|
on Transport Economics |
| By: | Morgan Ubeda (Université de Lyon, Université Lumière Lyon 2, GATE UMR 5824, F-69130 Ecully FRANCE) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the effect of transportation networks on spatial inequality within metropolitan areas. It uses a spatial equilibrium model featuring nonhomotheticities and worker heterogeneity, allowing to capture rich patterns of workers sorting on commuting costs and amenities. The model is calibrated for the Paris urban area. Counterfactual simulations study the effects of a) the Regional Express Rail and b) restricting car use in the city center. Despite a strong contribution to suburbanization and reducing welfare inequality, the public transport network plays no role in reducing income segregation. The effects of banning cars depends critically on the response of residential amenities in the city. If it is low enough, it reduces income disparities between Paris and its suburbs at the cost of a substantial welfare loss. If it is high enough, the policy creates welfare gains but steepens the income gradient. |
| Keywords: | commuting, amenities, income sorting, stratification |
| JEL: | R13 R14 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gat:wpaper:2038&r=all |
| By: | Emeric Lendjel (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nora Marei (PRODIG - Pôle de recherche pour l'organisation et la diffusion de l'information géographique - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UP4 - Université Paris-Sorbonne - AgroParisTech - UPD7 - Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | The persistence of dhow shipping in the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf and part of the Red Sea is puzzling for the maritime economist. Indeed, nowadays, almost every commodity can be carried easily and cheaply through the global network of container shipping lines, directly or through a hub (Song & Panayides, 2015). Given the difference of capacity between a dhow (even big, like a "500-tons baghlah"; Martin, 1980) and a containership (even a small 1200 TEU feeder one), the survival of dhows in such a competitive environment is puzzling. Of course, in the thousand-year history of dhows (Martin, 1980; Sheriff, 2010), the arrival of new containerized transport services in the 1980s (Stopford, 2009) is relatively recent. But dhow shipping is still active in the region. In Dubai for instance, more than 400 dhows can be seen on a regular basis (in a census based on satellite pictures). Thus, two systems of maritime transport are coexisting and remaining distinct, while carrying the same type of good. Theoretically, only the most efficient units of production should survive in a fierce competitive environment such as the one in the maritime sector (Kessides and Tang, 2010). Such differences of size and flows between dhows and container ships should not be observable on a given flow trade nowadays. Two explanations are at least possible. Dhows and container ships may be either complementary for the same commodities, or dually fitted for different kind of commodities. The purpose of this article is to test the first explanation with the help of the "footprints" let by ships as taken by satellite pictures displayed by googlemaps. Indeed, given the difference of size between a container ship and a dhow, dhows are able to reach every small coastal city contrary to container ships. Thus, ships footprints let on satellite pictures allow to test the existence of a complementarity between the network of dhows and container shipping lines. Additionally, those ships' footprints allow to test the proximity of dhow ports with container terminals. In this perspective, different norms of shipping are interconnected in big ports where container ships and dhows are exchanging cargo. The paper puts forward several hypothesis to explain how and where those norms are traded in big ports. The article starts with a quick survey of the existing literature, then presents its theoretical and methodological frame, and tests the complementarity/duality of the means of transport, and the level of inclusion of the port in the city. Finally, several hypothesis about the normalization process of dhow trade are laid down to finalize the the test of the level of connectivity between standardized networks and local networks. |
| Keywords: | Middle-East,Short-sea shipping,non-containerized cargo,Duality,Network connectivity,Normalization,Network economy |
| Date: | 2019–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-02387200&r=all |
| By: | Ivan Tilov; Sylvain Weber |
| Abstract: | This article uses a rich panel dataset of 1,741 Swiss households in order to examine the effect of fuel prices on household car travel demand. Elasticities are estimated for different segments of households, based on their socio-economic and psychological characteristics, on the features of their vehicles, as well as on their driving intensity. Our results, which draw on inter-individual comparisons, yield larger medium- to long-run price elasticity of demand for mileage than previous estimations using aggregate data for Switzerland, and show that there is important heterogeneity in price sensitivity across segments of households. Lower-income households, households living in urban areas, drivers in retirement age and drivers with more efficient vehicles are significantly more price-reactive compared to their respective counterparts. Quantile regression models show that within segments defined on the basis of income, location, age and motor efficiency there is further evidence for price heterogeneity. These results reveal that in addition to a gasoline tax, non-price measures could be tailored to several household segments in order to provide supplementary incentives to reduce mileage and/or avoid penalizing some specific groups. |
| Keywords: | car travel demand, fuel prices, elasticities, households' behavior, heterogeneity, panel data, Switzerland. |
| JEL: | Q40 Q41 D12 R41 C21 |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irn:wpaper:20-12&r=all |
| By: | Miguel Santolino (Department of Econometrics, Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 690, 08034 Barcelona. Tel.: +34 93 402 0484); Mercedes Ayuso (Department of Econometrics, Riskcenter-IREA, University of Barcelona Av. Diagonal 690, 08034 Barcelona.) |
| Abstract: | The number of victims in vehicles in Spanish motor crashes is analyzed by bodily injury (BI) severity level. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) are applied to model the number of non-serious victims, serious victims and fatalities. Dependence between vehicles involved in the same crash is captured including random effects. After comparing between error distributions, the binomial GLMM is selected. The effect of the driver, vehicle and crash characteristics on the number of BI victims by severity level is analyzed, paying special attention to the influence of the age of the driver and the age of the vehicle. We found a nonlinear relationship between driver’s age and severity, with young and older drivers being the riskiest groups. On the other hand, the expected severity of the crash linearly increased with the vehicle age until the vehicle was 18 years old and then remained constant at the highest severity level from that age. These results are relevant in countries such as Spain with increasing longevity of drivers and aging of the car fleet. |
| Keywords: | Motor crashes, Severity, Dependence, Random effects, Driver age, Vehicle age. JEL classification: J11, J14, I10, C5. |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ira:wpaper:202018&r=all |
| By: | Laverty, Anthony; Aldred, Rachel; Goodman, Anna |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact on road traffic injuries of introducing low traffic neighbourhoods in Waltham Forest, London. Using Stats19 police data 2012-2019, we find a three-fold decline in number of injuries inside low traffic neighbourhoods after implementation, relative to the rest of Waltham Forest and the rest of Outer London. We further estimate that walking, cycling, and driving all became approximately 3-4 times safer per trip. There was no evidence that injury numbers changed on boundary roads. Our findings suggest that low traffic neighbourhoods reduce injury risks across all modes inside the neighbourhood, without negative impacts at the boundary. |
| Date: | 2020–12–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:46p3w&r=all |
| By: | Charles Raux (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Amandine Chevalier (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Emmanuel Bougna (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Denis Hilton (UT2J - Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès) |
| Abstract: | The potential of psychological and fiscal framing interventions in motivating environmentally responsible behavior is explored in a context of long distance leisure travel. A series of discrete choice experiments is conducted with 789 participants. Framing conditions like information on CO2 emissions, an injunctive and a descriptive norm, fiscal incentives such as a carbon tax, a bonus-malus and a personal carbon trading scheme are tested while controlling the usual travel price-duration tradeoff. Pricing (including internalization of social cost of CO2 through fiscal incentives) has the expected effect of reducing the choice of travelling and hence CO2 emissions. Providing information on CO2 emissions of each transport alternative significantly reduces preferences for the most emitting modes (air) and favors a less emitting mode (train). Framing the fiscal incentive as personal carbon trading adds a moderate incentive to the price effect in reducing air choice. |
| Keywords: | Transport,CO2 emissions,Discrete choice experiments,Psychological interventions,Bonus-malus,Personal carbon trading,Working Papers du LAET |
| Date: | 2020–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03045959&r=all |
| By: | Rivera, Alejandra |
| Abstract: | Given their geographic situation, landlocked developing countries have been hit doubly hard by the cross-border processes implemented to contain the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This research provides a detailed explanation of the responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in the areas of international trade and transport adopted by the Governments of the Plurinational State of Bolivia and of Paraguay to limit the effects of the pandemic on trade operations and supply chains in their countries. It also provides a set of policy recommendations to preserve and improve trade facilitation and transport connectivity with transit countries in the framework of Vienna Programme of Action for Landlocked Developing Countries for the Decade 2014–2024. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, ENFERMEDADES VIROSICAS, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, TRANSPORTE, LOGISTICA, INFRAESTRUCTURA DEL TRANSPORTE, FACILITACION DEL COMERCIO, COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, PAISES EN DESARROLLO SIN LITORAL, COVID-19, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS, VIRAL DISEASES, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, TRANSPORT, LOGISTICS, TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE, TRADE FACILITATION, LANDLOCKED DEVELOPING COUNTRIES |
| Date: | 2020–12–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46528&r=all |
| By: | González Moncada, Verónica |
| Abstract: | Given their small size and geographic isolation, Caribbean countries are highly reliant on trade and tourism as important sources of income and employment. Lockdowns in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic have left islands closed, airports without flights, hotels shuttered, cruise ships docked in ports and economies in crisis. This research provides a detailed explanation of the responses to COVID-19 in the areas of international trade and transport adopted by English-speaking countries of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) to limit the effects of the pandemic on trade operations and supply chains in the region. It also provides a set of policy recommendations to preserve and improve trade and transport connectivity in the Caribbean basin. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, VIRUS, EPIDEMIAS, ENFERMEDADES VIROSICAS, ASPECTOS ECONOMICOS, TRANSPORTE, LOGISTICA, TRANSPORTE AEREO, TRANSPORTE MARITIMO, POLITICA DE TRANSPORTE, SALUD, COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, COVID-19, VIRUSES, EPIDEMICS, VIRAL DISEASES, ECONOMIC ASPECTS, TRANSPORT, LOGISTICS, MARITIME TRANSPORT, AIR TRANSPORT, TRANSPORT POLICY, HEALTH, INTERNATIONAL TRADE |
| Date: | 2020–12–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:46507&r=all |
| By: | Shaheen, Susan PhD; Wong, Stephen PhD |
| Abstract: | While the COVID-19 crisis has devastated many public transit and shared mobility services, it has also exposed underlying issues in how these services are provided to society. As ridership drops and revenues decline, many public and private providers may respond by cutting service or reducing vehicle maintenance to save costs. As a result, those who depend on public transit and shared mobility services, particularly those without access to private automobiles, will experience further loss of their mobility. These transportation shifts will be further influenced by changing work-from-home policies (e.g., telework). While uncertainty remains, work-from-home will likely alter public transit and shared mobility needs and patterns, necessitating different services, operation plans, and business structures. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2020–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt9nh6w2gq&r=all |
| By: | César Ducruet; Réka Juhász; Dávid Krisztián Nagy; Claudia Steinwender |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the effects of port development on the economy. By using scarce local land intensively, ports put pressure on local land prices and crowd out other forms of economic activity. We use the introduction of containerized shipping -- a technology that substantially increased land requirements at the port -- to estimate the effects of port development. We find an important role for the crowding-out effect both at the local and at the aggregate level. First, we show that the causal effect of the shipping boom caused by containerization on local population is zero -- port development increases city population by making a location more attractive for firms and consumers, but this well-known market access effect is fully offset by the crowding-out mechanism. Second, to measure the aggregate implications, we add endogenous port development to a standard quantitative model of cross-city trade. Through the lens of this model, we estimate that containerization increased aggregate world welfare by 3.95%. However, relative to the positive welfare effects of a trade-cost reduction in standard models, our model implies a sizeable welfare cost associated with the increased land-usage of ports, partly offset by welfare gains from endogenous specialization based on comparative advantage across port- and non-port activities. In terms of the distributional effects, we find that initially poorer countries gained more from containerization as they had a comparative advantage in port development. |
| JEL: | F6 O33 R40 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28148&r=all |
| By: | Fernando E. Alvarez; David O. Argente |
| Abstract: | We use three quasi-natural experiments in Mexico and one in Panama to estimate the effects of having the option to pay with cash on Uber rides. The ability to pay in cash affects the demand for rides, which is reflected in large changes in the total number of trips, fares, miles, and number of users after Uber introduced cash payments, particularly in lower-income city blocks. On the other hand, the effects on prices, estimated times of arrival, and competitor pricing are negligible, consistent with the supply of trips being very elastic. Although cash payments naturally increase the fraction of users that pay exclusively with cash, more than half of the users have access to both cards and cash, and alternate between payment methods. We find evidence consistent with cash and card payments being imperfectly substitutable at both the intensive and extensive margins, which magnifies the impact of policies that restrict the availability of payment methods. |
| JEL: | E41 |
| Date: | 2020–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:28145&r=all |