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on Transport Economics |
| By: | R. Le Frioux; A. de Palma; N. Blond (Université de Cergy-Pontoise, THEMA) |
| Abstract: | This research builds an integrated chain of models to compute the economic costs of population exposure to air pollution from roads. The framework uses data with a high geographical resolution (1 km x 1 km), a mobility module to simulate population movements, and a Gaussian dispersion model-based exposure model to evaluate population air pollution exposure and the related costs. This paper investigates the impact of two policies on La Réunion, a French island.: replacing old vehicles with electric ones and allowing flexible departure times for commuting trips. |
| Keywords: | dynamic traffic simulation, air pollution, road traffic pollution, population exposure costs, integrated chain of models, electric vehicles. |
| JEL: | I18 L91 L92 P25 R41 Q5 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ema:worpap:2023-09&r=tre |
| By: | Peiyu Jing; Ravi Seshadri; Takanori Sakai; Ali Shamshiripour; Andre Romano Alho; Antonios Lentzakis; Moshe E. Ben-Akiva |
| Abstract: | The distributional impacts of congestion pricing have been widely studied in the literature and the evidence on this is mixed. Some studies find that pricing is regressive whereas others suggest that it can be progressive or neutral depending on the specific spatial characteristics of the urban region, existing activity and travel patterns, and the design of the pricing scheme. Moreover, the welfare and distributional impacts of pricing have largely been studied in the context of passenger travel whereas freight has received relatively less attention. In this paper, we examine the impacts of several third-best congestion pricing schemes on both passenger transport and freight in an integrated manner using a large-scale microsimulator (SimMobility) that explicitly simulates the behavioral decisions of the entire population of individuals and business establishments, dynamic multimodal network performance, and their interactions. Through simulations of a prototypical North American city, we find that a distance-based pricing scheme yields the largest welfare gains, although the gains are a modest fraction of toll revenues (around 30\%). In the absence of revenue recycling or redistribution, distance-based and cordon-based schemes are found to be particularly regressive. On average, lower income individuals lose as a result of the scheme, whereas higher income individuals gain. A similar trend is observed in the context of shippers -- small establishments having lower shipment values lose on average whereas larger establishments with higher shipment values gain. We perform a detailed spatial analysis of distributional outcomes, and examine the impacts on network performance, activity generation, mode and departure time choices, and logistics operations. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2305.07318&r=tre |
| By: | Stefan Pauly (ECON - Département d'économie (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Fernando Stipanicic (UC Berkeley - University of California [Berkeley] - UC - University of California) |
| Abstract: | Click here for the latest version This paper provides new causal evidence of the impact of air travel time on the creation and diffusion of knowledge. We exploit the beginning of the Jet Age as a quasi-natural experiment. We digitize airlines' historical flight schedules and construct a novel data set of the flight network in the United States. Between 1951 and 1966, travel time between locations more than 2, 000 km apart decreased on average by 41%. The reduction in travel time explains 33% of the increase in knowledge diffusion as measured by patent citations. The increase in knowledge diffusion further caused an increase in the creation of new knowledge. The results provide evidence that jet airplanes led to innovation convergence across locations and contributed to the shift in innovation activity towards the South and the West of the United States. |
| Date: | 2022–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-04067326&r=tre |
| By: | Ke Wan; Alain Kornhauser |
| Abstract: | Travel time derivatives are introduced as financial derivatives based on road travel times - a non-tradable underlying asset. In the transportation area, it is proposed as a more fundamental approach to value pricing because it conduct road pricing based on not only level but also volatility of travel time; in the financial market, it is propose as an innovative hedging instrument against market risk, especially after the recent stress of crypto market and traditional banking sector. The paper addresses (a) the motivation for introducing such derivatives (that is, the demand for hedging), (b) the potential market, and (c) the product design and pricing schemes. Pricing schemes are designed based on the travel time data captured by real time sensors, which are modeled as Ornstein - Uhlenbeck processes and more generally, continuous time auto regression moving average (CARMA) models. The calibration of such model is conducted via a hidden factor model, which described the dynamics of travel time processes. The risk neutral pricing principle is used to generate the derivative price, with reasonably designed procedures to identify the market value of risk. |
| Date: | 2023–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2305.02523&r=tre |
| By: | Laura Mariana Reyes Madrigal (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay, IRT SystemX); Isabelle Nicolaï (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Jakob Puchinger (Métis Lab EM Normandie - EM Normandie - École de Management de Normandie, LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay) |
| Abstract: | Pedestrian mobility remains neglected in MaaS solutions, yet it has the potential to become a tool for promoting public policies and more sustainable lifestyles away from excessive private car use. This research identifies the potential for sustainable value creation and the transversal implications for policymakers and other MaaS stakeholders of overlooking walking in innovations like MaaS. To do so, we explore how walking is currently integrated into four MaaS solutions in the Paris region. Our main findings show heterogeneity in the hierarchy given to walking in the user interfaces and the determinant roles of governance and policy in supporting the prioritization of pedestrian mobility in MaaS. |
| Keywords: | Mobility as a service MaaS Walking Pedestrian mobility Sustainable mobility Inclusion Active mobility Sustainable value Public policies Governance, Mobility as a service, MaaS, Walking, Pedestrian mobility, Sustainable mobility, Inclusion, Active mobility, Sustainable value, Public policies, Governance |
| Date: | 2023–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04085604&r=tre |
| By: | Klein, Nicholas J. (Conrell University); Basu, Rounaq; Smart, Michael J. |
| Abstract: | We examine transitions into and out of car ownership among low-income households. We use a novel online survey of U.S. residents to investigate why households lose access to a car, how long they are without a car, why they regain a car, and how these transitions affect their quality of life. We find that car ownership transitions are primarily motivated by economic security and insecurity. The median length of a car-less episode is 1.7 years, while black and Hispanic respondents experienced longer car-less episodes. Despite their precarious grasp on car ownership, respondents felt that owning a car was worth it. |
| Date: | 2023–05–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ka6nr&r=tre |
| By: | Josse Delfgaauw (Erasmus University Rotterdam); Otto Swank (Erasmus University Rotterdam) |
| Abstract: | Due to taxes and subsidies, gasoline prices vary dramatically across countries. Externalities cannot fully account for this. We develop a simple political-economic model that shows that group interests, resulting from the composition of a country’s car fleet, help to explain differences in gasoline taxes even among countries with identical fundamentals. In the model, citizens’ car ownership is endogenous, which can yield multiple equilibria. Our model demonstrates the possibility of a society in a climate trap where a low gasoline tax reflects the views of a majority, but another majority would benefit from transitioning to an equilibrium with a higher gasoline tax and fewer emissions. |
| Keywords: | median voter, gasoline taxes, multiple equilibria. |
| JEL: | D62 D72 H23 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–05–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20230026&r=tre |
| By: | Jason Dunn; Fernando Leibovici |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the drivers of global shipping dynamics and their aggregate implications. We document novel evidence on the dynamics of global shipping supply, demand, and prices. Motivated by this evidence, we set up a multi-country dynamic model of international trade with a global shipping market where shipping companies and importers endogenously determine shipping supply and prices. We find the model can successfully account for the dynamics of global shipping observed in the aftermath of COVID-19 and that accounting for these has important implications for the dynamics of aggregate economic activity. |
| Keywords: | international shipping; international trade; shipping supply; shipping demand; shipping prices |
| JEL: | F1 F41 L91 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fedlwp:95708&r=tre |