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on Transport Economics |
| By: | Gao, Hang; Cheng, Shenyang; Zhang, Michael |
| Abstract: | The model based variable speed limit (VSL) control has been proven effective to resolve capacity-drop and time delay at a single recurrent bottleneck in previous studies. This project applies VSL controls to the traffic corridors with multi-segment and multi-bottleneck with the objective of reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Based on a comprehensive review of existing methods, we develop and compare two fuel consumption centered VSL control (FC-VSL) strategies: flow-based control versus density-based control. These control strategies are implemented in SUMO, a microscopic traffic simulation package, on a 10-mile long freeway section. Results show that the density-based control reduces fuel consumption and gas emissions significantly at the cost of slight increase of travel time. The flow-based control, in contrast, reduces congestion and emissions in the downstream segments but transfers the congestion to the segments upstream of the controlled segments, resulting in an overall performance that is worse than the density-based FC-VSL, and no better than imposing static speed limits. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Variable speed limit, traffic throughput, emissions and fuel consumptions, microscopic simulation, probe vehicles |
| Date: | 2020–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt6th037wz&r=all |
| By: | André de Palma; Patrick Stokkink; Nikolas Geroliminis (Université de Cergy-Pontoise, THEMA) |
| Abstract: | Carpooling is an efficient measure to fight car ownership and reduce vehicle kilometers travelled. By sharing their commutes, vehicle occupancy increases and congestion is reduced. We develop a dynamic ADL (Arnott, de Palma, Lindsey)-Vickrey approach for a corridor monocentric city à la Hotelling. First, we formulate the matching problem of heterogeneous users in carpooling as an MILP problem and we discuss its analytical properties. Next, we construct a bi-level optimization problem involving matching (first stage) and dynamic traffic congestion (second stage). We provide a heuristic to attain an optimal matching for a dynamic traffic equilibrium with congestion. Such a template allows studying the two-way causality between dynamic congestion and carpooling matching. |
| Keywords: | Carpooling, Ride-sharing, Matching, Scheduling delay, Bottleneck congestion |
| JEL: | C78 R40 R41 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ema:worpap:2020-12&r=all |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report examines the climate impact of personal and shared electric kick-scooters, bicycles, e-bikes, electric mopeds, as well as car-based ride-sharing services. Users in cities across the globe are rapidly adopting new mobility forms, helped by digital connectivity and electrification technologies. New urban mobility services are often sold as “green” solutions. But what is their real impact on energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions? This study analysesthe life-cycle performance of a range of new vehicles and services based on their technical characteristics, operation and maintenance, and compares it with that of privately owned cars and public transport. Finally, the report identifies solutions to make new mobility a useful part of the urban transport mix while helping to reduce energy use and limit climate change. |
| Date: | 2020–09–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:86-en&r=all |
| By: | Charles Raux (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Ayana Lamatkhanova (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Lény Grassot (LAET - Laboratoire Aménagement Économie Transports - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Is built environment the most influential factor on travel behavior when compared to individual socioeconomic characteristics? This paper extends the empirical knowledge by providing and comparing quantitative estimates of these various effects on both commuting distance and mode choice in a European city spatial context, while using up-to-date and novel methodology. Eight indicators of built and social environment are identified in order to characterize clusters of residential locations, giving a rich view of spatial and social diversity of locations. To disentangle the causal effects of residential self selection and built environment, both sample selection and specific matching preprocessing ("coarsened exact matching", a novel approach in the field) are implemented. Regarding commuting distance, the true effect of built and social environment appears modest with an increase in the range of 10-20%. It comes behind individual socioeconomic characteristics such as car availability and qualification. Regarding commuting mode choice, again the true effect of built and social environment is modest, with a nearly 20%pt increase of car share and around 10%pt decrease or public transport share for the most prominent effects, and it comes behind car availability. These results suggest the primary importance of influencing directly car use, if not car ownership, in the European context, while trying to modify the built environment would provide only limited results. |
| Keywords: | Built environment,Commuting,Mode choice,Distance travelled,Lyon,France,Working Papers du LAET |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-03010833&r=all |
| By: | Giuliano, Genevieve; Dessouky, Maged; Dexter, Sue; Fang, Jiawen; Hu, Shichun; Steimetz, Seiji; O'Brien, Thomas; Miller, Marshall; Fulton, Lewis |
| Abstract: | The potential for zero emission heavy duty trucks (ZEHDTs) is examined via simulation modeling, case studies, interviews and a survey. Impacts of ZEHDTs on freight operations are assessed. Costs and benefits of using diesel, natural gas hybrid and battery electric vehicles are compared for 2020, 2025, 2030. ZE applications are limited in the near term due to range and charging limitations, but as ZE performance improves and prices go down, they are viable for a larger segment of the market. Hybrid vehicles are the most cost effective alternative for reducing air toxics, but ZEHDTs reduce air toxics the most by 2025. The report presents recommendations for promoting and increasing the market share of ZEHDTs and hybrids. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Business, Engineering, Heavy duty trucks, alternative fuels, short haul trucking, emissions reduction |
| Date: | 2020–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt0nw4q530&r=all |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report explores how seamless data collection, analysis and sharing can unlock innovations in transport safety. Most interventions to improve transport safety are reactions to incidents. Connected vehicles, smartphone apps, ubiquitous sensors, data sharing and machine learning make proactive transport safety interventions possible and prevent crashes before they happen. Drawing on the Safe System approach, this report examines how transport stakeholders can make better decisions by using more relevant and timely data. |
| Date: | 2019–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:83-en&r=all |
| By: | Wong, Stephen D; Walker, Joan L; Shaheen, Susan A |
| Abstract: | Advances in the sharing economy – such as transportation network companies (e.g., Lyft, Uber) and home sharing (e.g., Airbnb) – have coincided with the increasing need for evacuation resources. While peer-to-peer sharing under normal circumstances often suffers from trust barriers, disaster literature indicates that trust and compassion often increase following disasters, improving recovery efforts. We hypothesize that trust and compassion could trigger willingness to share transportation and sheltering resources during an evacuation. To test this hypothesis, we distributed a survey to individuals impacted by the 2017 Southern California Wildfires (n=226) and the 2018 Carr Wildfire (n=284). We estimate binary logit choice models, finding that high trust in neighbors and strangers and high compassion levels significantly increase willingness to share across four sharing scenarios. Assuming a high trust/compassion population versus a low trust/compassion population results in a change of likelihood to share between 30% and 55%, depending on scenario. Variables related to departure timing and routing – which capture evacuation urgency – increase transportation sharing willingness. Volunteers in past disasters and members of community organizations are usually more likely to share, while families and previous evacuees are typically less likely. Significance of other demographic variables is highly dependent on the scenario. Spare seatbelts and bed capacity, while increasing willingness, are largely insignificant. These results suggest that future sharing economy strategies should cultivate trust and compassion before disasters via preparedness within neighborhoods, community-based organizations, and volunteer networks, during disasters through communication from officials, and after disasters using resilience-oriented and community-building information campaigns. |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Evacuations, sharing economy, shared mobility, ridehailing, homesharing, California wildfire |
| Date: | 2020–10–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt14z1383w&r=all |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This study explores where automated decision-making systems impact transport activity, and how. More and more transport activity is influenced by algorithms. Automated decision-making is taking a hold in areas from health care and housing to media and mobility. In transport, algorithms are a core feature for services from public transport scheduling to routing apps, bicycle sharing to self-driving technology, parcel delivery to the dispatching of ride services. How can policy makers ensure mobility driven by algorithmic code supports societal objectives? |
| Date: | 2019–05–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:82-en&r=all |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report tracks the progress in reducing the number of road traffic fatalities and serious injuries in cities since 2010. It presents traffic safety data collected in 48 cities participating in the ITF Safer City Streets network and compares urban with national road safety trends. It provides indicators for the risk of traffic death for different road user groups, thereby enhancing the evaluation, monitoring and benchmarking of road safety outcomes. |
| Date: | 2020–11–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:79-en&r=all |
| By: | ITF |
| Abstract: | This report analyses future energy-use in the shipping sector of the Nordic region. It centres on pathways that could allow the Nordic shipping sector to meet energy and environmental policy goals, including energy diversification, cutting air pollution and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It details the feasible technology options currently available, the status of their adoption and government plans aimed at influencing future developments in this sector. Finally, it assesses implications for policy making for a rapid transition to cleaner maritime shipping. The Nordic region is pioneering efforts to reduce the environmental impact of maritime shipping, making the findings of this report relevant around the globe. |
| Date: | 2020–11–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaac:80-en&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Transport - Transport Economics Policy & Planning Health, Nutrition and Population - Disease Control & Prevention Health, Nutrition and Population - Public Health Promotion Urban Development - Transport in Urban Areas Transport - Railways Transport |
| Date: | 2020–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:34051&r=all |
| By: | Wong, Stephen D. |
| Abstract: | Evacuations are a primary transportation strategy to protect populations from natural and humanmade disasters. Recent evacuations, particularly from hurricanes and wildfires, have exposed three critical evacuation challenges: 1) persistent evacuation non-compliance to mandatory evacuation orders; 2) poor transportation response, leading to heavy congestion, slow evacuation clearance times, and high evacuee risk; and 3) minimal attention in ensuring all populations, especially those most vulnerable, have transportation and shelter. With ongoing climate change and increasing land development and population growth in high-risk areas, these evacuation challenges will only grow in size, frequency, and complexity, further straining transportation response in disaster situations. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2020–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt9b51w7h6&r=all |
| By: | Ragland, David R PhD, MPH; Schor, Glenn PhD, MPH; Felschundneff, Grace |
| Abstract: | In 2018, SafeTREC conducted a survey on transportation mobility issues among older adults in California. A follow-up survey planned for 2020, just as the COVID-19 pandemic changed life for all residents, was redesigned to assess mobility needs and changes during the Shelter-in-Place order and focused on COVID-19 impacts. Results indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent Shelter-in-Place order have had a major impact on senior mobility. Communications for many were restricted to phone, email, texts, social media and video chats. Among those with a medical problem, just over 60% called a doctor or nurse line or went to a doctor’s office, while 11.2% went to an emergency room, and 8.6% did nothing. A total of 8% of respondents said they had run out of food or other important items during the Shelter-in-Place order. Rates of exercise outside the home dropped 20% between January and June 2020, and while over 60% sought outside entertainment in January 2020, by June 2020, nearly 70% accessed their entertainment online at home. Almost 80% of working respondents feared spreading or contracting COVID-19 because of their work or related transportation. Almost 20% felt a lack of companionship or closeness sometimes or often. Over 30% were worried about their current or long-term finances. A total of 84.5% strongly agreed or agreed that the Shelter-in-Place order was necessary. None of the respondents to the follow-up survey were diagnosed with COVID-19, and 88.2% were not concerned about risk of exposure from any member of their household. |
| Keywords: | Medicine and Health Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Mobility, accessibility, aged, travel behavior, surveys, demographics, communicable diseases, public health, COVID-19 |
| Date: | 2020–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt8kb9s9wt&r=all |