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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Andrea Araldo; Andre de Palma; Souhila Arib; Vincent Gauthier (Université de Cergy-Pontoise, THEMA) |
| Abstract: | While carpooling is widely adopted for long travels, it is by construction inefficient for daily commuting, where it is difficult to match drivers and riders, sharing similar origin, destination and time. To overcome this limitation, we present an Integrated system, which integrates carpooling into transit, in the line of the philosophy of Mobility as a Service. Carpooling acts as feeder to transit and transit stations act as consolidation points, where trips of riders and drivers meet, increasing potential matching. We present algorithms to construct multimodal rider trips (including transit and carpooling legs) and driver detours. Simulation shows that our Integrated system increases transit ridership and reduces auto-dependency, with respect to current practice, in which carpooling and transit are operated separately. Indeed, the Integrated system decreases the number of riders who are left with no feasible travel option and would thus be forced to use private cars. The simulation code is available as open source. |
| Keywords: | Carpooling, Ride-sharing, Mobility as a Service, Transit, Simulation, Multimodal Transportation. |
| JEL: | R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ema:worpap:2022-23&r=tre |
| By: | Youssef Chaabouni; Andre de Palma; Andrea Araldo; Souhila Arib (Université de Cergy-Pontoise, THEMA) |
| Abstract: | In carpooling systems, a set of drivers owning a private car can accept a small detour to pick-up and drop-off other riders. However, carpooling is widely used for long-distance trips, where rider-driver matching can be done days ahead. Making carpooling a viable option for daily commute is more challenging, as trips are shorter and, proportionally, the detours tolerated by drivers are more tight. As a consequence, finding riders and drivers sharing close-enough origins, destinations and departure time is less likely, which limits potential matching. In this paper we propose an Integrated System, where carpooling matching is synchronized with Public Transit (PT) schedules, so as to serve as a feeder service to PT in the first mile. Driver detours are proposed towards PT selected stations, which are used as consolidation points, thus increasing matching probability. We present a computationally efficient method to represent PT schedules and drivers trajectory in a single General Transit Feed Specification database, which allows to compute multimodal rider journeys using any off the shelf planners. We showcase our approach in the metropolitan area of Portland, Oregon, considering 8k randomly generated trips. We show the benefits of our Integrated System. We find that 10% more riders find a feasible matching with respect to the status quo, where carpooling and PT are operated separately. We release our code as open source. |
| Keywords: | Transportation, Carpooling, Public Transit, GTFS, Open Data. |
| JEL: | R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ema:worpap:2022-24&r=tre |
| By: | Christian Bontemps (ENAC - Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile, TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Kevin Remmy (université de Mannheim); Johnny Wei |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we estimate a structural model of the domestic US airline market to analyze the eect of the recent merger between American Airlines and US Airways. Our results show that, between 2011 and 2016, a substantial fuel price drop in conjunction with changes in consumer preferences toward direct ights completely rationalizes the observed decrease in prices. However, we estimate that, during the same period, more than half of the consumer welfare increase is due, on top of these environmental changes, to the ex-post optimization of the networks of the newly merged airline and of its competitors. Acknowledgments: We would like to thank the Guest Editors and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. Special thanks to Sara Crompton Meade and Mariane Bontemps for proofreading. Funding from the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the Investments for the Future program (Investissements d'Avenir, grant ANR-17-EURE-0010) is gratefully acknowledged. |
| Keywords: | merger, airlines, network, structural model, nested logit, airfare, demand, supply |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03845873&r=tre |
| By: | Till Kösters (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster); Marlena Meier (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster); Gernot Sieg (Institute of Transport Economics, Muenster) |
| Abstract: | Grandfather rights require airlines to operate at least 80% of their slots, if they are to keep them in the next scheduling period. To prevent losing slots, the airlines may operate slot-rescue flights, an airline strategy called slot hoarding. We model strategies of a monopolistic airline which chooses between long-haul and short-haul flights at a slot-coordinated airport. In cases of a binding use-it-or-lose-it rule, we observe a bias in the airline route network in favor of slot-rescue flights on short-haul distances. Slot-rescue flights reduce airline profits, but raise consumer surplus and airport profits. The overall effect of slot-rescue flights on welfare, however, remains ambiguous. Recently, slot hoarding and its climate impact have received considerable attention during the COVID-19 pandemic. We show that the environmental effects of slot-rescue flights are asymmetric. The climate damage of slot hoarding in the EU is reduced by the EU ETS, whereas CORSIA is rather ineffective. |
| Keywords: | Use-it-or-lose-it rule, Slot hoarding, Climate damage, EU ETS, CORSIA, COVID-19 |
| JEL: | L93 R48 Q51 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mut:wpaper:36&r=tre |
| By: | Timur Abbiasov; Cate Heine; Edward L. Glaeser; Carlo Ratti; Sadegh Sabouri; Arianna Salazar Miranda; Paolo Santi |
| Abstract: | Americans travel 7 to 9 miles on average for shopping and recreational activities, which is far longer than the 15-minute (walking) city advocated by ecologically-oriented urban planners. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of local trip behavior in US cities using GPS data on individual trips from 40 million mobile devices. We define local usage as the share of trips made within 15-minutes walking distance from home, and find that the median US city resident makes only 12% of their daily trips within such a short distance. We find that differences in access to local services can explain eighty percent of the variation in 15-minute usage across metropolitan areas and 74 percent of the variation in usage within metropolitan areas. Differences in historic zoning permissiveness within New York suggest a causal link between access and usage, and that less restrictive zoning rules, such as permitting more mixed-use development, would lead to shorter travel times. Finally, we document a strong correlation between local usage and experienced segregation for poorer, but not richer, urbanites, which suggests that 15-minute cities may also exacerbate the social isolation of marginalized communities. |
| JEL: | H0 J0 R0 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:30752&r=tre |
| By: | Pérez, Jorge; Vial, Felipe; Zárate, Román |
| Abstract: | Does transit infrastructure reduce labor market power? This paper estimates the effects of a large subway expansion on local labor market outcomes in Santiago, Chile. Using a linked employer-employee dataset with spatial information, we estimate the effects of the network expansion on the most-affected workers and firms through a reduced-form analysis. We find changes in work locations and wages consistent with a reduction in firms’ labor market power around areas connected to the subway network after the expansion. We then lay out a quantitative spatial equilibrium model where firms behave as oligopsonies in the labor market to calculate the welfare gains from the transit infrastructure expansion. Our model allows us to decompose the welfare gains into i) the efficiency gains through improved matching between workers and firms and ii) the gains from reducing labor misallocation through labor market power responses. The model also provides a framework to analyze the distributional implications of the infrastructure expansion. We find that workers benefit as firm owners see reduced profits and that accounting for labor market power responses amplifies the welfare gains. |
| Keywords: | Desarrollo urbano, Economía, Infraestructura, |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dbl:dblwop:1992&r=tre |
| By: | Rahman, Azizur |
| Abstract: | Citizen satisfaction with service delivery is a crucial indicator of how much citizens trust and have confidence in their local government. In reality, a citizens' charter is the agreement between residents and a government service provider regarding the amount and quality of service. The purpose of the study is to assess the satisfaction of service recipients based on the time, cost, and visit model. This research develops the TCV (time, cost, and visit) model utilised by a2i (Aspire to Innovate) to determine the satisfaction of Mymensingh City Corporation service recipients in compliance with the citizen charter. This study employs a quantitative technique based on the opinions of one hundred survey respondents from Mymensingh City Corporation. First, the research revealed that the degree of customer satisfaction with City Corporation is poor. Second, the public responsiveness variable, which includes the time, cost, and frequency of service visits with city corporations, has the significant impact on satisfaction differences among citizens. Thirdly, the majority of respondents perceive they are not receiving services in accordance with the Citizen Charter. In such a case, the government may need to examine the matter in greater detail and devise measures to improve service quality via CC. This may necessitate periodic revisions of the Citizen Charter in response to changing citizen demands, the dissemination of information about the Charter to those who benefit from it, and in-depth explanation of the Charter on the City Corporation's website. |
| Date: | 2022–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:s6m5c&r=tre |
| By: | Jos\'e M. Gaspar; Minoru Osawa |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses a two-region model with vertical innovations that enhance the quality of varieties of the horizontally differentiated manufactures produced in each of the two regions. We look at how the creation and diffusion of knowledge and increasing returns in manufacturing interact to shape the spatial economy. Innovations occur with a probability that depends on the inter-regional interaction between researchers (mobile workers). We find that, if the weight of interaction with foreign scientists is relatively more important for the success of innovation, the model accounts for re-dispersion of economic activities after an initial stage of progressive agglomeration as transport costs decrease from a high level. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2212.14475&r=tre |
| By: | Boeing, Geoff (Northeastern University); Lu, Yougeng; Pilgram, Clemens |
| Abstract: | Vehicular air pollution has created an ongoing air quality and public health crisis. Despite growing knowledge of racial injustice in exposure levels, less is known about the relationship between the production of and exposure to such pollution. This study assesses pollution burden by testing whether local populations' vehicular air pollution exposure is proportional to how much they drive. Through a Los Angeles, California case study we examine how this relates to race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status---and how these relationships vary across the region. We find that, all else equal, tracts whose residents drive less are exposed to more air pollution, as are tracts with a less-White population. Commuters from majority-White tracts disproportionately drive through non-White tracts, compared to the inverse. Decades of racially-motivated freeway infrastructure planning and residential segregation shape today's disparities in who produces vehicular air pollution and who is exposed to it, but opportunities exist for urban planning and transport policy to mitigate this injustice. |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:wd92j&r=tre |