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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Ferguson, Beth; Sanguinetti, Angela |
| Abstract: | Micromobility—transportation using lightweight vehicles such as bicycles or scooters—has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, traffic congestion, and air pollution, particularly when it is used to replace private vehicle use and for first- and last-mile travel in conjunction with public transit. The design of the built environment in and around public transit stations plays a key role in the integration of public transit and micromobility. The San Francisco Bay Area is a potential testbed for innovative and adaptive transit station design features that support micromobility, since it has relatively high public transit and shared micromobility usage, as well as high micromobility usage rates for trips to and from transit. The region’s Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) heavy rail stations are in the operation zone of seven shared micromobility operators. |
| Keywords: | Architecture |
| Date: | 2024–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4tr5c0dm&r=tre |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | Like-for-like replacement of fossil-fuel-powered vehicles by identical electric-powered vehicles is thought to be the main uptake pathway for electric vehicle (EV) uptake. However, what characterises global passenger and freight EV markets is the emerging uptake of smaller, lighter and shorter-ranged vehicle types specially designed for urban areas. A shift towards a broader EV uptake could be an opportunity for more sustainable and electric urban mobility systems – with comparatively lower electricity and charging infrastructure demand and battery materials needs, lower emissions and safer city streets. This report identifies the main use cases that could be part of such a broader and sustainable EV uptake. It also quantifies the sustainability impacts of different EV uptake scenarios that vary in vehicle fleet composition and degrees of electrification ambition. Finally, it gives recommendations on how authorities could leverage the passenger and freight EV transition for more sustainable cities. |
| Date: | 2023–09–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:123-en&r=tre |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report analyses the global trade in used cars and how the transition to electric vehicles may impact it. The analysis explores the quality and age of used vehicles traded globally and maps out how they are traded from developed economies to emerging markets. The report reviews recent importer and exporter policy announcements and uses quantitative analysis, for the first time, to understand how policies may impact the flows of used vehicles between countries. It evaluates potential scenarios of electric vehicle adoption in emerging economies through used vehicle imports. |
| Date: | 2023–12–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:125-en&r=tre |
| By: | Andersson, Angelica (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI); ITN, Linköping University, Sweden); Kristoffersson, Ida (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Daly, Andrew (ITS, University of Leeds, United Kingdom); Börjesson, Maria (Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI); IEI, Linköping University, Sweden) |
| Abstract: | The accuracy of a transport demand model’s predictions is inherently limited by the quality of the underlying data. This issue has been highlighted by the decline in response rates for transport surveys, which have traditionally served as the primary data source for estimating transport demand models. At the same time, mobile phone network data, not requiring active participation from subjects, have become increasingly available. However, some key trip and traveller characteristics enhancing the prediction power of the estimated models are not collected in mobile phone network data. In this paper we therefore investigate what can be gained from combining mobile phone network data with travel survey data, using the strengths of each data source, to estimate long-distance mode choice models. We propose and estimate a set of mode choice demand models on joint mobile phone network data and travel survey data. We show that combining the two data sources produces more credible estimates than models estimated on each data source separately. The travel survey should preferably include the variables: travel party size, cars per household licence, licence holding, in addition to origin, destination, mode, trip purpose, age, and gender of the respondent. |
| Keywords: | Data combination; Discrete choice modelling; Latent class model; Longdistance mode choice; Mobile phone network data; Transport elasticities; Transport planning; Planning practice |
| JEL: | R41 R42 |
| Date: | 2024–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2024_001&r=tre |
| By: | Scott A. Brave; Thomas H. Klier; Leslie McGranahan |
| Abstract: | We utilize vehicle registration microdata for all new and used vehicles registered in the U.S. for model years 2010-2022 to study the market for used battery electric vehicles (BEVs). From these records, we establish two stylized facts: 1) BEVs enter the used market at the slowest rate compared to any other powertrain technology, and 2) BEVs are driven significantly less than vehicles featuring other powertrain technologies. We connect these facts through a statistical model of used vehicle registration counts and find that there are significant behavioral differences between BEV and other new vehicle owners in how utilization (both on average and at the margin) leads to these vehicles being resold. By way of a counterfactual exercise that equalizes average vehicle miles traveled, we then illustrate that these behavioral differences can explain from 10-30 percent of the differential rates of transition from new to used vehicle status we observe between BEVs and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles; depth of market |
| JEL: | L10 L62 |
| Date: | 2023–09–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedhwp:96973&r=tre |
| By: | Kendall, Alissa; Slattery, Margaret; Dunn, Jessica |
| Abstract: | Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the enabling technology for modern electric vehicles (EVs), allowing them to reach driving ranges and costs comparable to internal combustion engine vehicles, an important development with EVs being integral to greenhouse gas mitigation efforts. However, LIB advancements include the use of rapidly evolving and chemically diverse batteries as well as larger battery packs, raising concerns about battery production sustainability as well as battery end-of-life (EoL). This study seeks to respond to these concerns by analyzing potential pathways for EoL EV batteries, quantifies flows of retiring EV battery materials, proposes economically and environmentally preferable LIB EoL strategies, and recommends pertinent policies with an emphasis on environmental justice. The researchers used a loosely coupled dynamic systems model that utilized life cycle assessment and material flow analysis and a mixed methods research approach. They find that the U.S. can make significant gains in securing supply chains for critical materials and decrease life cycle environmental impacts through the adoption of Recycled Content Standard policies similar to those found in the European Union. In addition, they examine the currently understood waste hierarchy in the context of LIB technology. Comparing immediate recycling to repurposing and reusing, they find that repurposing and reusing reduces life cycle environmental impacts relative to recycling. This project also includes an investigation of EoL battery collection and transportation and the vehicle afterlife ecosystem, as well as general stakeholders in the LiB life cycle, informed by expert interviews and a case study of a developing lithium industry in Imperial, California. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Law, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Electric vehicle, lithium-ion batteries, battery recycling, end-of-life, spent batteries |
| Date: | 2024–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3v6047fh&r=tre |
| By: | Dessouky, Maged; Mahtab, Zuhayer |
| Abstract: | Ridesharing can help reduce traffic congestion, greenhouse gas emissions and increase accessibility to transportation in major metropolitan areas across the United States. A robust rideshare system needs to take uncertainties such as traffic congestion and passenger cancellations into account. In this report, the authors propose a data-driven stochastic rideshare system that integrates those sources of uncertainties. Instead of assuming a probability distribution, the approach learns the underlying distribution in travel times and passenger cancellations from historical data. The authors first provide a mathematical model of the problem. Later they propose a stochastic average approximation approach for solving the routing and flexible pickup and drop-off selection problem. They also propose a Branch-and-Price heuristic and Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search-basedmetaheuristic to solve the underlying rideshare routing problem. To validate the approach, the authors construct test cases based on the New York City taxicab dataset. Numerical results show that the proposed branch and price-based solution approach can efficiently solve small instances while being close to the true optimum. On the other hand, the ALNS-based approach can solve medium to large instances with a small computational time budget while being robust to uncertainties. The proposed approach can help transportation officials and rideshare planners design more robust rideshare systems to alleviate traffic congestion in California. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Rideshare, Routing, Stochastic Optimization |
| Date: | 2024–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt2s1487wk&r=tre |
| By: | Camilo Pereira, Ana Paula; Boldrine Abrita, Mateus; Rondina Neto, Angelo; Amorim Souza Centuriao, Daniel; Stradiotto Vignandi, Rafaella; Espíndola Junior, Guilherme; Marques, Nelagley; Aparecida de Moraes Weber, Vanessa; Franco Maciel, Ruberval |
| Abstract: | The Latin American Integration Route (RILA) is a bioceanic road under implementation that aims to connect the state of Mato Grosso do Sul to the ports of Northern Chile for the flow of Brazilian production. Thus, this work aims to present a correlated analysis theoretically and analytically on the modals of transportation infrastructure currently installed in the spatial clipping of part of the RILA road, which is the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Thus, it is understood that transportation activities constitute a strategic sector of the economy, giving mobility and integration to the most diverse production and distribution chains of goods, as well as the displacement of people through the territory. From this perspective, the analyses and data presented seek to contribute to the specific approach related to the importance of transport systems and the infrastructure network of territorial circulation in the spatial scope of RILA, envisioning the need to promote public policies articulated to long-term planning, offering theoretical and technical subsidies that enable the economic dynamics that this transport corridor can foster in all its articulation scales. |
| Keywords: | RILA; territorial circulation; transportation, logistics, Mato Grosso do Sul |
| JEL: | R42 R58 |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:120003&r=tre |
| By: | Wu, Guoyuan; Peng, Dongbo; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok |
| Abstract: | The adoption of battery electric trucks (BETs) as a replacement for diesel trucks has potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the freight transportation sector. However, BETs have shorter driving range and lower payload capacity, which need to be taken into account when dispatching them. This paper addresses the energy-efficient dispatching of BET fleets, considering backhauls and time windows. To optimize vehicle utilization, customers are categorized into two groups: linehaul customers requiring deliveries and backhaul customers requiring pickups, where the deliveries need to be made following the last-in-first-out principle. The objective is to determine a set of energy-efficient routes that integrate both linehaul and backhaul customers, while considering factors such as limited driving range, payload capacity of BETs and the possibility of en route recharging. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model and propose an adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS) metaheuristic algorithm to solve it. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is demonstrated through extensive experiments using a real-world case study from a logistics company in Southern California. The results indicate that the proposed strategy leads to a significant reduction in total energy consumption compared to the baseline strategy, ranging from 7% to 40%, while maintaining reasonable computational time. This research contributes to the development of sustainable transportation solutions in the freight sector by providing a practical and more efficient approach for dispatching BET fleets. The findings emphasize the potential of BETs in achieving energy savings and advancing the goal of green logistics. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Battery electric trucks, fleet dispatching, adaptive large neighborhood search |
| Date: | 2024–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt2qz0n2gv&r=tre |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | Heavy diesel trucks emit nearly three-quarters of all CO2 from freight transport. They are also among the most difficult vehicle types to power with sustainable fuels. This report reviews which emerging technologies show the most promise to drastically cut road freight emissions. It also proposes an approach for governments to decide which technologies deserve support – and thus to speed up the urgent transition to clean trucking. |
| Date: | 2023–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:127-en&r=tre |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | Automation of vehicles and in the workplace is transforming the transport industry. This report investigates the impacts of automation on the workforce in urban transport. It explores ways to help the labour market transition towards automated technologies without social disruptions. The report also examines how algorithms could improve employment opportunities and job quality in the transport industry. |
| Date: | 2023–09–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:122-en&r=tre |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | How young people use transport matters for society. Transport connects them to education, work, friends and other opportunities. Mobility patterns of the younger generation also matter for sustainability, economic development, liveability, health and well-being. Yet, young people’s views are rarely factored into transport policy explicitly. This report addresses the gap by reviewing young citizens’ travel patterns and behaviours, identifying their expectations regarding mobility and life opportunities and investigating their mobility-relevant experiences, capabilities and skills. To maximise the potential of youth, it is important that governments, communities, and other stakeholders ensure all young people have access to safe and affordable transport. It is also important to engage young people in the planning and implementation of transport initiatives so that their needs are met. |
| Date: | 2024–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:128-en&r=tre |
| By: | Charlotte Liotta (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, TU - Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin); Paolo Avner (World Bank Group); Vincent Viguié (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Harris Selod (World Bank Group); Stephane Hallegatte (World Bank Group) |
| Abstract: | Opposition to climate policies is partly due to their impacts on inequality. But with most economic studies focused on income inequalities, the quantitative spatial effect of economic climate policy instruments is poorly understood. Here, using a model derived from the standard urban model of urban economics, we simulate a fuel tax in Cape Town, South Africa, decomposing its impacts by income class, housing type, and location, and over different timeframes, assuming that agents gradually adapt. We find that in the short term, there are both income and spatial inequalities, with low-income households or suburban dwellers more negatively impacted. These inequalities persist in the medium and long terms, as the poorest households, living in informal or subsidized housing, have few or no ways to adapt to fuel price increases by changing housing type, size or location, or transportation mode. Lowincome households living in formal housing are also impacted by the tax over the long term due to complex effects driven by competition with richer households in the housing market. Complementary policies promoting a flexible labor market, affordable public transportation, or subsidies that help lowincome households live closer to employment centers will be key to the social acceptability of climate policies. |
| Keywords: | Urban Economics, Land Use - Transport Integrated Models, Fuel Taxation, Emission Mitigation, Redistributive Impacts, Housing Markets |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04447509&r=tre |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This manual is a guide to using the ITF transport life-cycle assessment tool. The tool aims to provide a holistic assessment of different modes of transport, accounting for energy use and greenhouse gas emissions that occur in different phases of the life of the vehicles. |
| Date: | 2023–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:121-en&r=tre |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | More than 1.3 million people die each year in road crashes, with millions more suffering life-altering injuries. The Safe System approach aims to eliminate deadly crashes through a comprehensive, shared-responsibility framework. This report offers guidelines for establishing Safety Performance Indicators (SPIs) to assess the effectiveness of Safe System policies in reducing road fatalities and serious injuries. It identifies international best practices for constructing and deploying SPIs, focusing on the case of Korea. |
| Date: | 2023–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:126-en&r=tre |
| By: | Odran Bonnet; Étienne Fize; Tristan Loisel; Lionel Wilner |
| Abstract: | This article exploits both the crude oil price surge consecutive to the invasion of Ukraine and 2022 fuel excise tax rebates in France as quasi-natural experiments to infer the price sensitivity of fuel demand. Based on granular individual bank account data at the transaction level, we properly disentangle anticipation effects from price effects, and estimate an average price elasticity of -0.31. It varies little with respect to income and location but substantially decreases, in absolute, with respect to fuel spending and is higher for retirees. We evaluate financial and distributional effects of the actual tax policy as well as its impact on CO2 emissions based on counterfactual simulations. We empirically demonstrate that resorting to transfers, be they targeted or not, achieves only imperfect compensation against fuel inflation. However, we show that a policy maker subject to a tight budget constraint and seeking to alleviate excessive losses, relative to income, prefers means-tested transfers to rebates. |
| Keywords: | commodity taxation, excise tax, tax-and-transfer schemes, fuel price elasticity, anticipatory behaviour, transaction-level data |
| JEL: | C18 C51 D12 H23 H31 L71 Q31 Q35 Q41 |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_10917&r=tre |
| By: | Nicolas Jouve (MATRiS - Mobilité, Aménagement, Transports, Risques et Société - Cerema - Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement - CY - CY Cergy Paris Université); Ludovic Vaillant (MATRiS - Mobilité, Aménagement, Transports, Risques et Société - Cerema - Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement - CY - CY Cergy Paris Université); Corinne Blanquart |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 crisis, unprecedented in terms of its global nature and duration, highlighted the weak points of logistics networks, bringing to the forefront the recommendations for reducing the vulnerability of these networks. The objective of this article is to question the adaptability of logistics organisations, their capacity to evolve towards new ways of doing things in order to cope with the uncertainty inherent in crises. The article is based on the work of Burmeister (2000) who classifies logistics and transportation organizations into ‘logistics families'. In each of the four families, coordination between professionals is structured by a framework value, a reference shared by the actors of the family considered to make their choices. The question raised is therefore whether the COVID-19 crisis has led to a shift in certain relationships between professionals from one family to another, in other words, a shift in framework values. The survey on which this research is based shows that, although the actors of a given logistics family adapt their logistics and transport strategies to crisis situations, these strategies are always based on the same framework value. Logistics families are therefore crisisresistant. Thus, the relations between these actors, the choices they make, remain guided by the framework values that governed their relations before the crisis. The methods of coordination between the actors in logistics networks do not change during a crisis. This permanence of the coordination structure is not, however, a limit to the profound change in logistics networks, which remain adaptable. |
| Keywords: | supply chains, coordination, adaptability, crisis |
| Date: | 2023–06–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04432442&r=tre |