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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Fu, Shihe; Viard, V. Brian |
| Abstract: | We review recent empirical economic studies on urban ambient air pollution from a mayor’s perspective. We discuss the sources of urban air pollution, the economic costs that it imposes, and the policy tools available to a mayor to alleviate it. For economic costs, we briefly summarize traditional estimates of health and mortality costs and focus on more recent evidence on mental and psychological health, labor productivity and supply, avoidance behavior, willingness to pay for clean air and long-term (multi-decade) impacts. The policy tools we evaluate include pollution information disclosure, auto license and driving restrictions, congestion tolls, public transit investments, emission standards and controls, and gasoline taxes. We also discuss challenges posed by transboundary pollution across cities and the extent to which mayors’ incentives encourage tackling air pollution under different political systems. We briefly discuss possible future research agendas. |
| Keywords: | urban air pollution; environmental costs and benefits; urban public policy, environmental policies; incentives |
| JEL: | H23 H75 O18 Q51 Q52 |
| Date: | 2021–04–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:107434&r= |
| By: | Danijela ĐoriĆ (LAMIH - Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines - UMR 8201 - UVHC - Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPHF - Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, CIRRELT - Laboratoire CIRRELT Université Laval Quebec - ULaval - Université Laval [Québec]); Yan Cimon (CIRRELT - Laboratoire CIRRELT Université Laval Quebec - ULaval - Université Laval [Québec]); Igor Crevits (LAMIH - Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines - UMR 8201 - UVHC - Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPHF - Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France); Said Hanafi (LAMIH - Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines - UMR 8201 - UVHC - Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPHF - Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France); Raca Todosijević (LAMIH - Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines - UMR 8201 - UVHC - Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UPHF - Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France) |
| Abstract: | The public transport attempts to provide a service to every citizen on the same level of approachability. Even when the budget allows investments to upgrade the transport facilities accessibility, it would be necessary to deal with the time and transport organization. The research problem that has been treated here is the variant of the possible models applicable to the transport of persons with disabilities on the existing transport network by providing independence in their displacement. The literature recognizes several optimization models that could assist in delivering better transport services to persons with disabilities, such as transport on demand (also knows as dial-a-ride model), and another category is the model that proposes the shortest path on the network. In this paper, the conditions of the public transport network in Valenciennes (France) are analyzed within the transport flows and explained the best fitting with the optimization and location models. |
| Keywords: | persons with disabilities,public transport,location and routing models |
| Date: | 2020–10–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03199178&r= |
| By: | Bruno Jetin (CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - UP13 - Université Paris 13) |
| Abstract: | The second automobile revolution, the age of electrification and digitalisation, is on its way. It is a gradual transition and not a sudden break. However, millions of electric vehicles (EVs) are now being sold, and the EV market is becoming a mass market propelled by economies of scale. It is reflected in the drop in the cost of batteries which will bring the price of EVs on a par with the price of conventional vehicles in the coming decade. Nonetheless, two interrelated issues have been underestimated and will now decide who will play a dominant role and benefit the most from the EV market. The first is the relative scarcity of raw materials from which batteries are made. The second is that the primary EV market is China which gives its companies a strategic advantage for the supply of critical metals and the large-scale production of batteries. Our research analyses the fundamental role of natural resources for the control of the EV market and the response of governments to ensure access to them. We show the importance of industrial and diplomatic policies in a context of geostrategic rivalries of large powers. |
| Keywords: | electric vehicle,battery electric vehicle,lithium-ion battery,materials,battery makers,carmakers |
| Date: | 2019–06–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03193666&r= |
| By: | Thielmann, Axel; Wietschel, Martin; Funke, Simon; Grimm, Anna; Hettesheimer, Tim; Langkau, Sabine; Loibl, Antonia; Moll, Cornelius; Neef, Christoph; Plötz, Patrick; Sievers, Luisa; Tercero Espinoza, Luis; Edler, Jakob |
| Abstract: | When looking at the main questions along the entire battery value chain, it becomes clear that there are no insurmountable obstacles that could prevent the widespread market diffusion of battery-electric passenger cars, particularly during the decisive ramp-up phase between 2020 and 2030+. However, numerous technological, economic, ecological, regulatory and societal challenges still need to be tackled in the coming decade. The most important findings are summarized below, followed by a more detailed description in the individual chapters. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:fisipp:012020&r= |
| By: | Sauro Mocetti (Bank of Italy); Giacomo Roma (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | Local public transport is an important determinant of the growth and the competitiveness of territories. This paper describes the functioning of this public service in the main Italian cities, comparing it internationally and analysing the regional gaps within the country. It highlights the possible effects that well-functioning local public transport systems have on the mobility of people, the labour and the real estate markets, as well as examines the links between its performance and a number of institutional and operational factors. This paper also analyses how this sector fared during the health crisis and outlines some possible scenarios for its evolution in the future. |
| Keywords: | urban public transport, mobility, regulation, governance, covid-19 |
| JEL: | R41 L91 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_615_21&r= |
| By: | Martin, Elliot PhD; Stocker, Adam; Nichols, Aqshems; Shaheen, Susan PhD |
| Abstract: | The study found that roundtrip carsharing in NYC mostly serves as a substitute for car rental, other personal vehicle modes, and personal vehicle ownership. The analysis showed that the broader pilot program had a modest impact on user behavior through carsharing (i.e., reduced vehicle ownership, reduced VMT, and mode shift). It also found that the pilot program likely expanded the membership base of carsharing to demographic cohorts that are traditionally underrepresented in carsharing populations (i.e., increased participation by lower education levels, lower household incomes, minority demographics). The study also examined vehicle ownership impacts and changes in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Analysis of survey and activity data indicated that 7% of NYC carsharing members avoided a car purchase, and 0.61% of members got rid of a car they already owned due to carsharing. Across the membership base, VMT was reduced by 7% and GHG emissions were reduced by 6%. These findings showed that carsharing reduced VMT and delivered associated environmental benefits within NYC, and more broadly had a substantive impact on travel behavior among members in form of mode shift away from personal automotive modes. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2021–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt5kb1r71v&r= |
| By: | Fenske, James (University of Warwick and CAGE); Kala, Namrata (SLOAN SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY); Wei, Jinlin (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | Using a new dataset on city populations in colonial India, we show that the railroad network increased city size in the period 1881 to 1931. Our baseline estimation approach includes fixed effects for city and year, and we construct instrumental variables for railroad proximity based on distance from a least cost path spanning cities that existed prior to the start of railroad construction. Cities that increased market access due to the railroad grew, particularly those cities that were initially small and isolated. |
| Keywords: | JEL Classification: |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cge:wacage:559&r= |
| By: | Pushkar Maitra (Monash University, Department of Economics); William Yu (Monash University) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the long-term impacts of infrastructural investment. It considers the case of British investment in railway infrastructure in colonial India. Railways had an immediate impact on trade and development in the predominantly agricultural India. In this paper, we show that the positive effects of railways have persisted over more than a century. Districts of the Indian sub-continent that were connected to railways earlier continue to have higher levels of economic prosperity and lower rural poverty rates a century later. Men and women residing districts connected earlier are less likely to be uneducated or malnourished. Districts further away from connected districts are worse o in terms of levels of economic development in 2013. The corresponding IV estimates are larger in magnitude than the OLS estimates indicating that the OLS estimates provide a lower bound to the effect of exposure to railways on long run prosperity. The persistent effects appear to be driven by agglomeration due to early exposure to trade and globalization as a result of connectedness. |
| Keywords: | Infrastructure, Railways, Long Run Prosperity, Colonial India |
| JEL: | O11 N75 O18 |
| Date: | 2021–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2021-01&r= |
| By: | Luca J. Santos; Alessandro V. M. Oliveira, Dante M. Aldrighi |
| Abstract: | The economic downturn and the air travel crisis triggered by the recent Coronavirus pandemic pose a substantial threat to many emerging economies’ new consuming class. In Brazil, considerable improvements in social inclusion have fostered the emergence of hundreds of thousands of first-time fliers in the past decades. We propose a methodology for identifying air transport markets characterized by greater social inclusion, using indicators of the local economy’s income distribution, credit availability, and access to the internet. We perform an empirical analysis of the air travel demand’s plunge since the pandemics, differentiating markets by their social inclusion intensity. Controlling for the potential endogeneity stemming from the spread of the COVID-19 through air travel, our results suggest that regional routes–but not routes feeding larger airports–are among the most impacted markets. Besides, we estimate that a market segment with one percent higher social inclusion is associated with a 0.9 percent more pronounced decline in demand during the pandemic. Therefore, markets that have benefited from greater social inclusion in the country are the most vulnerable to the current crisis. |
| Keywords: | air transport demand; emerging markets; COVID-19; LASSO regression |
| JEL: | D22 L11 L93 |
| Date: | 2021–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:spa:wpaper:2021wpecon14&r= |
| By: | Frédéric Dobruszkes |
| Date: | 2021 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulb:ulbeco:2013/322116&r= |