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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Chakraborty, Debapriya; Bunch, David S.; Xu, Bingzheng; Tal, Gil; Brownstone, David |
| Abstract: | Sales of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), which include battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), have grown substantially in recent years. To encourage PEV adoption, policymakers have offered monetary incentives for new PEV purchases, invested in charging infrastructure, and provided use-based incentives like High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lane access and parking benefits. But questions remain regarding where, for how long, and how much promotion and government support might be necessary to achieve the state’s targets. Existing research on technology diffusion indicates that exposure through neighbors, workplace peers, and other acquaintances can legitimize new technology for the mass market and accelerate its market penetration. Researchers from the University of California, Davis and Irvine examined the adoption of PEVs in California between 2014 and 2016, both spatially and temporally, to gain a better understanding of the technology diffusion process and the effect of technology exposure, while controlling for sociodemographic factors and the effect of PEV incentive programs on PEV adoption in the state. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Plug-in electric vehicles, Peer effects, Spatial analysis, Count model |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5ch5k06r&r= |
| By: | Fuller, Sam; Kunz, Tatjana; Brown, Austin L.; D’Agostino, Mollie C. |
| Abstract: | Use of Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) such as Uber and Lyft has grown rapidly in cities across the United States. TNCs often provide a cheaper and more flexible travel option than traditional taxi services, and could improve transportation sustainability if they facilitated more pooled travel and public transit use. However, TNCs’ growth has been linked to increased congestion and emissions. Cities and states have begun regulating TNCs, imposing taxes that are assessed per ride at a flat or percentage rate. Researchers at the University of California, Davis assessed 21 state and local TNC taxes across the United States and developed a method of comparing per-ride and percentage taxes. The researchers then assessed the likelihood of these taxes encouraging more sustainable travel. This policy brief summarizes the findings from that research and provides policy implications. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Alternatives analysis, Fees, Policy analysis, Pollutants, Ridesharing, Ridesourcing, Sustainable transportation, Taxes, Traffic congestion |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt5945q52x&r= |
| By: | Chakraborty, Debapriya; Bunch, David S.; Xu, Bingzheng; Brownstone, David; Tal, Gil |
| Abstract: | The market for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) that primarily include battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) has been rapidly growing in California for the past few years. Given the targets for PEV penetration in the state, it is important to have a better understanding of the pattern of technology diffusion and the factors that are driving the process. Using spatial analysis and Poisson count models, the researchers identify the importance of a neighborhood effect (at home locations) and workplace effect (at commute destinations) in supporting the diffusion of PEV technology in California. In the case of new BEV sales, they found that exposure to one additional BEVor PHEV within a 1-mile radius of a block group centroid is associated with a 0.2%increase in BEV sales in the block group. Interestingly, for new PHEV sales,the neighborhood effect of BEV sales is negative, suggesting that enhanced exposure to this type of technology (which is differentiated in distinctive ways from PHEVs) may impact new PHEV sales through a substitution effect. Specifically, higher BEVconcentration in an area can have an overall negative effect on new PHEV sales. While the neighborhood effect at residential locations is important, the workplace effect also have a notably important effect on new PEV sales. Both effects work in combination with socioeconomic, demographic, policy, and built environment factors in encouraging PEV adoption. These results suggest that policymakers should consider targeted programs and investments that can boost the impact of neighborhood and peer effects on PEV sales View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Plug-in electric vehicles, Peer effects, Spatial analysis, Count model |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt7fs8295j&r= |
| By: | Jorge A. Bonilla; Claudia Aravena; Ricardo Morales-Betancourt |
| Abstract: | Addressing inequality is recognized a worldwide development objective. The literature has primarily focused on examining economic or social inequality, but rarely on environmental inequality. Since inequality is multidimensional, several facets may overlap imposing a disproportionate burden on vulnerable communities. This study investigates the magnitude of air-quality inequality in conjunction with economic and social inequalities in Bogota (Colombia). It explores where inequalities overlap and assesses alleviation measures by tackling air pollution. We develop a composite index to estimate performance in socioeconomic and air quality characteristics across the city and evaluate inequality with a variety of measures. Using an atmospheric-chemical transport model, we simulate the impact of three air pollution abatement policies: paving roads, industry fuel substitution, and diesel-vehicle renewal on fine particle concentrations, and compute their effect on inequality. Results show that allocation of air-quality across Bogota is highly unequal, exceeding economic or social inequality. Evidence indicates economic, social and air quality disparities intersect displaying southwest as the most vulnerable zone. Paving roads is the most progressive and cost-effective policy, reducing overall inequality between 19-84% with net benefits exceeding US$479 million. Our analysis also suggests that benefits of renewing diesel heavy- and light-duty vehicles do not compensate the costs. |
| Keywords: | inequality measures, air pollution, atmospheric chemical transport model, humanhealth, cost-benefit analysis. |
| JEL: | D63 Q52 Q56 |
| Date: | 2021–08–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000089:019465&r= |
| By: | Bachelet, Marion (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)); Kalkuhl, Matthias (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)); Koch, Nicolas (Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC)) |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic created the largest experiment in working from home. We study how persistent telework may change energy and transport consumption and costs in Germany to assess the distributional and environmental implications when working from home will stick. Based on data from the German Microcensus and available classifications of working-from-home feasibility for different occupations, we calculate the change in energy consumption and travel to work when 15% of employees work full time from home. Our findings suggest that telework translates into an annual increase in heating energy expenditure of 110 euros per worker and a decrease in transport expenditure of 840 euros per worker. All income groups would gain from telework but high-income workers gain twice as much as low-income workers. The value of time saving is between 1.3 and 6 times greater than the savings from reduced travel costs and almost 9 times higher for high-income workers than low-income workers. The direct effects on CO2 emissions due to reduced car commuting amount to 4.5 millions tons of CO2, representing around 3 percent of carbon emissions in the transport sector. |
| Keywords: | working from home, COVID-19, distributional effect, climate impact |
| JEL: | D13 J22 J61 Q40 R11 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp14642&r= |
| By: | D'Agostino, Mollie Cohen; Francisco, Jerel; Shaheen, Susan A; Sperling, Daniel |
| Keywords: | Arts and Humanities, Engineering, Law, Social and Behavioral Sciences |
| Date: | 2021–08–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6s59c5b7&r= |
| By: | James Alm (Tulane University); Trey Dronyk-Trosper (Amazon.com, Inc) |
| Abstract: | It is widely believed that basic infrastructure in the United States has been seriously underfunded in recent years. We examine this broad issue by focusing on two specific questions. First, how has subnational government spending on infrastructure changed over the last half-century, focusing especially on transportation spending? Second, what factors have driven these spending changes? To answer these questions, we collect data on local, state, and combined state and local government spending on roads and other expenditure categories from 1957 to 2013. With these data, we first demonstrate that infrastructure spending has increased on average in real per capita terms across all states, even while it has declined significantly across all states as a percentage of government spending. Second, we also examine empirically several causal factors that help explain what has driven these changes in transportation spending over time, using several estimation methods and robustness tests. We find suggestive evidence that it is primarily changes in government spending on welfare programs that have driven these sizeable changes in transportation spending. Indeed, we calculate that, if state governments were spending the same percentage of their budgets on transportation in 2013 as they had been in 1957, then state government spending on transportation across all states would increase in total by an additional $133.5 billion in 2013, an amount equal to an additional $422 per capita. |
| Keywords: | Infrastructure, state and local governments |
| JEL: | H72 R42 H41 |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tul:wpaper:2114&r= |
| By: | Vitaly Khrustalev; Mattia Masolletti |
| Abstract: | The article analyzes the legal framework regulating the legal provision of transport security in Russia. Special attention is paid to the role of prosecutor's supervision in the field of prevention of crimes in transport. |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2108.11732&r= |
| By: | Charles Collet (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Pascal Gastineau (AME-SPLOTT - Systèmes Productifs, Logistique, Organisation des Transports et Travail - Université Gustave Eiffel); Benoit Chèze (IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles - IFPEN - IFP Energies nouvelles); Frederic Martinez (AME-DCM - Dynamiques des changements de mobilité - Université de Lyon - Université Gustave Eiffel); Pierre-Alexandre Mahieu (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - IUML - FR 3473 Institut universitaire Mer et Littoral - UM - Le Mans Université - UA - Université d'Angers - UN - Université de Nantes - ECN - École Centrale de Nantes - UBS - Université de Bretagne Sud - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IEMN-IAE Nantes - Institut d'Économie et de Management de Nantes - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Nantes - UN - Université de Nantes) |
| Abstract: | The transportation sector constitutes one of the main contributors to CO2 emissions. Several incentive measures have been already proposed by economists to mitigate these emissions. But, as we all know, these tools have met with mixed success. This paper proposes the use of attribute valence framing, i.e. a description of the same object/characteristics positively or negatively, in order to reduce CO2 emissions. This so-called nudge is easier to implement than more traditional tools, such as taxation, and does not rely on the stringent assumption that individuals are fully rational. The findings from a discrete choice experiment focusing on long-distance travel choice are reported herein. Results indicate that a loss framing on CO2 emissions significantly increases the respondents' practice of pro-environmental behaviors. The framing effect is larger when applied to CO2 than to travel duration (+50% and +30% of the willingness to pay, respectively). In employing psychological constructs, it is shown that preferences are affected by individuals' psychological features (i.e. a preference for the future and environmental self-identity), and moreover that the magnitude of the framing effect depends on individuals' motivational strategies. |
| Keywords: | Framing effect,Discrete choice experiment,Pro-environmental behavior,Travelers' willingness to pay |
| Date: | 2021–08–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-03321706&r= |
| By: | Mattauch, Linus; Zhao, Jiaxin |
| Abstract: | Carbon pricing is the efficient instrument to reduce emissions. However, the geographical and sectoral coverage of substantial carbon pricing is low, often due to concerns that pricing may increase economic inequality. Regulatory standards such as fuel economy standards are more popular. But do they have an equity advantage over carbon pricing? We develop two new formal models to identify economic situations, in which standards could be preferred over carbon pricing. First, we prove that an efficiency standard can be more equitable than carbon pricing when consumers exhibit a preference for high-carbon technology attributes. Evidence from the US vehicle market confirms this finding. Second, we show theoretically, and by means of a numerical application to the Chinese transport sector, that intensity standards are preferable when richer households consume more goods with higher carbon intensity. Our results hold when the revenue from carbon pricing is not very progressively redistributed. These insights can help advance decarbonisation when pricing remains unpopular. |
| Keywords: | Incidence, Distributional effects, Carbon pricing, Efficiency standards, Intensity standards |
| JEL: | H22 H23 Q52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2021–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:amz:wpaper:2020-25&r= |
| By: | Emmanuel Asane-Otoo (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics); C. Dannemann (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Besides temporal and spatial aggregation issues in the analysis of asymmetric response of retail gasoline prices, previous studies have also largely ignored parameter heterogeneity across fuel stations. This paper addresses the aggregation issues and the parameter homogeneity assumption by examining the responsiveness of stations to input cost changes using daily station-specific retail and wholesale gasoline prices for 12,613 geographically diverse stations. Based on individual station analysis using asymmetric error correction models, we find that 48% of stations engage in competitive pricing while the remaining 52% exhibit the rockets and feathers pricing pattern. Our findings suggest that the rockets and feathers phenomenon is a feature of individual stations and local market characteristics are important determinants. We also show that pooled panel regression techniques obscure the actual pricing pattern observed from station-level time series analysis. |
| Keywords: | Asymmetric Pricing, Input Cost, Price Transparency, Aggregation |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:old:dpaper:436&r= |
| By: | Michael Pollitt (EPRG, CJBS, University of Cambridge); Geoffroy Dolphin (Resources for The Future) |
| Keywords: | climate policy, emissions trading, EU, net zero |
| JEL: | Q52 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2021–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:enp:wpaper:eprg2119&r= |
| By: | Brown, Austin L; D'Agostino, Mollie C; Fuller, Samuel J |
| Abstract: | The rapid growth of micromobility, which includes shared e-scooters and bicycles, seems poised to continue. There is a distinct need to understand which policies are most effective in maximizing the benefits and minimizing the issues for micromobility services. There is also a need to understand how different micromobility policies affect broader transportation systems, and to identify best practices for policy consistency across jurisdictional boundaries. |
| Keywords: | Social and Behavioral Sciences, Micromobility, Policy, scooters, e-bikes, shared mobility, Cities |
| Date: | 2021–08–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt2512g04j&r= |
| By: | Evangelos Christou (International Hellenic University); Anestis Fotiadis (Zayed University); Kostas Alexandris (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) |
| Abstract: | Book of extended abstracts (proceedings) of TOURMAN 2021 Conference "Restarting tourism, travel and hospitality: The day after". |
| Keywords: | tourism,travel,hospitality,leisure |
| Date: | 2021–07–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03313706&r= |
| By: | Mekky, Maher F.; Collins, Alan R.; Brooke, William |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Resource/Energy Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| Date: | 2021–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aaea21:312701&r= |