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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Ibrahim Savadogo (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Adrien Beziat (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the potential environmental impacts of a large-scale deployment of off-hour deliveries (OHD), focusing on CO2 and pollutant emissions. We use a methodological framework involving four steps: transport demand estimation, traffic simulation, emissions calculation and emissions environmental social cost calculation. Based on five scenarios, depending on the scale of the shift to OHD, and applied to the case of the Lyon urban area, we find that OHDs lead to a reduction in CO2 and pollutant emissions. However, their impact is rather small. The maximum reduction in CO2 emissions is 3.4% for 100% OHD for the whole urban area of Lyon (1.9 million inhabitants and 3325 km2). Some factors (population size, density, traffic conditions, research methodology, vehicle fleet composition, etc.) limit the comparability of the results obtained from other case studies. One of the reasons for this low environmental impact of OHDs is that the LUA is a small and not very congested metropolitan area. This impact is 5% when we focus on the densest area (core of area with 0.7 million inhabitants on 2.2% of surface area) which is more important than in the least dense area (outskirts of area with 0.6 million inhabitants on 83.6% of surface area) with 2.6%. These results confirm the limited impacts of OHDs in smaller, less congested urban areas. It also reaffirms the need for OHDs to be implemented in the densest parts of metropolitan areas. The maximum decrease in the environmental social cost is 4.25 million euros per year. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that the adoption of OHD makes it possible to achieve gains of 2.5 million hours per year in travel time that augur a productivity gain for all the actors involved in urban goods movement. |
| Keywords: | Off-hour deliveries, Urban goods movements, Environmental impacts, Large-scale simulation |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03045859&r=tre |
| By: | Shaheen, Susan; Gosselin, Kate; Broader, Jacquelyn; Cohen, Adam |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt9mv421b0&r=tre |
| By: | Vierth, Inge (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Ek, Karin (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); From, Emma (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Lind, Joar (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of the paper is to analyze the cost impacts of policy instruments that are part of the European Commission’s climate policy package "Fit for 55". A disaggregated approach for the cargo ships calling at Swedish ports is applied to study the effects of different designs of the extension of the Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) to shipping and the changed Energy Tax Directive (ETD), which implies the introduction of taxes for marine fuel. Three scenarios are compared to the actual situation: the Main scenario is based on the European Commission’s proposal that ships with at least 5, 000 gross tonnage (GT) must be included in the EU ETS and that taxes for marine fuels are introduced, the Low scenario assumes no fuel taxes and the High scenario that ships with at least 400 GT must be included in the EU ETS. A major conclusion is that cargo ships calling at Swedish ports with at least 5, 000 GT account for 56 % of all cargo ships and for 78 % of all CO2 emissions from these ships, which implies that a significant part of the CO2 emissions is missed when the European Commission’s proposal regarding the inclusion of shipping in the EU ETS is applied. The share of missed CO2 emissions could further increase if ships smaller than 5, 000 GT are chosen to avoid the EU ETS. Calculations with the Swedish national freight transport model Samgods confirm that firms have incentives to shift to ships smaller than 5, 000 GT in the Main scenario while they have incentives to shift to ships larger than 5, 000 GT in the High scenario. A recommendation is therefore that smaller ships than 5, 000 GT should also be included in the EU ETS, and if this cannot be done immediately, the EU should clearly plan for ships with less than 5, 000 GT to also be included in the long term and signal this to the market. This would reduce the incentives for the market to make socioeconomically undesirable adjustments to avoid paying for emissions. The fuel cost increases due to the implementation of the policy instruments are estimated per ship and aggregated to nine ship segments. In the Main scenario, the fuel cost increases due to the inclusion of shipping in the EU ETS are in the range of 11-42 % within the European Economic Area (EEA) and in the range of 5-21 % for transports to/from the EEA. In the High scenario, the costs in all segments are roughly 40 % within the EEA and 21% for the sea transports to/from the EEA. The introduction of fuel taxes is estimated to increase the fuel costs for all ships operating within the EEA by about 6 %. Calculations with the Samgods model indicate that the estimated higher fuel costs for shipping have limited impacts on the firms’ choices of mode and port and their total logistics costs. |
| Keywords: | Climate policy; Policy design; Impact analysis; Shipping |
| JEL: | Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2023–01–25 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2023_001&r=tre |
| By: | Seltzer, Andrew J.; Wadsworth, Jonathan |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the consequences of the commuter transport revolution on working-class labour markets in London, circa 1930. Using GIS-based data constructed from the New Survey of London Life and Labour, we examine the extent of commuting and estimate the earnings returns to commuting. We show that commuting was an important feature for most working-class Londoners in the early-twentieth century. Using a variety of identifying procedures to address the endogeneity of distance commuted, we estimate a likely causal return of between 1.5 to 3.5 percent of earnings for each additional kilometre travelled. We also show that commuting was an important contributor to improvements in quality of life in the early-twentieth century. |
| Keywords: | commuting; public transport; earnings; London |
| JEL: | N34 N74 N94 J01 L91 |
| Date: | 2022–09–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117986&r=tre |
| By: | Teodorovicz, Thomaz; Kun, Andrew L.; Sadun, Raffaella; Shaer, Orit |
| Abstract: | Commuting has enormous impact on individuals, families, organizations, and society. Advances in vehicle automation may help workers employ the time spent commuting in productive work-tasks or wellbeing activities. To achieve this goal, however, we need to develop a deeper understanding of which work and personal activities are of value for commuting workers. In this paper we present results from an online time-use study of 400 knowledge workers who commute-by-driving. The data allow us to study multitasking-while-driving behavior of com-muting knowledge workers, identify which non-driving tasks knowledge workers currently engage in while driving, and the non-driving tasks individuals would like to engage in when using a safe highly automated vehicle in the future. We discuss the implications of our findings for the design of technology that supports work and wellbeing activities in automated cars. |
| Keywords: | in-vehicular user interfaces; time-use study; automated vehicles; knowledge workers; commuting |
| JEL: | R14 J01 J1 |
| Date: | 2022–04–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117830&r=tre |
| By: | Christian Desmaris (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IEP Lyon - Sciences Po Lyon - Institut d'études politiques de Lyon - Université de Lyon); Guillaume Monchambert (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the productive efficiency of French regional rail operators. Benefiting from unique databases (2012-2016), we use a panel stochastic frontier model to measure and explain the productive efficiency. We consider the regional monopoly nature of these operators by introducing specific contract-related variables into the model. The technical efficiency level of regional operators ranges from 59 to 98 per cent, revealing a high degree of heterogeneity in productive performance between regional operators. Factors related to the societal environment (density and delinquency rate), the characteristics of the rail system (network length and number of stations) and contractual design are significantly correlated with the technical efficiency. The policy implications of these results are substantial for both public authorities and rail operators. |
| Keywords: | Productive efficiency, Rail regulation, Regional rail passenger market, Stochastic frontiers, France, TER, Working Papers du LAET |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03118747&r=tre |
| By: | Christina Brand (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster); Thomas Hagedorn (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster); Till Kösters (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster); Marlena Meier (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster); Gernot Sieg (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster); Jan Wessel (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster) |
| Abstract: | The Leezenflow system is an open-source green wave assistant designed specifically for cyclists and is installed 110 meters in front of a traffic light in Münster, Germany. The system indicates the remaining time of the current traffic light phase through an expiring bar, colored either green or red. This is intended to help cyclists adjust their speed in order to cross the traffic lights when green, and consequently optimize cycling flow. We conduct a natural field experiment in real traffic to analyze the impact of the Leezenflow system on cycling flow and safety, and find that it impacts statistically significantly on cycling flow. Due to the Leezenflow system, the number of cyclists that have to stop at the red lights decreases by 6.6 %. Accordingly, the share of cyclists that pass the green lights increases. The data also indicate positive effects on traffic safety. The results of the natural field experiment confirm and put into perspective the feedback of an accompanying online survey. The majority of surveyed users reports that the Leezenflow system does improve the cycling flow. The influence on traffic safety is predominantly seen as positive or neutral by the survey participants. The Leezenflow system can thus help city planners to promote cycling, thereby enabling more sustainable mobility. |
| Keywords: | Bicycle traffic flow, traffic safety, open-source green wave assistant, countdown timer, natural field experiment, survey |
| JEL: | R49 C93 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mut:wpaper:37&r=tre |
| By: | Evdokia Moïsé; Stela Rubínová |
| Abstract: | Affordable and sustainable lithium-ion batteries are key to the development of electric vehicles markets and to the green energy transition. Circular economy solutions for end-of-life batteries can help address primary inputs disruptions, while reducing environmental costs associated with the mining of these inputs or with battery production. Circular value chains would also help address waste and disposal problems as Li-ion batteries reach end of life. These chains are in their infancy, as complex battery designs, material chemistries and insufficient waste stocks hamper their viability, but the projected growth should support profitability. International trade in Li-ion batteries waste will remain essential in markets where domestic waste streams are insufficient to achieve the scale necessary for economically viable recycling, or where inadequate infrastructure imposes reliance on recycling capacities abroad. Promoting circular value chains for Li-ion batteries would require greater clarity on the status of these batteries as waste, consistency of transport and storage safety regulations, trade facilitation and harmonisation of standards for battery design, and regulatory targets for waste collection and recycling rates, coupled with stewardship and take-back schemes. |
| Keywords: | Critical raw materials, Electric vehicles, Green transition, Hazardous waste |
| JEL: | F18 F53 F68 K32 O34 Q38 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:traaaa:2023/01-en&r=tre |
| By: | Marion Leroutier (SSE - Stockholm School of Economics); Philippe Quirion (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Objectives: Energy transition scenarios are prospective outlooks describing combinations of changes in socio-economic systems that are compatible with climate targets. These changes could have important health co-benefits. We aimed to quantify the health benefits of physical activity caused by active transportation on all-cause mortality in the French negaWatt scenario over the 2021–2050 period. Methods; Relying on a health impact assessment framework, we quantified the health benefits of increased walking, cycling and E-biking projected in the negaWatt scenario. The negaWatt scenario assumes increases of walking and cycling volumes of +11% and +612%, respectively, over the study period. Results: As compared to a scenario with no increase in volume of active travel, we quantified that the negaWatt scenario would prevent 9, 797 annual premature deaths in 2045 and translate into a 3-month increase in life expectancy in the general population. These health gains would generate €34 billion of economic benefits from 2045 onwards. Conclusion: Increased physical activity implied in the negaWatt transition scenario would generate substantial public health benefits, which are comparable to the gain expected by large scale health prevention interventions. |
| Keywords: | Transport externalities, Environmental inequalities, LMDI |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03921086&r=tre |
| By: | NOGATA Daisuke |
| Abstract: | In Japan, MaaS demonstration experiments are underway in various regions in order to improve the convenience of transportation. This system is expected to lead to increased tourism demand and the revitalization of local economies. However, there are few quantitative evaluations of the impact that the introduction of the system had on local companies. This paper conducts an event study using stock price data from the start of the introduction of MaaS in Japan to the present (2018-2021) and considers how the introduction of the new transportation system affected each industry. Results of this study indicate that MaaS introduction activities did not have a significant impact on the stock price performances of transportation service providers such as land and air transportation. In the transportation equipment industry, the introduction of the system caused a negative stock price reaction. On the other hand, a significantly positive stock price reaction was confirmed for electronics manufacturers. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:rdpsjp:23004&r=tre |
| By: | Aksoy, Cevat Giray; Barrero, Jose Maria; Bloom, Nick; Davis, Steven J.; Dolls, Mathias; Zarate, Pablo |
| Abstract: | We quantify the commute time savings associated with work from home, drawing on data for 27 countries. The average daily time savings when working from home is 72 minutes in our sample. We estimate that work from home saved about two hours per week per worker in 2021 and 2022, and that it will save about one hour per week per worker after the pandemic ends. Workers allocate 40 percent of their time savings to their jobs and about 11 percent to caregiving activities. People living with children allocate more of their time savings to caregiving. |
| Date: | 2023–01–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:6veyt&r=tre |