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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Kurani, Ken; Sanguinetti, Angela |
| Abstract: | Electrifying ridehailing services provided by transportation network companies (TNCs) can reduce climate-altering emissions and air pollution and provide cost savings on fuel and maintenance to TNC drivers. Policy levers have emerged to nudge the industry in this direction. California’s Senate Bill 1014 establishes a “clean miles standard” requiring an increasing percentage of ride-hailing services be provided by zero-emissions vehicles such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs)—together referred to as plug-in vehicles (PEVs). This can be achieved by increasing the number of TNC drivers using BEVs and PHEVs, and by increasing the electric miles PHEV drivers travel. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2022–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6bv833zm&r= |
| By: | Kurani, Ken; Sanguinetti, Angela |
| Abstract: | Electrifying ridehailing services provided by transportation network companies (TNCs) can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution while providing fuel and maintenance cost savings to TNC drivers. Policy levers have emerged to nudge the industry in this direction. California’s Senate Bill 1014 establishes a “clean miles standard” requiring an increasing percentage of ride-hailing services be provided by zero-emissions vehicles, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs)—together referred to as plug-in vehicles (PEVs). In spring 2019, researchers at UC Davis surveyed 732 TNC drivers in the US who already use a PEV, to understand their use and charging of their PEV. This is the second in a series of briefs highlighting the results of the survey. There is limited understanding of how drivers’ charging practices affect the potential benefits of electrifying TNCs. This research identifies segments of TNC-PEV drivers based on their vehicle charging practices (i.e., location, level, and time of day) to inform infrastructure planning. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2022–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1pz2w3pp&r= |
| By: | Sanguinetti, Angela; Kurani, Ken |
| Abstract: | Electrifying ridehailing services provided by transportation network companies (TNCs) such as Uber and Lyft can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution and provide cost savings on fuel and maintenance to TNC drivers. Policy levers have emerged to nudge the industry in this direction. California’s Senate Bill 1014 establishes a “clean miles standard” requiring that an increasing percentage of ridehailing services be provided by zero-emissions vehicles such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs)—together referred to as plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). Because TNC drivers operate their personal vehicles, government and industry must accelerate PEV adoption among TNC drivers to achieve this goal. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2022–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1x85q7tj&r= |
| By: | Tal, Gil; Davis, Adam; Garas, Dahlia |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, electric vehicles, zero emission vehicles, Advance Clean Car |
| Date: | 2022–05–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1g05z2x3&r= |
| By: | Fukushige, Tatsuya; Fitch, Dillon T.; Mohiuddin, Hossain; Andersen, Hayden; Jenn, Alan |
| Abstract: | Micromobility services (e.g., conventional and electric bikeshare programs and electric scootershare programs) hold great potential for reducing vehicle miles traveled and greenhouse gas emissions if these services are used as substitutes for car travel and/or to access public transit. But estimating these environmental effects is challenging, as it requires measuring changes in human behavior—that is, the choice of what transportation mode to use. While many cities collect various micromobility usage metrics to regulate services, these metrics are not sufficient for calculating the sustainability benefits of these services. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2022–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt72v218gn&r= |
| By: | Cathrine Hagem (Statistics Norway); Snorre Kverndokk; Eric Nævdal; Knut Einar Rosendahl |
| Abstract: | Abatement can be performed by measures that have an impact on present emissions, but no lasting effect, and by long-lived infrastructure investments. We study the optimal combination of short and long-lived options for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, by specifying abatement cost functions depending on abatement from these two options. Electrification of the transport sector is used as an example. A transition from internal combustion engines vehicles (ICEVs) to electric vehicles (EVs) can be incentivized by both subsidies on purchases of EVs and increased density of fast chargers. Subsidizing the purchase of EVs only leads to emissions reductions in the next few years (static option), whereas investment in infrastructure also will reduce abatement costs in several years to come (dynamic option). We find that the present marginal abatement cost of the dynamic alternative exceeds the costs of static abatement in optimum, thus the dynamic option may be profitable even if it is more expensive. A higher expected abatement cost in later periods most likely makes it even more profitable to use the dynamic policy instrument. This framework is used for a numerical study on electrification of the transport sector in Norway. The numerical simulations confirm the results of the theory model. Flexibility in the domestic target over time and the presence of an international permit market affect the combination of static and dynamic abatement. This stresses the importance of early and time consistent plans for international regulations of GHG emissions. |
| Keywords: | Emissions permit market; infrastructure investments; electric vehicles |
| JEL: | C63 H21 Q54 R42 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:980&r= |
| By: | Ferguson, Beth |
| Abstract: | Electric bicycle charging facilities that support active mobility and public transit connectivity can play a significant role in the global transition to low-carbon energy. Design of an electric bicycle solar charging station can combine solar technology, light transportation infrastructure, and civic place-making to provide the public an opportunity to recharge their mobile electronics, e-bikes, or e-scooters. The proposed station design reimagines public space by providing a shaded seating area during the day and a vibrant, LED-lit space at night. Four solar panels and a battery bank extend the station’s charging capacity into the night. The goal of this project is to serve as an off-grid energy power supply and environmental information center, with interactive displays of the solar station operation and an LED display of local air quality. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Architecture, Engineering, Solar energy, electric bike, EV charging station, renewable energy |
| Date: | 2022–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt16r0g54f&r= |
| By: | Majid Hashemi (Department of Economics, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L3N6 and Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Mikhail Miklyaev (Department of Economics, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L3N6 and Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Glenn P. Jenkins (Department of Economics, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L3N6 and Cambridge Resources International Inc.) |
| Abstract: | Social value of time was estimated for three categories of public sector interventions in Ghana that can potentially result in time savings for citizens and firms. These estimations were carried out for the monetary values of time savings for transportation projects in urban and rural regions passenger and vehicle modes, travel time reductions in water and sanitation projects were reported for adults and children in Ghana. The estimated benefits from time savings are realized due to improving the efficiency of public service deliveries. These study shows that the benefits realized by citizens and firms will be substantial regardless of whether the purpose of visiting public offices are personal (e.g., medical treatments at public clinic or hospitals) or commercial (e.g., renewing business permit or registering commercial motor vehicles). |
| Keywords: | Ghana, Social Value of Time, Time Saved, households Public Sector Interventions |
| JEL: | D46 D60 I31 |
| Date: | 2022–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4583&r= |
| By: | Sanguinetti, Angela; Kurani, Ken |
| Abstract: | Electrifying ridehailing services provided by transportation network companies (TNCs) such as Uber and Lyft can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution) and provide cost savings on fuel and maintenance to TNC drivers. Policy levers have emerged to nudge the industry in this direction. California’s Senate Bill 1014 establishes a “Clean Miles Standard” requiring that an increasing percentage of ridehailing services be provided by zero-emissions vehicles. However, the path to achieving this goal is unclear. This brief is the last in a series on TNC electrification. It presents a research agenda identified by government and industry stakeholders, articulating what they believe are the most important questions to address to find the path to TNC electrification. This brief also highlights which perceived research needs are shared broadly and which differ across government and industry stakeholders. The aim is to facilitate a shared understanding for better research, policy, and business practices. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2022–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt8jv770ms&r= |
| By: | McCullough, Sarah R.; Erasmus, C. Sequoia |
| Abstract: | Transportation equity is a priority for agencies across the state. This research brief summarizes the study, "Assessing the Impact of Equity Work in Active and Sustainable Transportation," that highlighted the importance of distinguishing between performative and authentic equity work. Performative equity refers to actions, words, or gestures that claim to do equity work, but in practice do not improve matters for those historically oppressed, and in turn, reinforces root systems of dominance and status quo. Authentic equity work results in meaningful change to those most impacted by historical racism and oppression. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Case studies, Equity (Justice), Minorities, Mobility, Police, Transportation planning |
| Date: | 2022–05–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt3dt084gp&r= |
| By: | Precious P. Adeshina (Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Mikhail Miklyaev (Department of Economics, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L3N6 and Cambridge Resources International Inc.) |
| Abstract: | Public resources are finite and as such should be employed efficiently. There is an opportunity cost in the use of resources in one project over another. Hence, there is a need to ensure that resources are put to their best use given that the same resources can be allocated to alternative uses. Hence, this Road Projects Appraisal serves the purpose of scrutinizing proposed road projects to ensure that public expenditure in the development of road infrastructure in Zimbabwe leads to the achievement of development objectives and socio-economic growth. The road project appraisal manual (RPAM) provides step by step guidance on how to formulate, prepare and appraise proposed road projects. |
| Keywords: | Cost Benefit Analysis, Road, Public Investment, Zimbabwe |
| JEL: | D61 H54 O55 L92 R42 |
| Date: | 2022–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4587&r= |
| By: | Majid Hashemi (Department of Economics, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L3N6 and Cambridge Resources International Inc.); Mikhail Miklyaev (Department of Economics, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, K7L3N6 and Cambridge Resources International Inc.) |
| Abstract: | A feasibility studies was carried out on the main highway one of Ghana’s largest city which is a 19.5 km dual carriageway constructed as a freeway fifty years ago with an intended design life of 20 years. After several years of use and inadequate maintenance, the pavement has outlived its terminal level of serviceability with visible fatigue-cracking, joint failures, and pumping under wheel load and requires reconstruction. To address these issues and ensure the sustainability of Ghana’s socio-economic development trajectory, the Government of Ghana has identified the Main Highway Project as one of the transport infrastructure projects needed to support the country’s accelerated growth strategy. |
| Keywords: | Public-Private Partnership, Cost Benefit Analysis, Ghana |
| JEL: | D61 I38 H54 L92 R42 |
| Date: | 2022–04–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qed:dpaper:4586&r= |
| By: | Lee, Wang-Sheng (Monash University); Tran, Trang My (Monash University); Yu, Lamont Bo (University of Macau) |
| Abstract: | We use high-frequency data from location-based mobile phone records to measure domestic air travel patterns of the Chinese population during the Covid-19 pandemic. The travel and tourism industry is a key driver of China's domestic economy and data from this industry helps serve as an objective proxy for domestic economic activity during the pandemic. Our results show that except for some periods of intense mobility restrictions, relative to travel patterns in 2019, mobility in fact increased in China from mid-2020 onwards. This increase in domestic air travel is likely due to a combination of factors: China's control and management of the Delta variant, China's new "dual circulation" development paradigm, and a pent-up demand for international travel that is not permitted. |
| Keywords: | China, COVID-19, dual circulation, mobile phone data, mobility |
| JEL: | C31 I12 I18 R11 R41 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15269&r= |
| By: | Pierre Cariou; Ronald A. Halim; Bradley J. Rickard |
| Abstract: | We consider the effects of a maritime bunker levy on ship-owner profits, trade, and emissions. Standard and augmented gravity models are employed using data from 2016 to estimate the impact of a change in transit time and transit cost on grain and soybean trade flows and on vessel speed. Results for a bunker levy of 50 USD/tonne of fuel, or less, stress that it will not trigger a change in the optimal speed of the vessel which is contrary to most theoretical models that predict an increase in fuel costs will always lead to a reduction in speed and carbon emissions. For markets where the shipowners pass the tax on to final consumers, it is also optimal to keep the same speed (and transit time) as long as the tax is equal to, or less than, 100 USD/tonne. Bunker levies exceeding 100 USD/tonne may be needed to reduce carbon when trade flows are sensitive to trade costs and transport time, as may be the case for many agricultural commodities. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2022–05–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cuaepw:320702&r= |
| By: | Abedullah (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics) |
| Abstract: | The term “smog” was used first time in 1950 and described it as combination of smoke and fog in London. Now it refers to a mixture of smoke (pollutants made up mostly of ground level ozone) and mist. Exhaust cloud is the dirty air contaminated with chemical emitting from different anthropogenic activities and it is characterised as the blend of the gasses with residue and water vapors. Air pollution has emerged as a serious environmental threat in the South Asia. According to WHO (2016), world’s top most 20 polluted cities are located in Asia, among them three are located in Pakistan. Since 2016, dense smog blankets the city of Lahore, the capital of Punjab during months of October to December is becoming a serious problem. |
| Keywords: | Private Cars, Public Transport, Smog, Air Pollution, Pakistan |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pid:kbrief:2022:53&r= |
| By: | Shi, Wei (Jinan University); Qiu, Yun (Jinan University); Yu, Pei (Rice University); Chen, Xi (Yale University) |
| Abstract: | Travel restrictions are often imposed to limit the spread of infectious diseases. As uniform restrictions can be inefficient and incur unnecessarily high costs, this paper examines the optimal design of restrictions that target specific travel routes. We propose a model with trade-offs between costs of infections and costs of travel restrictions, where decisions are made with or without coordination between local jurisdictions and provide a computational feasible way to solve the optimization problem. We illustrate the model using the COVID-19 data in China. When travel restrictions target key routes, only around 5% of the possible routes need to be closed in order to have the same number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the initial outbreaks. Uncoordinated travel restrictions ignore policy externalities and therefore are sub-optimal in comparison to coordinated restrictions. |
| Keywords: | transmission, public health, economic cost, coordination, externality, COVID-19 |
| JEL: | I18 R1 C21 C6 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15290&r= |
| By: | John K. Dagsvik (Statistics Norway) |
| Abstract: | Consumers often face choice settings in which alternatives are discrete. Examples include choices between variants of differentiated products, modes of urban transportation, residential locations, etc. In this paper compensated price elasticities and a corresponding(aggregate) Slutsky equation for discrete choice models are derived. A remarkable feature of compensated price elasticities in the discrete case is that they usually are not symmetric, as compensated elasticities with respect to a price increase versus a price decrease may be different. Finally, compensated marginal price effects and elasticities are derived for selected examples. |
| Keywords: | Compensated choice; Discrete/continuous choice; Slutsky equation; Marginal compensated effects |
| JEL: | C25 C43 D11 |
| Date: | 2022–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ssb:dispap:978&r= |
| By: | Selcuk, Cemil (Cardiff Business School); Gokpinar, Bilal (UCL School of Management) |
| Abstract: | Creating the right incentives for a flexible workforce lies at the heart of the gig economy. For most companies, a key question is how to best connect a limited number of independent workers in their platforms with service-seeking consumers through the right pricing and matching mechanisms. We focus on ride-hailing where drivers have significant discretion over where and when to work across different locations. Building a spatial model, we study how a platform can create incentives for independent drivers via prices and commissions, and how such policies affect driversísearch behavior across a network of locations. Contrary to common perception, we find that the áexibility of the commissions, and not the flexibility of prices, plays a dominant role in resolving local demand and supply mismatch. This is because location based price hikes at the bottlenecks negatively distort the local demand and generally do a poor job in incentivizing drivers towards such locations. Adjusting the commissions, on the other hand, does not interfere with the local demand; creates better incentives for the drivers, and therefore is more suitable to mitigate the effects of bottlenecks. Simulations based on actual ride patterns from New York City and Los Angeles confirm our insights. |
| Keywords: | Ride-sharing, Gig workersícompensation, Flexible commission, Sharing economy |
| Date: | 2022–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdf:wpaper:2022/11&r= |
| By: | Riatu Mariatul Qibthiyyah (Institute for Economic and Social Research, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia (LPEM FEB UI)); Fauziah Zen (Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia; Economics Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)) |
| Abstract: | During the COVID period, a form of remote working, work from home, is adopted in the workplace and/or is opted by the workers. Based on SAKERNAS August 2020 survey, 10.39% of salaried workers worked from home during this early period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Exploring on factors affecting the choice of remote working, we find vulnerable populations, as in the case of women and disabled workers, have a higher probability of working remotely from home. However, married workers correlated with a lower probability of working from home. Across sectors, manufacturing, transport, hotel and restaurant sectors are positively correlated with a higher probability of working remotely, and the reverse for the case of health and social and the government sector in general. In this early pandemic period, salaried workers who work from home mostly experienced a lower or the same level of hours work compared to the period before the COVID-19 pandemic. There seems to be divergence on the benefits of working from home, as from descriptive, an increase in earnings is dominated by workers with a relatively high wage rate. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19 impact on jobs — work from home — remote work — internet usage — vulnerable workers |
| JEL: | J21 J22 O21 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lpe:wpaper:202269&r= |