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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Habla, Wolfgang; Kokash, Kumai; Löfgren, Åsa; Straubinger, Anna; Ziegler, Andreas |
| Abstract: | Based on data from broadly representative surveys among more than 1, 400 citizens in Germany and Sweden, this paper empirically examines the support of different groups of climate-related (passenger) transport policy measures targeting vehicle use, public transport, air travel, and bicycle use. Our descriptive analysis reveals that pull policy measures (e.g. the financial support of public transport) are more strongly supported in both countries than push policy measures (e.g. the increase in taxes on flight tickets). Furthermore, bans (i.e. a sales ban on new gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles and a ban on domestic flights) do not receive much support. Our econometric analysis with multivariate ordered and binary probit models points to the strong relevance of economic self-interest for the support of vehicle-, air travel-, and bicycle-related policy measures, i.e. citizens who are negatively affected by a certain measure are significantly more likely to disagree with it, while citizens who benefit from a certain measure are significantly more likely to support it. For example, owners of vehicles that run exclusively on conventional fuels are significantly less likely to agree with the introduction of road user charges on highways and especially the sales ban on new gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles. Our econometric analysis also shows that environmental awareness and political identification play an important role for the agreement with most of the policy measures considered. Finally, we discuss our empirical results in the context of current policy debates in Germany and Sweden and some implications for policymakers. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, transport policy measures, individual support, multivariate probit models, simulated maximum likelihood estimation |
| JEL: | Q54 R48 L98 Q48 Q58 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:zewdip:300007&r= |
| By: | P.Delle Site; André de Palma; Samarth Ghoslya (CY Cergy Paris Université, THEMA) |
| Abstract: | The paper deals with matching and fair pricing in urban peer-to-peer ride-sharing schemes where the following desirable properties hold: (i) matchings between passengers and drivers are decided by a social planner to minimize total car-kilometers travelled, (ii) matchings are stable, i.e. no pair of passenger and driver can both increase their fuel cost-related surplus from breaking the current partnership, and (iii) the scheme is financially sustainable, i.e. there is no need of subsidy. The case where travel times are affected by matchings, in the light of the reduced number of cars travelling on the network, is unexplored. The paper fills this gap. The matching optimization problem is formulated as linear programming problem with nonlinear equilibrium constraints and node-link network representation. Solution to the approximately equivalent mixed-integer linear programming formulation is obtained by available efficient off-the-shelf solvers. Duality theory is used to specify a stability compliant pricing scheme based on fair surplus division: the surplus gained by each traveler is exactly half way between the minimum and the maximum she can obtain from any stable solution. Computation of prices requires solution of two linear programming problems. The price paid by the passenger is received by the driver. Since surplus of each traveler is nonnegative, subsidies are not needed. A toy network and a small network are used to illustrate the theoretical findings, and to appraise the pricing-induced shares of trip cost that accrue to each traveler. |
| Keywords: | Equilibrium, matching, pricing, ride-sharing, stability |
| JEL: | C78 R40 R48 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ema:worpap:2024-06&r= |
| By: | Baciu, Dan Costa (Architektur Studio Bellerive) |
| Abstract: | In a previous article, we studied how a newly planned light rail in Tel Aviv may affect experienced urban diversity. Our method involved computing isochrones before and after the completion of the light rail, and, based on isochrones and urban data, estimating how the introduction of the light rail was expected to change how people experienced urban diversity. Technically, the estimation process was performed through diversity computations and data processing with Neural Networks. As part of the present conference contribution, we shift the focus to Wellington, NZ. We study and compare multiple initiatives to increase urban mobility in Wellington, estimating how each of them may impact the urban diversity that can be experienced in the city. We compare in particular the light rail project abandoned in late 2023 with options to increase mobility through bike lanes. We also envision a system of autonomous vehicles to perform share rides and compare its effects with those of the other two options. While the options that we discuss remain hypothetical, they allow us to open a discussion on how changes in urban mobility effectuated through enhancement of different modes of transportation that work at different speeds may affect urban diversity, specifically in Wellington. |
| Date: | 2024–06–17 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:w87yb&r= |
| By: | Cohen D'Agostino, Mollie; Michael, Cooper E; Ramos, Marilla; Correa-Jullian, Camila |
| Abstract: | Vehicle automation represents a new safety frontier that may necessitate a repositioning of our safety oversight systems. This white paper serves as a primer on the technical and legal landscape of automated driving system (ADS) safety. It introduces the latest AI and machine learning techniques that enable ADS functionality. The paper also explores the definitions of safety from the perspectives of standards-setting organizations, federal and state regulations, and legal disciplines. The paper identifies key policy options building on topics raised in the White House’s Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights, outlining a Blueprint for ADS safety. The analysis concludes that potential ADS safety reforms might include either reform of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS), or a more holistic risk analysis “safety case” approach. The analysis also looks at caselaw on liability in robotics, as well as judicial activity on consumer and commercial privacy, recognizing that the era of AI will reshape liability frameworks, and data collection must carefully consider how to build in accountability and protect the privacy of consumers and organizations. Lastly, this analysis highlights the need for policies addressing human-machine interaction issues, focusing on guidelines for safety drivers and remote operators. In conclusion, this paper reflects on the need for collaboration among engineers, policy experts, and legal scholars to develop a comprehensive Blueprint for ADS safety and highlights opportunities for future research. |
| Keywords: | Law, Automated vehicle control, traffic safety, case law, policy, machine learning, artificial intelligence |
| Date: | 2024–07–01 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt46d6d86x&r= |
| By: | Manchala, Ravibabu; Sahu, Sasmita |
| Abstract: | The paper gives an outline of the evolution of Indian transport sector before and after the Indian independence in 1947 and the policies followed by different governments in these modes since 1947. First the paper traces the status of various modes in 1947 and the role British rule played in evolution of these modes. The discussion then traces important policies followed in various modes in the country since 1947 and how they shaped the growth of each mode of transport. The paper brings out the efforts made in implementing an integrated transport policy across the country. It also highlights the failure in implementing an integrated transport policy by giving major areas of failure. Finally, the paper concludes by giving the broad contours of the future policy directions stating that in the Indian context instead of a tightly integrated transport policy it would be better to provide a level playing field across all the modes and enable the modes to develop in the marketplace. |
| Keywords: | India’s national transport Policy; Historical development of transport infrastructure in India; Transport planning in India |
| JEL: | R48 |
| Date: | 2023–06–08 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:121158&r= |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report assesses the potential of decarbonising heavy-duty trucks in India with zero-emission technologies, focusing on battery-electric technology. It presents a four-pillared roadmap for a transition to zero-emission trucks that addresses technology, infrastructure and operations, financing, and policy interventions for India. It achieves this by identifying economically feasible truck segments (based on weight classification) for the transition, along with strategies for developing support infrastructure and innovative financing models. |
| Date: | 2024–06–18 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:130-en&r= |
| By: | Akoh Fabien Yao (i3-CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion i3 - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Maxime Sèbe (i3-CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion i3 - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Laura Recuero Virto (PULV - Pôle Universitaire Léonard de Vinci); Abdelhak Nassiri (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Hervé Dumez (i3-CRG - Centre de recherche en gestion i3 - X - École polytechnique - IP Paris - Institut Polytechnique de Paris - I3 - Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Environmental practices can enable most businesses, including ports, to gain a competitive advantage. Given the chicken-and-egg dilemma for the adoption of alternative fuels in the shipping industry, this article assesses whether and to what extent ports have incentives to provide liquefied natural gas (LNG) bunkering infrastructure. More specifically, we test whether such facilities positively affect the competitiveness of the ports, which would be an additional incentive to drive the transition to alternative fuels. Using multilevel regressions and propensity score matching on LNG-fueled vessel movements in the Baltic Sea Region in 2019, we found no significant effect of LNG bunkering infrastructure on port competitiveness, measured by port choice probabilities expressed by vessels. Although our findings indicate that ports do not gain a competitive advantage in the short-term, we do not rule out potential gains in the long-term. Policy intervention is desirable in the short-term to maintain incentives for port investments |
| Abstract: | Les pratiques environnementales peuvent permettre à la plupart des entreprises, y compris les ports, d'obtenir un avantage concurrentiel. Compte tenu du dilemme de la poule et de l'œuf pour l'adoption de carburants de substitution dans l'industrie du transport maritime, cet article évalue si et dans quelle mesure les ports ont des incitations à fournir des infrastructures de soute au gaz naturel liquéfié (GNL). Plus précisément, nous testons si ces installations ont une incidence positive sur la compétitivité des ports, ce qui serait une incitation supplémentaire à conduire la transition vers des carburants alternatifs. En utilisant les régressions à plusieurs niveaux et l'adéquation des scores de propension sur les mouvements des navires alimentés par le GNL dans la région de la mer Baltique en 2019, nous n'avons constaté aucun effet significatif de l'infrastructure de soute de GNL sur la compétitivité des ports, mesurée par les probabilités de choix portuaire exprimées par les navires. Bien que nos conclusions indiquent que les ports n'obtiennent pas d'avantage concurrentiel à court terme, nous n'excluons pas les gains potentiels à long terme. L'intervention politique est souhaitable à court terme pour maintenir des incitations aux investissements portuaires. |
| Keywords: | LNG, Port choice, Baltic Sea, Multilevel regression, Propensity score matching, GNL, Choix du port, Mer Baltique, Régression à plusieurs niveaux, Correspondance de scores de propension |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04611804&r= |
| By: | Basistha, Ahana (Indian Statistical Institute); Dhillon, Amrita (Kings College and CAGE); Chaudhuri, Arka Roy (Shiv Nadar University) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the existence of electoral cycles in infrastructure provision in the context of a large rural road building program in India. We use data covering 150, 000 roads over a decade to demonstrate an increase in road building activity before state elections. These electoral cycles in rural road building do not translate into efficiency losses in terms of quality, cost or delay. However, we find evidence that politicians build roads with a lower stipulated construction time before elections. In line with our model’s predictions, we also find that electoral constituencies with a larger share of uninformed voters display larger electoral cycles. |
| Keywords: | Political Business Cycles, Elections, Public Goods, Rural Infrastructure, India JEL Classification: D72, D73, H41, O18 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:712&r= |
| By: | Lina Bjerke (Jönköping International Business School); Steven Bond-Smith (University of Hawai‘i at MÄ noa, University of Hawai‘i Economic Research Organization); Philip McCann (The University of Manchester and The Productivity Institute); Charlotta Mellander (Jönköping International Business School) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we explore some little-known, but significant, economic geography features of the work-from-home (WFH) revolution. The increased practice of work from home following the pandemic has prompted a redistribution of working populations between urban and rural locations. Using a uniquely detailed and comprehensive individual-level nationwide Swedish micro-dataset, we analyze shifts in commuting distances pre- and post-pandemic and explore the association between teleworkability and changes in these distances. Teleworkability alone does not significantly influence the distance between home and work municipalities, yet we observe heterogeneity in the responses. As well as the widely-documented centrifugal ‘donut’-type spread effects localized within cities, our empirical work demonstrates that the work-from-home revolution also engenders a significant centripetal spatial ‘pull’ effect of large cities, as their hinterland shadow effects are magnified by the work-from-home revolution. This latter effect, which encourages workers to locate closer to the metropolitan areas, has not previously been seen or understood. |
| Keywords: | Working from home, agglomeration economies, regional distribution. |
| JEL: | R12 R23 |
| Date: | 2024–07 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hae:wpaper:2024-3&r= |
| By: | Böhl Gutierrez, Mauricio; Vega Araújo, José; Arond, Elisa |
| Abstract: | This policy brief addresses the critical issue of phasing out diesel subsidies in Colombia and underscores the urgent need for coordinated action and strategic planning. The Colombian government views the subsidy phase-out as part of its energy transition strategy, proposing investments in carbon-neutral technologies as a replacement. However, the transport sector - the main consumer of diesel - largely considers these plans inadequate and is sceptical about their feasibility. Subsidies for diesel and gasoline, stemming from the Fuel Price Stabilisation Fund (FEPC), burden the Colombian budget with a significant deficit and threaten Colombia's fiscal sustainability. In 2022, subsides represented 2.5 per cent of the national gross domestic product (GDP). A failed subsidy phase-out could undermine the country's energy transition efforts, potentially leading to national strikes by the transport sector and eroding trust in the government's transformation plan. The brief examines the hurdles for the diesel subsidy phase-out process, with a particular focus on the necessary reforms within the transport sector, scepticism about the government's energy transition plans and the potential negative effects for state-owned enterprise Ecopetrol. Drawing from these insights, the policy brief distils policy recommendations for the short and medium term. In the concluding remarks, it stresses that a failed subsidy phase-out could jeopardise broader energy transition efforts. Recommendations for the national government (see p. 5 for more details): Short term - 1. Re-initiate stakeholder meetings on the phase-out promptly, with the Ministry of Transport taking the lead and involving additional key stakeholders such as clients of the transport sector, the Ministries of Social Prosperity, Environment, and Labour, as well as the National Planning Department. 2. Collaborate with these stakeholders to develop an action plan, incorporating support measures for the transport sector such as improving energy efficiency and coordination between the transport companies. 3. Create specific social programmes aimed at mitigating socioeconomic effects, using the Participatory Guarantee System (SPG) and strengthening the System for the Identification of Potential Beneficiaries of Social Programmes (Sisbén). Medium term - 4. Review the objectives and strategies of national planning documents to accurately reflect the circumstances of self-employed truckers. These should consider reallocating funds from subsidies to supplement the existing Vehicle Fleet Replacement Fund (Fondo de Reposición del Parque Automotor). 5. Restructure the transport sector to enhance resilience and promote investment in sustainability. For instance, explore the model of cooperatives in the Colombian passenger transport sector, which enables truckers to maintain autonomy while mitigating investment risks. 6. Explore strategic partnerships between Colombian and foreign private-sector entities with experiences incorporating sustainable and responsible practices, academia and research institutions, and development agencies that have an interest in the Colombian energy transition process to expedite the transition to more sustainable technologies in the transport sector. |
| Keywords: | Fossil Fuel, Subsidy Phase-Out, Diesel, Energy Transition, Colombia, Transport Sector, Political Economy, Just Transition, Hydrogen, Socioeconomic Effects |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | https://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:idospb:299532&r= |