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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Kristoffersson, Ida (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Pyddoke, Roger (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Kristofersson, Filip (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Algers, Staffan (TPmod) |
| Abstract: | The policies for supplying charging infrastructure will be an important issue for the accel-eration of electrification of cars. In Sweden most early adopters of chargeable vehicles have been residents in detached houses. Residents in apartment buildings will be more dependent on public charging. This paper therefore examines how access to public charg-ing can affect the probability of buyers of new cars to choose a chargeable car. The main results indicate that the density of public charging stations close to home and work has a small but significant effect for buyers of private cars, as well as for buyers of other com-pany cars. We cannot however show any effect for the acquisition of Benefit In-Kind (BIK) company cars, but this could be due to incomplete data on charging access at the workplace. The socio-economic control variables are household income, having more than one car in the household, residence in a detached house, and that the owners of the apart-ment building received a grant for installing charging infrastructure close to the apartment building. These variables all have strong effects in the model. In the models of company cars, type of industry has strong effects for some industries. |
| Keywords: | Car type choice; Discrete choice modelling; Electric vehicle adoption; Electrification and decarbonization of transport; Revealed preference; Charging infrastructure |
| JEL: | H54 R42 |
| Date: | 2024–04–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2024_004&r=tre |
| By: | Soga, Kenichi PhD; Comfort, Louise PhD; Li, Pengshun; Zhao, Bingyu PhD; Lorusso, Paola |
| Abstract: | In the event of a wildfire, government agencies need to make quick, well-informed decisions to safely evacuate people. Small communities, such as in Marin County, with a mix of residences and flammable vegetation in Wildland-Urban Interface zones tend to lack resources to conduct evacuation studies. Consequently, this study uses a framework of wildfire and traffic simulations to test the performance of potential evacuation strategies, including reducing the volume of evacuating vehicles through car-pooling, phasing evacuations by staggering evacuation times by zone, and prohibiting street parking in four representative areas of Marin County. Results show that reducing vehicle numbers lowers the average travel time by 20%-70% and average exposure time to wildfire by 27%-60% from the baseline. Phased evacuations with suitable time intervals lower the average travel time by 13.5%-70%, but may expose more vehicles to fire in some situations. Prohibiting street parking yields varying results due to different numbers of exits and evacuees. In some cases, prohibiting street parking reduces the average travel time by over 50%, while in other cases it only reduces the average travel time by 9%, contributing little to evacuation efficiency. Altogether, Marin County may want to consider developing a communication and parking plan to reduce the number of evacuating vehicles in wildfire situations. Phased evacuation is also highly recommended, but the suitable phasing interval depends on the speed of fire spread and number of evacuees. Further, whether to establish street parking prohibition policies for a certain area depends on the number of exits and the number of vehicles on the streets. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Wildfires, evacuation, urban areas, greenways, traffic simulation, advanced traveler information systems, street parking |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt78n6n8rf&r=tre |
| By: | Arcak, Murat; Kurzhanskiy, Alexander |
| Abstract: | The increasing reliance on transportation network companies (TNCs) and delivery services has transformed the use of curb space. The curb space is also an important interface for bikeways, bus lanes, street vendors, and paratransit stops for passengers with disabilities. These various demands are contributing to a lack of parking, resulting in illegal and double-parking and excessive cruising for spaces and causing traffic disturbance, congestion, andhazardous situations. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt8gh33630&r=tre |
| By: | Soga, Kenichi PhD; Comfort, Louise PhD; Li, Pengshun MSc; Zhao, Bingyu PhD; Lorusso, Paola MSc |
| Abstract: | Many small, resource-strapped communities located in areas vulnerable to wildfire don’t have resources to conduct dedicated evacuation studies and many do not consider the impact of background traffic (i.e., normal traffic rather than evacuating traffic) on evacuation. In response, we explored the performance of several generalizable evacuation strategies with background traffic for representative communities in Marin County, including the Ross Valley, Woodacre Bowl, Tamalpais Valley, and an area near Highway 101 and Ignacio Boulevard in Novato (hereafter referred to as ‘Novato Neighborhood’). The strategies we explored include vehicle reduction (i.e., evacuees share a vehicle), phased evacuation (i.e., evacuees in different zones have different departure times), and off-street parking (i.e., street parking is prohibited on a high-fire Red Flag Day to increase overall road capacity in the event of an evacuation). We then tested each strategy using a wildfire-traffic simulation framework. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt2kq661m0&r=tre |
| By: | Carlo Jaeger (Global Climate Forum (GCF)); Jonas Teitge (Global Climate Forum (GCF)); Jan-Erik Thie (Macroeconomic Policy Institute (IMK) and Global Climate Forum (GCF)); Antje Trauboth (Global Climate Forum (GCF)) |
| Abstract: | Long after the debates about tertiarisation and post-industrial society, deindustrialisation is a hot topic again. An important example is the future of the German car industry. Some people believe that the forces of climate policy and digitalisation will lead to a smooth shift from selling internal combustion cars to battery electric ones. We show that things are much more difficult by distinguishing three different futures. First, a pink scenario of global industrial expansion based on electric cars and renewable electricity (1), then, a black scenario of a shrinking market for German cars and a global car fleet far from reaching climate neutrality by 2050 (2), finally a green scenario where carbon neutral self-driving robotaxis and shuttles on demand help realise the goals of the Paris accord and where the German car industry embraces digitalisation to sell mobility as a service, bridging the divide between private and public transport (3). Moreover, the pattern of incremental innovations the German innovation system is locked in is a problem. Germany needs to renew the creative capacity it had when the invention of the automobile planted the seed of the German car industry. This will require patient research able to analyse and foster an unprecedented economic transition. We explain and propose the multisectoral approach to economic dynamics developed at the interface of mathematics and economics by John von Neumann because it offers an adequate starting point for this indispensable effort. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imk:wpaper:221-2023&r=tre |
| By: | Shaheen, Susan PhD; Martin, Elliot PhD; Cohen, Adam |
| Abstract: | Shared micromobility (bikesharing and scooter sharing) experienced market growth since 2021, rebounding from the pandemic across markets in the US, Mexico, and Canada. In partnership with the North American Bikeshare and Scootershare Association (NABSA) and Toole Design, researchers at the Transportation Sustainability Research Center (TSRC) at UC Berkeley have collaborated on the data collection and analysis of the shared micromobility industry metrics through a series of annual reports beginning in 2019. This includes a series of operator and agency surveys.1 Most recently, TSRC researchers collaborated on an Operator Survey (n=29) and an Agency Survey (n=52), distributed between January 2023 and June 2023, of all known shared micromobility operators and agencies as part of the 2022 state-of-the-industry report. Similar surveys were deployed in January 2022 and May 2022. These surveys include questions about shared micromobility systems2 operating within those agency jurisdictions and operator markets. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt6xp3h69x&r=tre |
| By: | Vanda Almeida (OECD); Claire Hoffmann (OECD); Sebastian Königs (OECD and IZA); Ana Moreno-Monroy (OECD); Mauricio Salazar-Lozada (OECD); Javier Terrero-Dávila (OECD) |
| Abstract: | People’s ability to access essential services is key to their labour market and social inclusion. An important dimension of accessibility is physical accessibility, but little cross-country evidence exists on how close people live to the services facilities they need. This paper helps to address this gap, focusing on three types of essential services: Public Employment Services, primary schools and Early Childhood Education and Care. It collects and maps data on the location of these services for a selection of OECD countries and links them with data on population and transport infrastructure. This allows to compute travel times to the nearest service facility and to quantify disparities in accessibility at the regional level. The results highlight substantial inequalities in accessibility of essential services across and within countries. Although large parts of the population can easily reach these services in most countries, some people are relatively underserved. This is particularly the case in non-metropolitan and low-income regions. At the same time, accessibility seems to be associated with the potential demand for these services once accounting for other regional economic and demographic characteristics. |
| Keywords: | geographic inequalities, geospatial disparities, service accessibility, social services, employment services |
| JEL: | H00 I24 J01 O18 R12 |
| Date: | 2024–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:inq:inqwps:ecineq2024-670&r=tre |
| By: | Bergemann, Annette (University of Groningen); Brunow, Stephan; Stockton, Isabel (Institute for Fiscal Studies, London) |
| Abstract: | We estimate female and male workers' marginal willingness to pay to reduce commuting distance in Germany, using a partial-equilibrium model of job search with non-wage job attributes. Commuting costs have implications not just for congestion policy, spatial planning and transport infrastructure provision, but are also relevant to our understanding of gender differences in labour market biographies. For estimation, we use a stratified partial likelihood model on a large administrative dataset for West Germany to flexibly account for both unobserved individual heterogeneity and changes dependent on wages and children. We find that an average female childless worker is willing to give up daily €0.27 per kilometre (0.4% of the daily wage) to reduce commuting distance at the margin. The average men's marginal willingness to pay is similar to childless women's over a large range of wages. However, women's marginal willingness to pay more than doubles after the birth of a child contributing substantially to the motherhood wage gap. A married mixed-sex couple's sample indicates that husbands try to avoid commuting shorter distances than their wives. |
| Keywords: | commuting, marginal willingness to pay for job attributes, on-the-job search, Cox relative risk model, partial likelihood estimation, gender and parenthood in job search models, heterogeneity in job mobility, gender wage gap |
| JEL: | C41 J13 J16 J31 J62 |
| Date: | 2024–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16890&r=tre |
| By: | Lamuela Orta, Carlos (VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland) |
| Abstract: | Increasing the modal share of cycling is a common urban transport policy goal and expanding cycling infrastructure is its key policy instrument. During COVID-19, temporal bike lanes raised in prominence globally, as many cities adopted top-down versions of tactical urbanism (e.g., “coronapistes” in Paris). Yet in Helsinki, a Nordic capital recognized otherwise for its urban policy innovations, cycling policy remained unchanged despite the city lagging in its ambitious goals for modal shift. To explain this lack of policy transfer, the article explores stakeholders’ discourses and reveals a political contradiction and a technical double standard within the municipal organization. Together with a visual in-situ analysis of temporal street arrangements, these discourses reveal the paradoxical role of temporal street construction in Helsinki. The article concludes that in Helsinki the mainstreamed version of tactical urbanism did not yet represent a real opportunity to reorient cycling policy, despite the pandemic shock. On the contrary, in a policy context based on conflict avoidance and a non-zero-sum political space, temporal street arrangements are a fundamental part of maintaining the status quo of automobility. The study suggests that a way to break policy path dependency could be the reframing of existing expertise in institutions and stakeholders to give it new political meaning. |
| Date: | 2024–04–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:rwgu6&r=tre |
| By: | Fulton, Lewis; UC Davis ITS Hydrogen Study Team |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2024–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt97s439v1&r=tre |
| By: | Setman-Shachar, Shai; Billig, P.C.; Stein, A.; Kaplan, S. |
| Abstract: | The long-term effects of the Vision-Zero (VZ) approach in Scandinavia are well documented. In contrast, information regarding the immediate effects of VZ at the starting phase upon gradual implementation is scarce. Taking New York City as the case study, we analyzed both the local and global effects of the Vision-Zero gradual implementation on pedestrian crashes in the early stage of implementation starting from 2014. The data analysis comprised 8, 165 pedestrian injury crashes. Using location data, the crashes were matched to VZ infrastructure improvement location, start and completion dates. The experimental design included a treatment and two types of control conditions, and we controlled for well-known covariates including traffic exposure, land use, and risk-prone areas. We estimated a Geyer Saturation model and kernel density function for modeling the effect of Vision-Zero on crash intensity and dispersion two years before and after the implementation of Vision-Zero. The results reveal a significant global decrease of 6.1% (p=0.004) in pedestrian crash incidence in the treated sections compared with the control group two years after the treatment, and a greater dispersion of pedestrian injuries following the policy implementation. |
| Date: | 2024–03–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:j62qx&r=tre |