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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Elbert, R. |
| Date: | 2022–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:134473&r=tre |
| By: | Benoît Lécureux (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Adrien Bonnet (VeDeCom - VEhicule DEcarboné et COmmuniquant et sa Mobilité); Ouassim Manout (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jaâfar Berrada (VeDeCom - VEhicule DEcarboné et COmmuniquant et sa Mobilité); Louafi Bouzouina (Open University of the Netherlands [Heerlen], LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Automated mobility has always conveyed fantasies about its ability to meet future mobility needs and challenges. If research is still debating the when, where and how of this mobility disruption, there seems to be a consensus on its advent. Meanwhile, the investigation of the demand for this mobility is of critical importance. Stated preference surveys are a common and powerful tool to foresee this demand. This paper tackles the question of the acceptance of shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) by reviewing most significant published papers on travel demand and travel surveys for SAVs. Given the recent developments in the last three years, the paper updates and complements previous literature reviews. In contrast with previous research, this paper shows that the impact of various factors on the intention to use SAVs is still controversial. This includes age, gender, income or car ownership. We identify most consensual and controversial effects and correspondingly suggest future research tracks to address some the identified gaps. |
| Keywords: | Shared Autonomous vehicles,Acceptance,Discrete choice,Mode choice,Stated preferences,Attitudes,Literature review Declarations: |
| Date: | 2022–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03814947&r=tre |
| By: | Merkel, Axel (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Nyberg, Erik (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Ek, Karin (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Sjöstrand, Henrik (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | The provision of shore power to ships at berth is recognized as an effective measure to reduce the external costs of maritime transport. However, the deployment and uptake of shore power technology is subject to barriers, part of which have to do with insufficient economic incentives for providers and users. Regulatory proposals in the EU have targeted liner shipping segments to be covered by a shore power mandate. There is much less discussion and research focused on other segments of shipping, though these represent a significant share of at-berth emissions. This study uses maritime traffic data and a relatively simple modelling framework to analyse whether public investments in shore power deployment, coupled with added incentives to shipowners, could be socio-economically beneficial. The analysis is focused on maritime traffic in the Swedish port network, but the main findings can likely be generalized beyond this context. We find that investing in (or mandating) the provision of shore power in ports can be socio-economically beneficial also when aimed at segments typically classified as non-liner (or “tramp”). The results do not however indicate that network-wide deployment of shore power is justifiable, but rather that care must be taken to determine the cost-efficient size of the network as well as to design the network of shore power deployment in ports so as to reap benefits of network effects. We also find that the pricing of shore power access has a major impact on expected uptake and consequently on whether or not shore power investments yield benefits in proportion to costs. Crucially, we find that unregulated profit-maximizing pricing by ports leads to significant welfare losses by suppressing take-up among shipowners. |
| Keywords: | Shore power; On-shore power supply; Infrastructure pricing; Cost-benefit analysis; CO2 emission reduction |
| JEL: | Q41 R40 R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2022–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2022_006&r=tre |
| By: | Fan, Huiying; Lu, Hongyu; Guin, Angshuman; Watkins, Kari E; Guensler, Randall |
| Abstract: | Many transit providers changed their schedules and route configurations during the COVID-19 pandemic, providing more frequent bus service on major routes and curtailing other routes, to reduce the risk of COVID-19 exposure. This research first assessed the changes in MARTA service configurations by reviewing the pre-pandemic vs. during-pandemic General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) files. Energy use per route for a typical week was calculated for pre-pandemic, during-closure, and post-closure periods by integrating GTFS data with MOVES-Matrix transit energy and emission rates. MARTA automated passenger count (APC) data were appended to the routes, and the energy use per passenger mile was compared across routes for the three periods. The results showed that the coupled effect of shift in transit frequency and decrease in ridership from 2019 to 2020 increased route-level energy use for more than 87% of the routes and per-passenger mile energy use for more than 98% of the routes. In 2021, although MARTA service had largely returned to pre-pandemic conditions, ridership remained in an early stage of recovery. Total energy use decreased to about the pre-pandemic level, but per-passenger energy use remained higher than pre-pandemic for more than 91% of the routes. The results confirm that while total energy use is more closely associated with trip schedules and routes, per-passenger energy use depends on both trip service and ridership. The results also indicated a need for data-based transit planning, to help avoid inefficiency associated with over-provision of service or inadequate social distancing protection caused by under-provision of service. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Transit service, transit energy use, pandemic, pandemic recovery, transit ridership |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt2x1320p5&r=tre |
| By: | Zunian Luo |
| Abstract: | Electric vehicle adoption is considered to be a promising pathway for addressing climate change. However, the market for charging stations suffers from a market failure: a lack of EV sales disincentives charging station production, which in turn inhibits mass EV adoption. Charging station subsidies are discussed as policy levers that can stimulate charging station supply and correct this market failure. Nonetheless, there is limited research examining the extent such subsidies are successful in promoting charging station supply. Using annual data on electric vehicle sales, charging station counts, and subsidy amounts from 57 California counties and a staggered difference-in-differences methodology, I find that charging station subsidies are highly effective: a 1% increase in subsidies expands the supply of stations by 2.5%. This finding suggests that governmental intervention can help correct the market failure in the charging station market. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2210.14908&r=tre |
| By: | Belloc, Ignacio (University of Zaragoza); Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio (University of Zaragoza); Molina, José Alberto (University of Zaragoza) |
| Abstract: | Climate change and global warming are problems that currently affect the daily lives of the world population and, to the extent that climate projections are less than optimistic, understanding how individuals respond to extreme weather conditions is essential for the correct design of public policies. One of the human behaviors that can be most affected by extreme weather conditions is that of personal travel, including commuting, an activity that is done daily by millions of workers worldwide. Within this framework, we estimate the effects of weather conditions on daily commuting and travel choices, by examining daily variations in weather conditions within counties in the US. To that end, we use timeuse diary information from the American Time Use Survey 2003-2019 and daily weather information at the county level for a sample of US workers, finding significant relationships between daily weather conditions, commuting time, and travel choices. Rainy days, high temperatures, and snowfall are associated with a statistically significant lower proportion of commuting time done by public transit and walking, whereas the relationship is found to be positive for the proportion of commuting time by car. With additional analysis, we find that the greatest substitution from greener modes of transport towards the private car is concentrated on days with greater precipitation and higher temperatures. Finally, our results suggest adaptation to higher temperatures in warmer places. |
| Keywords: | weather, commuting, green mobility, workers, American Time Use Survey |
| JEL: | R4 J22 |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15661&r=tre |
| By: | Giménez-Nadal, José Ignacio; Molina, José Alberto; Velilla, Jorge |
| Abstract: | This paper explores school commuting behaviors of children who attend primary school, high-school, or University, using time use data for a set of countries obtained from the Multinational Time Use Study. We focus on the duration of school commutes, and how they correlate with individual and family characteristics. We also explore the transport modes used, and whether the commuting is done alone. The results show significant differences in school commuting times across countries. Furthermore, we find more time devoted to commuting, and higher rates of commuting done alone, as the schooling level of respondents increases. Means of transport are relatively similar within countries, although they change significantly across countries. This analysis is the first exploration of school, high-school, and University commuting behavior, using time use data that make the results comparable. Our analysis opens doors for future research, and may serve planners in terms of policies promoting specific student mobility. |
| Keywords: | school commuting,transport mode,commuting alone,time use data,MTUS data |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1194&r=tre |
| By: | Ralph, Kelcie; Klein, Nicholas J. (Conrell University); Thigpen, Calvin; Brown, Anne |
| Abstract: | We surveyed transportation students and the U.S. public to explore consensus and divergence in policy preferences. We find considerable agreement among planning students, which may be a strength—it is easier to pursue shared goals—or a weakness—too much consensus can lead to echo chambers and disconnection. Engineering students and the public shared some planner-preferred views (like expanding transit) but disagreed with planning students about the role of transportation and appropriate policy tools, especially road widening. Our results suggest that diverging policy preferences are, at least in part, a reflection of planning’s signature pedagogy. |
| Date: | 2022–06–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:2gk7b&r=tre |
| By: | Metz-Peeters, Maike |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the effects of binding speed limits on crash frequency on German motorways. Various geo-spatial data sources are merged to a new data set providing rich information on roadway characteristics for 500-meter segments of large parts of the German motorway network. The empirical analysis uses a causal forest, which allows to estimate the effects of speed limits on crash frequency under fairly weak assumptions about the underlying data generating process and provides insights into treatment effect heterogeneity. The paper is the first to explicitly discuss possible pitfalls and potential solutions when applying causal forests to geo-spatial data. Substantial negative effects of three levels of speed limits on accident rates are found, being largest for severe, and especially fatal crash rates, while effects on light crash rates are rather moderate. The heterogeneity analysis suggest that the effects are larger for less congested roads, as well as for roads with entrance and exit ramps, while heterogeneity regarding shares of heavy traffic is inconclusive. |
| Keywords: | Crash frequency,speed limits,German Autobahn,causal machine learning,causal forest,spatial machine learning |
| JEL: | R41 R42 R48 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:982&r=tre |
| By: | Tomasiello, Diego Bogado; Santos, Daniel Herszenhut Meirelles; Oliveira, João Lucas Albuquerque; Braga, Carlos Kaue Vieira; Pereira, Rafael H. M. |
| Abstract: | Cumulative accessibility measures allow one to estimate the number of opportunities that can be reached within a given travel time threshold. They have become the most commonly used metric in transport research and planning because of how simple it makes to calculate and communicate accessibility results. However, cumulative opportunity measures require an ad-hoc choice of a single travel time threshold, which can importantly influence the conclusions of transport project evaluations and equity analyses. In this paper, we introduce the time interval cumulative accessibility measure, a new accessibility metric that mitigates the impacts of arbitrary choices of trip duration on cumulative accessibility analyses while keeping its computation and communicability advantages. The proposed indicator estimates the average or the median number of opportunities that can be reached considering multiple minute-by-minute travel time cutoffs within a given travel time interval. We demonstrate the new metric in a case study assessing how a planned subway expansion will likely impact employment accessibility in Fortaleza, Brazil. Using sensitivity analyses with Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrate that the selection of travel time thresholds can substantially bias the results of accessibility levels and that such biases are not evenly distributed in space, having important implications for equity analyses. We also show that the proposed time interval cumulative opportunity metric makes the results of accessibility estimates and inequality analyses significantly less sensitive to ad-hoc methodological choices while yielding results that are very similar to those found with traditional threshold-based cumulative measures. Future accessibility-oriented transport research and planning could greatly benefit from the way in which the proposed time interval cumulative opportunity measure provides more robust accessibility estimates without compromising the communicability of results. |
| Date: | 2022–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:ux5ah&r=tre |
| By: | Trivikram Dokka; Jorge Bruno; Sonali SenGupta; Chowdhury Mohammad Sakib Anwar |
| Abstract: | We study equilibria in an Electric Vehicle (EV) charging game, a cost minimization game inherent to decentralized charging control strategy for EV power demand management. In our model, each user optimizes its total cost which is sum of direct power cost and the indirect dissatisfaction cost. We show that, taking player specific price independent dissatisfaction cost in to account, contrary to popular belief, herding only happens at lower EV uptake. Moreover, this is true for both linear and logistic dissatisfaction functions. We study the question of existence of price profiles to induce a desired equilibrium. We define two types of equilibria, distributed and non-distributed equilibria, and show that under logistic dissatisfaction, only non-distributed equilibria are possible by feasibly setting prices. In linear case, both type of equilibria are possible but price discrimination is necessary to induce distributed equilibria. Finally, we show that in the case of symmetric EV users, mediation cannot improve upon Nash equilibria. |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2210.15035&r=tre |
| By: | Klein, Nicholas J. (Conrell University); Basu, Rounaq; Smart, Michael J. |
| Abstract: | We examine how lower-income households in the United States acquire automobiles. Although car ownership plays an important role in social and economic mobility in the U.S., transportation scholars know little about how households acquire cars. We use an online opt-in survey of adults from lower-income households to examine how and why they acquire cars, and the effects of these different pathways to car ownership on finances and quality of life. We identify five pathways to car ownership: buying a new car, buying a used car at a dealer, buying a used car from informal markets, receiving a car as a gift, and obtaining a car through a life-event (e.g., moving in with a car owner). The most common path is to acquire a used car from a dealer (38% of our sample), followed by acquiring a used car informally (24%), purchasing new (17%), receiving a car as a gift (15%), and via a move-in (5%). Respondents most often acquired a car for financial reasons and to increase accessibility. In contrast, the COVID-19 pandemic, life-events, and built environment factors played a smaller role. Respondents reported that acquiring a car had a positive effect on their lives. The overwhelming majority said the effect on their quality of life was positive and getting a car was worth it. However, almost half experienced some type of financial hardship related to owning and operating their car. |
| Date: | 2022–07–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:7ex6z&r=tre |
| By: | Riggs, William (University of San Francisco); Pande, Anurag |
| Abstract: | Autonomous vehicle (AV) technology can help disabled Americans achieve their desired level of mobility. However, realizing this potential depends on vehicle manufacturers, policymakers, and state and municipal agencies collaborating to accommodate the needs of disabled individuals at different stages of trip making through information system design, vehicle design, and infrastructure design. Integrating accessibility at this stage of the AV revolution would finally allow us an opportunity to develop a transportation system that treats accessibility as a guiding principle, not as an afterthought. This paper documents accessibility considerations for disabled individuals followed by a review of relevant Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) regulations. The review of regulations is followed by a review of nine case studies, five corresponding to the on-demand microtransit service model and four corresponding to the paratransit service model. These case studies are essentially different prototypes currently being deployed on a pilot basis. Each of these specific case studies is then evaluated for its ability to provide potential accessibility features that would fulfill the requirement set forth by relevant ADA regulations in the absence of an operator/driver. Based on this review of relevant research, ADA regulations, and case studies, recommendations are provided for researchers, private firms, policymakers, and agencies involved in AV development and deployment. The recommendations include better collaboration and adoption of best practices to address the needs of individuals with different disability types (e.g., Cognitive, Visual, Auditory). ADA regulations should be used as one of the tools in addition to universal design principles and assistive technologies in order to maximize accessibility. |
| Date: | 2022–08–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:c3k2f&r=tre |
| By: | Georgios Tsiachtsiras (University of Bristol and University of Bath, United Kingdom.); Deyun Yin (School of Economics and Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.); Ernest Miguelez (Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, BSE, UMR 6060, Avenue Léon Duguit, 33608 Pessac, France and AQR-IREA, University of Barcelona, Spain.); Rosina Moreno (AQR-IREA, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the e?ect of the High Speed Rail (HSR) network expansion on local innovation in China during the period 2008-2016. Using exogenous variation arising from a novel instrument - courier’s stations during the Ming dynasty, we ?nd solid evidence that the opening of a HSR station increases cities’ innovation activity. We also explore the role of inter-city technology di?usion as being behind the surge of local innovation. To do it, we compute least-cost paths between city-pairs, over time, based on the opening and speed of each HSR line, and obtain that an increase in a city’s connectivity to other cities specialized in a speci?c technological ?eld, through the HSR network, increases the probability for the city to specialize in that same technological ?eld. We interpret it as evidence of knowledge di?usion. |
| Keywords: | High speed rail, Innovation, Technology Di?usion, Patents, Specialization. JEL classification: R40, O18, O30, O33. |
| Date: | 2022–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ira:wpaper:202220&r=tre |
| By: | David Martimort (PSE - Paris School of Economics - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS-PSL - École normale supérieure - Paris - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales); Guillaume Pommey (Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma]); Jerome Pouyet (THEMA - Théorie économique, modélisation et applications - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CY - CY Cergy Paris Université, ESSEC Business School - Essec Business School) |
| Abstract: | Modern airports provide commercial services to passengers in addition to aeronautical services to airlines. We analyze how the airport's market power impacts the pricing of services when the airport also invests in the quality of its infrastructure. There is a need to regulate the airport and the optimal regulation can be implemented with a price-cap and a subsidy scheme targeted to the investment. The choice between a single-till and a dual-till approach does change neither the optimal regulation nor its implementation. We also investigate the consequences on the optimal regulation of the nature of the airport-airline relationship and of the observability of investment. |
| Keywords: | airports,regulation,commercial services,investment |
| Date: | 2022–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseptp:hal-03328394&r=tre |
| By: | Khan, Muhammad Salar; Jamil, Kamil; Malik, Ammar A. |
| Abstract: | The case of Lahore’s Bus Rapid Transit and Mass Transit investments in this Chapter documents a series of challenges: overlapping roles and responsibilities across a multitude of uncoordinated authorities; proactive opposition to urban developments by civil society groups and opposition political parties; and large-scale untargeted subsidies resulting in unsustainable operational losses. Projects like Lahore Rapid Mass Transit System (LRMTS) involve many conflicting decisions, competing stakeholders, equally appealing alternatives, and booming budgets. Such projects require careful analysis. Multiple lenses—from urban policy, transport policy, and public policy process to public administration theory and public finance—can be employed to analyze these projects. For any such project to be successfully designed and implemented, all stakeholders would have to set aside political and cognitive biases and other narrow interests, prioritize organizational values, and place atop public interest. Finally, any similar project in the region would demand careful mitigation planning, judicious financing schemes, strong historical heritage protection, transparency, and, lastly, a robust in-house capacity to ensure the maintenance of the infrastructure. |
| Date: | 2022–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:2zj8m&r=tre |
| By: | Wang, Xize (National University of Singapore) |
| Abstract: | By 2030, one in every five Americans will be 65 or older. To better serve the mobility needs of a rapidly aging population, a better understanding of older adults' driving behavior is needed. This study explores the impact of health on driving reduction for America's older adults, using a nationwide, longitudinal dataset from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). I propose two outcome variables: having driven in the past month, and having driven beyond nearby places; and measure health using overall self-rated health status and specific sensory, mobility and physical conditions. Controlling for socio-demographics, residential patterns, personal fixed effects, time fixed effects, and regional fixed effects, I find that older adults with lower self-rated health were less likely to drive or drive beyond nearby places. The magnitudes of such effects vary by race but not by gender. I also identify specific health conditions that could predict driving reduction. The findings imply that in the near future, there will be a large number of older adults suffering from unmet travel demands due to declining health conditions. Hence, planners and policy makers should be proactive in seeking for solutions, including using my findings to identify at-risk older drivers and provide various types of mobility assistance. |
| Date: | 2022–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:h5scf&r=tre |
| By: | Lucas Javaudin (THEMA - Théorie économique, modélisation et applications - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CY - CY Cergy Paris Université); Andrea Araldo (TSP - Télécom SudParis); Andre de Palma (THEMA - Théorie économique, modélisation et applications - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CY - CY Cergy Paris Université) |
| Abstract: | We consider a regulator willing to drive individual choices towards increasing social welfare by providing incentives to a large population of individuals. For that purpose, we formalize and solve the problem of f inding an optimal personalized-incentive policy: optimal in the sense that it maximizes social welfare under an incentive budget constraint, personalized in the sense that the incentives proposed depend on the alternatives available to each individual, as well as her preferences. We propose a polynomial time approximation algorithm that computes a policy within few seconds and we analytically prove that it is boundedly close to the optimum. We then extend the problem to efficiently calculate the Maximum Social Welfare Curve, which gives the maximum social welfare achievable for a range of incentive budgets (not just one value). This curve is a valuable practical tool for the regulator to determine the right incentive budget to invest. Finally, we simulate a large-scale application to mode choice in a French department (about 200 thousands individuals) and illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed personalizedincentive policy in reducing CO2 emissions. |
| Date: | 2022–10–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03839571&r=tre |
| By: | Thiel, Patrick |
| Abstract: | In 2017, the German federal government passed the Railroad Noise Protection Act to reduce the noise emitted by freight trains. This paper evaluates the effects of this law on house prices by using regional variation comparing affected homes close to train tracks and homes in greater distance before and after the introduction of the national strategy. The difference-in-difference framework suggests an increase in house prices by 0.5% to 2.5% for houses close to the tracks considering different time periods for the act being passed and its complete implementation. A heterogeneity analysis reveals increasing effects with reduced distance to tracks. It also shows that those with the highest general noise burden gain the most from the Railroad Noise Protection Act. |
| Keywords: | House prices,hedonic price function,railroad noise,Railroad Noise Protection Act |
| JEL: | O18 Q53 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:rwirep:981&r=tre |