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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Allen, Jeff (University of Toronto); Palm, Matthew; Aitken, Ignacio Tiznado; Farber, Steven |
| Abstract: | There is growing body of research and practice assessing transportation equity and justice. Commuting is an especially important dimension to study since such frequent, non-discretionary travel, can come at the expense of time for other activities and therefore negatively impact mental health and well-being. An "extreme commuter" is a worker who has a particularly burdensome commute, and has previously been defined based on one-way commute times above 60 or 90 minutes. In this paper, we examine the social and geographic inequalities of extreme commuting in Canada. We use a 25% sample of all commuters in Canada in 2016 (n = 4,543,417) and our analysis consists of descriptive statistics and logistic regression models. The average one-way commute time in 2016 across Canada was 26 minutes, but over 9.7% of the workforce had commute times exceeding 60 minutes. However, this rate of extreme commuting was 11.5% for low-income households, 13.5% for immigrants, and 13.4% among non-white Canadians, reaching as high as 18.6% for Black Canadians and 14.7% for Latin American Canadians specifically. We find that these inequalities persist even after controlling for household factors, commute mode, occupation, and built environment characteristics. The persistently significant effects of race in our models point to factors like housing and employment discrimination as possible contributors to extreme commuting. These results highlight commuting disparities at a national scale prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, and represents clear evidence of structural marginalization contributing to racialized inequalities in the critical metric of daily commute times seldom recognized by Canadian scholars and planners. |
| Date: | 2022–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:u72ky&r=tre |
| By: | Jacobus Nel (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa); Roula Inglesi-Lotz (Department of Economics, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the policy environment, specifically the policy ``potholes" (shortcomings), in South Africa and provides policy recommendations to accelerate electric vehicle (EV) adoption in the country. The EV markets in South Africa and Europe in a novel way, to add to the depth of the analysis and associated recommendations. To accomplish this, EV sales are forecasted by fitting an S-curve to the available sales data and assuming a 40 percent market share in 2050. Secondly, the number of years the South African EV market is lagging behind Europe's is estimated, both dynamically and statically. We make policy recommendations in the wake of a detailed analysis of the literature on the effects of policy intervention on EV adoption, the evaluation of the current policy environment, and the comparison. A supply-side policy might be best suited for the country's political environment. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicles in developing countries, market comparison, policy analysis, forecasting technology adoption |
| JEL: | P25 R41 D78 G18 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pre:wpaper:202257&r=tre |
| By: | Daniel Albalate ((GiM-IREA). Observatori d’Anàlisi i Avaluació de Polítiques Públiques. Facultat d’Economia i Empresa. Universitat de Barcelona. Departament d’Econometria Estadística i Economia Aplicada. Secció Polítiques públiques. John Maynard Keynes 1-11, Torre 6, planta 3. 08034 Barcelona. Tel: +34.493031131); Xavier Fageda ((GiM-IREA). Observatori d’Anàlisi i Avaluació de Polítiques Públiques. Facultat d’Economia i Empresa. Universitat de Barcelona. Departament d’Econometria Estadística i Economia Aplicada. Secció Polítiques públiques. John Maynard Keynes 1-11, Torre 6, planta 3. 08034 Barcelona. +34.93.4039721) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a bridge between the literature on the effects of the pandemic on mobility and the literature on low emission zones (LEZ) impacts. Using data for large European cities in the period 2018-2021, we examine whether LEZ may explain differences in the recovery patterns of traffic in European cities after the covid shock. Controlling for several city attributes, we examine whether LEZ cities are less congested before and after the pandemic in comparison to non-LEZ cities. Our hypothesis is that LEZ may have been more effective in reducing congestion after the pandemics because the fleet renewal process has slowed down. Our results validate the traffic mitigating role of LEZ, which is robust to the lasting effects of Covid-19. |
| Keywords: | Low Emission Zones, Congestion, Traffic, Access restrictions, Sustainability, Cities. JEL classification: R41, R11, R52. |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ira:wpaper:202222&r=tre |
| By: | Oshan, Taylor M. |
| Abstract: | The concept of spatial interaction (SI) encapsulates the domain of human activities that occur between a set of locations embedded within geographical space. Data about such processes are essential for studying a wide spectrum of geographic phenomena that are important to society, such as the accessibility of services, product demand, transportation trends, and demographic dynamics. In particular, SI models seek to explore, explain, and predict aggregate movements or flows that occur across an abstract or physical network, which can be useful on its own, as well as a factor within other regional models. As the number and nature of SI modeling applications have grown, the associated theory and tools have simultaneously evolved to consider more complex spatial relationships, resulting in numerous expansions of the modeling paradigm. In this chapter, some foundations of SI modeling are first laid out before presenting a simple demonstration and then describing several extensions to the core modeling methodology. |
| Date: | 2022–05–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:m3ah8&r=tre |
| By: | Hee-Seung Yang (Yonsei University); Sungjin Kim (Yonsei University) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the role of trusted institutions and political orientation in people’s tendency to comply with COVID-19-related preventive measures. Using data on public transportation mobility and political orientation in the Seoul metropolitan area, we show that political messages on quarantine success downplayed the severity of the virus and, thus, hindered policy compliance during the major waves of COVID-19 in 2020 – 2021. Individuals with high institutional trust align their mobility behavior with the government’s messaging, feeling safe and engaging more in social activities. Additional channels come from the area’s occupation and industry classifications, mainly through remote work availability. |
| Keywords: | political orientation; political message; mobility; social distancing; policy compliance; COVID-19. |
| JEL: | I18 O18 J08 R11 D72 |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:yon:wpaper:2022rwp-206&r=tre |