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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Bassem Haidar (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Maria Teresa Aguilar Rojas |
| Abstract: | Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) offer a promising choice to replace fossil-fuel dependent Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles with a low-emission transport solution. To overcome barriers hindering the purchasing activity, governments, automotive manufacturers, and charging infrastructure operators have deployed market-boosting initiatives. Here, we analyze the influence of socio-demographic, technical, and economic factors on the BEV and PHEV markets, separately, in French departments from 2015 to 2019, using fixed-and random-effects panel data regressions. We find BEV/PHEV models numbers and the gasoline price positively associated with both BEV and PHEV adoption. Contrary to slow-and-normal charger density, fast, ultrafast chargers and financial incentives boost the BEV market. Regarding the PHEV model, only fast charger density had a significant and negative influence on the sales from all charging powers densities. Based on the results, policy recommendations are discussed for the automotive industry, the charging operator, and the local authorities. |
| Keywords: | Charging Infrastructure,Electric Vehicle,Incentives,Panel Data Modelling,Technology Adoption |
| Date: | 2021–06–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03364044&r= |
| By: | Jurva, Risto; Matinmikko-Blue, Marja; Outila, Tarja; Merisalo, Virve |
| Abstract: | Societies are experiencing large-scale transformation through digitalization programs covering all private and public sectors. Digitalization advances also the growing demands of sustainable development, in which nations and cities all over the world have set ambitious targets. Transportation is one the cornerstone verticals of cities and has attracted wide attention from various stakeholders developing services and solutions for digitalization. In general, ICT solutions are in the core of digitalization and trailblazing technologies have been developed to enable modern transportation services. 5G technology covering wireless connectivity, IoT sensor technology, distributed edge computing, artificial intelligence, high power computing and service platforms offers numerous opportunities to the development of sophisticated smart transportation services. However, to adopt a pervasive approach for the evolvement of digital transportation services, it is important to examine the system level point of view. Developing occasional services for various transport modes without targeted inter-operability of services, the result of digitalization of transportation can be extremely fragmented. This paper aims to highlight the top-down angle of research and development of the smart transportation system. The development requires seamless co-operation of researchers and specialists of transport systems, urban design and planning and wireless technologies to integrate transport infrastructure, 5G wireless communication infrastructure and traffic management systems to enable advanced digital services for all transport modes. Moreover, this article introduces the stakeholders recognized from transport systems, urban design and planning and wireless technologies. The role of each stakeholder is described a like. |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:itsb21:243151&r= |
| By: | Bassem Haidar (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Pascal da Costa; Jan Lepoutre; Fabrice Vidal |
| Abstract: | Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are generally considered a promising solution for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions. Despite increasing sales, techno-economic barriers still hinder their widespread adoption. Market stakeholders are faced with a dilemma to address these barriers, especially in terms of choices that have to be made about car battery capacity and recharging infrastructure investments. While previously considered separately, these choices are not independent and influence car price, recharging speed, and ecological impact. This paper explores various combinations of battery capacity sizes and charging power to define and compare these options. We simulate the needs of 12 scenarios of identical privately-purchased BEVs, by increasing their battery capacity, analyse the owner's and charging operator's cost models before exploring Pareto fronts to conclude with optimal combinations of battery size and charging power, taking into account French urban and rural needs separately. For urban (rural) areas, purchasing a 35-50-kWh (50-kWh) BEV and deploying 22-and 50-kW chargers (50-kW) proves cost-efficient solutions. Policy implications are discussed, and we recommend to revise charging tariffs and pricing methods. |
| Keywords: | Battery range,Charging infrastructure,Electric vehicles,Innovative business model,Techno-economic scenarios |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03364076&r= |
| By: | Waldemar Marz; Suphi Sen |
| Abstract: | The long-term trend toward more work from home due to digitization has found a strong new driver, the Covid-19 pandemic. The profound change in urban mobility patterns supports the often-held view that reducing the number of commuting trips can lower carbon emissions to a certain degree. We investigate this optimistic view from a long-run perspective in a monocentric urban model with household-level vehicle choice based on fuel efficiency. In the medium run, fewer trips lead to the choice of less fuel-efficient vehicles. In addition, with lower annual driving costs to the city center, households change their location in the long run toward longer commuting trips, but cheaper housing, implying an adjustment in the real-estate market. These changes in vehicle choice and the urban form largely eliminate the initial environmental benefits. Binding fuel economy standards completely prevent the medium-run drop in fuel efficiency, but slightly exacerbate the long-term increase in commuting trip length. |
| Keywords: | telecommuting, monocentric city, fuel economy, carbon emissions |
| JEL: | H23 L90 Q48 R40 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9357&r= |
| By: | Bassem Haidar (LGI - Laboratoire Génie Industriel - CentraleSupélec - Université Paris-Saclay); Fabrice Vidal; Pascal da Costa; Jan Lepoutre |
| Abstract: | The European Commission adopted Regulation number (EU)2019/631, setting new EU fleetwide CO2 emission targets for 2025 and 2030, for newly registered passenger cars. Automotive manufacturers must determine their targets for CO2 targets based on their fleets' weight in 2021. These standards, which will become stricter by 15% in 2025 and 35% compared to 2021, cannot be achieved without fleet electrification. This study compares ICEVs fleet replacement effects by BEVs and PHEVs on CO2 compliance and production costs. To address this tradeoff, we minimized the production costs of replacing ICEVs with BEVs and PHEVs for 12 scenarios: 4 vehicles Segments and three years: 2021, 2025, 2030. Results show that for all vehicles Segments, the introduction of BEVs and PHEVs into the vehicle fleet reduces the costs of CO2 compliance relative to a pure ICEV scenario. Automotive manufacturers must sell required quotas identified in this study, depending on the vehicle's Segment, BEVs, and PHEVs, to ensure minimum costs. Results show that it is more beneficial for automakers to respect the CO2 engagement than to pay penalties. Generally, the minimum costs are achieved favouring PHEVs rather than on BEVs, regardless of the Segment, because of the fewer battery installed. Finally, we analyse the results and compare them to the directive of the European Commission. We recommend future research to consider the vehicle's real fuel consumption instead of standard cycle fuel consumption. |
| Keywords: | Alternative Powertrains,Battery Electric Vehicles,CO2 fleet emissions,CO2 European Standards,Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles,Portfolio Transformation |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03364059&r= |
| By: | Jonas Teusch; Samuel Ribansky |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses the contribution that kerosene taxes could make to decarbonising international air travel post COVID-19. Reaching climate neutrality by mid-century requires that all sectors, including aviation, cut emissions strongly. The paper argues that clarity on decarbonisation targets, including through carbon price signals in the form of kerosene taxes, will support an orderly transition in aviation. A gradually increasing tax on kerosene can strengthen the incentives for investment and innovation in clean aviation technologies. Taxing kerosene would also provide implementing countries with tax revenues that could be used to support clean investment and innovation, while addressing competitiveness and equity issues. Where legal obstacles to taxing kerosene exist, these can be overcome by renegotiating the relevant air service agreements. |
| Keywords: | Air transportation, Carbon taxes, Environmental externalities, Environmental taxes, Fuel taxes, Greenhouse gas emissions, Policy instruments |
| JEL: | H23 L93 Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2021–10–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ctpaaa:55-en&r= |
| By: | Česnuitytė, Vida; Dromantienė, Leta; Bernotas, Dainius; Banytė, Jūratė; Vitkauskaitė, Elena; Vaičiukynaitė, Eglė |
| Abstract: | The sharing economy is a new and underdeveloped phenomenon in Lithuania, starting from the definition of the concept in a state’s legal framework and scarce statistics. The aim of the paper is to describe the trends of the digitally supported sharing economy in Lithuania. Available national and international information and data were analysed. It was shown that the most popular services in Lithuania there is the transport sector, in the second place there is the accommodation sector, in the third—food-related services. The reasons why Lithuanians offer services via collaborative platforms mostly concern additional sources of income and flexible working hours. Over two-thirds of the habitants express their positive attitudes towards sharing economy and collaborative platforms, and over ninety per cent would recommend other services offered via collaborative platforms. Though 97% of the Lithuanians have never offered the services via sharing economy and collaborative platforms, and it is mostly because of no item or interest, and two-fifths do not know at all those collaborative platforms are. The development of the sharing economy in Lithuania as far is gaining speed, and in the future, the principles of these phenomena are going to be used in an even broader scope of the sectors. |
| Keywords: | Accommodation Sharing; B2C Sharing; Car-Sharing; Collaborative Economy; Lithuania; P2P Sharing Platform; Sharing Economy; Sharing of Things |
| JEL: | L86 L91 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:110237&r= |
| By: | Mounir Amdaoud; César Ducruet; Marc-Antoine Faure |
| Abstract: | The objective of this research is to examine the similarities between port traffic structure and economic structure of French port cities. Such an exercise is challenged by the core-periphery pattern of the French economy favouring transhipment. Based on the combination of Automated Identification System (AIS) data and employment data, it performs complementary analyses of the mutual specialization between ports and cities. Main results show that while larger cities handle more diversified traffic, the cross-specialization is blurred by the complexity of trade networks and supply chains. We then propose a novel methodology whereby the spatial unit of analysis is enlarged according to the type and volume of port traffic, thus considerably improving the statistical significance and economic meaningfulness of the observed linkages. |
| Keywords: | AIS; hinterland; maritime transport; port city; specialization; supply chain |
| JEL: | O18 L90 R40 R12 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2021-29&r= |
| By: | Mathias Reynaert (TSE - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the introduction of an EU-wide emission standard on the automobile market. Using panel data from 1998-2011, I find that firms decreased emission ratings by 14%. Firms use technology adoption and gaming of emission tests to decrease emissions, rather than shifting the sales mix or downsizing. I find that the standard missed its emission target, and from estimating a structural model, I find that the standard was not welfare improving. The political environment in the EU shaped the design and weak enforcement and resulted in firms' choices for abatement by technology adoption and gaming. |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulation,Compliance,Carbon emissions,Automobiles,Fuel economy |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03369684&r= |
| By: | Cherbonnier, Frédéric; Salant, David; Van Der Straeten, Karine |
| Abstract: | An auction of transport capacity can only roll forward if competitive bidders show up at the start. To characterize bidding behavior, we develop a model with a single incumbent potentially in competition with a single challenger; should the challenger obtain slots, the two firms will engage post-auction in capacity con-strained price competition. We show how the auction structure, that is, whether the slots are auctioned one at a time, and if not, how they are packaged affects the outcome. Our key finding is that the division of the available slots into tranches can significantly affect the outcome of the auction. Absent any set-asides, a single auc-tion for all the slots will almost certainly be won by an incumbent. Set-asides can enable the challenger to win one or more packages of slots. Further, when the slots are split up, and auctioned one-at-a-time or in batches, a challenger’s prospects improve significantly, and no longer rely only on set-asides. The implications of our analysis are (a) the outcome will depend crucially on auction design decisions,(b) set-asides for challengers can help and (c) an auction that results in successful entry by challengers may result in reduced auction revenues and industry profits. |
| Keywords: | Rail transportation; Open access; Auctions; Regulation |
| JEL: | D40 L12 L13 L40 L92 |
| Date: | 2021–10–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:126117&r= |
| By: | Jerónimo Carballo; Alejandro Graziano; Georg Schaur; Christian Volpe Martincus |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we estimate the trade effects of a transit system upgrading that streamlines border processing in developing countries. Our empirical approach combines transaction level export data from El Salvador with unique data that distinguishes export flows that were processed on the transit system. Our results indicate that the new transit system lowered regulatory border costs and raised exports. At the low end, our back-of-the-envelope estimate of the return to investment is US$ 3-to-1. The estimation results also suggest that existing frameworks that emphasize shipping frequency and the formation of new trade relationships are important to interpret trade facilitation policy. This evidence informs an important policy covered by the 2013 WTO Agreement of Trade Facilitation. |
| Keywords: | transit trade, border effects, shipping frequency |
| JEL: | F10 F13 F14 |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_9353&r= |
| By: | François Fulconis (LBNC - Laboratoire Biens, Normes, Contrats - AU - Avignon Université, CRET-LOG - Centre de Recherche sur le Transport et la Logistique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université, AU - Avignon Université); Raphael Lissillour (IPAG Business School) |
| Abstract: | Classification societies play a major role in maritime safety and the regulation of the international shipping market. They have a dual mission, namely the classification and certification of ships. Paradoxically, the academic literature on the strategic behaviour of classification societies remains very limited. More often than not, the scope of prior research has been limited to the definition of their missions in the shipping ecosystem with an emphasis on their changing legitimacy as maritime accidents occur. Consequently, this paper aims at providing a better understanding of the specific role of classification societies in maritime safety and within the interorganisational dynamics of international shipping. The study is based on a conceptual framework provided by the behaviourist approach and applied to the inter-organisational dynamics of supply chains. This approach enables in-depth analysis of actors' strategic behaviours by focusing on four dimensions: power, leadership, conflict and cooperation. The main results highlight the increasingly central and paradoxical role of classification societies. This role encompasses, on the national level, classification and certification processes, and, on the supranational level, the creation of new rules and regulations. The study highlights the importance of their ability to master the official framework and institutional vocabulary, which enable them to strengthen their power and leadership in the shipping market. This capacity helps them to limit conflicts between actors and to encourage certain cooperative behaviours based on relationships of dependence and interorganisational interdependence. |
| Keywords: | Behaviourism,Classification societies,International shipping,Maritime safety |
| Date: | 2021–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03364884&r= |
| By: | Baldwin, Gordon G. |
| Keywords: | Public Economics |
| Date: | 2021–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ctrf31:314692&r= |
| By: | Neil McCulloch; Davide Natalini; Naomi Hossain; Patricia Justino |
| Abstract: | Between 2005 and 2018, 41 countries had at least one riot directly associated with popular demand for fuel. We make use of a new international dataset on fuel riots to explore the effects of fuel prices and price regimes on fuel riots. In line with prior expectations, we find that large domestic fuel price shocks—often linked to international price shocks—are a key driver of riots. In addition, we report a novel result: fuel riots are closely associated with domestic price regimes. |
| Keywords: | Fuel subsidies, Riots, protest, Conflict, Prices, Energy |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2021-159&r= |