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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Asimeng, Emmanuel Theodore; Altenburg, Tilman |
| Abstract: | The socioeconomic wellbeing of urban areas depends on a well-functioning transportation system that makes it easier for people to access goods and services. Whereas most urban areas in emerging economies are expanding in size and human population, high motorisation and inadequate public transport services have resulted in congestion, traffic accidents and increasing transport-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Urban rail development can help address the current transportation problem because trains can move a large number of people at high speed, provide reliable services, contribute to lower GHGs and have a low accident rate. However, urban rail is expensive and requires many technical and technological capabilities often unavailable in emerging economies because they are technology latecomers. This paper examines how two emerging economies, China and India, have adopted industrial policies to develop local capabilities for urban rail technology. The paper shows how the Chinese government has moved from purchasing urban rail technology from multinational companies (MNCs) to the current situation where it has developed local capabilities, owns rail technology patents and competes with the same MNCs on the international market. The paper also demonstrates how India is gradually improving the local manufacturing of rail subsystems as opposed to importation. Overall, the paper suggests a pathway to industrial policy adoption that demonstrates how emerging economies can catch up with urban rail technology development to address their local transportation needs. |
| Keywords: | China, India, industrial policy, multinational company, technology indigenisation, technology transfer, urban rail |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:142022&r=tre |
| By: | Jonathan Libgober; Ruozi Song |
| Abstract: | This paper shows that a non-price intervention which increased the prevalence of a new technology facilitated its further adoption. The BlueLA program put Electric Vehicles (EVs) for public use in many heavily trafficked areas, primarily (but not exclusively) aimed at low-to-middle income households. We show, using data on subsidies for these households and a difference-in differences strategy, that BlueLA is associated with a 33\% increase of new EV adoptions, justifying a substantial portion of public investment. While the program provides a substitute to car ownership, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that increasing familiarity with EVs could facilitate adoption. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2211.14634&r=tre |
| By: | Echeverría, Lucía; Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio; Molina, José Alberto |
| Abstract: | Research has shown that commuting is related to the health of workers, and that mode choice may have differential effects on this relationship. We analyze the relationship between commuting by different modes of transport and the health status reported by US workers, using the 2014-2016 Eating and Health (EH) Module of the American Time Use Survey (ATUS). We estimate Ordinary Least Squares models on a measure of subjective health, that is the self-reported assessment of individual general health status, and on the body mass index. We find that longer commutes by bicycle are significantly related to higher levels of subjective health and to lower body mass index, while commuting by walking is weakly related to both health measures. We test the robustness of our results to possible measurement errors in commuting times, to the exclusion of compensating factors, and to the estimation method. We additionally instrument individual use of bicycles with an indicator of individual green attitudes, based on the General Social Survey (GSS), and the results consistently show that individuals who commute longer by bicycle report better subjective health and lower body mass index. Our results may help policy makers in evaluating the importance of having infrastructures that facilitate the use of bicycles as a means of transport, boosting investment in these infrastructures, especially in large cities. |
| Keywords: | Commuting; Salud; Trabajadores; Medios de Transporte; Estados Unidos; 2014-2016; |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nmp:nuland:3778&r=tre |
| By: | Maria Juliana Suarrez Foréro (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IFP School, Technocentre Renault [Guyancourt] - RENAULT); Frédéric Lantz (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles, IFP School); Pierre Nicolas (Technocentre Renault [Guyancourt] - RENAULT); Patrice Geoffron (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The rapidly increasing participation of renewable energies (REn) into the electric mix, clearly traces the trends for the decarbonization goals in the European Union. Under the priority sale conditions established by governments, the commercialization of REn plays an important role in the consolidation of market prices, which are on a decreasing trend with large fluctuations that reduce the profit in the power sector and therefore, the interest of potential investors. The incorporation of small power capacities, available with a considerable fleet of electric vehicles (EV) disposed to support the bulk power system through an intelligent, and possibly bidirectional recharging system (the vehicle grid integration VGI), could have a positive impact on the electricity market as well as in CO2 emissions. In this context, our purpose is to simulate the impact of a large development of EV on the electricity market andthe economic surplus of the power sector. Through a VGI tool that includes an algorithm of smart charging, we simulate the behavior of a fleet composed by some millions of EV as follows: a decentralized VGI algorithm of smart charging included in each EV estimates the energy consumption in time of the EV fleet. For a specific number of EV, we simulate the aggregated charge on the power grid, and anticipate the total expected load curve for one day. We use the estimated load curve as input in an electricity market model for calculating the producer's surplus over one year. We show that the increasing EV fleet significantly decreases the fluctuation of the residual electricity demand as well as the electricity price. Consequently, this has a positive impact on the surplus of the sector. |
| Keywords: | Energy Transition, Electricity Markets, Merit order Effect, Vehicle Grid Integration |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03898558&r=tre |
| By: | Hao, Peng; Liu, Haishan; Liao, Yejia; Boriboonsomsin, Kanok; Barth, Matthew J |
| Abstract: | Goods movement accounts for a significant and growing share of urban traffic, energy use and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). This project investigated the vehicle miles travelled (VMT) and emissions impact of on-demand food delivery under different COVID-19 pandemic periods and multiple operational strategies, with real-world scenarios set up in the city of Riverside, California. The evaluation results showed that during COVID-19 the total VMT and pollutant emissions (CO2, CO, HC, NOx) incurred by eat out demand all decreased by 25% compared with the before-COVID-19 period. The system can achieve substantial reductions in vehicle trips and emissions with higher penetration of on-demand delivery. From the dynamic operation perspective, the multi-restaurant strategy (allow food orders to be bundled from multiple restaurants in one driver’s tour) can bring 28% of VMT and emissions reductions while avoiding introducing additional delay compared to the one-restaurant policy (only allow food orders from the same restaurant to be bundled in one driver’s tour). The research results indicate that the delivery platform should provide more reliable service with lower cost to increase the food delivery penetration level, which needs improvement in driver capacity management, eco-friendly delivery strategy, and efficient order allocation system. Meanwhile, to achieve maximum VMT and emissions reduction, the platform should encourage order bundling and employ a multi-restaurant policy to provide higher flexibility to group food orders, especially from restaurants located densely in one shopping plaza or commercial zone. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, shared mobility, on-demand food delivery, sustainability, emission evaluation |
| Date: | 2022–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt89c461pv&r=tre |
| By: | Pereira, Rafael H. M.; Vieira, Renato. S.; Bizzarro, Fernando (Harvard University); Barbosa, Rogério J.; Dahis, Ricardo; Ferreira, Daniel Travassos |
| Abstract: | Transportation costs are an under-appreciated barrier to political participation. Here we examine whether a large-scale intervention to lower these costs, the adoption of a fare-free transit policy on election day in Brazil, increases voter turnout. Taking into account the different timing of when municipalities adopted a fare-free transit policy between the first and second rounds of the country's 2022 presidential election, we use different event study designs to examine the policy impact on voter turnout rates, election outcomes, and human mobility levels. We find no effect of the policy on turnout or election outcomes, but we find a positive effect, between 7.2\% and 17.5\% increase, on mobility levels on election day. While reducing transportation monetary costs may improve people’s access to polling places, our findings suggest it is not sufficient on its own to increase voter turnout. |
| Date: | 2022–12–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:fzwgq&r=tre |
| By: | Dina N. Elshahawany (Zagazig University); Eduardo A. Haddad; Michael L. Lahr |
| Abstract: | In 2014, Egypt started its national road project. This project is one of the greatest achievements in the history of Egyptian roads, and perhaps even all infrastructures. It is designed to connect the country's governorates through a 30% expansion of the existing 23, 500 km network of roads. Its costs are currently estimated at $9.8 billion. There are now about two-thirds of the National Roads Project plans; another 1, 300 km is still under construction. Another 1, 200 km will be built in the near future. The project has enhanced accessibility across the country enriching the opportunity for further expansion into industrial, agricultural and urban areas. Measuring the project's economic impacts would emphasize the project's importance and allow for better targeting of new road projects. In this paper, we explore how the National Road Project likely changed the country's economy at both the national and regional levels. We do this by applying the Computable Spatial General Equilibrium (SCGE) model in Egypt. We found that the project revitalized the national economy by engaging deeply in some of Egypt's least developed governorates. The increased accessibility brought by the corridor has translated into positive efficiency gains at the national and regional levels. The model allows for exploration of the areas most affected by the project and thus could assist planners in allocating infrastructure investments. |
| Date: | 2022–11–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:erg:wpaper:1610&r=tre |