|
on Transport Economics |
| By: | Peter Nilsson; Matthew Tarduno; Sebastian Tebbe; J. Peter Nilsson |
| Abstract: | We provide a framework for setting congestion charges that reflect emission and congestion externalities and policy responses, such as vehicle ownership, driving, and residential sorting. Using Swedish administrative microdata, we identify these responses by exploiting a temporary exemption for alternative fuel vehicles and variation in individuals’ exposure to congestion charges. We find that commuters respond by adopting exempted alternative fuel vehicles, shifting trips away from fossil fuel toward alternative fuel vehicles, and changing where they live and work. We combine the estimated responses with the framework to recover an optimal congestion charge of €9.46 per crossing in Stockholm. |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_11038&r=tre |
| By: | Rajat Verma; Mithun Debnath; Shagun Mittal; Satish V. Ukkusuri |
| Abstract: | Locational measures of accessibility are widely used in urban and transportation planning to understand the impact of the transportation system on influencing people's access to places. However, there is a considerable lack of measurement standards and publicly available data. We propose a generalized measure of locational accessibility that has a comprehensible form for transportation planning analysis. This metric combines the cumulative opportunities approach with gravity-based measures and is capable of catering to multiple trip purposes, travel modes, cost thresholds, and scales of analysis. Using data from multiple publicly available datasets, this metric is computed by trip purpose and travel time threshold for all block groups in the United States, and the data is made publicly accessible. Further, case studies of three large metropolitan areas reveal substantial inefficiencies in transportation infrastructure, with the most inefficiency observed in sprawling and non-core urban areas, especially for bicycling. Subsequently, it is shown that targeted investment in facilities can contribute to a more equitable distribution of accessibility to essential shopping and service facilities. By assigning greater weights to socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods, the proposed metric formally incorporates equity considerations into transportation planning, contributing to a more equitable distribution of accessibility to essential services and facilities. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.04985&r=tre |
| By: | Jack Dunbar; Christopher J. Kurz; Geng Li; Maria D. Tito |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the impact of two fiscal programs, the Economic Impact Payments and the Paycheck Protection Program, on vehicle purchases and relates our findings to post-pandemic price pressures. We find that receiving a stimulus check increased the probability of purchasing new vehicles. In addition, the disbursement of funds from the Paycheck Protection Program was associated with a rise in local new car registrations. Our estimates indicate that these two programs account for a boost of 1 3/4 million units—or 12 percent—to new car sales in 2020. Furthermore, the induced boost in sales coincided with the presence of significant production constraints and exacerbated an inventory drawdown, thereby contributing to the rapid increase in new vehicle prices that prevailed in the subsequent years. |
| Keywords: | Discretionary Fiscal Policy; Light Vehicle Purchases; Inflation |
| JEL: | E21 E31 G31 G51 H24 H31 |
| Date: | 2024–03–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedgfe:2024-13&r=tre |
| By: | Cristofer H. Marques; Paula Carvalho Pereda; Ramiro F. Ramos; Olav Fiksdahl; Luiz F. Assis; Newton N. Pereira; Andrea Lucchesi; Jean-David Caprace |
| Abstract: | To reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transport, the International Maritime Organization has been studying measures to be implemented in the short term. The present work presents an assessment of cost and environmental outcomes from the implementation of mandatory reductions of speed on the world merchant ship fleet. Considering the product usually transported by each group and the distance navigated between ports, average values of capital, operational, voyage expenditure and CO2 emissions are calculated. Results reveal that capital and operational expenditure increase with speed reduction while voyage expenditure and CO2 emission decrease. The effect is different for each region and ship type, whereby a given speed reduction is more beneficial for some than for others. Higher speed reductions were found to be environmentally beneficial but significantly increased the annual seaborne transport cost, which would likely affect ocean-going commerce. |
| Keywords: | shipping; GHG emissions; environmental effect |
| JEL: | L91 L92 |
| Date: | 2024–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2024wpecon15&r=tre |
| By: | Henderson, Richard; Gastelle, Jesse; Caffarelli, Peter |
| Abstract: | This report provides a breakout by mode of corn, wheat, soybeans, sorghum, and barley movements to either domestic markets or U.S. ports for export between 1978 and 2020. It is the thirteenth update of an initial modal share study completed in 1992. The purpose of this series of reports is to provide the latest information about changes and trends in the relative competitiveness and efficiency among the different transportation modes in moving grain. Estimates of the tonnages (and shares) of grain railed, barged, and trucked are developed from a variety of secondary sources. This data can be used to identify trends and implications on transportation from factors, such as changes in production volumes and commodity mix, as well as changes in the relative demand for U.S. grain for domestic purposes versus export. |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, International Relations/Trade, Marketing, Productivity Analysis, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| Date: | 2023–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uamstr:341819&r=tre |
| By: | SPILIOTOPOULOS Christoforos (European Commission - JRC); MAGRINI Chiara (European Commission - JRC) |
| Abstract: | This JRC Science-for-Policy report provides technical support to European Commission services for the development of Guidelines on removability and replaceability of portable and Light Means of Transport batteries (as per Article 11 of regulation (EU) 2023/1542). It provides technical insights into the aspects of removability and replaceability, and explores technical elements of the concepts of “independent professionals” and “compatible battery”, towards facilitating a harmonised understanding of the terms, and with the view to enabling that battery removal and replacement are conducted in a safe manner. The report also offers proposals for the qualification of the limited and full derogations foreseen in Article 11 of the Regulation, by pointing to existing and established classification systems from other pieces of Union law or international standards. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipt:iptwpa:jrc136588&r=tre |
| By: | Montacer Ben Cheikh Larbi; Sina Belkhiria |
| Abstract: | Technical efficiency indices (TEIs) can be estimated using the traditional stochastic frontier analysis approach, which yields relative indices that do not allow self-interpretations. In this paper, we introduce a single-step estimation procedure for TEIs that eliminates the need to identify best practices and avoids imposing restrictive hypotheses on the error term. The resulting indices are absolute and allow for individual interpretation. In our model, we estimate a distance function using the inverse coefficient of resource utilization, rather than treating it as unobservable. We employ a Tobit model with a translog distance function as our econometric framework. Applying this model to a sample of 19 airline companies from 2012 to 2021, we find that: (1) Absolute technical efficiency varies considerably between companies with medium-haul European airlines being technically the most efficient, while Asian airlines are the least efficient; (2) Our estimated TEIs are consistent with the observed data with a decline in efficiency especially during the Covid-19 crisis and Brexit period; (3) All airlines contained in our sample would be able to increase their average technical efficiency by 0.209% if they reduced their average kerosene consumption by 1%; (4) Total factor productivity (TFP) growth slowed between 2013 and 2019 due to a decrease in Disembodied Technical Change (DTC) and a small effect from Scale Economies (SE). Toward the end of our study period, TFP growth seemed increasingly driven by the SE effect, with a sharp decline in 2020 followed by an equally sharp recovery in 2021 for most airlines. |
| Date: | 2024–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2404.04590&r=tre |
| By: | Bickenbach, Frank; Dohse, Dirk; Langhammer, Rolf J.; Liu, Wan-hsin |
| Abstract: | China makes extensive use of subsidies in order to take a leading role on the global markets in the green technology sectors of electric vehicles, wind turbines and railway rolling stock. According to DiPippo et al. (2022) and recent OECD studies, the industrial subsidies in China are at least three to four times or even up to nine times higher than in the major EU and OECD countries. According to a very conservative estimate, industrial subsidies in China amounted to around EUR 221 billion or 1.73% of Chinese GDP in 2019. According to recent data of 2022, direct government subsidies for some of the dominant Chinese manufacturers of green technology products had also increased significantly - the electric car manufacturer BYD alone received EUR 2.1 billion. The authors point out that Chinese companies are benefiting from further support measures, including subsidized inputs, preferential access to critical raw materials, forced technology transfers, the strategic use of public procurement and the preferential treatment of domestic firms in administrative procedures. The authors recommend the EU to use its anti-subsidy proceeding against BEV imports from China to enter into negotiations with the Chinese government and persuade it to abolish public support measures that are particularly harmful to the EU. |
| Abstract: | China setzt in großem Umfang Subventionen ein, um auch bei den grünen Technologiebranchen Elektrofahrzeuge, Windturbinen und Schienenfahrzeuge eine Führungsrolle auf den Weltmärkten einzunehmen. Die Industriesubventionen in China sind nach DiPippo et al. (2022) und aktuellen OECD Studien um das Drei- bis Vierfache bzw. bis hin zum Neunfachen höher als in den großen EU- und OECD-Ländern. Nach einer konservativen Schätzung beliefen sich die Industriesubventionen in China im Jahr 2019 auf rund 221 Mrd. Euro oder 1, 73 Prozent des chinesischen BIP. Am aktuellen Rand des Jahres 2022 waren zudem die direkten staatlichen Subventionen für einige der dominierenden chinesischen Hersteller grüner Technologieprodukte deutlich gestiegen - allein der Elektroautohersteller BYD erhielt 2, 1 Mrd. Euro. Die Autoren weisen darauf hin, dass die chinesischen Unternehmen von weiteren Unterstützungsmaßnahmen profitieren. Dazu zählen: Subventionierte Vorleistungen, der bevorzugte Zugang zu kritischen Rohstoffen, einem teils erzwungenen Technologietransfer und die Vorzugsbehandlung einheimischer Unternehmen in öffentlichen Vergabe- und Verwaltungsverfahren. Die Autoren empfehlen der EU, das laufende Antisubventionsverfahren gegen Elektroauto-Importe aus China zu nutzen, um mit der chinesischen Regierung in Verhandlungen einzutreten und sie zur Abschaffung von Subventionen zu bewegen, die für die EU besonders schädlich sind. |
| Keywords: | China, industrial subsidies, battery electric vehicles, wind turbines, railway rolling stock, EU anti-subsidy proceeding, China, Industriesubventionen, Batteriebetriebene Elektrofahrzeuge, Windturbinen, Schienenfahrzeuge, Antisubventionsverfahren der EU |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwkpb:289609&r=tre |