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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Hoogland, Kelly; Kurani, Kenneth S. PhD; Hardman, Scott PhD; Chakraborty, Debapriya PhD; Davis, Adam W. PhD |
| Abstract: | Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), including battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, are an important technology for decarbonizing transportation and reducing urban air pollution. A lack of public charging infrastructure is frequently cited as a primary barrier to continued, widespread PEV market growth. Public and private stakeholders are investing in public charging infrastructure, in part because they hope the presence of more infrastructure will encourage consumers to purchase PEVs. However, public charging infrastructure can only affect PEV sales if people—especially those who are not already PEV owners—see it, and by seeing it become more likely to consider purchasing a PEV. Researchers at UC Davis examined this relationship. They used data from a survey administered in the first quarter of 2021 of approximately 3,000 California car-owning residents, as well as data on PEV registrations and public charger locations. They modeled the relationships between multiple variables. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2022–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8d21w74z&r= |
| By: | Belloc, Ignacio; Giménez-Nadal, José Ignacio; Molina, José Alberto |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes how gasoline price is related to the time workers in the US spend commuting by private vehicle, public transport, walking, or cycling. Using data from the American Time Use Survey for the years 2003-2019, and collecting data on gasoline price by state and year, we find that higher gasoline prices are related to less commuting by private car, and more commuting by public transport, walking, and cycling, the latter being transportation alternatives that are more eco-friendly. A 1% increase in gas prices is associated with an increase of 0.325%, 0.568% and 0.129% in the commuting time by public and physical modes (walking and cycling), respectively. By contrast, a decrease of 0.638% is found in the proportion of commuting done by private car. Furthermore, the elasticity differs by urban characteristics, showing relatively larger values in urban areas for private and public modes. By analyzing the relationship between commuting time, and gasoline prices in the US, our results may serve to inform future policies aiming to develop a low-carbon transport system, especially in urban areas where workers may be more affected by gasoline prices (and thus taxation). |
| Keywords: | commuting time,gasoline price,commuting mode,urban areas,American Time Use Survey |
| JEL: | R40 J1 J22 D1 Q4 R4 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:1130&r= |
| By: | Belloc, Ignacio (University of Zaragoza); Gimenez-Nadal, J. Ignacio (University of Zaragoza); Molina, José Alberto (University of Zaragoza) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyze whether diesel fuel taxes can be an effective tool to boost the daily commuting of US workers towards the use of green modes of transport. To that end, we use data from the American Time Use Survey 2003-2019 and explore the factors influencing commuting time and the proportion of commute using alternative modes of transport, including walking and cycling. Our results indicate that diesel fuel taxes are linked to a reduction in the total time devoted to commuting, and to the proportion of commuting by private car, and to an increase in the proportion of commuting done by green modes of transport such as public transport and walking. This relationship is not homogeneous in the urban dimension, as the effects on total commuting time and the percentage of commuting by public transport is present in urban areas only. In a context where many countries are implementing policies aimed at increasing the use of sustainable modes of personal mobility, our results indicate that taxing fuels used for personal mobility may be an efficient way to decrease the use of more polluting modes of transport and encourage more eco-friendly alternatives while commuting. |
| Keywords: | commuting time, green mobility, state diesel taxes, American Time Use Survey |
| JEL: | D1 Q4 R4 |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15416&r= |
| By: | Meckler-Pacheco, Alma |
| Abstract: | Despite electric vehicles accounting for a growing share of new vehicles sales, previous studies have shown that consumers are not substantially engaged in the transition to plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). Advertising, federal and state purchase incentives, and outreach events such as ride and drives may not be effectively engaging consumers to consider purchasing a PEV. This study seeks to understand how consumers first becoming aware of electric vehicles. We investigate 35 interviews conducted in 2019 with Tesla vehicle owners in California. The results show that word of mouth sources such as friends, family and co-workers are a main way interviewees became aware of Tesla vehicles and electric vehicles. Mass media channels of communication such as news articles, books, and the internet are other important sources interviewees reported. The findings provide insight into the resources used by Tesla owners and the ways they become aware of electric vehicles. Understanding the ways consumers become aware of this technology can assist policymakers and relevant stakeholders in increasing electric vehicle sales and ultimately allow for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2022–07–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7rx580w0&r= |
| By: | Brendan T. Gould; Philip N. Brown |
| Abstract: | The emerging technology of Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication over vehicular ad hoc networks promises to improve road safety by allowing vehicles to autonomously warn each other of road hazards. However, research on other transportation information systems has shown that informing only a subset of drivers of road conditions may have a perverse effect of increasing congestion. In the context of a simple (yet novel) model of V2V hazard information sharing, we ask whether partial adoption of this technology can similarly lead to undesirable outcomes. In our model, drivers individually choose how recklessly to behave as a function of information received from other V2V-enabled cars, and the resulting aggregate behavior influences the likelihood of accidents (and thus the information propagated by the vehicular network). We fully characterize the game-theoretic equilibria of this model using our new equilibrium concept. Our model indicates that for a wide range of the parameter space, V2V information sharing surprisingly increases the equilibrium frequency of accidents relative to no V2V information sharing, and that it may increase equilibrium social cost as well. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2207.06411&r= |
| By: | Ghafelebashi, Ali; Razaviyayn, Meisam; Dessouky, Maged |
| Abstract: | With rapid population growth and urban development, traffic congestion has become an inescapable issue. Future mobility services may offer a new and very effective opportunity to incentivize congestion-reducing behavior. Ridesourcing, food delivery, and package delivery companies make decisions that directly or indirectly affect routing for an increasing number of drivers. These organizations have more flexibility and more power to affect traffic, and targeting them with incentives may be more efficient than incentivizing individual drivers. Motivated by this idea, researchers at the University of Southern California developed a distributed algorithm for offering incentives to organizations to make socially optimal routing decisions. The algorithm is designed to lower the traffic flow of congested roads without creating new congestion in other parts of the road network. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research and provides research implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Behavior, Drivers, Incentives, Optimization, Organizations, Ridesourcing, Travel demand management, Travel time |
| Date: | 2022–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt80d9v8cc&r= |
| By: | Sallee, James M.; Tarduno, Matthew A. |
| Abstract: | Congestion pricing improves economic efficiency, but it may lead to inequitable outcomes. A key policy priority in California is identifying ways to avoid the hardship of congestion pricing on low income or other vulnerable populations. This study uses data from a congestion pricing experiment in the Seattle metro area to examine the feasibility of using revenue from congestion pricing to compensate those harmed by the policy. Results indicate that the initial burden of congestion pricing is highly inequitable, with the lowest income drivers paying an average of 7 percent of their weekly income in congestion charges. There are also considerable differences in burdens within income groups. We show that policymakers face a tradeoff in ameliorating these two types of unequal burdens. Returning an equal fraction of the toll revenue to all drivers can make a policy progressive on average, but doing so leaves many drivers either overcompensated or under-compensated. We then show that while compensation packages based on basic demographic information could improve targeting, many low-income drivers would be left with large proportional burdens because of the fundamental difficulty in predicting individual-level tax burdens. Survey data on travel behavior from Seattle and California metro areas show that the difficulty of designing equitable transfers would be similar in the California metro areas most likely to consider adopting some form of congestion pricing. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Congestion pricing, low income groups, social equity, vehicle miles of travel, travel behavior, incentives, traffic data |
| Date: | 2022–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt7r64t085&r= |
| By: | Léa Fabre (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SAF - Laboratoire de Sciences Actuarielle et Financière - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon, Explain); Caroline Bayart (SAF - Laboratoire de Sciences Actuarielle et Financière - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon); Patrick Bonnel (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nicolas Mony (Explain) |
| Abstract: | Using technologies such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth allows to gather passive mobility data, useful for ensuring the sustainable development of transport infrastructures. The challenge of passive data collection is to be able to identify relevant data. Our research presents interesting solutions for sorting the transmitted signals and reconstructing quality Origin-Destination matrices. Its originality consists not only in comparing the results with those of other data sources, but also in proposing a methodology that can be reproduced. Thanks to a partitioning algorithm, it is possible to automatically distinguish passengers from non-passengers to get transit ridership flow and O-D matrices. The findings show that this algorithm provides concrete and replicable solutions to transport operators for understanding travel demand. |
| Keywords: | Travel behavior,passive tracking,data clustering,Wi-Fi/Bluetooth sensors,trajectory reconstruction,mobile devices data,data quality,Working Papers du LAET |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03721297&r= |
| By: | Gondauri, Davit |
| Abstract: | Georgia's railway network is a key segment of the TRACECA, the shortest route from the Caspian Sea and Central Asia to the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Basin. Georgian Railway Corridor has a number of advantages over pipeline, alternative railways and auto transport. Changing the quality of crude oil does not occur during rail transportation, no pipelines for oil products. The Russian rail routes have a competitive disadvantage compared to Georgia as Novorossiysk Port is typically frozen in winter and operations are frequently delayed. The Russian and Iranian routes are significantly longer than the Georgian route, which increases costs, risks, and transportation time. The railway route running through Iran is less attractive than the Georgian route due to the tense political relations between Iran and the West. Railway transportation is considered safer and more environmentally friendly than road transportation. Expensive bulk transportation - in cases of bulk transportation, the railway is considered cheaper than the road. |
| Keywords: | Georgian railway,BRI,TRACECA,EVA,CAGR,GDP |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:opodis:20224&r= |
| By: | Ponomarev Yuri (Gaidar Institute for Economic Policy); Borzykh Ksenia (RANEPA); Aliev S. (RANEPA) |
| Abstract: | After a dramatic decline of the main performance indicators of the transportation industry on the back of acute implications of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020, the year 2021 saw the signs of recovery of this sector, however, the indicators (the transportation volume) remained below the pre-pandemic level. The rates of recovery of the transportation industry correlate closely with the dynamics of related industries (intersectoral linkages), such as tourism, the building industry and retail trade. A pickup in transportation services was driven by the lifting of restrictions and a revival of global production, business activity and logistics chains. |
| Keywords: | Russian economy, transportation industry, freight tariffs, passenger traffic, railways |
| JEL: | L91 L92 L93 L99 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gai:ppaper:ppaper-2022-1215&r= |
| By: | Gøril L. Andreassen; Jo Thori Lind |
| Abstract: | We investigate empirically whether the market value of electric vehicles, which have rapid technological progress, decline faster over their lifetime than gasoline vehicles, which is a mature technology. We use novel data from the market with the highest market shares for electric vehicles in the world, Norway, from the largest web platform for secondhand vehicles for 2011-2021. The price path of electric vehicles declines faster than gasoline vehicles. This seems to be driven by the electric vehicles with below median driving range. We hypothesize that the large price drop is mainly due to the fast technological improvement of electric vehicles. |
| Keywords: | energy transition, price, technological progress, low-carbon technologies, electric vehicles, secondhand market, climate policy |
| JEL: | D12 L60 L62 O33 Q55 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9814&r= |
| By: | Eberhard Feess; Gerd Muehlheusser |
| Abstract: | In unavoidable traffic accidents, autonomous vehicles (AVs) face the dilemma of protecting either the passenger(s) or third parties. Recent studies show that most people prefer AVs following a utilitarian approach by minimizing total harm. At the same time, however, they would adopt an AV only if it prioritizes the passenger(s), i.e. themselves. As AVs exhibit a lower accident risk in the first place, a regulator therefore faces a trade-off: the harm-minimizing behavior of AVs (ex post efficiency) hampers the willingness to adopt them (ex ante efficiency). Using a game-theoretic model, we analyze how the second-best optimal level of AV passenger protection depends on (i) the AV safety advantage, (ii) the intensity of drivers’ social preferences, and (iii) their reluctance to adopt AVs. A higher AV safety advantage may either increase or decrease the second best optimal level of passenger protection. |
| Keywords: | autonomous vehicles, ethical dilemma, trolley problem, adoption of new technologies, game theory |
| JEL: | O31 K23 L51 L62 R41 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9825&r= |
| By: | Zhaoqi Zang; Richard Batley; Xiangdong Xu; Anthony Chen; David Z. W. Wang |
| Abstract: | Extensive empirical studies show that the long distribution tail of travel time and the corresponding unexpected delay can have much more serious consequences than expected or moderate delay. However, the unexpected delay due to the unreliable aspect of travel time has received limited attention in recent studies of the valuation of travel time variability. As a complement to current valuation research, this paper proposes the concept of the value of travel time unreliability (VOU), which quantifies the value that travelers place on reducing the unreliable aspect of travel time. Methodologically, we define the summation of all unexpected delays as the unreliability area to quantify travel time unreliability and show that it is a key element of two well defined measures accounting for travel time unreliability. Then, we derive the formulations of VOU and the value of travel time reliability (VOR) in the scheduling of a trip under uncertainty. To fully capture the reliable and unreliable aspects of travel time, the VOR and VOU are aggregated into what we define as the value of travel time variability (VOV). We theoretically prove that the VOV has a diminishing marginal effect in terms of the punctuality requirement of a traveler under a valid condition. This implies that it may be uneconomic to blindly pursue a higher punctuality requirement. Then, the travel time variability ratio is developed based on this diminishing marginal effect to help travelers intuitively understand the implicit cost of the punctuality requirements they impose for their trips. Numerical examples demonstrate that it is necessary to consider the cost of travel time unreliability, as it can account for more than 10% of the total trip cost. |
| Date: | 2022–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2207.06293&r= |
| By: | Niklas Gohl (University of Potsdam, DIW Berlin, Berlin School of Economics); Philipp Schrauth (University of Potsdam) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides novel evidence on the impact of public transport subsidies on air pollution. We obtain causal estimates by leveraging a unique policy intervention in Germany that temporarily reduced nationwide prices for regional public transport to a monthly flat rate price of 9 Euros. Us-ing DiD estimation strategies on air pollutant data, we show that this intervention causally reduced a benchmark air pollution index by more than six percent. Our results illustrate that public transport subsidies – especially in the context of spatially constrained cities – offer a viable alterna-tive for policymakers and city planers to improve air quality, which has been shown to crucially affect health outcomes. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, public transport, transport subsidies |
| JEL: | Q53 Q58 R12 R48 |
| Date: | 2022–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pot:cepadp:50&r= |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report explores how ASEAN member states can mitigate the negative impacts of the rapidly growing number of cars on the region’s roads. More, increasingly larger vehicles consume more energy, emit more CO2 and cause more local air pollution. Among the policies to counter these trends and make mobility in the region more sustainable is the ASEAN Fuel Economy Roadmap. This study provides support for implementing the roadmap. It looks specifically at policies for making light-duty vehicles more efficient and less emitting but also provides insights for other motorised road vehicles. The report explores opportunities for aligning policies across ASEAN, considers the role of trade agreements and recommends measures for a transition towards electrification. |
| Date: | 2022–03–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:102-en&r= |