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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Davis, Adam W; Stark, Joshua; Garcia Sanchez, Juan Carlos |
| Abstract: | Zero-emission vehicles are a central component of plans to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions from California’s transportation sector. Because these vehicles generally have higher purchase prices than conventional vehicles and represent a new technology that many households are hesitant to adopt, it is important to find ways to incentivize the adoption of these vehicles. A range of methods have been tested globally, including monetary incentives and stickers that allow these vehicles to access high-occupancy vehicle lanes. This report assesses the potential use of express lane discounts as a driver of ZEV adoption by testing the effectiveness of a range of discount scenarios. These scenarios are built upon a baseline scenario that incorporates adoption drivers from existing policies and market growth trajectories. This analysis treats the express lane discount as a monetary incentive. The researchers find that providing even very large discounts for express lane usage to zero-emission vehicles would only slightly increase vehicle sales but would make these lanes much less capable of serving their other purposes. As part of this project, an Excel tool was developed that allows users to test their own scenarios. As an alternative to providing toll discounts to owners of new zero-emission vehicles, the authors recommend developing targeted incentives that focus on low-income and disadvantaged communities and are available to households that purchased pre-owned vehicles. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, managed lanes, zero-emission vehicles, electric vehicles, incentives |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt09g2n5f7&r=tre |
| By: | Johnson, Nicholas; Fitch-Polse, Dillon; Handy, Susan |
| Abstract: | E-bike incentive programs are being utilized across the United States to encourage the adoption of active transportation. This study assesses the impacts of three e-bike rebate programs in Northern California using survey results gathered by each agency. Three research questions are answered through this study: “How has e-bike ownership impacted the mode choices, trip purpose, and travel frequency of our sample?”, “How much do e-bike rebate recipients reduce their mobile greenhouse gases (GHGs)?”, and “How did the design of each program impact who was able to participate and the program outcomes?”. To answer these, the research team merged and cleaned the survey data from the three programs, explored descriptive statistics, and undertook an estimation of GHG emissions reductions. This analysis highlighted changes in travel behavior, car travel replacement, the impact of program designs, and various equity impacts. E-bike recipients reported more regular bike use after getting their e-bike, although their frequency of bike travel began to decline in the long-term. Respondents also reported high rates of occasional car trip replacement (1-3 times per week and 1-3 times per month). The vast majority of e-bike use in the sample was for recreational travel. Although the GHG reductions analysis estimated a monthly diversion of 12-44 kilograms of CO2 per rebate participant. The authors conclude with an equity analysis that explores how program design influenced who participated in these rebate programs. This found that low-income requirements are successful at targeting those with the most need for financial assistance, though these requirements do not help meet other equity metrics by association. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Bicycling behavior, e-bike, rebate, VMT |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5kb4b8jx&r=tre |
| By: | Anderson, D. Mark (Montana State University); Liang, Yang (San Diego State University); Sabia, Joseph J. (San Diego State University) |
| Abstract: | Using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System for the period 1983-1997, Cohen and Einav (Review of Economics and Statistics 2003; 85(4): 828–843) found that mandatory seatbelt laws were associated with a 4 to 6 percent reduction in traffic fatalities among motor vehicle occupants. After successfully replicating their two-way fixed effects estimates, we (1) add 22 years of data (1998-2019) to capture additional seatbelt policy variation and observe a longer post-treatment period, (2) employ the interaction-weighted estimator proposed by Sun and Abraham (2021) to address potential bias due to heterogeneous and dynamic treatment effects, and (3) estimate event-study models to investigate pre-treatment trends and explore lagged post-treatment effects. Consistent with Cohen and Einav (2003), our updated estimates show that primary seatbelt laws are associated with a 5 to 9 percent reduction in fatalities among motor vehicle occupants. Estimated effects of secondary seatbelt laws are smaller in magnitude and sensitive to model choice. |
| Keywords: | mandatory seatbelt laws, traffic fatalities, traffic safety |
| JEL: | C13 I12 K32 K42 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15843&r=tre |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report explores ways of making deliveries in cities less disruptive and more sustainable. How goods are distributed in urban environments profoundly affects metropolitan life. Urban freight flows impact cities’ economic vitality, their environmental footprint, the safety and efficiency of traffic and the ways public space is used. The report examines how new partnerships, innovative methods, the use of data and intelligent space allocation can ease the pressure on cities and their inhabitants by rapidly growing freight movements in urban areas. It also addresses whether solutions require new forms of data management, what new types of delivery vehicles might be required and how actors can co-ordinate more effectively. |
| Date: | 2022–12–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:109-en&r=tre |
| By: | Eugenia Go (World Bank); Kentaro Nakajima (Institute of Innovation Research, Hitotsubashi University); Yasuyuki Sawada (Faculty of Economics, The University of Tokyo); Kiyoshi Taniguchi (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | Spatially and seasonally granular measures of local economic activities are increasingly required in a variety of economic analyses. We propose using novel vehicle density data obtained from daytime satellite images to quantify the local economic activity involving human and goods traffic flows. Validation exercises show that vehicle density is a good proxy for local economic levels. We then apply our data to evaluate the impact of a new international airport terminal opening in the Philippines on local economies. The results show that the opening of the new terminal has spatially and seasonally heterogeneous impacts that conventional data cannot ca |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tky:fseres:2022cf1209&r=tre |
| By: | Yuki Oyama; Daisuke Fukuda; Naoto Imura; Katsuhiro Nishinari |
| Abstract: | Many e-commerce marketplaces offer their users fast delivery options for free to meet the increasing needs of users, imposing an excessive burden on city logistics. Therefore, understanding e-commerce users' preference for delivery options is a key to designing logistics policies. To this end, this study designs a stated choice survey in which respondents are faced with choice tasks among different delivery options and time slots, which was completed by 4, 062 users from the three major metropolitan areas in Japan. To analyze the data, mixed logit models capturing taste heterogeneity as well as flexible substitution patterns have been estimated. The model estimation results indicate that delivery attributes including fee, time, and time slot size are significant determinants of the delivery option choices. Associations between users' preferences and socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, gender, teleworking frequency and the presence of a delivery box, were also suggested. Moreover, we analyzed two willingness-to-pay measures for delivery, namely, the value of delivery time savings (VODT) and the value of time slot shortening (VOTS), and applied a non-semiparametric approach to estimate their distributions in a data-oriented manner. Although VODT has a large heterogeneity among respondents, the estimated median VODT is 25.6 JPY/day, implying that more than half of the respondents would wait an additional day if the delivery fee were increased by only 26 JPY, that is, they do not necessarily need a fast delivery option but often request it when cheap or almost free. Moreover, VOTS was found to be low, distributed with the median of 5.0 JPY/hour; that is, users do not highly value the reduction in time slot size in monetary terms. These findings on e-commerce users' preferences can help in designing levels of service for last-mile delivery to significantly improve its efficiency. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2301.00666&r=tre |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report reviews the effectiveness of carbon pricing, how it might be applied to the shipping sector and with what effects. It also evaluates recent proposals by countries to introduce a price on shipping’s carbon emissions and examines related policy issues. |
| Date: | 2022–12–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:110-en&r=tre |
| By: | Geoff Boeing; Yougeng Lu; Clemens Pilgram |
| Abstract: | Vehicular air pollution has created an ongoing air quality and public health crisis. Despite growing knowledge of racial injustice in exposure levels, less is known about the relationship between the production of and exposure to such pollution. This study assesses pollution burden by testing whether local populations' vehicular air pollution exposure is proportional to how much they drive. Through a Los Angeles, California case study we examine how this relates to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status -- and how these relationships vary across the region. We find that, all else equal, tracts whose residents drive less are exposed to more air pollution, as are tracts with a less-White population. Commuters from majority-White tracts disproportionately drive through non-White tracts, compared to the inverse. Decades of racially-motivated freeway infrastructure planning and residential segregation shape today's disparities in who produces vehicular air pollution and who is exposed to it, but opportunities exist for urban planning and transport policy to mitigate this injustice. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2301.00440&r=tre |
| By: | Aksoy, Cevat Giray (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development); Barrero, Jose Maria (Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México Business School); Bloom, Nicholas (Stanford University); Davis, Steven J. (University of Chicago); Dolls, Mathias (Ifo Institute for Economic Research); Zarate, Pablo (Princeton University) |
| Abstract: | We quantify the commute time savings associated with work from home, drawing on data for 27 countries. The average daily time savings when working from home is 72 minutes in our sample. We estimate that work from home saved about two hours per week per worker in 2021 and 2022, and that it will save about one hour per week per worker after the pandemic ends. Workers allocate 40 percent of their time savings to their jobs and about 11 percent to caregiving activities. People living with children allocate more of their time savings to caregiving. |
| Keywords: | work from home, commute times, allocation of time savings, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15870&r=tre |
| By: | Ziyue Zhu; \'Alvaro A. Guti\'errez-Vargas; Martina Vandebroek |
| Abstract: | This article describes the mixrandregret command, which extends the randregret command introduced in Guti\'errez-Vargas et al. (2021, The Stata Journal 21: 626-658) incorporating random coefficients for Random Regret Minimization models. The newly developed command mixrandregret allows the inclusion of random coefficients in the regret function of the classical RRM model introduced in Chorus (2010, European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 10: 181-196). The command allows the user to specify a combination of fixed and random coefficients. In addition, the user can specify normal and log-normal distributions for the random coefficients using the commands' options. The models are fitted using simulated maximum likelihood using numerical integration to approximate the choice probabilities. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2301.01091&r=tre |
| By: | Agatz, N.A.H.; Fleischmann, M. |
| Abstract: | Supply chain management (SCM) is about fulfilling demand. Based on given estimates of future demand, SCM invests the appropriate resources and then uses these resources to match supply to demand. The traditional SCM perspective takes demand as exogenous. The goal of SCM is then to serve the forecasted or materialized demand effectively and efficiently. How difficult it is to achieve this goal depends on the characteristics of that demand. For example, serving a stable, predictable demand is relatively cheap whereas serving an unpredictable, strongly fluctuating demand may imply less efficient operations characterized by high inventory built-up and low capacity utilization. In the same way, demand characteristics impact not only the financial performance of the supply process but also its environmental impact. For example, satisfying demand for fresh produce during the harvesting season results in lower emissions than serving off- season demand which requires substantial storage and/or long-distance shipments from other growing regions. |
| Keywords: | supply chain management, SCM, demand management, sustainability, supply chain operations |
| Date: | 2023–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ems:eureri:137154&r=tre |