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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Robert J.R. Elliott; Viet Nguyen-Tien; Eric Strobl; Chengyu Zhang |
| Abstract: | Knowing how long the average vehicle remains roadworthy before being scrapped is a crucial input into life cycle assessment (LCA) and total cost of ownership (TCO) studies of different vehicle powertrains. This study leverages a dataset of over 300 million MOT records from 2005 to 2022 for over 30 million vehicles registered in Great Britain and uses parametric survival analysis with interval-censored data to examine the longevity of various powertrains under real usage conditions. Our findings reveal that (plugin) hybrid electric vehicles have the longest expected longevity in terms of years and mileage, both of which are about 50% higher than those of an average fleet vehicle. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), while initially showing lower reliability, have benefited from rapid technological improvements such that the latest BEVs in our sample match the lifespan of petrol vehicles despite being used more intensively. Longevity is also impacted by engine size, location, and make of vehicle. The results provide parameter estimates that can be used to update TCO and LCA models and also shed light on EV diffusion patterns, fleet replacement strategies, and end-of-life treatment planning, including the increasingly important debate around EV battery recycling and second-life options. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles, survival analysis, total cost of ownership, life cycle assessment |
| Date: | 2024–01–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cep:cepdps:dp1972&r=tre |
| By: | Antonio Sileo (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei); Monica Bonacina (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effects of the latest European regulations on carbon emissions on the Italian car market and discusses the possibility of achieving climate neutrality of road transport through the “mere” replacement of cars currently on the road with new zero-emission cars. Since 2016, automakers’ production strategies have changed dramatically, with an increasing number of zero (and low) emission models on car lists. To date, these changes on the supply side have not been matched by similar changes in purchasing habits. In recent years, not only have few zero (and low) emission cars been sold, but also few new cars. Unless epoch-making changes occur, it is completely unrealistic to think that we can achieve climate neutrality by 2050 by leveraging exclusively on the renewal of the fleet. |
| Keywords: | automotive market, sustainable mobility, road transport decarbonization, electro-mobility, EU-car CO2 regulation |
| JEL: | L62 Q55 Q58 R41 |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2024.01&r=tre |
| By: | Dowds, Jonathan; Howerter, Sarah; Hines, Paul; Aultman-Hall, Lisa |
| Abstract: | This paper describes a model for developing highly resolved, time-of-day specific electric vehicle charging demand profiles from travel survey data. Since timing of vehicle charging is dependent on electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) availability, four EVSE scenarios are considered: 1) home only, 2) home and workplace only, 3) universal EVSE, and 4) a probabilistic scenario where EVSE availability varies by location. To illustrate the implications of differing demand profiles on power grid operation with high renewable generating capacity, the profiles are in a typical regional economic dispatch model. The results provide a valuable approach for understanding the interactions between vehicle electrification and renewable energy deployment while exploring an updated range of assumptions about EVSE availability and charging behaviors for New York and the six New England states. All scenarios result in increased peak demand and increased generation by non-renewable generating sources. This indicates that incentive mechanisms that influence charging decisions are necessary to attain lower emissions outcomes. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Electric vehicle, electric dispatch model, vehicle charging, National Household Transportation Survey |
| Date: | 2024–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt9nv8z4kc&r=tre |
| By: | Berliant, Marcus |
| Abstract: | We examine the fine microstructure of commuting in a game-theoretic setting with a continuum of commuters. Commuters' home and work locations can be heterogeneous. A commuter transport network is exogenous. Traffic speed is determined by link capacity and by local congestion at a time and place along a link, where local congestion at a time and place is endogenous. The model can be reinterpreted to apply to congestion on the internet. We find sufficient conditions for existence of equilibrium, that multiple equilibria are ubiquitous, and that the welfare properties of morning and evening commute equilibria differ on a generalization of a directed tree. |
| Keywords: | Commuting; Internet traffic; Congestion externality; Efficient Nash equilibrium |
| JEL: | L86 R41 |
| Date: | 2023–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:119590&r=tre |
| By: | Lilienkamp, Arne (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)); Namockel, Nils (Energiewirtschaftliches Institut an der Universitaet zu Koeln (EWI)) |
| Abstract: | Adopting electric vehicles (EVs) and implementing variable electricity tariffs increase peak demand and the risk of congestion in distribution grids. To avert critical grid situations and sidestep expensive grid expansions, Distribution System Operators (DSOs) must have intervention rights, allowing them to curtail charging processes. Various curtailment strategies are possible, varying in spatio-temporal differentiation and possible discrimination. However, evaluating different strategies is complex due to the interplay of economic factors, technical requirements, and regulatory constraints - a complexity not fully addressed in the current literature. Our study introduces a sophisticated model to optimize electric vehicle charging strategies to address this gap. This model considers different tariff schemes (Fixed, Time-of-Use, and Real-Time) and incorporates DSO interventions (basic, variable, and smart) within its optimization framework. Based on the model, we analyze the flexibility demand and total electricity costs from the users’ perspective. Applying our model to a synthetic distribution grid, we find that flexible tariffs offer consumers only marginal economic benefits and increase the risk of grid congestion due to herding behavior. All curtailment strategies effectively alleviate congestion, with variable curtailment featuring spatio-temporal differentiation, approaching optimality regarding flexibility demand. Notably, applying curtailment from the users’ perspective does not lower cost savings significantly. |
| Keywords: | Distribution Grid; Electric Vehicles; Smart Charging; Flexibility |
| JEL: | C61 D47 Q41 Q48 |
| Date: | 2024–01–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:ewikln:2024_001&r=tre |
| By: | Alessandro V. M. Oliveira; Bruno F. Oliveira; Moises D. Vassallo |
| Abstract: | The service quality of a passenger transport operator can be measured through face-to-face surveys at the terminals or on board. However, the resulting responses may suffer from the influence of the intrinsic aspects of the respondent's personality and emotional context at the time of the interview. This study proposes a methodology to generate and select control variables for these latent psychosituational traits, thus mitigating the risk of omitted variable bias. We developed an econometric model of the determinants of passenger satisfaction in a survey conducted at the largest airport in Latin America, S\~ao Paulo GRU Airport. Our focus was on the role of flight delays in the perception of quality. The results of this study confirm the existence of a relationship between flight delays and the global satisfaction of passengers with airports. In addition, favorable evaluations regarding airports' food/beverage concessions and Wi-Fi services, but not their retail options, have a relevant moderating effect on that relationship. Furthermore, dissatisfaction arising from passengers' interaction with the airline can have negative spillover effects on their satisfaction with the airport. We also found evidence of blame-attribution behavior, in which only delays of internal origin, such as failures in flight management, are significant, indicating that passengers overlook weather-related flight delays. Finally, the results suggest that an empirical specification that does not consider the latent psychosituational traits of passengers produces a relevant overestimation of the absolute effect of flight delays on passenger satisfaction. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.02139&r=tre |
| By: | Geoff Boeing; Clemens Pilgram; Yougeng Lu |
| Abstract: | This study estimates the relationships between street network characteristics and transport-sector CO2 emissions across every urban area in the world and investigates whether they are the same across development levels and urban design paradigms. The prior literature has estimated relationships between street network design and transport emissions -- including greenhouse gases implicated in climate change -- primarily through case studies focusing on certain world regions or relatively small samples of cities, complicating generalizability and applicability for evidence-informed practice. Our worldwide study finds that straighter, more-connected, and less-overbuilt street networks are associated with lower transport emissions, all else equal. Importantly, these relationships vary across development levels and design paradigms -- yet most prior literature reports findings from urban areas that are outliers by global standards. Planners need a better empirical base for evidence-informed practice in under-studied regions, particularly the rapidly urbanizing Global South. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.01411&r=tre |
| By: | Idrees Khawaja (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Zehra Gardezi (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Mohammad Shaaf Najib (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics); Maryam Akhtar Khan (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | Free parking is a subsidy to car owners in the sense that motorists undervalue the cost of driving resulting in car use beyond the optimal level. This imposes several costs on society in the form of traffic congestion, urban sprawl, greater consumption of energy, and pollution. Evidence suggests that paid parking reduces car use, yet the policy response to more cars on the roads has been to increase the number of parking spaces – thus instead of demand management, the focus is on augmenting the supply. Parking spaces are developed on valuable urban land that has competing uses, hence there should be a limit on land that can be allocated to parking – pricing the parking land will determine the limit. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:rrepot:2023:4&r=tre |
| By: | Ronan Kerbiriou (IDEES - Identité et Différenciation de l’Espace, de l’Environnement et des Sociétés - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRIHS - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université, SFLog - Structure Fédérative en Logistique - ULH - Université Le Havre Normandie - NU - Normandie Université, LISE - Laboratoire interdisciplinaire pour la sociologie économique - CNAM - Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers [CNAM] - HESAM - HESAM Université - Communauté d'universités et d'établissements Hautes écoles Sorbonne Arts et métiers université - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In order to adapt to structural changes in world trade, container ship owners have developed their transport services. Thus, the unit transport capacity of container ships has been multiplied by 3 in the space of 20 years. The maritime transport of containers has developed very speedily and there have been changes in the strategies of shipping companies. These giants of the seas, put into service on the maritime trades linking the worldʹs main production and consumption markets, have led to the repositioning of ships on secondary maritime spaces. This is known as cascading. The objective of this paper is to study the impacts on the ports and the maritime network of the Baltic Sea. For this purpose, we will carry out an analysis of the evolution of container ship calls from 2012 to 2020 (number of calls, capacity offered in calls, ...) followed by a graph analysis to study the evolution of the maritime network. |
| Keywords: | Containership, Baltic sea, Graph theory, Maritime network |
| Date: | 2024 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04336640&r=tre |
| By: | Joonkyung Yoo |
| Abstract: | Given a player is guaranteed the same payoff for each delivery path in a single-cube delivery network, the player's best response is to randomly divide all goods and deliver them to all other nodes, and the best response satisfies the Kuhn-Tucker condition. The state of the delivery network is randomly complete. If congestion costs are introduced to the player's maximization problem in a multi-cubic delivery network, the congestion paradox arises where all coordinates become congested as long as the previous assumptions about payoffs are maintained. |
| Date: | 2024–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2401.00940&r=tre |
| By: | Heng Chen; Daneal O’Habib; Hongyu Xiao |
| Abstract: | This paper develops a travel-based metric to measure Canadians’ access to cash from automated banking machines (ABMs) and financial institution branches. Our findings indicate that the average distance Canadians need to travel to reach the nearest ABM is 2.0 km, while the average distance to the nearest branch is 4.5 km. Moreover, more than 90% of Canadians live within 5 km of an ABM, and 84% live within 5 km of a branch. The total number of ABMs in Canada increased by 3.7% between 2019 and 2022, and our results show that, overall, access to cash remained stable in that period. However, the total number of branches decreased by 5.2%. The decline in branch coverage is concentrated in rural areas at 7.2%. This may increase the challenge of accessing cash in these regions. Rural Canadians already have less access to cash: they need to drive an average distance of 4.0 km to the nearest ABM and 9.6 km to the nearest branch, each distance twice the national average. |
| Keywords: | Financial services; Regional economic developments |
| JEL: | G21 J15 R51 |
| Date: | 2023–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bca:bocadp:23-28&r=tre |
| By: | Juan S. Mora-Sanguinetti (Banque de France - Eurosystème and Banco de España - Eurosistema); Andrés Atienza-Maeso (Universidad Carlos III and Banco de España - Eurosistema) |
| Abstract: | The achievement of an environmentally sustainable growth model, the development of renewable energies or the adoption of energy efficiency measures are nowadays fundamental issues in economic analysis and are a substantial part of the public debate. However, while there may be an increased social awareness of these issues, a different question is at what pace these social concerns have been translated into regulation, fostering or hindering the development of new markets or “green” technologies. This paper proposes a rigorous empirical study identifying and quantifying, through text analysis, all regulations related to four different subject blocks associated with “green growth” (renewable energies, sustainable transportation, pollution and energy efficiency), issued by Spanish national or regional governments over the period 2000-2022. This research thus constructs a database in panel data format. Among other results, we identify 3, 482 regulations related to renewable energies, 783 regulations dealing with sustainable transportation, 108 on pollution management and 5, 116 related to the measurement (and management) of energy efficiency. The results show that regulation is diverse by subject matter, reflects significant regional diversity and has increased over time, especially in more recent years, after a certain standstill during the Great Recession. This database could help develop future research projects on the impacts of “green” regulation on certain economic or institutional variables (such as “green” innovation or environmental conflict). The paper concludes with a comparison of renewable energy regulation in France and Spain, also based on text analysis. Spain shows a higher and more disaggregated volume of regulation. |
| Keywords: | energy efficiency, renewable energies, sustainable transport, pollution, regulation, regulatory complexity, text mining |
| JEL: | K32 Q5 O13 O44 |
| Date: | 2023–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bde:wpaper:2336&r=tre |