|
on Transport Economics |
| By: | Ioannis Tikoudis; Andrea Papu Carrone; Rose Mba Mebiame; Nicolina Lamhauge; Katherine Hassett; Olof Bystrom |
| Abstract: | This paper offers new insights on household choices related to transport, based on data from the third OECD Survey on Environmental Policies and Individual Behaviour Change (EPIC). The analysis explores the role of key factors determining the choice of fuel type in vehicles and the choice of transport mode in trips. The study uses choice experiment data to estimate the importance of key drivers of electric vehicle purchase decisions and to project future adoption rates of electric vehicles. Results show that income, location and environmental awareness play important roles in the choice of whether to own a vehicle, and its fuel type. Convenient access to charging, such as at home or workplace, can significantly increase the likelihood of choosing an electric vehicle. |
| Keywords: | car ownership, electric vehicle adoption, EV subsidies, fuel type choice, household behaviour, mode choice, range anxiety, recharging infrastructure |
| JEL: | C25 D12 D91 Q54 R40 |
| Date: | 2024–07–31 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:246-en |
| By: | Mario Liebensteiner; Jakob Losert; Sarah Necker; Florian Neumeier; Jörg Paetzold; Sebastian Wichert |
| Abstract: | In 2022, Germany introduced a temporary 9-euro monthly ticket for unlimited local and regional public transport. We investigate its impact on mobility patterns, including increased public transport usage, reduced car traffic, and rail network congestion. Using difference-in-difference and event-study analyses with GPS-based mobility, traffic volume, and rail traffic data, we find limited substitution between transportation modes, a strong increase in leisure train journeys, and notable adverse effects on rail infrastructure quality. These effects dissipate after the ticket’s expiration. Our study suggests caution regarding the expected environmental benefits of nearly fare-free ’go-anywhere’ public transport tickets, which are discussed in several countries. |
| Keywords: | fare-free public transport, mobility patterns, traffic volume, mode choice, transport subsidies |
| JEL: | R12 R41 R42 R48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11229 |
| By: | Muhammad Haris Saleem; S. Wajahat Ali; Sheikh Abdullah Shehzad |
| Abstract: | The global transportation industry has become one of the main contributors to air pollution. Consequently, electric buses and green transportation are gaining popularity as crucial steps to reduce emission concerns. Many developed countries have already adopted the concept of Battery Electric Buses (BEBs), while the developing ones are just starting with it. However, BEB fleets have advantages, such as lower fuel, higher efficiency, lower maintenance, and energy security. Yet, several obstacles must be overcome to support the mass deployment of BEBs. These incorporate forthright expense charges, arranging loads, BEB reach, and newness to BEB innovation. Stakeholders like policymakers, private company owners, and government leaders have a lot to consider before introducing BEBs at any level in Pakistan. As a result, to operate an electric bus system profitably, it is crucial to develop a proper electric bus network and fleet, especially for bus operators who need to buy enough electric buses at the appropriate time. As a result, this paper aims to investigate if operating an electric bus could be an alternative to regular bus operations. The proposed methodology develops modeling software to cater to various scenarios to determine a proper-designed electric bus operating system in terms of the electric bus route, service frequency, and quantity. This research work simulates and financially analyses an operating Public Transport Infrastructure with a proposed Green Solution. The results show that regardless of the high upfront costs of BEB infrastructure, it becomes profitable in 6-7 years, resulting in a decreased Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of approximately 30% of its counterpart. The study also provides a clear policy pathway to help stakeholders make informed decisions related to the electrification of public transport in Pakistan. |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2407.20139 |
| By: | Fulton, Lew; Yang, Chris; Burke, Andrew; Acharya, Tri Dev; Bourne, Beth; Coffee, Daniel; Kong, David |
| Abstract: | To achieve California’s ambitious climate goals, a shift to hydrogen fuel for some transportation sectors may be essential.In this report, we explore the build-out of a hydrogen fuel distribution system including uptake of light-, medium-, and heavy-duty fuel cell electric vehicles. Our analysis of Base and High Case scenarios includes costs of building and operating a hydrogen vehicle and fuel system and estimates workforce impacts. We consider scenarios with about 125, 000 vehicles by 2030 in the Base Case and 250, 000 in the high case. This increases by an order of magnitude to 2045. Vehicle and station investment costs associated with the Base Case reach anywhere from $4 to 12 billion USD by 2030 and increase by a factor of eight by 2045. Costs per kg of hydrogen, including fuel transmission to stations and station costs delivered to vehicles, could be in the range of $4 to 8 per kg. This becomes $6 to 10/kg as a final delivered cost, if production of hydrogen were to cost $2/kg. Workforce impacts in the Base Case include 600 to 2, 200 jobs created by 2030, rising rapidly thereafter. This report was prepared by the ITS-UC Davis Energy Futures Hydrogen Program in partnership with the UCLA Luskin Center for Innovation. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Hydrogen fuels, fuel cell vehicles, electric vehicles, market penetration, capital costs, economic impacts, jobs |
| Date: | 2024–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt133538gw |
| By: | Kornfeld, Robert (US Bureau of Economic Analysis); Fraumeni, Barbara M. (Central University of Finance and Economics) |
| Abstract: | The recent debates on infrastructure spending have led to renewed interest in the measurement of infrastructure and its effects on growth and well-being. This paper updates estimates of one important type of infrastructure capital—highways and streets. We compare BEA's capital measures with more readily understood physical measures of road and lane miles, road quality and usage, and other measures from Highway Statistics (HS) data from FHWA. We also use the HS data and related research to disaggregate investment in highways and streets into more detailed types, such as new construction, repair and resurfacing, and bridge work, and apply separate depreciation rates to each type to produce updated estimates of net wealth stocks and depreciation. Relative to published BEA estimates, constant-price depreciation is revised up by about $9–$12 billion annually in recent years, and constant-price net stocks are revised down by about 22 percent. For the period from 2007 forward, net stocks per capita are flat in the published BEA estimates but decline slightly in the revised estimates. In addition, we update Fraumeni's (2007) estimates of productive stocks that are converted to wealth stocks to facilitate a comparison. These updated wealth estimates also show lower net stocks and higher depreciation than in the published BEA estimates. We hope this paper encourages discussion about how to measure infrastructure capital, particularly highways and streets, and its effects. |
| Keywords: | depreciation, infrastructure, highways, streets, capital stocks |
| JEL: | E01 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17156 |
| By: | Farrell, Graham (University of Leeds); Lovelace, Robin; O'Hern, Steve |
| Abstract: | This study uses data from Operation Snap (OpSnap), the UK police’s national system to receive road users’ video evidence of road traffic offences. Data from one police force area for 39 months (January 2021 to March 2024) (N = 20, 364 records) is analysed. Half were submitted by vehicle drivers (49.8%), a third by cyclists (34.7%), 7.2% by pedestrians, 2.2% by horse riders, 0.2% by motorcyclists, and 5.8% were unknown. We estimate that, relative to road distance travelled, cyclists were 20 times more likely to submit video evidence than vehicle drivers. The most common offences overall were driving ‘without reasonable consideration to others’ or ‘without due care and attention’. Half (53.5%) of reported cases resulted in the recommended disposal of an educational course, % no further action 12.6% conditional offer, and 1.6% resulted in court appearance. A research agenda using OpSnap data is outlined that could emerge if national datasets are compiled and responsibly opened-up and made available for research and policy-making: data-driven research should identify hotspot locations and other correlates of dangerous and antisocial road use at regional, and local levels; research projects should investigate disposal-related decision-making, video quality, and the role of supporting evidence; offence concentration (recidivism, repeat submitters of evidence, spatial hotspots) and case progression including court cases should be explored with reference to new video evidence. We conclude that datasets derived from publicly-uploaded video submission portals have the potential to transform evidence-based policy and practice locally, nationally and internationally. |
| Date: | 2024–07–27 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:cgjmr |
| By: | Guy Fournier (Pforzheim University, LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Adrian Boos (Pforzheim University); Dimitri Konstantas (GSEM - Geneva School of Economics and Management); Danielle Attias (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | This open access book explores a vision for a sustainable future in urban mobility through the AVENUE project, showcasing full-scale demonstrations of automated minibuses in European cities. AVENUE pioneers on-demand, door-to-door services, challenging traditional fixed bus itineraries. It delves into the implementation of automated vehicles, emphasizing safety, services, cybersecurity, and accessibility. Part two evaluates the economic, environmental, and social impacts on companies, citizens, and cities. By integrating automated vehicles into Mobility-as-a-Service and Intelligent Transport Systems, the book argues for the using of automated vehicles as game changer towards a transformative shift to sustainable, citizen-centric mobility. It advocates for efficiency, flexibility, and resilience of the transport system without imposing coercive transformation policies. |
| Keywords: | Open Access, Horizon 2020 AVENUE project, Citizen centric, Sustainable mobility, Automated Vehicles in MaaS, Mobility-as-a-Service, Automated Vehicles in ITS, Intelligent Transport System, Cooperative, Connected and Automated mobility, Public Transport Operators, Public Transport Authorities, AV technology provider, OEM, Transformation strategy, Transition management, Change management, Systemic approach, Business models |
| Date: | 2024–07–15 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04651664 |
| By: | Chen, Angie; Romero, Sandra; Zhuang, Winnie |
| Abstract: | The Link21 Program includes a new train crossing under the San Francisco Bay, which will improve connectivity between the Peninsula/Downtown San Francisco and the East Bay, as well as improve service frequency and mitigate congestion across the Bay Bridge. Six concepts have been developed for Link21, two of which involve a BART transfer station in the Jack London District. The scope of our project involves an existing conditions analysis and plans/policies review prior to conducting a BART station siting process for a potential Jack London BART station. Jack London is one of Oakland’s oldest business districts and is located south of Downtown Oakland, bisected from the city core by Interstate 980 and Interstate 880 overhead. Jack London’s position by the Oakland Estuary waterfront positions itself as a hub for port/industrial activities, commuter ferry passengers, intercity rail (Amtrak) passengers, and tourism. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt7qw2b8q6 |
| By: | Susan T. Parker; Matthew B. Ross; Stephen Ross |
| Abstract: | We examine a statewide program that identifies police departments with large racial disparities in traffic stops and works with identified departments to reduce disparities. The intervention caused large (23.56%) and persistent (at least 12 months) reductions in the number of minorities involved in traffic stops, with no impact on stops of white drivers. Reductions in traffic stops involving minority drivers primarily result from fewer pretextual stops (85%) for lighting violations and non-moving violations. We find relative declines of approximately 30% for stops resulting in a warning or an arrest. Using data on crime and vehicle crashes, we find no evidence that crashes increase after traffic stops fall, but we do find moderate declines in the clearance rates for property crime. |
| JEL: | H7 I3 J7 K4 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32692 |
| By: | Severin Borenstein; Lucas W. Davis |
| Abstract: | Over the last two decades, U.S. households have received $47 billion in tax credits for buying heat pumps, solar panels, electric vehicles, and other “clean energy” technologies. Using information from tax returns, we show that these tax credits have gone predominantly to higher-income households. The bottom three income quintiles have received about 10% of all credits, while the top quintile has received about 60%. The most extreme is the tax credit for electric vehicles, for which the top quintile has received more than 80% of all credits. The concentration of tax credits among high-income filers is relatively constant over time, though we do find a slight broadening for the electric vehicle credit since 2018. The paper then turns to the related question of cost effectiveness, examining how clean energy technology adoption has changed over time and discussing some of the broader economic considerations for this type of tax credit. |
| JEL: | H23 Q42 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32688 |
| By: | Baker, Jerome; Carlson, Nathan; Heuser, Katie; Strangeway, Rachel |
| Abstract: | Oxford Street is the western boundary of University of California, Berkeley campus and connects the university to downtown Berkeley and the BART station. Oxford for All is a vision developed by the UC Berkeley Department of City and Regional Planning Transportation Studio that envisions an Oxford Street that seeks to serve all users, regardless of ability or mode choice. To better understand the planning context and needs of the corridor’s residents, the project team conducted the following: Historical context research, Academic literature review, Review of relevant planning documents and plans, Interviews with professional and academic subject matter experts, Case studies of other urban university campuses, Review of planned developments, Pedestrian and cyclist counts, Community outreach event, Survey of businesses. This work revealed that Oxford Street does not serve all road users adequately. The street design prioritizes driving, with wide streets, narrow sidewalks, and poor facilities for pedestrians and bicyclists. The lack of character means the street is a psychological boundary between Berkeley’s downtown and campus. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2023–12–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt53g9g83t |
| By: | Mahdinia, Iman PhD; Griswold, Julia B. PhD; Unda, Rafael; Sohrabi, Soheil PhD; Grembek, Offer PhD |
| Abstract: | The escalating number of injuries and fatalities among cyclists is a pressing safety concern. In the United States, communities are actively seeking strategies to boost cyclist safety, with some states implementing bike-specific policies, such as stop-as-yield laws, to support cyclists. Stop-as-yield laws allow cyclists to treat stop signs as yield signs. The laws are not yet widely implemented, and their potential safety impact is a subject of debate among transportation experts and advocates. This study investigates how stop-as-yield laws can positively or negatively affect safety and provides insights and guidelines for California policymakers and safety practitioners if the law passes in California. We collected cyclist data from five states that have enacted stop-as-yield laws—Idaho, Arkansas, Oregon, Washington and Delaware—and data from some of their contiguous states without such legislation. Using an observational before-after study with comparison groups at the state level, the research examined changes in cyclist crash frequencies after the laws were implemented. Additionally, a random-effects negative binomial regression model with panel data was employed to estimate a law’s overall impact. The results did not indicate a significant change in cyclist crashes among the states with stop-as-yield laws. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Cyclists, highway safety, bicycle crashes, crash data, laws, yielding, stop signs |
| Date: | 2024–08–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt64h2s9cj |
| By: | Selim, Tarek |
| Abstract: | This research uses mapped urbanization, PESTEL analysis, Smart City projects, and socioeconomic impacts to analyze the MENA region’s outlook on smart mobility. Countries in the MENA region are implementing large-scale smart mobility projects to combat modern urbanization challenges such as traffic congestion, informality, and pollution. Smart mobility in MENA has the potential to solve many of the urbanization challenges facing the region as well as enhance the quality of life of its growing population. Yet the two critical factors of (a) political stability and (b) adequate financial resources are strong necessary conditions for positive longterm impact. With a forward-looking young population and vivid demographics of modern cultural development, many of the MENA countries are expected to pioneer in smart mobility systems in usage and longer-term co-production. Affordability, accessibility, and efficiently usable are production conditions for social acceptance of smart mobility systems in the MENA region, such that citizen self-interests should be aligned with country economic gains. Long term recommended strategies for smart mobility in the MENA region include (1) intensive development of electrified public transportation for mass transport, (2) expansion into uncovered geographical areas using AI monitoring systems, (3) smart mobility investments to be used as a catalyst for economic diversification away from non-renewable energy sources, and (4) smart mobility eco-friendly impacts to lead the region towards long term zero emissions. Finally, (5) a mega Arab World smart mobility railways network is highly recommended, connecting the Gulf countries to Egypt to the Maghreb region, which has the potential to accelerate the MENA region towards higher levels of livelihood and sustainability and enhance the world trade outlook at large. |
| Keywords: | Middle East and North Africa, Smart Mobility, Smart Cities, Urbanization, Future Outlook |
| JEL: | H44 L86 L91 O53 R42 |
| Date: | 2024–06–10 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121453 |
| By: | Carlsson, John G |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this project is to apply computational tools from topological data analysis (TDA) to study logistical systems suchas freight networks. TDA is a relatively nascent research area that allows one to describe geometric properties of a data set, such as connectivity, existence of holes, or clustering, in a way that imposes minimal assumptions on parametric structures like coordinate systems or forms of probability distributions. In recent years, TDA has been successfully applied to many different scientific domains, such as aviation, path planning, and time series analysis. To the best of the author's knowledge, this project will be the first to apply TDA to the logistics domain. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Topological data analysis, freight transport |
| Date: | 2024–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7m0347nd |
| By: | Gimenez-Nadal, José Ignacio (University of Zaragoza); Molina, José Alberto (University of Zaragoza); Velilla, Jorge (University of Zaragoza) |
| Abstract: | Commuting is a significant aspect of workers' daily routines and is associated with various negative outcomes. Traditional literature often models commuting from an urban perspective, focusing on the trade-off between commuting and housing. This paper offers an alternative view by using a household model as the theoretical basis to explore the interconnectedness of couples' commuting, wages, labor supply, and consumption. Using data from the PSID for the years 2011-2019, results indicate a positive and highly significant correlation between wages and commuting when analyzed cross-sectionally. However, changes in wages and commuting over an individual's life cycle are not related. Additionally, commuting appears to be associated with spousal commuting, household earnings, and wealth, while higher expenditures are linked to longer commutes, but again, only cross-sectionally. |
| Keywords: | commuting, household behavior, wages, PSID |
| JEL: | D12 D15 J22 J31 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17128 |
| By: | King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Abstract: | Aviation is crucial for connecting people and countries worldwide. Although aviation carriers, manufacturers, and governments have all aimed to increase energy efficiency through significant technological advances over recent decades, this transport mode has struggled to find alternatives to fossil-based fuels. However, recent developments in low-carbon aviation fuel (LCAF), sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), hydrogen-based fuel, and electric power have improved the sustainability of the sector. As a result, a better understanding of the current use, future development, and new challenges of energy sources is essential for the future of the aviation industry. |
| Keywords: | Aviation oil consumption, Aviation oil demand, Crude oil, Diesel |
| Date: | 2022–10–16 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:wbrief:ks--2022-wb05 |
| By: | Fraumeni, Barbara M. (Central University of Finance and Economics); Kornfeld, Robert (US Bureau of Economic Analysis) |
| Abstract: | This paper builds on a previous paper by the authors (Kornfeld and Fraumeni, 2022) that primarily used U.S. Federal Highway Administration Highway Statistics data to disaggregate investment in highways and streets into more detailed types to produce updated estimates of net wealth stocks and depreciation. Major components of highways and streets other than pavement: grading, bridges and other structures, traffic management, safety, and environmental, are set equal to comprehensive revision updated versions of those derived in the earlier paper. All capital outlays are controlled to current BEA estimates. The engineering-based depreciation patterns are very dissimilar to the BEA patterns. The engineering-based net wealth pavement stock depreciation patterns fall from an efficiency level of about 0.055 to zero after 20 years of life; the BEA Hulten-Wykoff-based net wealth pavement stock depreciation patterns are at approximately the same efficiency level after 62 years. BEA adopted Hulten-Wykoff default depreciation rates in the absence of other information (Fraumeni, 1997). Engineering-based pavement depreciation rates for highways and streets were generated by Picher (Fraumeni, 1999, 2007). |
| Keywords: | streets, highways, infrastructure, depreciation, capital stocks |
| JEL: | E01 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17157 |