viktoria; Klaever, Anke; Scheidler, Vanessa |
| Abstract: | Die wissenschaftliche Debatte weist darauf hin, dass das Privileg kostenloser öffentlicher Parkplätze Fahrzeugbesitzer:innen dazu ermutigt, ihr Auto und die damit verbundenen Mobilitätsroutinen beizubehalten. Somit gilt die Umwidmung von Parkplätzen als wertvolle Maßnahme die Verkehrswende voranzutreiben. Allerdings sind unterschiedliche gesellschaftliche Gruppen unterschiedlich stark von Kosten und Nutzen von diesen Veränderungen betroffen oder haben ungleichen Zugang zu politischer Beteiligung. Daher ist es besonders erforderlich, die Perspektiven marginalisierter sowie stark betroffener Personengruppen zu berücksichtigen und zu ermitteln um Chancengleichheit, soziale Gerechtigkeit, gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Teilhabe, Zugänglichkeit und Sicherheit zu fördern. Bei der wissenschaftlichen Begleitung eines Mobilitätexperimentes im Graefekiez, einer Nachbarschaft in Berlin Kreuzberg, wurden selten gehörte und von der Veränderung stark betroffene Personengruppen in einem qualitativen Fokusgruppen-Format befragt. Hierzu gehören im Graefekiez Menschen mit Mobilitätseinschränkungen (Menschen mit Behinderungen sowie Senior:innen), Gewerbetreibende und Frauen aus einer Siedlung mit geringem sozio-ökonomischen Status. Die Fokusgruppen hatten zum Ziel, gemeinsam mit den Teilnehmenden Erkenntnisse zur Beteiligung sowie Einblicke in die Perspektiven der Personengruppen in Bezug auf Maßnahmen zur Mobilitätswende im Graefekiez zu sammeln. In diesem Diskussionspapier wurde es sich daher zur Aufgabe gemacht, die Themenschwerpunkte, die von uns Wissenschaftler:innen aus dem transkribierten Material und gemeinsam im Prozess mit den Teilnehmenden identifiziert wurden, zusammenzufassen, sowie Schlussfolgerungen für Entscheidungsträger:innen in der Mobilitätswende allgemein zu generieren. Die Einblicke machen unter anderem deutlich, wie sehr das Auto und dazugehörige Parkplätze mit anderen Themen wie Gentrifizierung, Fairness-Empfinden, Klassismus und damit einhergehender Ab- und Ausgrenzung von unterschiedlichen Lebensrealitäten verbunden ist. Diese gilt es ernst zu nehmen und mit einzubeziehen, wenn es darum geht, nicht nur den Verkehr, sondern die Mobilität an sich, also auch die sozialen Praktiken, gesellschaftlichen Wertevorstellungen und Gewohnheiten, neu zu denken. |
| Abstract: | The scientific debate suggests that the privilege of free public parking encourages vehicle owners to keep their car and the mobility routines associated with it. The reallocation of parking spaces is therefore considered a valuable measure to promote the mobility transition. However, different social groups are affected to different extents by the costs and benefits of these changes or have unequal access to political participation. It is therefore particularly necessary to take into account and identify the perspectives of marginalized and severely affected groups of people in order to promote equal opportunities, social justice, social and economic participation, accessibility and security. During the scientific monitoring of a mobility experiment in the Graefekiez, a neighborhood in Berlin Kreuzberg, rarely heard as well as groups of people strongly affected by the change were interviewed in a qualitative focus group format. In the Graefekiez, these included people with movement disabilities (people with disabilities and senior citizens), tradespeople and women from a settlement with low socio-economic status. The aim of the focus groups was, together with the participants, to collect information about barriers and enablers to participation and insights into the group's perspectives with regard to measures for the mobility transition in the Graefekiez. This discussion paper therefore summarizes the key topics that we as scientists identified together with the participants from the transcribed material in the process, as well as generates conclusions for the mobility transition in general. The insights show clearly, how much the car and the associated parking spaces are connected to other issues such as gentrification, a sense of fairness, classism and the associated separation and exclusion from different realities of life. These must be taken seriously and included when it comes to rethinking not only traffic, but mobility itself, including social practices, social values and habits. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:wzbdms:305304 |