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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Tal, Gil; Davis, Adam |
| Abstract: | In the US, the market share of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs)—including battery electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles—has been rapidly increasing as a variety of new PEVs have been introduced. Knowing where PEV users are located is important to ensure that electric vehicle charging infrastructure is installed in areas where it is needed. Information on PEV location can also inform electricity supply planning to prepare for a future with higher PEV adoption. Previous studies have looked at the spatial distribution of new PEVs but not of used PEVs. Yet these spatial distributions will likely differ because the buyers of used PEVs have different characteristics than new PEV buyers. Therefore, planning charging infrastructure and electricity supply based solely on new PEV data may not serve both new and used PEV buyers. Policies developed to support drivers of used PEVs may ultimately attract a broader group of people into the PEV market, as used vehicles are less expensive than new ones. Researchers at the University of California, Davis used aggregated data at the zip code level to understand where buyers of second-hand PEVs are located, and to explore differences in the location and characteristics of regions with more original owners vs. second owners of PEVs. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Automobile ownership, Consumers, Electric vehicles, Market share, Spatial analysis, Used cars |
| Date: | 2021–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt01p6x4np&r= |
| By: | Wen Hsu (Jimmy); Bing-Fang Hwang (Jimmy); Chau-Ren Jung (Jimmy); Yau-Huo (Jimmy); Shr |
| Abstract: | Air pollution has been linked to elevated levels of risk aversion. This paper provides the first evidence showing that such effect reduces life-threatening risky behaviors. We study the impact of air pollution on traffic accidents caused by risky driving behaviors, using the universe of accident records and high-resolution air quality data of Taiwan from 2009 to 2015. We find that air pollution significantly decreases accidents caused by driver violations, and that this effect is nonlinear. In addition, our results suggest that air pollution primarily reduces road users' risky behaviors through visual channels rather than through the respiratory system. |
| Date: | 2021–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2111.06837&r= |
| By: | Bergantino, Angela Stefania; Capozza, Claudia; Spiru, Ada |
| Abstract: | Firms as part of an ecosystem are constrained by many context facets, having different dimensions and effects on their performance. In this work, we explore differences in firm performance in emerging economies by introducing contextual factors at country-level along with firm-level factors into the analysis. Especially, our focus is on a country's transport infrastructure endowment and logistics services as a source of heterogeneity in firm performance. We perform a multilevel analysis that allows us to define a two-level hierarchical structure, where firms are nested in countries. The empirical framework adopted allows us not to neglect other contextual bases by relying on their multidimensionality and global diversity. Our results confirm that part of the country-level variability in firm performance is explained by transport infrastructure and logistics services. The impact is, however, heterogeneous across infrastructures: network-type infrastructures, such as roads, railways, and logistics services, have a larger effect on firm-level performance, while transport nodes, such as airports and ports, show little or no effect. This research provides useful implications for both theory and practice, especially for policymakers and organizations. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sit:wpaper:21_2&r= |
| By: | Bergantino, Angela Stefania; Spiru, Ada |
| Abstract: | Trade is becoming increasingly fragmented and global value chains (GVCs) more complex. Although GVCs are often considered a defining feature of the current wave of globalization, little is known about what drives GVC participation. This yields to the question what separate less successful countries from successful ones. The increased geographic spread of production processes induces an increasing importance of physical transportation of input and output goods. For emerging economies, increasing international trade and enhancing the participation in global value chains (GVC) are high priority objectives (Percoco, 2014; Bensassi et al., 2015; Rao & Dhar, 2018). In order to achieve them it is necessary to improve the national transportation system and its performance as accessibility is considered an important driver of a country’s attractiveness in today’s globalized production network (Memedovic et al., 2008; Bosker and Westbrock, 2014). This work aims to investigate the determinants of the integration in international production networks of both emerging and developed markets in a transport economic perspective. Starting from the assumption that trade between two countries is conditional on several characteristics of the countries involved that can either enhance or hinder bilateral business activities (Zwinkels & Beugelsdijk, 2010), by implementing an augmented gravity equation (Santos Silva and Tenreyro, 2011; Correia et al., 2019), we investigate the role of the national transportation system in moderating the effects of different betweencountry distance dimensions on GVC-related trade flows. We take into consideration, with a trade policy focus, various aspects of “distance”: geographical, institutional, cultural and economic. We argue that additional costs arising from the different distance dimensions are partly moderated by the host country's national transportation system. Using information provided by the World Input-Output Database (WIOD) for the period 2000-2014, integrated with other data sources, we bring empirical evidence in support of the hypothesis that the national transportation system moderates the effects of between-country distances and reduces the “remoteness” of emerging economies in the global production network participation. Physical gravity factors are found to be significant drivers of vertical trade. We also find evidence confirming that the national transportation system plays an important role in determining countries’ vertical trade integration. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sit:wpaper:21_1&r= |
| By: | Ms. Leni Hunter; Mr. Paul G Seeds; Vybhavi Balasundharam; Iulai Lavea |
| Abstract: | Pacific island countries (PICs) rely on national airlines for connectivity, trade, and tourism. These airlines are being struck hard by COVID-19. Losses will weigh on public sector balance sheets and pose risks to economic recovery. With a backdrop of tight fiscal space and increasing government debt, losses in airlines are adding to fiscal risks in some PICs. This paper discusses tools to evaluate and manage the fiscal risks from national airlines in the Pacific. We present a snapshot of the current state of Public Financial Management (PFM) practices in PICs and detail the best practices. This exercise would illustrate the areas in which PICs have scope to improve their risk management with regard to national airlines. We then discuss the use of diagnostic tools and capacity development to enhance monitoring and risk management. Greater transparency and accountability in the airlines, combined with rigorous oversight, would be the first step towards improved financial management of national airlines. |
| Keywords: | B. airline planning process; airline Support; national Airlines; PFM perspective; D. budget execution consideration; financial support; Fiscal risks; Budget planning and preparation; Financial statements; Public enterprises; COVID-19; Pacific Islands |
| Date: | 2021–07–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2021/183&r= |