|
on Transport Economics |
| By: | Pereira, Rafael H. M.; Herszenhut, Daniel; Saraiva, Marcus; Farber, Steven |
| Abstract: | Ride-hailing services have the potential to expand access to opportunities, but out-of-pocket costs may limit the benefits of ride-hail for low-income individuals. This paper examines how ride-hailing services can shape spatial and socioeconomic differences in access to opportunities while accounting for the trade-off between travel time and monetary costs. Using one year of aggregate Uber trip data for Rio de Janeiro in 2019 and a new multi-objective optimization routing method, we analyze the potential for ride-hailing services to improve employment accessibility when used as a standalone transportation mode and in conjunction with transit as a first-mile feeder service. We compare the accessibility Pareto frontiers of these transport mode alternatives with cumulative opportunity measures considering multiple combinations of travel time and monetary cost thresholds. We find that, compared to transit, ride-hailing can significantly expand accessibility as a standalone transport mode for relatively short trips (between 10 and 40 minutes), and as a first-mile feeder to transit in trips longer than 30 minutes. In both cases, the accessibility advantages of ride-hailing are mostly limited by relatively higher out-of-pocket costs. When we account for different affordability thresholds, the accessibility benefits of ride-hailing services accrue mostly to high-income groups. These findings suggest that policy efforts to integrate rideshare with transit are likely not going to benefit low-income communities without some form of subsidized fare discounts to alleviate affordability barriers. The paper also highlights how accounting for trade-offs between travel-time and monetary costs can importantly influence the results of transportation accessibility and equity studies, suggesting that this issue should be addressed in future research. |
| Date: | 2023–03–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:pesjk&r=tre |
| By: | Lipman, Timothy PhD; Rogers, Emily MS |
| Abstract: | Transit bus operations in California are experiencing new challenges due to economic conditions and the ongoing global pandemic. A confluence of factors has created a focus on this critical public-needs serving industry, due to state and local efforts to reduce emissions of pollutants and climate-changing gases. Transit bus operations in California provide essential and additional useful services that offer critical mobility to needy populations (elderly and handicapped) as well as many other groups for whom transit buses provide the most economical, convenient, and low-emission options. To address the role of transit bus operations in meeting California’s aggressive greenhouse gas (GHG) and emissions, the California Air Resources Board (ARB) has implemented an ambitious Innovative Clean Transit (ICT) regulation that requires all public transit agencies to gradually transition to a 100 percent zero-emission bus (ZEB) fleet.1 Beginning in 2029, 100% of new purchases by transit agencies must be ZEBs, with a goal for a full transition by 2040. Prior to that 25% of purchases of new buses must be ZEBs in 2023-2025 for large transit agencies, rising to 50% in 2026-2028. For smaller transit agencies, defined as those with less than 100 buses in annual maximum service, there is no requirement for 2023-2025 and the requirement for 2026-2028 is 25%, but the 100% ZEB purchase requirement starting in 2029 applies to all agencies. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Zero emission vehicles, transit buses, greenhouse gases, electric vehicle charging, bus transit operations |
| Date: | 2023–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt8x88036r&r=tre |
| By: | Lea Bou Sleiman |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that road-closing policies may have adverse short-run effects on pol-lution by reallocating traffic toward more congested roads. I study the impact of the2016closure of the Voie Georges Pompidou, a one-way expressway crossing downtown Paris, ontraffic and pollution displacement. To do so, I rely on a difference-in-difference strategy basedon the direction and the timing of traffic, which I implement on detailed road-sensor data.I show that the closure lowered average speed by over15% on two sets of substitute roads:central streets nearby and the already congested southern ring road. Using air quality data, I show that NO2concentrations increased by6% near the ring road and by1.5% near lo-cal roads. The reduced-form results on traffic are quantitatively consistent with a calibratedmodel of shortest route choice, which allows me to recover the underlying rerouting patterns.Even though few displaced commuters diverted to the ring road, they triggered a massivepollution increase because of the U-shaped relationship between emissions and traffic speed.Overall, I estimate that up to90% of the pollution cost was borne by lower-income residentsaround the ring road, who lived far away from the new amenity created by the closure andmostly outside the jurisdiction responsible for the closure decision. Finally, I study counter-factual closure scenarios to assess under which conditions those adverse effects could havebeen mitigated. |
| Keywords: | Congestion, Air Pollution, Public Transportation, Route Choice |
| Date: | 2023–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpm:docweb:2302&r=tre |
| By: | Kurniawati, Wahyuni |
| Abstract: | Jakarta Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) is a city mass transportation rail-based rapid (fast railway) being built to reduce congestion in Jakarta. The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of the first stage construction of the Mass Rapid Transit on DKI Jakarta’s economic conditions. MRT is a rail-based transport mode, which lies in an underground passage, and is elevated by using electric power. It is currently under construction and will be operating in 2019. The project is spending extensive funds borrowed from Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). MRT is built as a solution to the traffic congestion and as way to improving the quality of mass transportation in Jakarta. Hence, it is very important to know the effects that occur with the construction of the MRT. The research method applies input-output model of Jakarta in 2010 and descriptive analysis. This study found that by the construction of the MRT in Jakarta, it is increased the Gross Domestic Product of Jakarta by two percent, the construction sector contributed the most, and managed to increase income, as well as increasing the amount of labor in Jakarta |
| Date: | 2023–04–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:u9scg&r=tre |
| By: | Rui Yao; Shlomo Bekhor |
| Abstract: | This paper proposes a general equilibrium model for multi-passenger ridesharing systems, in which interactions between ridesharing drivers, passengers, platforms, and transportation networks are endogenously captured. Stable matching is modeled as an equilibrium problem in which no ridesharing driver or passenger can reduce ridesharing disutility by unilaterally switching to another matching sequence. This paper is one of the first studies that explicitly integrates the ridesharing platform multi-passenger matching problem into the model. By integrating matching sequence with hyper-network, ridesharing-passenger transfers are avoided in a multi-passenger ridesharing system. Moreover, the matching stability between the ridesharing drivers and passengers is extended to address the multi-OD multi-passenger case in terms of matching sequence. The paper provides a proof for the existence of the proposed general equilibrium. A sequence-bush algorithm is developed for solving the multi-passenger ridesharing equilibrium problem. This algorithm is capable to handle complex ridesharing constraints implicitly. Results illustrate that the proposed sequence-bush algorithm outperforms general-purpose solver, and provides insights into the equilibrium of the joint stable matching and route choice problem. Numerical experiments indicate that ridesharing trips are typically longer than average trip lengths. Sensitivity analysis suggests that a properly designed ridesharing unit price is necessary to achieve network benefits, and travelers with relatively lower values of time are more likely to participate in ridesharing. |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2303.16595&r=tre |
| By: | Blandin, Lola (Grenoble Applied Economics Lab); Vecchio, Giovanni; Hurtubia, Ricardo; Aitken, Ignacio Tiznado |
| Abstract: | Car dependence is a dimension of transport poverty whose subjective components have been limitedly explored. Research on car dependence highlights the incidence of transport costs on family budgets, assesses the multidimensional vulnerability of car-dependent subjects and the possibility to access valued opportunities. However, people’s perceptions and their perceived ability to access relevant places can also influence the way in which they move in car dependent settings. In this paper, we aim to examine to which extent perceived accessibility influences mode choices in such areas. Based on a survey carried out in four peripheral and periurban municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile, we examine how subjective perceptions of accessibility contribute to explain modal choice in the outskirts of Santiago. Results show that perceived accessibility has a negative net impact on the utilities for both car and public transport, which means that a low perceived accessibility increases the likelihood of choosing motorized modes. Moreover, residents from peripheral municipalities tend to perceive a higher accessibility than households from periurban areas, which are excluded from the public transport system. These findings show the importance of providing nearby opportunities and convenient alternatives to the car in order to limit car dependency, especially in periurban areas. |
| Date: | 2023–03–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:dk2mb&r=tre |
| By: | Christian Bontemps; Cristina Gualdani; Kevin Remmy |
| Abstract: | We develop a two-stage game in which competing airlines first choose the networks of markets to serve in the first stage before competing in price in the second stage. Spillovers in entry decisions across markets are allowed, which accrue on the demand, marginal cost, and fixed cost sides. We show that the second-stage parameters are point identified, and we design a tractable procedure to set identify the first-stage parameters and to conduct inference. Further, we estimate the model using data from the domestic US airline market and find significant spillovers in entry. In a counterfactual exercise, we evaluate the 2013 merger between American Airlines and US Airways. Our results highlight that spillovers in entry and post-merger network readjustments play an important role in shaping post-merger outcomes. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous Market Structure, Networks, Airlines, Oligopoly, Product Repositioning, Mergers, Remedies |
| JEL: | D43 L14 L22 L40 L93 |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bon:boncrc:crctr224_2023_400&r=tre |
| By: | Carrieri, Vincenzo (University of Calabria); Davillas, Apostolos (University of Macedonia); de Oliveira, Victor Hugo (Instituto de Pesquisa e Estratégia Econômica do Ceará (IPECE)) |
| Abstract: | Using administrative DVLA data matched with micro-data from Understanding Society – the UK Household Longitudinal Study we estimate income-related inequalities in ownership of vehicles with a set of safety features and we apply a regression-based decomposition method for rank-dependent inequality measures to estimate the source of inequalities. We find systematic pro-rich inequalities in ownership of passively safer vehicles that are almost entirely explained by the characteristics of the vehicles, mainly their price and year of manufacture. A wide range of variables measured at the household level including demographics, risk aversion and time preference proxies, personality traits, cognitive ability, and education plays a much less pronounced and, in most cases, non-statistically significant contribution to overall inequality. These findings reveal inequity in access to passively safer vehicles with potential effects on the socio-economic gap in road-traffic injuries and mortality rates, requiring regulatory intervention. |
| Keywords: | income inequalities, car's safety, concentration indexes, United Kingdom |
| JEL: | I10 I14 R41 |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp16049&r=tre |