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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Rodier, Caroline; Chai, Huajun; Kaddoura, Ihab |
| Abstract: | Studies show that automated vehicles are likely to increase vehicle travel, resulting in more congestion and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs). Pricing policies such as increasing the cost of driving and reducing the cost of alternative travel modes could lessen the negative impacts of automated vehicle deployment, although it is unclear to what extent. Cities located in the Westside Cities Council of Governments planning area in western Los Angeles County could be candidates for early deployment of automated vehicles because of their high travel volumes, well-maintained roads, and temperate weather conditions. Los Angeles County also faces high levels of poverty. Thus, the Westside Cities area presents an important opportunity to study how automated vehicles and associated pricing policies might affect congestion, vehicle miles traveled (VMT), and GHGs, and whether they might improve mobility for marginalized populations. Researchers at the University of California, Davis and the Technical University of Berlin evaluated these questions by simulating three scenarios in the Westside Cities area using an open-source, dynamic, agent-based travel model called MATSim. The researchers then calculated the benefits of each scenario compared to the base case for various income groups, considering monetary travel costs and the value of travel time for each income group. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Autonomous vehicles, Case studies, Equity (Justice), Greenhouse gases, Modal shift, Taxi services Geographic Terms: Los Angeles (California) |
| Date: | 2022–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1jr721k4&r= |
| By: | Daniele Crotti (University of Insubria); Elena Maggi (University of Insubria); Evangelia Pantelaki (University of Insubria) |
| Abstract: | In the last years, sustainable travels have included bike tourists visiting cities to enjoy cultural and urban environments. Yet, when considering cycling tourists’ intra-destination trips by motorized vehicles, the extent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions could reduce the sustainability of those tourism experiences. In this paper we study the bike tourists’ choice of visiting urban places and of using greener transport means, such as public transportation. By using 858 observations from an on-line survey on bike tourism in 2020 in Italy, we develop a bivariate probit model, considering socio-demographics, bike-related factors, travel characteristics, and the evaluation of cycling and accommodation features at destination. The odds of visiting cities are positively affected by travel features, e.g., picking foreign countries, travel groups, the length of stays, the availability of commercial and bike recovery services, but also negatively by road traffic. Notably, using public transportation is more likely for longer daily trips by bike, for low-cost tourists lodging in B&Bs, and for those having a higher sensitivity to bike-related services. Since we statistically found a linkage between the two choices, from a destination management perspective, our results support the sustainability claim for policies affecting them simultaneously. |
| Keywords: | Sustainable travels, Cycling holidays, Urban tourism, Public transportation, Bivariate probit |
| JEL: | C25 L92 O18 Q56 R41 Z32 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2022.01&r= |
| By: | Ioulia Ossokina (Eindhoven University of Technology); Jos van Ommeren (VU Amsterdam); Henk van Mourik (Ministry of Infrastructure and Rijkswaterstaat) |
| Abstract: | Highway construction occurs nowadays mainly through widening of ex- isting roads rather than building new roads. This paper documents that highway widenings considerably reduce congestion in the short run, defined here as 6 years. Using longitudinal microdata from highway detector loops in the Netherlands, we find substantial travel time savings. These savings occur despite strong increases in traffic flow. The welfare benefits in the short run already cover 40% of the widenings’ investment costs. Our paper contributes to an explanation why countries invest in roadworks even when the fundamental law of congestion predicts that travel savings disappear in the long run. |
| Keywords: | highway widening, congestion, traffic flow, welfare effects, economic activity |
| JEL: | R3 R33 R4 R42 H4 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20220010&r= |
| By: | Huang, Amy; Post, Alison E.; Ratan, Ishana; Hill, Mary C.; Zhao, Bingyu |
| Abstract: | In recent years, “smart city” information and communication technologies have proliferated. For local government agencies, procuring and introducing these technologies offers the possibility to manage infrastructure assets more effectively, plan for preventive maintenance, and disseminate schedules and information about transit and other services. Many of these technologies are deployed by private firms in the context of local regulations and government-sponsored incentives. In the transportation sector, examples of “smart city” technology services provided by private firms include: electric vehicle (EV) chargers, micro-mobility (e.g., scooter and bike rentals), and transportation network company (TNC) services, such as Uber and Lyft. To understand variation in how private sector smart city transportation technologies are deployed across California, researchers at UC Berkeley webscraped and cross verified data on EV chargers, Uber services, and micro-mobility. EV charger data was obtained from the Department of Energy, and Uber and micromobility access data came from vendor websites. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt35r8k96t&r= |
| By: | Jarvis, Stephen |
| Abstract: | There are longstanding debates about the differences between generations. This includes claims that Millennials have fundamentally different preferences for driving and vehicle ownership when compared to prior generations. Using data on the United Kingdom I do indeed find large observed differences in driving habits and vehicle ownership between Millennials and prior generations. However, once certain confounding factors are controlled for these differences largely disappear. These results confirm findings from related work that looked at the United States, indicating that generational trends in driving habits are likely a fairly general phenomenon. |
| Keywords: | vehicle ownership; driving; generational changes |
| JEL: | L91 R22 D12 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:113646&r= |
| By: | Guillaume Daudin (DIAL - Développement, institutions et analyses de long terme, OFCE - Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (Sciences Po) - Sciences Po - Sciences Po, LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jérôme Héricourt (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CEPII - Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales - Centre d'analyse stratégique, LEM - Lille économie management - UMR 9221 - UA - Université d'Artois - UCL - Université catholique de Lille - Université de Lille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Lise Patureau (LEDa - Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - PSL - Université Paris sciences et lettres - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | International transport costs do have an additive part. How large is it? Does it matter?This paper provides new answers to these questions. Using information contained in the US imports flows from 1974 to 2019, we develop an empirical model that disentangles the ad-valorem and the additive components of international transport costs. The per-unit component of transport costs rep-resents a sizeable share of total transport costs, between 30% and 45% depending on the year and the transport mode considered. We then investigate the important consequences of additive costs, under two different perspectives. First, modelling varying additive costs modifies the decomposition of transport costs time trend between the reduction in "pure" transport costs and trade composition effects, the latter playing a minor role. Second, we revisit the welfare gains of the transport costreduction in presence of additive costs. In this regard, we shed light on the welfare variations in-duced by the international trade acceleration and the "hyper-globalization", as well as the key role of additive transport costs in determining those welfare variations. Neglecting the additive component substantially underestimates the welfare gains of the transport cost decrease. |
| Abstract: | Les coûts du transport international ont une part additive. Quelle est l'ampleur de cette dernière ? Est-ce important pour l'analyse économique ? Cet article apporte de nouvelles réponses à ces questions. A cet effet, nous développons une méthodologie empirique permettant de distinguer précisément les composantes multiplicative et additive des coûts de transport internationaux, que nous appliquons sur des données exhaustives d'importations pour les États-Unis sur la période 1974-2019. L'analyse révèle que la composante additive représente une partie significative des coûts de transport totaux, comprise entre 30 et 45% selon l'année et le mode de transport considéré. Dans un second temps, nous évaluons les conséquences pour l'analyse économique de cette importance des coûts additifs, sous deux angles différents. Tout d'abord, la modélisation de coûts additifs variables modifie la décomposition de la tendance temporelle des coûts de transport, entre d'une part la réduction des coûts de transport "purs" et d'autre part les effets de composition du commerce, ces derniers jouant un rôle mineur. Par la suite, nous réévaluons les gains de bien-être produits par la réduction des coûts de transport en présence de coûts additifs. A cet égard, nous mesurons les variations de bien-être induites par l'accélération du commerce international observée à partir des années 1980 et le phénomène d'hyper-mondialisation, ainsi que le rôle-clé des coûts de transport additifs dans la détermination de ces variations de bien-être. Nous montrons ainsi que négliger la composante additive des coûts de transport conduit à sous-estimer considérablement les gains de bien-être produits par la décrue de ces coûts. |
| Keywords: | Transport costs estimates,non-linear econometrics,period 1974-2019,additive costs,trade composition effects,gains from trade,coûts de transport,économétrie non linéaire,période 1974-2019,coûts additifs,effets decomposition du commerce,gains au commerce |
| Date: | 2022–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03538476&r= |
| By: | Post, Alison PhD; Ratan, Ishana; Hill, Mary; Huang, Amy; Soga, Kenichi PhD; Zhao, Bingyu PhD |
| Abstract: | In recent years, “smart city” technologies have emerged that allow cities, counties, and other agencies to manage their infrastructure assets more effectively, make their services more accessible to the public, and allow citizens to interface with new web-and mobile-based alternative service providers. This project developed an innovative user-friendly web interface for local and state policymakers that tracks and displays information on the adoption of such technologies in California across the policing, transportation, and water and wastewater sectors for a comprehensive set of local service providers: connectedgov.berkeley.edu. Contrary to conventional smart city indices, our platform allows users to view rates of adoption in maps that attribute adoption to the local public agencies or service providers actually procuring or regulating the technologies in question. Users can construct indices or view technologies one by one. Users can also explore the relationship between technology adoption and local service area conditions and demographics, or download the raw data and scripts used to collect it. This report illustrates the utility of the data we have collected, and the analytics one can perform using our web interface through an analysis of the rollout of three technologies in the transportation sector: electric vehicle (EV) chargers, transportation network company (TNC) service areas, and micromobility services across California. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Smart cities, data collection, micromobility, ridesourcing, electric vehicle charging, local government agencies, private sector, market penetration, databases, web applications |
| Date: | 2021–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt5mt4m51n&r= |
| By: | Xiaojuan Yu (Zhongnan University of Economics and Law); Vincent van den Berg (VU Amsterdam); Erik Verhoef (VU Amsterdam); ZhiChun Li (Huazhong University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | Autonomous cars allow safe driving with a smaller headway than that required for normal human-driven cars, thereby potentially improving road capacity. To attain this capacity benefit, cooperation among autonomous cars is vital. However, the future market may have multiple car brands and the incentive for them to cooperate is unknown. This paper investigates competition and cooperation between multiple car brands, which may offer both autonomous and normal cars. In particular, we develop a two-stage game theoretic model to investigate brands' strategic interactions and evaluate, from both policy and organizational perspectives, the implications of their cooperation incentives and pricing competition. We compare four market structures: duopoly competition, perfect competition, a public welfare-maximizing monopoly, and a private profit-maximizing monopoly. Various parameters are evaluated, including factors such as price elasticity, capacity effects, and cooperation cost. This evaluation provides policy insights into actions that could be considered by regulators and organizations for the operation of autonomous cars. |
| Keywords: | Autonomous cars, Cooperation strategy, Duopoly competition, Game theory, Regulatory policy |
| JEL: | D21 R41 D43 |
| Date: | 2022–02–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20220003&r= |
| By: | HIGASHIDA Keisaku; ISHIKAWA Jota; TARUI Nori |
| Abstract: | This study examines the effects of carbon pricing of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international transport, production, and consumption of traded goods by modeling the international transport sector explicitly. Endogenous international transport explains the novel mechanism of carbon leakage across borders and sectors. The effectiveness of carbon pricing depends on whether the backhaul problem (i.e., the imbalance of shipping volume in outgoing and incoming routes) is present. If the backhaul problem is absent, any carbon pricing is effective because the global GHG emissions are necessarily reduced. With the backhaul problem, carbon pricing in goods consumption remains effective, whereas carbon pricing in goods production results in cross-border carbon leakage. However, endogenous transport costs mitigate this leakage. The opportunity of foreign direct investment also affects carbon pricing effectiveness. In particular, carbon pricing in the transport sector may not affect GHG emissions at all. |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:21102&r= |
| By: | Xiaojuan Yu (Zhongnan University of Economics and Law); Vincent van den Berg (VU Amsterdam); ZhiChun Li (Huazhong University of Science and Technology) |
| Abstract: | In the face of capacity disruptions (due, for example, to traffic incidents or poor weather), information provision and congestion pricing are alternative alleviating policies. A state-dependent toll equals the state-dependent marginal external cost (MEC), which is higher if traffic condition is in a bad state. This raises efficiency and thus welfare, but it may also be even more unpopular with the populace than state- independent tolling. We study this using dynamic bottleneck congestion with an uncertain capacity that can have two states: high or low. We consider two congestion pricing regimes: responsive state-dependent congestion pricing and habitual state- independent pricing, and three information provision regimes: no information, perfect information and imperfect information. We find that, without information provision, the habitual toll equals the expected MEC. With information provision, this is a weighted average of the MEC over all states; with weights depending on the capacity distribution, the price sensitivity of demand, the values of schedule delay and the quality of the information. Responsive pricing leads to higher welfare and a lower expected price than habitual pricing, but in our numerical model the differences tend to be small. When only one policy is implemented, information provision and congestion pricing both raise welfare. Information provision is preferable when uncertainty is high, as information is more valuable at this time. |
| Keywords: | Uncertainty, Bottleneck congestion, Information provision, Responsive pricing, State-dependent pricing |
| JEL: | R41 R48 D62 D80 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20220012&r= |
| By: | Luttmann, Alexander; Gaggero, Alberto A |
| Abstract: | This study provides empirical evidence documenting how COVID-19 affects intertemporal price dispersion in the airline industry. Exploiting a unique panel of 43 million fares collected before and during the pandemic, we find that airlines discounted fares by an average of 57%. The rate of intertemporal price increases also declined, particularly in the last week to departure. We also find that flight-level price dispersion increased during the pandemic. Fare decreases (and the associated increase in price dispersion) are found to be driven primarily by the diffusion of COVID-19 at the destination as opposed to the origin market. |
| Keywords: | airlines, COVID-19, intertemporal pricing, price dispersion |
| JEL: | D40 I19 L11 L93 |
| Date: | 2022–02–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111797&r= |
| By: | Deakin, Elizabeth |
| Abstract: | A Brief History of Transportation Policy and Institutions presents the development of transportation systems in the United States, with particular attention to California. The review includes key technological advances in transportation and the institutions that were developed to implement them. The paper also discusses the problem of organizational inertia and the issues associated with changing organizational culture to better reflect the problems of the day. Review of Statewide Transportation Plans for California reviews the most recently adopted CTP and other key transportation plans adopted by state agencies, discusses the special attention given to new technologies in the CTP, and presents the findings from over 80 interviews with stakeholders across California who were asked to weigh in on the strengths and weaknesses of transportation planning practices in the state. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2021–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt2fs5w7jp&r= |
| By: | CUERVO, Luis Gabriel MD, MSc, SFM; Cuervo, Daniel; Hatcher-Roberts, Janet; Herrera, Eliana Martínez; Pinilla, Luis Fernando; Piquero, Felipe; Ospina, Maria; Molina, Ciro Jaramillo |
| Abstract: | Addressing accessibility to health services requires intersectoral multi-stakeholder action. There is not a lot of knowledge about the effects of traffic congestion on accessibility. The availability of new data allows putting forward simple metrics that all stakeholders can manage. This proof-of-concept reveals accessibility using a platform with intuitive heatmaps/choropleths, dials, and graphs. It uses filters and shows accessibility according to socio-demographic characteristics. It is dynamic, reflecting the impact of changes in traffic congestion. The platform (AMORE Platform) provides a situational analysis that can be updated as conditions or data changes. The Platform reveals and quantifies inequities of accessibility and allows maximizing accessibility by optimizing the location for new services. The proof-of-concept uses two scenarios (1) urgent care in a tertiary hospital; and (2) frequent care (hemodialysis and radiotherapy). The data generation component will be complemented with a participatory action research assessment with project collaborators involving different stakeholders (e.g., authorities, service providers and users, organized civil society and academia) who will use the platform and could determine its value and potential in service planning, urbanism, and intersectoral and multistakeholder collaboration. The platform can be updated and modified to cover other services within and beyond the health sector. The proof-of-concept is done in Cali, Colombia's third most populous city, with inputs from a broad range of stakeholders. |
| Date: | 2021–11–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:thesis:4atqc&r= |
| By: | Badura, Ondrej; Melecky, Ales; Melecky, Martin |
| Abstract: | Competitive passenger rail can help workers access new or better jobs. This paper studies the wider economic impacts on local unemployment of the liberalized passenger rail between Ostrava, the third-biggest city in the Czech Republic, and Prague, its capital. The local impacts are estimated at the LAU 1 level (administrative districts) using the difference-in-differences method. The liberalization motivated the entry of two new private providers. The resulting competition in ticket prices, the number of connections, and service quality had a strong beneficial effect on labor market connectivity. It significantly reduced unemployment in the districts along the line compared with the control districts. The effect weakens with the level of urbanization of the treated district. It could partly transmit through higher firm entry and lower firm exit in the local market, as well as better skill matching on the back of higher inward and outward migration. |
| Keywords: | Competition; difference in differences; districts; liberalization; local labor market; passenger transport; railways; unemployment; urbanization; EU country; OECD country |
| JEL: | J6 L40 R10 R40 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111651&r= |
| By: | Chen, Xi (Yale University); Qiu, Yun (Jinan University); Shi, Wei (Jinan University); Yu, Pei (Rice University) |
| Abstract: | We consider a model of network interactions where the outcome of a unit depends on the outcomes of the connected units. We determine the key network link, i.e., the network link whose removal results in the largest reduction in the aggregate outcomes, and provide a measure that quantifies the contribution of a network link to the aggregate outcomes, which complements the intercentrality measure of the key network node proposed by Ballester, Calvó-Armengol, and Zenou (2006). We provide an example examining the spread of Covid-19 in China. Travel restrictions were imposed to limit the spread of infectious diseases. As uniform restrictions can be inefficient and incur unnecessarily high costs, we examine the design of restrictions that target specific travel routes. Our approach may be generalized to multiple countries to guide policies during epidemics ranging from ex ante route-specific travel restrictions to ex post health measures based on travel histories, and from the initial travel restrictions to the phased reopening. |
| Keywords: | network interactions, key network links, COVID-19, transmission |
| JEL: | C21 I18 D85 H75 |
| Date: | 2022–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15038&r= |
| By: | Loyle Campbell (Sciences Po – Paris School of International Affairs); Manfred Hafner (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Sciences Po – Paris School of International Affairs, The John Hopkins University – School of Advanced International Studies); Xinqing Lu (Sciences Po – Paris School of International Affairs); Michel Noussan (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Sciences Po – Paris School of International Affairs, Decisio); Pier Paolo Raimondi (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Istituto Affari Internazionali); Erpu Zhu (Sciences Po – Paris School of International Affairs) |
| Abstract: | This paper compares how the pursuit of self-sufficient Lithium-ion battery production by the three main geo-economic players (China, the European Union, and the United States) is unfolding by looking at the electrification of the transport sector. The analysis of this paper uses the concept of energy security and the 4 As outlined by the Asia Pacific Energy Research Center (2007) to outline the availability, accessibility, affordability, and acceptability of Lithium-ion (Li-Ion) batteries for each respective actor. This paper aims to compare the dynamics of each geoeconomic player’s EV deployment along these four indicators. Most work in this field assesses the battery strategies of these three geo-economic players individually or focuses on EV deployment from a purely economics perspective. In contrast, this paper attempts to bridge this gap through the framework of energy security to compare how each of the three player’s battery strategy connects to broader EV deployment. Adopting this framework allows us to highlight how China’s strong industrial policies and generous incentives contrast to the government multilateral alliance-building done in the European Union and the overwhelmingly dominant role of private actors found in the United States. |
| Keywords: | Lithium-Ion Batteries, Electric Vehicles, Energy Transition, Energy Security, China, the European Union, the United States |
| JEL: | Q48 Q30 F59 |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2021.35&r= |
| By: | Alkan, Ayla; Oğuş-Binatlı, Ayla |
| Abstract: | Turkey’s CO2 emissions have been steadily increasing since 1990. Determining influences of socioeconomic factors behind this increase can help identify which the sectors and what types of policies should be prioritized to go into action. This paper identifies the main contributors to CO2 emissions change within five-year intervals during 1990-2015 by adopting Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) method. The results show that CO2 emissions increase was driven by per capita expenditure and population factors, while emission coefficient factor had a reducing effect on emissions. As the production side factors fell pretty behind the consumption side factors, net emissions was positive and the actual determiner in CO2 emissions was found as consumption. The most contributing sectors were Electricity, Land Transportation and Mineral. Speeding up renewable energy investments and continuing energy efficiency measures, placing a carbon tax on electricity and oil consumption, promoting public transport and use of clean fuels and vehicles, slowing down construction and raising consumer awareness to change their consumption behavior, particularly to reduce demand for high emitting products and services should be the top priority policies. |
| Keywords: | Supply-Use Table; Structural Decomposition Analysis; CO2 emission; INDC; Turkey |
| JEL: | C67 D57 Q5 Q54 R15 |
| Date: | 2021–02–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:111635&r= |
| By: | Isis Durrmeyer (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | I quantify the welfare and environmental gains and losses from a policy establishing an environmental tax/subsidy for new cars in France in 2008. I estimate a structural model of demand and supply that features heterogeneity in consumer preferences to go beyond the average policy effects and analyse distributional aspects. The policy reduces average carbon emissions by 1.6% at the cost of additional emissions of local pollutants. The regulation favours middle-income individuals but has redistributive effects when combined with a tax that is proportional to income. Moreover, local pollutant emissions increase least in poor and rural areas, suggesting another redistribution channel. |
| Date: | 2021–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03514846&r= |