|
on Transport Economics |
| By: | Durrmeyer, Isis; Martinez, Nicolas |
| Abstract: | We develop a structural model to represent individual transportation decisions, the equilibrium road traffic levels, and speeds inside a city. The model is micro-founded and incorporates a high level of heterogeneity: individuals differ in access to transportation modes, values of travel time, and schedule constraints; road congestion technologies vary within the city. We apply our model to the Paris metropolitan area and estimate the model parameters from publicly available data. We predict the road traffic equilibria under driving restrictions and road tolls and measure the policy consequences on the different welfare components: individual surplus, tax revenues, and cost of emissions. |
| Keywords: | structural model; policy evaluation, transportation; congestion, distributional effects; air pollution |
| JEL: | L9 R41 Q52 |
| Date: | 2022–11–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:127467&r=tre |
| By: | Lennart Adenaw; David Ziegler; Nico Nachtigall; Felix Gotzler; Allister Loder; Markus B. Siewert; Markus Lienkamp; Klaus Bogenberger |
| Abstract: | In spring 2022, the German federal government agreed on a set of measures that aim at reducing households' financial burden resulting from a recent price increase, especially in energy and mobility. These measures include among others, a nation-wide public transport ticket for 9 EUR per month and a fuel tax cut that reduces fuel prices by more than 15%. In transportation research this is an almost unprecedented behavioral experiment. It allows to study not only behavioral responses in mode choice and induced demand but also to assess the effectiveness of transport policy instruments. We observe this natural experiment with a three-wave survey and an app-based travel diary on a sample of hundreds of participants as well as an analysis of traffic counts. In this fifth report, we present first analyses of the recorded tracking data. 910 participants completed the tracking until September, 30th. First, an overview over the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants within our tracking sample is given. We observe an adequate representation of female and male participants, a slight over-representation of young participants, and an income distribution similar to the one known from the "Mobilit\"at in Deutschland" survey. Most participants of the tracking study live in Munich, Germany. General transportation statistics are derived from the data for all phases of the natural experiment - prior, during, and after the 9 EUR-Ticket - to assess potential changes in the participants' travel behavior on an aggregated level. A significant impact of the 9 EUR-Ticket on modal shares can be seen. An analysis of the participants' mobility behavior considering trip purposes, age, and income sheds light on how the 9 EUR-Ticket impacts different social groups and activities. We find that age, income, and trip purpose significantly influence the impact of the 9 EUR-Ticket on the observed modal split. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2211.10328&r=tre |
| By: | Ivaldi, Marc; Quinet, Emile; Ruiz Mejia, Celia |
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to estimate the extent of agglomeration externalities taking into account the direct and indirect impacts of transport exposure on productivity. To do so, we take advantage of a rich data infrastructure that combines very fine georeferenced infra-municipality data on more than one million employees with detailed data on the public-transport and road networks of a typical European metropolitan area, namely the Toulouse Metropolitan Area (TMA). We recover the productivity effects of agglomeration and transport measures by the implementation and estimation of a wage determination model in two stages. The first stage assesses the importance of industrial concentration and employees’ characteristics against true productivity differences across zones on the average of local industrial wages. The second stage explains local productivity differences on our local factors of interest: agglomeration and transport. Finally, and to have a full representation of transport impacts, we investigate the size of the indirect effect of transport exposure on productivity by its impact on the distribution of metropolitan employment. We exploit the panel nature of our data and apply instrumentation techniques to cope with the endogeneity of agglomeration and transport measures. Our results suggest that both agglomeration and transport exposure measures have a substantial and significant effect on local productivity. Indeed, when density of employment doubles, productivity increases by 1.6%. Further, the effects of transport exposure measures differ for the two modes considered, private vehicle and public transport. In both cases, a higher exposure to transport supply implies higher levels of employment an productivity. |
| Keywords: | agglomeration economies; accessibility; transport exposure; public transport network; road network; productivity; transport infrastructure; density; cities; commuting costs; urban economics; transport economics. |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:127514&r=tre |
| By: | Usman Qadir (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad); Mohammad Shaaf Najib (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad) |
| Abstract: | Charging own money on vehicles has become a norm in Pakistan’s automobile industry. Own is a form of premium charged by the car dealers over and above the price of the vehicle for express delivery of the vehicle. An artificial shortage, primarily due to low production numbers, allows dealers and other investors to pre-book vehicles and charge own from end buyer for immediate transfer of ownership once the demand for vehicle rises in the market. |
| Keywords: | Own Money, |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:pviewp:2021:32&r=tre |
| By: | Bhagat-Conway, Matthew Wigginton; Zhang, Sam |
| Abstract: | Urban roadways are used inefficiently, with capacity scaled to meet peak demands and underutilization at off-peak hours. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted the transportation system, and one possible outcome is a spreading of rush hour. We use six years of highway sensor data from the California state highway system to evaluate that possibility, and find that peaks are spreading in the post-lockdown period, the spreading is statistically significant, and has been relatively stable since summer 2021. Spreading of peak travel periods calls into question highway expansion plans based on pre-pandemic travel forecasts. |
| Date: | 2022–09–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:6khsj&r=tre |
| By: | Baniya, Suprabha (Clark University); Taniguchi, Kiyoshi (Asian Development Bank) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the trade effects of transportation infrastructure reforms funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) in the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) program. To do this, we applied a combination of geographic information systems (GIS), econometric, and computable general equilibrium (CGE) analyses. Using GIS analysis, we compute the reduction in bilateral transport time and potential substitution across transportation modes induced by ADB-funded transportation reforms in the CAREC program. Then, using econometric analyses, we examine the direct impacts of transport time on the extensive and intensive margins of trade. We use the average geographical features of trade partners as the instruments of bilateral transport time to address the endogeneity between trade and infrastructure. Finally, implementing the partial equilibrium impacts of transport time reductions on trade in a firm-heterogeneity CGE model in the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), we investigate the additional endogenous effects of transport time on trade. Combining the estimates of bilateral transport time reductions from the GIS analysis and the estimates of extensive and intensive margins of the trade from the two-part model, we find that the ADB transportation reforms in CAREC countries increase the trade values for existing exporters by 3.31% and trade participation by 1.21% on average. Using the CGE analysis, we find that trade values for CAREC countries increase by 2.04% to 8.72%, on average, due to additional endogenous effects on trade. We also find a positive change in total welfare for CAREC countries. |
| Keywords: | CAREC; transportation infrastructure; trade pattern and time sensitivity; CGE analysis; GIS analysis |
| JEL: | F15 R13 R41 |
| Date: | 2022–08–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:adbewp:0669&r=tre |
| By: | Yan, Linnan; Tu, Menger; Chagas, André (Departamento de Economia, Universidade de São Paulo); Tai, Lufeng |
| Abstract: | Existing studies neglected to assess the resource allocation effect of high-speed railway (HSR). This paper examines the impact of HSR on labor spatial misallocation in China by applying a modified spatial difference-in-differences approach, which identify local treatment effect, spillover effect on treated and untreated regions. The study finds: (1) Opening HSR alleviates not only the local labor misallocation but also the misallocation in surrounding areas to a greater extent, including cities with HSR (treatment group) and without HSR (control group), which contributes to the overall productivity increase. The spillover effect of HSR is larger than the direct effect. (2) The largest spillover effect occurs in adjacent areas near 350 km apart, while the spillover effect disappears beyond 500 km. (3) The direction and magnitude of HSR effect depend on the urban scale. For large-scale cities, the impact of opening HSR is greater versus small-scale ones. |
| Keywords: | high-speed railway; spatial difference-in-differences; labor spatial misallocation |
| JEL: | R10 |
| Date: | 2022–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:nereus:2022_004&r=tre |
| By: | Ma, Lin (Singapore Management University); Yang, Tang (Nanyang Technological University) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the distributional impacts of transportation networks in China. We show that the quality of roads and railroads vary substantially over time and space, and ignoring these variations biases the estimates of travel time. To account for quality differences, we construct a new panel dataset and approximate quality using the design speed of roads and railroads that varies by vintage, class, and terrain at the pixel level. We then build a dynamic spatial general equilibrium model that allows for multiple modes and routes of transportation and forward-looking migration decision. We find aggregate welfare gain and less spatial income inequality led by expanding transportation network. |
| Keywords: | regional trade; migration; welfare; economic geography |
| Date: | 2022–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ris:smuesw:2022_009&r=tre |
| By: | Soukhov, Anastasia; Paez, Antonio; Higgins, Christopher D.; Mohamed, Moataz |
| Abstract: | Accessibility indicators are widely used in transportation, urban, and healthcare planning, among many other applications. These measures are weighted sums of reachable opportunities from a given origin conditional on the cost of movement, and are estimates of the potential for spatial interaction. Over time, various proposals have been forwarded to improve their interpretability, mainly by introducing competition. In this paper, we demonstrate how a widely used measure of accessibility with congestion fails to properly match the opportunity-seeking population. We then propose an alternative formulation of accessibility with competition, a measure we call _spatial availability_. This measure results from using balancing factors that are equivalent to imposing a single constraint on conventional gravity-based accessibility. Further, we demonstrate how Two-Stage Floating Catchment Area (2SFCA) methods can be reconceptualized as singly-constrained accessibility. To illustrate the application of spatial availability and compare it to other relevant measures, we use data from the 2016 Transportation Tomorrow Survey of the Greater Golden Horseshoe area in southern Ontario, Canada. |
| Date: | 2022–08–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:osfxxx:sjd5n&r=tre |
| By: | Frédéric Dobruszkes; Giulio Mattioli; Laurette Mathieu |
| Abstract: | Several countries have considered banning or even decided to ban or tax super short-haul flights, arguing that the availability of rail alternatives makes them unnecessary. Such policies result from the need for governments to be seen as acting to mitigate climate change and scholars favouring energy (climate) efficiency perspectives over the absolute amount of fuel burnt (greenhouse gas emissions emitted). Yet climate change is due to absolute emissions, and it is a fact that the longer a flight is, the greater the amount of fuel is burnt (emissions). Considering all departing flights from 31 European countries, our study found that flights shorter than 500 km account for 27.9% of departures but 5.9% of fuel burnt. In contrast, flights longer than 4,000 km account for 6.2% of departures but 47.0% of fuel burnt, although with significant variation across countries. We conclude that targeting shorter flights (which often exist to alleviate physical obstacles imposed by physical geography) will contribute little to reducing the impact of aviation on climate, and that policy initiatives that target longer flights are urgently needed. |
| Keywords: | Air transport; Aviation; Climate change; Greenhouse gas emissions; Short-haul flights |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/351156&r=tre |
| By: | Fouquet, Roger; O’Garra, Tanya |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the trade-offs between progressivity and effectiveness for a carbon tax versus an ‘excessive consumption’ levy. To do this, we compare the distribution of consumer welfare impacts and environmental effectiveness of an air travel carbon tax and a frequent flyer levy. Results show that both policies have the potential to achieve substantial carbon mitigation with minimal impacts on consumer welfare. Nevertheless, compared with a carbon tax, a frequent flyer levy is more progressive and effective at reducing emissions – thus, there is no trade-off between progressivity and effectiveness by using an excessive consumption levy to mitigate air travel emissions. Furthermore, considering the pronounced growth in demand projected for air travel over the next 30 years, results show the frequent flyer levy will remain more progressive and effective over time. Although further research is needed to assess the trade-offs on the supply-side (e.g., protection of regular customers, dynamic efficiency) and related to implementation (e.g., data privacy, the role for revenue recycling), such an excessive consumption levy has the potential to be an equitable, effective and politically acceptable environmental policy for curbing carbon dioxide emissions. This is relevant not only for air travel but for other forms of consumption in which the affluent are responsible for a large share of demand and associated carbon emissions. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax; frequent flyer levy; emission reductions; consumer welfare; progressivity; Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment; and the ESRC Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP) (ref. ES/R009708/1); Elsevier deal |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 R41 |
| Date: | 2022–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:116689&r=tre |
| By: | Caron, Laura (Columbia University); Tiongson, Erwin R. (Georgetown University) |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic placed new constraints and prices on commuting to work around the world. However, traditional methods of measuring household welfare (and, accordingly, poverty and inequality) based on expenditures have not considered these changes. First, we present theory showing significant mismeasurement of welfare for households who can shift into remote work during the pandemic. We then propose methods to impute transportation cost equivalents for household expenditure aggregates. We use Georgia as a case study to compare these methods and assess impacts on poverty and inequality. The proportion of remote work is low, only about 9%, meaning that the impact on overall inequality is negligible. However, considering transportation costs can result in up to a 40% reduction in the measured poverty rate among remote-working households. |
| Keywords: | poverty measurement, inequality measurement, consumption aggregate, expenditures, imputation, living costs, COVID-19, welfare |
| JEL: | I32 D30 R20 J32 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15670&r=tre |
| By: | Josè Pulido (Banco de la Republica) |
| Abstract: | The Covid-19 pandemic disrupted the international transportation industry, causing container freight rates to reach record highs from late 2020 and into 2021. I evaluate the dynamic effects of the observed increases in container freight rates all around the world on the domestic inflation, real consumption, and the allocation of labor of a particular country (Colombia). |
| Keywords: | International trade; container freights; Covid-19 pandemic; welfare effects; general equilibrium |
| JEL: | F16 F62 F17 |
| Date: | 2022–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:giihei:heidwp24-2022&r=tre |
| By: | Wudu Muluneh (Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia); Tadesse Amsalu (Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia) |
| Abstract: | The provision of essential urban infrastructure and services for the expanding population is a persistent financial challenge for many of the rapidly expanding cities in developing nations like Ethiopia. The land lease system has received little academic attention as a means of financing urban infrastructure in developing countries. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to assess the contribution of land leasing in financing urban infrastructure and services using evidence from Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. Primary and secondary data-gathering techniques have been used. Descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis have been adopted. The results show land lease revenue is a dominant source of extra-budgetary revenue for Bahir Dar city. As evidenced by Bahir Dar city, a significant portion of urban infrastructure expenditure is financed by revenues from land leasing. However, despite the critical importance of land lease revenue to investments in urban infrastructure, there is inefficiency in the collection of potential lease revenue due to weak information exchange, inadequate land provision for various uses, lack of transparency in tender committees, and the existence of poor documentation. Our findings suggest that Bahir Dar City needs to manage lease revenue more effectively to increase investment in urban infrastructure while giving due consideration to availing more land for leasing. Keywords: urban, land, revenue, inefficiency, lease, financing, Bahir Dar City |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2211.12061&r=tre |
| By: | Marie-Laure Cabon-Dhersin (LERN - Laboratoire d'Economie Rouen Normandie - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - IRIHS - Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire Homme et Société - UNIROUEN - Université de Rouen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université) |
| Abstract: | We revisit the classic comparison of Bertrand and Cournot competition by studying how the form of competition between shipping companies affects transport prices, international trade, consumer and producer surplus, and social welfare in two countries that coordinate their environmental policies. We show that the standard Bertrand-Cournot ranking only prevails when pollution abatement technologies are sufficiently efficient. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03822627&r=tre |
| By: | Markendahl, Jan |
| Abstract: | The use of open and shared data in smart cities and public organizations have gained a lot of attention the last years. In Sweden, there are a number of projects looking into the use of open and shared data in the public sector. One application area of shared data is municipality driven information services on areas or streets with available parking spots. The input for this type of services are ticket machines, parking houses and spaces, and smart phone applications. Besides different types of data and formats, the input data is usually provided by a multitude of different type of actors. Looking back, we can see that mobile phone based solutions for parking services have been used for a decade. These solutions were originally a complement to ticket machines where you did pay with cash or credit cards. Today not only the payment is digital but also the ticket handling is fully digital, the paper ticket is replaced by data records in data bases and receipts are send by be-mails or SMS. This development with digital tickets and parking sessions have enabled an emerging type of information services where car drivers can get information on the availability of free parking spaces in specific zones or streets. However, in Sweden it turns out that these parking information services do not take off on a large scale based on a common framework and exchange of shared data. There are some examples where the municipality manages to provide a reasonably good overall picture, but currently most of these information services provide an "incomplete" map and there is no established way of cooperation between actors in the parking industry. In this paper, we present a set of mechanisms, drivers and problems to share parking information among actors. The main research contribution is to identify patterns of cooperation among different actors and to identify main obstacles for sharing data. The analysis is based on interviews with different types of actors; mobile public and private parking operators and providers of mobile parking apps. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itse22:265655&r=tre |